Sunayensu alama ce ta inganci kuma sun saba da waɗanda ke da nisa daga duniyar fasaha. kowane daga cikin Shahararrun masu fenti Wani lamari ne na musamman na lokacinsa. Wani yana da matsayin majagaba, wani yana jan hankalin asiri, wannan yana ba da mamaki da irin wannan gaskiyar daban.
Shahararrun masu fenti
Masu zane-zane mutane ne waɗanda za su iya magana da jama'a a bainar jama'a cikin harshen hotuna da sifofin gani. Duk da haka, shahararsa da kuma dacewarsa ba ze dogara kwata-kwata akan baiwa kadai ba. Wanene fitattun masu zane-zane a tarihi?
Albrecht Dürer
Mai zanen Jamus Albrecht Dürer (Albrecht Dürer) ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin na farko da ya tunkari mahallin tsakiya kuma ya zaɓi tsarin hoto mai ƙima da kuma alamu na zane-zane, kamar bikin Rosary. Hoton kansa ya shahara a duniya. Kyawawan kyalli da kyalli na rigarta har yanzu suna mamakin miliyoyin mutane a yau.
Baya ga zane-zane, ya yi zane-zane da yawa da launukan yanayi, irin su Saurayin Kure. Duk da haka, yana da bashin ci gaban da ya samu a matsayin mai zane-zanen katako da zane-zanen tagulla, waɗanda aka rarraba a matsayin zane-zane a cikin Turai.
Paul Gauguin
An haifi Paul Gauguin a birnin Paris a shekara ta 1848. Yana daya daga cikin shahararrun masu zanen Faransa. Kafin ya yi hijira zuwa Faransa Polynesia, inda ya zauna har mutuwarsa, yana daya daga cikin manyan masu zanen makarantar Pont-Aven. Salon nasa ya samu kwarin guiwa ta hanyar burgewa da kuma buga Jafananci, kuma manyan zane-zanensa yanzu ana nuna su a manyan gidajen tarihi irin su Musée d'Orsay. Shahararren mai zane ya mutu a tsibirin Marquesas a cikin 1903.
Michelangelo buonarrotti
Michelangelo, ko kuma a zahiri Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni, an haife shi a Caprese a shekara ta 1475 kuma ya mutu a Roma a shekara ta 1564. Ana la'akari da shi wani ɓangare na Babban Renaissance na Italiya, kodayake ya tsara wannan zamanin. Fitaccen mai zane ya shahara da ayyukansa na addini, musamman ma, saboda zanen da ya yi a rufin dakin ibada na Sistine Chapel. Bayan haka, ana sake ɗaukar dabararsa da salonsa, wanda hakan ya haifar da farkon ɗabi'a.
A zamanin Renaissance, maimakon halakar har abada, kyawun halitta ya zo a gaba. Miguel Ángel Buonarroti, wanda aka sani a lokacin rayuwarsa, shi ma ya sadaukar da kansa gare shi. Ya hada ilimin halittar jiki da son kamala.
Paparoma da kansa ya ba da izini ga babban zanen rufi na halittar duniya don Sistine Chapel a Roma. Wataƙila abin da ya fi shahara a duniya shi ne Halittar Adamu, inda aka ta da Adamu rai ta hanyar taɓa yatsun Allah.
Michelangelo kuma ya sami damar yin irin wannan a matsayin mai sassaƙa, yana iya kawo tulun marmara masu ƙarfi a rayuwa. Kamar jarumi Dauda, wanda ya ba Goliyat katon goshinsa. A matsayin abokin hamayyar Leonardo da Vinci, an kuma dauki Michelangelo a matsayin mutumin Renaissance saboda kwarewarsa a cikin sassaka, zane-zane, da waka. Tasirinsa da gudummawarsa ga ci gaban fasahar Yammacin Turai ba ta da misaltuwa har yanzu.
Edward Manet
Fitaccen zanensa mai suna "Breakfast on the Grass" an san shi a duk faɗin duniya a yau. Mahaifin Edouard Manet ya so ya yi karatun lauya, amma Manet ya ƙi ya fara nazarin zane tare da Thomas Couture. Ya kafa ma'auni a cikin motsi na Impressionist, sama da duka ta hanyar abubuwan da ya zaɓa ya zana: hotuna, shimfidar wurare, har yanzu rayuwa ko rayuwar Parisian.
Ko da yake ya kewaye kansa da masu hankali (irin su Emile Zola ko Charles Baudelaire), mutanen zamaninsa sun daɗe suna suka. Hanyarsa ta kirkira, kamar yadda ya dace da hanyar mai fasaha na gaske, ba shine mafi sauƙi ba: zane-zanensa ya haifar da jayayya da abin kunya, a cikin 1860s an nuna shi a cikin abin da ake kira Hall of Outcast. Wani baje koli ne na masu fasaha waɗanda ba a yarda da su ba a babban salon Salon a birnin Paris.
Irin wannan shi ne makomar aikinsa na Olympia, wanda ya girgiza jama'a. Sun rubuta cewa jarumin na canvas yana kallon mai kallo da irin wannan rashin kunya kuma ya rike hannunta na hagu kamar tana da jaka a wannan hannun, kuma ita kanta matar ba ta damu da tunaninta ba. An yi la'akari da hoton da girman kai kuma cewa makircinsa na banza ne. Wanene zai yi tunanin cewa bayan shekaru ɗari da hamsin wannan zane zai zama ɗaya daga cikin mafi shahara a duniya.
Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio
Mawaƙin Barocco na Italiya Caravaggio babu shakka yana ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun masu zanen kowane lokaci. Ayyukansa na fasaha, irin su sana'ar Saint Matta, suna da alaƙa da haske mai ƙarfi / bambance-bambancen duhu kuma galibi suna ɗaukar al'amuran addini ko ƙa'ida, a lokaci guda kuma mummunan hali: daga bulala na Kristi zuwa Judith, wanda ya yanke kan Holofernes. .
Ya sami magaji da yawa, kamar ƙwararriyar ƙwararriyar mai zane amma ba ta da masaniyar mai zane Artemisia Lomi Gentileschi. Ya karya al'adar masu fasahar Renaissance waɗanda kyakkyawar manufa ta jagoranta. Samfurinsa ba ’yan matan aure ba ne, amma masu zanga-zanga ne da buguwa da ƙazantattun ƙafafu. Wannan sabon salon ya kasance mai tayar da hankali kuma ya sami karbuwa sosai.
Yawancin masu fasaha sun yi wahayi zuwa gare shi (kamar yadda aka ambata, kuma Rembrandt), don haka salon kansa wanda ke ɗauke da sunansa ya fito daga gare shi: Caravaggism. Hotunan nasa, a wasu lokuta suna da gaske, sun tsara mutanen zamaninsa da na gaba.
Bulus Cézanne
Paul Cézanne (1839-1906) sananne ne ga mutane da yawa a matsayin uban zanen zamani, kodayake a zahiri ya fara aikinsa a matsayin ma'aikacin banki. A ƙarshe, a birnin Paris, gwanintarsa a matsayin mai zane ya zo kan gaba kuma yana neman matsayinsa a cikin fasahar fasaha. Paul Cézanne ya fi saninsa don zane-zanensa na Aix-en-Provence, inda ya yi yarinta.
Asalin asali daga Aix-en-Provence, Paul Cézanne ya fice a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu fasaha na zamani. Sana'arsa ta sanya alaƙa tsakanin mafi yawan salon gargajiya na ƙarni na XNUMX da ƙarin salon avant-garde na ƙarni na XNUMX. Kasancewa wani ɓangare na motsi na post-impressionist, ya haɓaka salon kansa kuma ya rinjayi, ban da yawancin masu fasaha na zamani, ci gaban ƙungiyoyi masu zuwa.
Hanyarsa ga hoton hoto ya dogara ne akan hanyar da ta dace wanda ya ƙunshi hada jiragen sama na abubuwa don ƙirƙirar wani tsari mai girma. Picasso da Braque za su ɗauki ra'ayinsa daga baya. Cézanne da kansa ya sami wahayi daga masu zane-zane na Faransanci na Impressionist, yana neman ganin abubuwa a matsayin saitin siffofi. Yana mannewa duka ga hangen nesa na aikinsa da kuma batun da ake magana akai.
Ta hanyar zane-zane iri ɗaya sau da yawa (apples, lemu, duwatsu) mai zane yana kulawa don kammala fasaharsa. Yi nazarin tasirin haske da hangen nesa, lura da yadda fuskoki daban-daban na abubuwa suka fice. Ana haifar da waɗannan ta hanyar jiragen ruwa masu launi waɗanda ke bayyana abubuwan da ke tattare da geometric na abubuwa.
Ta hanyar rarrabuwa ta hanyar wasan abstraction, mai zanen yana ƙoƙarin kama canjin da abubuwa ke fuskanta dangane da tsarin su a sararin samaniya. Ra'ayoyin juyin juya hali na Cézanne a hanyar da za a bi da batun da kuma tsaka-tsakin mai zane zai yi tasiri ga masu magana, 'yan cubists har ma da masu gaba.
Hoton Diego Velázquez
Las Meninas yana ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun hotuna a tarihin fasaha da kuma ƙwararren Velázquez. Diego Velázquez ya zana diyar Philip IV tare da kuyanginta kuma ya dawwama a gefen zanen a matsayin mai zanen kotu ga gidan sarautar Spain. Ya gabatar da Paparoma har ma ya ba wa dwarfs kotu wasu daraja.
Ko a cikin wasansa mai suna The Surrender of Breda, ya nuna fasahar diflomasiyya. Maimakon nasarar da sojojin Spain suka samu a kan Netherlands, yana nuna sada zumunci da mika makullan birnin. A cikin abubuwan da ya tsara kuma yana iya faruwa cewa bayan doki yana mikawa ga mai kallo, kamar wanda ya gani a wurin.
Ana iya ganin wannan da kyau musamman a cikin hoton wata dabarar juyi a cikin zanensa The Fable of Arachne, wanda aka fi sani da The Spinners.
watan Agusta
Auguste Renoir (1841-1919), wanda cikakken sunansa Pierre-Auguste Renoir, mai zane ne wanda aka sha'awar ayyukansa tun ƙarshen karni na XNUMX. Asali, ana iya sanya shi zuwa motsi na Impressionist, amma ya ƙaura daga gare ta kuma ya zana hotuna da yawa.
Tsirara, hotuna, shimfidar wurare ko ma masu rai: Renoir ƙwararren ƙwararren mai zane ne wanda ya ƙyale kansa baya hutu. Ko a shekarun karshe na rayuwarsa, lokacin da ya yi fama da lalurar jijiyoyi da yawa kuma ya kasa motsi sassa da dama na jikinsa, ya ci gaba da yin fenti ta hanyar daure goshinsa a wuyansa.
Mawaƙin Faransanci ya shahara saboda bayyaninsa na sha'awar mata da ɗabi'ar kyawunsa. Ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun ayyukansa shine Rawar a Moulin de la Galette (1876), wanda, a cikin al'ada mai ban sha'awa, yana ɗaukar ainihin liyafar budewa a daren Lahadi na Paris, inda mazaunan birni za su iya sha, rawa, hira da hira. kuyi nishadi.
Ayyukansa na baya sun fi son jigogi na al'ada, hotuna, ko abubuwan ƙira. Duk da waɗannan canje-canje, Renoir ya kasance da aminci ga wakilcin tsirara. Hankalinta na sha'awa game da mata yana da wahayi daga Rubens. Ƙarshen aikinsa zai kasance alama ta hanyar samar da tsiraici na mata masu dacewa. Canjin jigon yana amsawa ga canjin salo.
Jan Vermeer
A cikin karni na 2003, abin da ake kira Golden Age, sana'ar fasaha ta bunkasa a arewacin Netherlands. Masu zane-zane irin su Rembrandt, Van Delft, da Jan Vermeer (Johannes Vermeer) sun zama shahararrun masu daukar hoto. Na karshen ya iya baiwa masu kallonsa mamaki tare da yarinyarsa mai kunnen lu'u-lu'u. A shekara ta XNUMX, an ma fitar da wani fim da ya dogara da hotonsa na ban mamaki.
Ana iya ganin hotuna irin su maza da mata suna shan ruwan inabi ko kuma kwatancin da aka yi magana akai game da zane a yau a matsayin shaidar tarihi game da sutura da duniyar mutane. Ba kawai game da haske da launuka masu haske ba, amma sama da duka game da ido don daki-daki da mayar da hankali a rayuwar yau da kullum. Abubuwan da suka faru na tarihi dole ne su raba hoton tare da mutane na yau da kullun, masu sana'a, kuyangi, har da mashaya.
Jan Vermeer wani mai zane ne dan kasar Holland wanda ya kware wajen kwatanta abubuwan da ke cikin gidaje masu karamin karfi da kuma zaman matsakaita. Ko da yake ba a san shi ba a lokacin rayuwarsa, an sake gano aikinsa a shekara ta 1860. Daga baya, an danganta wasu zane-zanensa ga wasu masu fasaha ba da kuskure ba, amma ba da daɗewa ba aka gano marubucin gaskiya saboda kyakkyawan aikin masu bincike da masana tarihi.
Har zuwa yau, sanannun ayyuka talatin da huɗu, na goga na Vermeer. Mafi shahararren zane-zanensa shine "Yarinya mai kunnen kunne" (1665). Hoton yana jan hankalin faɗakarwa da yanayin damuwa na yarinyar da ke sanye da tufafi masu ban mamaki, da kuma babban dan kunne mai haske, wanda yawanci ana la'akari da lu'u-lu'u.
Henri Matisse
An haifi Henri Matisse a kudancin Faransa a shekara ta 1869. A gaskiya, ya kamata ya mallaki gonar iyaye, amma Matisse ya yanke shawarar yin nazarin doka a birnin Paris. A cikin 1889 ya yi aiki na ɗan gajeren lokaci a matsayin ɗan shari'a kuma a lokaci guda ya ɗauki azuzuwan zane da sassafe a École Quentin de la Cour.
A cikin 1890 ya fara yin zane da gaske kuma yana so ya shirya jarrabawar shiga makarantar École des Beaux-Arts, amma bai ci ba. Matisse ya shafe lokacin rani na 1905 tare da André Derain kuma tare suka haɓaka sabon salon da zai shiga cikin tarihin fasaha a matsayin Fauvism.
Frida Kahlo
Matan da suka yi aiki a matsayin masu fasaha galibi ƴan wasa ne a cikin tsofaffin littattafan karatu. Ɗayan da ta shiga cikin yankin maza shine Frida Kahlo. An san 'yar Mexico da kyawawan hotunanta masu kyau da kyan gani.
Hotunan sa suna magana da sha'awa da jin dadi game da ciwo da son rai. Ta aiwatar da abubuwan da suka faru na ban tsoro a cikin zane-zanenta, mummunan hatsarin motar bas (El pilar roto), zubar da ciki da ɓacin rai (Las dos Fridas) tare da mijinta Diego Rivera.
Masu mata suna bikin su don nuna abubuwan da suka shafi mata. A ƙasarsa ta asali, shi ne gunki wanda ya kawo al'adun gida zuwa Turai. A can ya sami babban sha'awa a cikin ƙungiyar masu son rai a kusa da André Breton. Wasu daga cikin mashahuran ayyukansa sune Hoton Kai da Abun Wuya na ƙaya da Hummingbird (1940). Sun fi shahara a matsayin misali na yin amfani da alama kyauta. Ƙwallon ƙwanƙwasa da hummingbird mara rai ƙila sun nuna ɓacin ranta.
Edvard Munch
An haifi Edvard Munch a Loten, Hedmark, Norway a shekara ta 1863 kuma ya mutu a Oslo a 1944. Yana daya daga cikin shahararrun masu zanen zamani kuma ana daukarsa majagaba na jagorancin zane-zane a zamanin fasaha na zamani. An san shi da jigogi na tunanin mutum da nuances, waɗanda alamun ƙarni na XNUMX suka yi tasiri sosai. Ayyukansa sun yi tasiri sosai a Jamus Expressionism a farkon karni na XNUMX.
An san mai zane Edvard Munch a waje da duniyar fasaha da farko don zanensa "The Scream." Koyaya, haƙiƙa jerin hotuna ne daban-daban waɗanda ke nuna maƙasudi iri ɗaya. Scream (1893-1910) yana da nau'i daban-daban guda hudu a cikin nau'i biyu: mai da pastel.
Zanen yana da ban sha'awa mai raɗaɗi kuma mai ɗanɗano, amma duk da haka yana da ɗanɗano launi, kuma an nuna shi a fili a fili tare da raɗaɗi a kan bango mai haske na lemu. gani ya bashi mamaki.
Hanyar dawowar Munch ta wuce mayankar da asibitin masu tabin hankali, inda yayar mai zane take. Masu zamani sun rubuta cewa nishin marasa lafiya da kukan matattun dabbobi ba su iya jurewa. An yi imanin cewa Scream ya zama wani nau'in annabci na fasaha na karni na XNUMX, wanda ke cike da abubuwan kadaici, yanke ƙauna, da mafarki mai ban tsoro.
Hoton ko motsin "Scream" na Edvard Munch an ɗauka sau da yawa, misali kuma mai yiwuwa don abin rufe fuska na sanannen jerin fina-finai na "Scream". Saboda haka, akwai kuma abubuwa daban-daban na tallace-tallace waɗanda watakila sun fi shahara a yau fiye da mai zanen kansa.
Claude Monet
Renoir, Degas, Cezanne, Manet, Pissarro da sama da duka Monet suna cikin shahararrun masu zane-zane a duniya. Salon fasaha mai ban sha'awa na Monet ya ba da sunansa ga sabon motsin fasaha na farkon karni na sha tara, abin da ake kira "Impressionism". Yanayin yanayi, launi da ra'ayoyin haske sun kasance a gaba a cikin ayyukansa. Wannan kuma ya yi tasiri a kan salon zane mai ban sha'awa da aikace-aikacen fenti mai kama da taɓawa.
Claude Monet, wanda sau da yawa ake magana a kai a matsayin daya daga cikin wadanda suka kafa Impressionism, ya kasance mai zanen Faransanci kuma daya daga cikin ƙwararrun ƙwararrun majagaba na ƙungiyar Impressionist na Faransa. A gaskiya ma, an karɓi kalmar nan “impressionism” bayan ya gabatar da wani aiki mai suna Impression, Rising Sun.
Ana ɗaukar Monet a matsayin fitaccen wakilin Impressionism. Ya sadaukar da kansa ga wannan salon a duk rayuwarsa, inda manyan haruffa sune haske da launi, layin bace kuma inuwa na iya zama shuɗi. Cathedral dinsa na Rouen yana nuna yadda abu ke canzawa idan ka kalle shi ta hasken rana. Cathedral yana rawar jiki, yana zaune a cikin haskoki.
Monet ya yi gwaji da yawa da bugun jini don isar da yanayin ba kamar yadda ake gani ba kuma a cikin haka ne ya ga gaskiya, aikinsa mafi shahara shi ne Les nympheas (The Water Lilies) jerin zane-zane dari biyu da hamsin. wanda ke wakiltar wani lambu a gidan mawaƙin Faransa a Giverny, Faransa. Wannan silsilar ita ce babban jagorar aikin mai zane na tsawon shekaru talatin na karshe na rayuwarsa.
Za ku iya ganin hotuna da yawa kawai, irin su shahararrun lilies na ruwa, karin kumallo a cikin kasar ko ra'ayi na Rouen Cathedral daga nesa, lokacin da launi na mutum ya nuna a cikin ido ya haifar da hoto. An haife shi a Paris a 1840 kuma ya mutu a Giverny a 1926.
Rene Magritte
René Magritte wani ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne ɗan ƙasar Beljiyam wanda aka lura da shi don amfani da kayan gida don isar da kyakkyawar fahimtarsa game da duniyar yau da kullun. An kuma san shi da ƙirƙirar ayyukan da ke sa mai kallo yayi tunani, yana ƙarfafa su su karya da tunanin gaskiya.
Ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun ayyukansa da ke bin wannan ƙa'idar shine The Treachery of Images (928-1929), wanda shine bututun shan taba tare da rubutun "Ceci n'est pas une pipe" (Wannan ba bututu ba ne). Kuma ba ainihin bututu ba ne don kawai hotonsa ne. Wannan dabara da salon canza abin da muka sani na gaskiya ya kasance gama gari ga dukkan ayyukansa da ra'ayoyinsa.
Edgar daga
Edgar Degas (1834 - 1917) ya fara karatun doka bisa burin mahaifinsa, amma daga baya ya koma ga babban ƙaunarsa: zanen. Bai koyi fenti a cikin kwas ɗin zane a makarantar fasaha ba, amma ta kwafin manyan ayyukan Louvre.
A matsayinka na gaba ɗaya, ana ƙidaya shi azaman ɓangare na motsin fasaha na Impressionist, amma wannan rarrabuwa ya kasance mai kawo rigima. Ba ya bin duk halaye na wannan halin yanzu, amma yana ba da damar wasu 'yanci na avant-garde. An san mai zanen musamman don hotunansa da raye-raye.
Pablo Picasso
"Ba kowa ba ne zai iya yin fenti kamar Picasso" sanannen magana ne. Mai zanen, wanda aka haifa a Spain, ya tafi Paris tun yana matashi kuma ya sami sha'awar Fauvism ta hanyar dangantakarsa da Matisse. Wannan yana nufin janye tsattsauran siffofi da launuka masu ƙarfi. Irin wannan aikinsa na farko, Les Demoiselles d'Avignon ya shahara a duniya a yau. Da farko, abokansa ma ba za su iya fahimtar zurfin ma’anarsa ba.
Mawaƙin Mutanen Espanya ya jagoranci rayuwa mai ƙirƙira, daga baya ya zama ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun masu zane-zane na ƙarni na XNUMX. Ba wai kawai ya zana hotuna ba, har ma ya kasance sculptor, mawaki, marubucin wasan kwaikwayo. Kuma duk wannan a saman tarin sauran ayyukan.
Wannan mashahurin ubangijin mata ya zama sananne ba kawai don sauyawar muses akai-akai ba, har ma da sau da yawa sau da yawa a cikin kwatancen fasaha. A farkon karni na XNUMX, ya kirkiro ayyuka da yawa a cikin "salon Afirka", lokacin da maimakon fuskoki ya zana fuskokin kabilu masu ban sha'awa, sannan akwai cubism, da kuma abstractionism da surrealism.
Za a iya kiran koli na aikinsa Guernica, wanda aka sadaukar da shi ga birnin da yaki ya lalata, alamar wahala da dabbanci. Picasso ne ya zo da ra'ayin hada cikakken fuska da bayanin martaba a cikin hotuna, rarraba abubuwa zuwa siffofi masu sauƙi, ya haɗa su a cikin siffofi masu ban mamaki.
Ya canza yanayin fasaha mai kyau, yana wadatar da shi da ra'ayoyin juyin juya hali.Kamar Cézanne, ya fara amfani da launi azaman tsari (Cubism), gami da abubuwan ban sha'awa na Yaƙin Basasa na Spain a Guernica.
A cikin 1970, an yi amfani da aikin don yin zanga-zangar adawa da Yaƙin Vietnam kuma, kamar kurciya na zaman lafiya na Picasso, wanda ya tsara don taron zaman lafiya na duniya a Paris a 1949, ya bar alamar har abada. Shahararren mai zanen ya shahara a duniya a lokacin rayuwarsa, duk da haka bai samu karramawar da ya kamata ba bayan mutuwa.
Anders zo
Anders Zorn wani mai zanen Sweden ne kuma mai zane wanda aka haifa a Mora. Ya yi karatu a Royal Swedish Academy of Arts a Stockholm, Sweden, daga 1875 zuwa 1880. A cikin 1880, Anders Zorn ya bayyana hoton wani yaro mai baƙin ciki a lokacin nunin, wanda ya ƙaddamar da aikinsa kuma ya jagoranci kwamitocin da yawa. Ya ci gaba da jin daɗin nasarar ƙasa da ƙasa kuma ya zama ɗaya daga cikin fitattun masu zanen hoto a zamaninsa.
A farkon karni na XNUMX, nasarar Anders Zorn ta yi hamayya da na fitattun mawakan zamaninsa, ciki har da John Singer Sargent. Daga cikin samfuransa akwai shugabannin Amurka uku: Grover Cleveland, William Taft (hotuna har yanzu a Fadar White House a yau), kuma a ƙarshe Theodore Roosevelt a cikin sigar bugawa. Anders Zorn kuma ya shahara saboda zane-zanen tsiraicin da ya yi a sararin sama da bayyanannun hotunan ruwa.
Ana iya ganin wasu daga cikin muhimman ayyukansa a gidan kayan tarihi na kasa (National Museum of Fine Arts) a Stockholm. Daga cikin su akwai Danza de San Juan (1897), wasan kwaikwayo da masu rawa suka yi a cikin hasken yamma na bikin ranar Saint John. Shi ya sa yana cikin shahararrun masu zane-zane na Amurka.
Rembrandt van Rijn
Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn (1606 – 1669) ɗan ƙasar Holland ne mai fasaha na zamanin Baroque. Ayyukansa a cikin karni na XNUMX ya fadi a lokacin Golden Age a Ƙananan Ƙasa. Ya siffata duniyar fasaha musamman ta hanyar jerin hotunansa na kansa. An yi masa wahayi musamman ta haske da zanen duhu na Caravaggio, wanda ya ba da zanen nasa bambanci na musamman. Saboda iyawar sa, ana yi masa kallon fitaccen mai fasahar gani a tarihin fasaha.
Ƙwaƙwalwarsa ta ba shi damar zana komai daga shimfidar wurare da hotuna zuwa abubuwan tarihi da al'amuran Littafi Mai Tsarki. Ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun ayyukansa, The Night Watch (1642), yanzu yana cikin Gidan Tarihi na Jiha a Amsterdam. Zanen yana da halaye na musamman waɗanda suka sa ya yi fice: girmansa, wasan motsa jiki wanda ya zama ruwan dare a gare mu a cikin hoton soja, da kuma amfani da haske da inuwa, wanda shahararren mai zanen ya ƙware musamman.
Rembrandt ya kwatanta duniya kamar yadda take, ba tare da ado ko fenti ba, amma ya yi hakan a hankali. A cikin zane-zane na Rembrandt akwai magriba inda alkaluma ke fitowa daga hasken zinare. Kyawawan dabi'unta, kamar yadda ake iya gani a cikin haruffan da ke cikin zanen nasa "Amarya Bayahude".
Makomar babban mai zane-zane na Holland kamar jirgin ruwa ne: daga duhu don tashi zuwa dukiya da shahara, kawai ya fadi kuma ya mutu cikin talauci. Mutanen zamaninsa ba su fahimce shi ba; Rembrandt ya wakilci tunanin ɗan adam da abubuwan da suka faru, wanda ba koyaushe bane gaye, duk da haka ya kasance a yau ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun masu zane a duniya.
Leonardo Vinci
Lokacin da ake suna Leonardo Da Vinci, mutum yayi tunanin kai tsaye na Mona Lisa. A yau watakila shine mafi shaharar hoto a duniya. Matar da ke da murmushin ban mamaki, wanda aka bayyana da suna Lisa del Giocondo (matar Giocondo), ta tunzura tattaunawa akai-akai kuma tana ƙarfafa tunanin ƴan fim.
Tare da nazarin ilimin halittar jiki da zane-zane na fasahar makamai, har ma ya iya zaburar da mutumin da ya fi kowa karfi a zamaninsa, Duke Ludovico Sforza na Milan, kuma ya ci nasara a matsayin majiɓinci. Zane-zane irin su Budurwar Duwatsu ko Uwargida tare da Ermine suna nuna fifikon sa don kallon tsanaki ga mata da iya sarrafa launi.
Sai kawai a Jibin Ƙarshe ya kamata ya yi fenti a kan rigar plaster. Launuka na bangon bangon sun kasance palette bayan bushewa, amma sun fi kwanciyar hankali. Wannan ya ce, shaida ce mai ban sha'awa ga ƙwararriyar amfani da hangen nesa na tsakiya.
Leonardo da Vinci ya kasance mai zane, sculptor, mathematician, kuma mai ƙirƙira wanda kuma ya tsunduma cikin bincike a fannin gine-gine, kimiyya, kiɗa, injiniyanci, falaki, ilmin ƙasa, da dai sauransu. Shi ya sa ya samu sunan "Renaissance Man", tun da yake ya mallaki ilimi a kusan dukkan fannonin da ake da su a lokacin.
Godiya ga zane-zanensa, zanen duniya ya kai sabon matakin inganci. Ya matsa zuwa ga gaskiya, fahimtar dokokin hangen nesa da fahimtar tsarin jikin mutum. Ya wakilci manufa rabbai a cikin zane «Vitruvian Man». A yau ana la'akari da shi a matsayin ƙwararren fasaha da aikin kimiyya. Yana da nisa daga cikin shahararrun masu zane-zane na Renaissance.
sandro botticelli
Sandro Di Mariano Filipepi, ko kuma kawai ana kiransa Botticelli, ɗan ƙasar Italiya ne mai zane wanda aka haife shi a shekara ta 1445 kuma ya mutu a shekara ta 1510. Botticelli asalinsa kwanon zinariya ne amma daga baya ya koyi yin fenti a ɗakin studio na masu fasaha na Italiya.
A cikin 1481 Paparoma Sixtus IV ya umarce shi da ya yi ado da Sistine Chapel. Tare da Cosimo Rosselli, Domenico Ghirlandaio da Perugino, Botticelli daga baya sun tsara tarihin zanen Italiyanci. Dubban maziyarta suna sha'awar ayyukansa a kowace rana.
Joaquin Sorolla da Bastida
Joaquín Sorolla y Bastida wani mai zane ne na Sipaniya, an haife shi a Valencia, wanda ya yi fice a cikin zane-zane, da kuma shimfidar wurare na kasarsa, musamman ma bakin teku, wanda haskensa da kasancewar ɗan adam ke taka rawar gani. Tafiya zuwa Paris a 1894 ya sa shi hulɗa da zane-zane na Impressionist kuma ya kawo juyin juya hali a cikin salonsa.
A cikin mafi yawan al'ada style na Sorolla, da fasaha zane ne sa'an nan impressionistic, da kuma alama ta gaban mutum adadi, yara, mata a riguna, a kan wani rairayin bakin teku ko wuri mai faɗi bango, inda tunani, inuwa, transparencies, da tsanani daga cikin. haske da launi na hoton suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haɓaka batutuwa. Joaquín Sorolla ƙwararren mai fasaha ne, wanda kuma ya zana hotuna da yawa na mutanen Sipaniya.
Salon sa mai daɗi da sauƙi yana ba shi damar karɓar buƙatun mara iyaka, don haka yana jin daɗin matsayin zamantakewa mai daɗi. Shahararsa ta ratsa kan iyakokin Spain kuma ya bazu ko'ina cikin Turai da Amurka, inda ya baje kolin a lokuta da yawa.
A farkon karni, an gane Sorolla a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan mashahuran masu zane-zane a yammacin duniya, yana karbar lambobin zinare masu yawa a manyan nune-nunen kasa da kasa da dama. An baje kolin yawancin ayyukansa a gidan kayan tarihi na Sorolla da ke Madrid inda aka sadaukar da wani baje koli a gare shi.
Andy Warhol
Andy Warhol wani mai zane-zane ne na Amurka wanda ya shahara da salonsa mai suna Pop Art. A cikin ayyukansa, ya bincika dangantakar da ke tsakanin masana'antar fina-finai masu kayatarwa, talla, shahararriyar al'adu, da kuma zane-zane. Warhol shine shugaban shahararrun masu zane-zane a al'adun gargajiya.
Shahararriyar aikinsa ita ce Miyan Cans na Campbell (1962), wanda ya ƙunshi guda 32, kowane tsayin santimita 51 da faɗinsa santimita 41. Kowane ɗayan abubuwan ana iya ɗaukar hoto daban. An yi ɓangarorin ɗaiɗaikun ne ta amfani da bugu na allo na atomatik, wanda ya ba da gudummawa sosai ga haɓaka fasahar pop da haɗuwa da shahararrun al'adu tare da fasahar gani kamar yadda muka san shi a yau.
Andy Warhol ya kirkiro ayyuka da dama kuma ya kasance daya daga cikin manyan dillalan al'adu na shekarun 50. Duk da haka, a cikin taro sani, zai kusan lalle ne haƙĩƙa zama marubucin canvases tare da reproduced m abubuwa: a cikin wani hali, irin wannan abu ya kasance gwangwani na gwangwani tumatir miya, da kuma a cikin sauran, jima'i alama ce ta shekaru XNUMX da kuma. alama ce ta zamanin jima'i na Hollywood, Marilyn Monroe.
Vincent van Gogh
Vincent Van Gogh yana ɗaya daga cikin mashahuran masu zane-zane, wanda ke da ban mamaki, kamar yadda salon zanen sa na bayyanawa da kuma tunaninsa ya sami ɗan sha'awa a lokacinsa. Danyen goge-goge na Post-Impressionist da aikace-aikacen fenti na impasto, da kuma launukansa na yau da kullun amma har yanzu suna taka-tsantsan, sun sake samun daraja sosai a yau kuma ana ciniki da su a gidajen gwanjo mafi tsada a duniya.
Zabin abubuwan da ya yi ba su da kyan gani, kayan daki, furanni, shimfidar wurare, da tarin hotunan kai. Duk da haka, ya fi godiya ga tallace-tallace na masu sha'awar zane-zane na Amurka cewa yana son jerin shirye-shiryensa na rawaya na sunflower, hangen nesa na Cafe Terrace a Dare, The Starry Night da ɗakin kwanansa ana samun su a kan fosta, katuna da fosta, har ma da zoben maɓalli. .
Ko hotonsa na bayyana ko ma sirrin yanke kunnensa da mutuwarsa da rahotanni suka ce ya biyo bayan yunƙurin kashe kansa da aka yi ta tattaunawa akai, sunansa yana kan gaba a jerin shahararrun masu zane-zane.
Da farko, zane-zanen Van Gogh sun kasance masu rauni. A cikin su, ya nuna juyayi mara iyaka ga talakawa. Kuma gwaninsa na farko shine kawai irin wannan aikin: "Masu cin Dankali." A ciki muna ganin mutane sun gaji da aiki mai wuyar gaske. Haka suka gaji da kansu suka zama kamar dankali. Van Gogh bai kasance mai gaskiya ba kuma ya wuce gona da iri na mutane don isar da ainihin.
Amma masu kallo suna son Van Gogh don haskensa da launuka masu haske. Hotunansa sun zama masu ban sha'awa bayan ya sadu da masu Impressionists, tun daga wannan lokacin, ya zana furanni masu yawa, filayen rani da bishiyoyi masu fure.
Babu wanda kafin Van Gogh ya bayyana motsin zuciyarsa da jin dadinsa tare da taimakon launi, amma bayansa - da yawa. Bayan haka, shi ne babban mai zaburar da dukkan masu magana. Har ma abin mamaki ne yadda malami, wanda ke cikin damuwa mai zurfi, wanda zai kai shi ga kashe kansa tsawon shekaru, ya zana wani aiki mai farin ciki kamar "Sunflowers".
The Starry Night (1889) yana daya daga cikin shahararrun ayyukansa, wanda aka yi masa fentin a lokacin zamansa a asibitin masu tabin hankali a Faransa. Yana kwatanta kallon taga wani gari na almara, wanda rana mai haske ta fito.
Wannan shi ne daya daga cikin mafi gane zanen ba kawai a cikin art duniya, amma a dukan duniya. Amma gaskiya shaharar ta zo ga artist bayan mutuwarsa, a cikin marigayi 1890s. Yanzu aikinsa da aka dauke daya daga cikin mafi tsada a duniya da kuma shi ne daga cikin shahararrun artists.
Jheronimus van Aken - Hieronymus Bosch
Ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu fasahar Renaissance na Arewacin Turai shine Jheronimus van Aken, wanda aka sani a cikin Mutanen Espanya kamar El Bosco. Siffar zanen nasa tabbas ana iya gane shi, duk da cewa dozin na dukkan zane-zanen ya ragu. Ya kasance mai fasaha na Renaissance na gaske, mai ban mamaki da yawa kuma yana cike da alamomi da alamu.
Hotunan nasa sun yi magana sosai ga mutanen zamanin Bosch fiye da mutanen ƙarni na XNUMX, tun da ya yi amfani da ƙa'idodin Littafi Mai-Tsarki da na zamanin da a yalwace.Ba dole ba ne ka zama mai sukar fasaha don fahimtar cewa wannan zanen Bosch ne.
Alal misali, a cikin shahararrun aikin Hieronymus Bosch, triptych "Lambun Ni'ima na Duniya," ya ƙunshi cikakkun bayanai: ya kwatanta zunubai bakwai masu kisa, wanda aka sake maimaita su sau da yawa, yana ba da cikakken bayani game da azabar wuta da ke jiran masu zunubi (a kan gefen dama). Anan maigida ya tashi ya tsorata manoma da ’yan daba na zamani da hangen zalunci da ke jiran bayan mutuwa.
A hagu taga yana nuna faduwar Adamu da Hauwa'u. Rabin mutum, rabin mutant, manya-manyan tsuntsaye da kifaye, tsire-tsire da ba a taɓa gani ba da ɗimbin masu zunubi tsirara. Duk wannan yana gauraye kuma an haɗa shi cikin ƙira mai adadi da yawa. Ƙaunar ƙididdiga, adadi mai yawa na ƙananan bayanai da ƙayyadaddun tunanin mai zane ya bar shakka game da wanene marubucin zane. Babu shakka daya daga cikin shahararrun masu zane-zane na kowane lokaci.
Babu wani mai fasaha da ke amfani da bayanai da yawa don bayyana ra'ayoyi. Wane ra'ayi? Babu yarjejeniya kan wannan batu. Sun sadaukar da litattafai da litattafai ga El Bosco, sun nemo fassarar halayensa, amma ba su kai ga ƙarshe ba.
Amma Bosch ya samo asali ne a duk rayuwarsa. Kuma a ƙarshen rayuwarsa, manyan ayyuka, ayyuka masu yawa sun maye gurbinsu ta hanyar kusanci sosai ga haruffa. Don haka da kyar suka shiga cikin firam. Wannan shi ne abin da aka sani a cikin Kristi tare da giciye a bayansa. Ko da kuwa ko Bosch ya bincika halayensa daga nesa ko kusa, saƙonsa ɗaya ne. Yana nuna munanan halayen ’yan Adam kuma ta wajen nuna musu yana ƙoƙarin taimaka mana mu ceci rayukanmu.
Paul rubens
Mai zanen Flemish Pieter Paul Rubens (1577-1640) yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu zanen zamaninsa. Tun da yawancin masu zane-zane suna so su yi masa aiki, Rubens yana da ɗaya daga cikin manyan ɗakunan zane-zane na zamaninsa. Ya zana hotuna da dama da kuma zane-zane na addini kamar "Descent from the Cross" kuma ya zaburar da sauran masu zane a duniya. An dauke shi a matsayin mai zanen Flemish Baroque kuma ya cancanta a cikin shahararrun masu zane-zane na Netherlands.
Raphael Sanzio
Mafi shahararren wakilin zamanin Renaissance yana mamakin abubuwan da suka dace da lyricism. Yin zanen mutane masu ban sha'awa ba shi da wahala kamar sanya su daidai akan zane. Wannan shine inda Raphael ya kasance mai kirki. Wataƙila babu wani malami a duniya da ya rinjayi abokan aikinsa kamar Raphael.
Za a yi amfani da salon zanenku ba tare da ɓata lokaci ba. Halayensa suna yawo daga karni ɗaya zuwa wani kuma za su rasa dacewarsu kawai a farkon karni na XNUMX. A cikin zamanin zamani da avant-garderemembering Raphael Sanzio, mun fara tunanin kyakkyawan Madonnas.
A cikin gajeren rayuwarsa (shekaru 38), ya kirkiro zane-zane ashirin da siffarsa, wannan bai zama na kowa ba. Mafi shahara shine Sistine Madonna (Madonna di San Sisto). Ba mu ga busasshiyar budurwa ba, amma uwa mai tausayi, cike da mutunci da tsabta ta ruhaniya. Miyagun mala'iku irin wannan hoto mai aminci ne na kaman yara, cike da fara'a.
Aikin Raphael Sanzio mafi tsada shi ne zane mai ban mamaki "Shugaban Matashin Manzo." An sayar da shi a Sotheby's akan dala miliyan arba'in da takwas. Mai zanen Italiyanci, wanda mutanen zamaninsa suka yaba don laushinsa da dabi'a, ba shi da daraja a yau kuma yana daya daga cikin shahararrun masu zane-zane.
Francisco de Goya
Francisco de Goya (1746-1828) babban ɗan wasan Spain ne na zamanin Rococo kuma a lokaci guda ɗaya daga cikin majagaba a fagen zanen zamani a Turai. An san cewa Goya ya zana Spain kamar yadda yake a lokacinsa, a matsayin shaida na gaskiya na zamani. Jigogin da ya fi so su ne mahimman wakilci na yaki da rashin adalci, da kuma hotuna na rayuwar yau da kullum a Spain.
Goya ya fara aikinsa da zazzafan ƙuruciya da ɗabi'a. Har ma ya zama mai zane a kotun Spain. Amma nan da nan ya koshi da wannan rayuwa, yana ganin kwadayin duniya, wauta, son zuciya. Kawai kalli rukuninsa Hoton Gidan Sarauta, inda Goya bai ko yi ƙoƙarin tausasa maganganun da ba su da tushe da girman kai na dangin sarki.
Goya ya ƙirƙiri zane-zane da yawa waɗanda ke nuna matsayinsa na ɗan adam da na ɗan adam. Kuma duniya ta san shi fiye da kowa a matsayin jarumin jarumi, mai son gaskiya. Tabbacin shine kawai aikin ban mamaki "Saturn yana cinye ɗansa". Wannan wani sanyin jini ne kuma matuƙar gaskiya fassarar makircin tatsuniya. Wannan shi ne yadda mahaukacin Kronos ya dubi, wanda ya firgita cewa 'ya'yansa za su yi masa juyin mulki.
Giotto di Bondone
Giotto di Bondone, ana daukarsa ɗaya daga cikin masanan farko kafin Renaissance, ya kasance gwanin duniya: mai zane, zane-zane da sculptor. Wani dalibin Cimabue da abokin Dante, wanda Michelangelo ya sha'awar, Giotto ya taimaka wajen sabunta hoton taƙawa ta hanyar ƙaura daga al'adar Byzantine. Haɗa komawa zuwa zamanin da, ma'anar dabi'a da samun tun daga ƙarshen Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar, fasaharsa ta kasance ta asali ga ɗan adam.
An ce Giotto shine marubucin shahararrun frescoes a cikin Upper Church of Assisi sadaukar da rayuwar Saint Francis, ko da yake babu wata takarda da ta tabbatar da hakan. Har ila yau, shine asalin ɗayan kyawawan nasarorin Trecento: Scrovegni Chapel a Padua.
Sana'ar Giotto tana nuna alamar nasara ta fresco, wata dabarar da ta kasance a ja da baya daga mosaic. Zane-zanen da aka tsara sosai kuma a tsaye kamar na Byzantine ya fito waje. Giotto yana ƙirƙira ta hanyar wakiltar haruffa tare da haƙiƙanci, ba lallai ba ne akan matakin jikin mutum amma akan matakin ji. Ganinsa na allahntaka ba sufi bane ko allahntaka kamar na Fra Angelico, amma ya juya zuwa ga ɗan adam da sauƙi na rayuwar duniya.
Gustave Courbet
Gustave Courbet ya kasance mai zanen gaskiya na Faransa. A lokacin aikinsa, mawallafin ya yi ƙoƙari ya wakilci duniyar zamaninsa da kuma mutanen zamaninsa har ma ya kai ga karya haramcin da girgiza mutane.
Misali, tare da aikinsa mai suna "The Origin of the World", wanda ke nuna al'aurar mata kuma yanzu ana nunawa a Musée d'Orsay, da sauri ya rabu da ayyukan soyayya kuma ya juya duniyar fasaha ta koma baya, tun daga lokacin yana cikin nasa. zaɓaɓɓun rukunin shahararrun masu zane-zane.
Salvador Dalí
Salvador Dalí (ko Salvador Domingo Felipe Jacinto Dalí i Domènech), wanda ba za a iya gane shi ba don salon zanensa na psychedelic, an haife shi a shekara ta 1904 kuma ya mutu a 1989. Babban mawallafin Mutanen Espanya ya yaudare fasahar fasaha a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci kuma ya zama wakilin halin yanzu. . Hotunan nasa sun nuna mafarkai iri-iri, kowannensu ya ruɗe fiye da ɗayan. Dalí babu shakka yana ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun masu zane-zane na ƙarni na XNUMX.
Dalí an fi saninsa da ƙawancinsa na ban sha'awa. Sana'arsa ta kasance haɓakawa na kansa, amma idan aka yi la'akari da furcinsa na Mutanen Espanya da son kulawa, an yi masa bikin daidai da ɗabi'ar sa na ban mamaki. Shahararren aikinsa shine The Persistent of Memory (1931).
Ɗaya daga cikin fassarar hoton shine yadda lokaci ya fara narkewa, da zarar mutum ya yi barci. Lokacin da aka tambaye shi ainihin abin da ya ƙarfafa Salvador Dalí ya zana wannan zane, sai ya amsa da cewa siffar agogon narke ya samo asali ne daga cuku Camembert da ke narkewa a rana.
Ivan Aivazovsky
Aivazovsky ya kasance daidai a cikin shahararrun masu zane-zane na duniya. "Tara Wave" nasa yana da ban mamaki a cikin ma'auni. Girman abubuwa, rashin bege. Shin 'yan tsirarun waɗanda suka tsira daga guguwa za su iya tserewa? Rana ta safiya tare da haskoki masu dumi kamar suna ba da bege mai zurfi.Aivazovsky ana iya kiransa mafi mahimmancin mai zanen ruwa a kowane lokaci.
Babu wanda ya zana nau'in nau'in nau'in ruwa ta hanyoyi daban-daban, babu wanda ya nuna yawancin fadace-fadacen teku da rugujewar jiragen ruwa. A lokaci guda, Aivazovsky kuma ya kasance mai shirya fina-finai, wanda ya kwatanta kayan aikin jirgin sosai. Kuma ɗan ƙaramin mafarki, a gaskiya, da gangan, Wave na tara an fentin shi ba daidai ba: a cikin buɗaɗɗen teku, igiyar ruwa ba ta tanƙwara kamar apron. Amma don ƙarin wasan kwaikwayo, Aivazovsky ya zana ta kamar haka.
Henri daga Toulouse-Lautrec
Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, an haife shi a kudancin Faransa a shekara ta 1864 kuma ya mutu a shekara ta 1901 yana da shekaru 36 kacal, babban mai fasaha ne wanda ya tsara rayuwa a birnin Paris a karshen karni na XNUMX. Mai zanen zane da zane-zane yana zaune a sanannen unguwar Parisiya na Montmartre, gundumar fasaha ta babban birnin Faransa. Rayuwar yau da kullun a cikin Paris kuma ɗaya ce daga cikin abubuwan da ya fi shahara, kasancewar cabaret na Parisi ko al'amuran gundumomi masu haske a kusa da Moulin Rouge.
Marc Chagall
An haifi Marc Chagall a Belarus a shekara ta 1887 a ƙarƙashin sunan Moïche Zakharovich Shagalov, amma ya karbi takardar zama dan kasar Faransa a 1937. Ya mutu a 1985. Chagall bai dace da yanayin karni na XNUMX ba, amma yana amfani da abubuwa na surrealism da primitivism. A yau, Marc Chagall wani bangare ne na nune-nunen nune-nunen kan manyan masu zane na karni na XNUMX.
Paul klee
An haifi shahararren mawakin nan Paul Ernst Klee a yankin Bern a shekara ta 1879 kuma ya rasu a shekara ta 1940 a yankin da ake magana da Italiyanci a kasar Switzerland a Ticino. Mahaifinsa Bajamushe ne kuma mahaifiyarsa Swiss. Mai zane da zane-zane ba wai kawai ya kasance mai ƙwazo sosai a zamaninsa na kirkire-kirkire ba, har ma ya bambanta sosai a fasaharsa da zanen sa.
Don haka ayyukansa za a iya sanya su zuwa ƙungiyoyin fasaha daban-daban: expressionism, constructivism, cubism, primitivism da surrealism. Af, Paul Klee abokin Wassily Kandinsky ne kuma kamar shi, Klee ya koyar a Bauhaus a Weimar daga 1921 kuma daga baya a Dessau. Bayan da ’yan Nazi suka kwace mulki, aka kore shi kuma ya koma Bern.
Wassily Kandinsky
Daga cikin shahararrun masu zane-zane ya kamata a ambaci Wassily Kandinsky. An haife shi a Moscow a 1866 kuma ya mutu a Neuilly-sur-Seine Faransa a 1944. Tare da wasu shahararrun masu zane-zane irin su Paul Klee da Franz Marc yana cikin rukunin masu fasaha na "Blauer Reiter", har ma ya kafa ta tare. tare da Franz Marc, a matsayin juzu'in motsi ko abin da aka samo daga Neue Künstlervereinigung München, (Ƙungiyar Mawakan New Munich).
Salon nasa, don haka, ana iya sanya shi zuwa ga magana. Har ila yau, ya kasance daya daga cikin majagaba na fasahar zane-zane tare da wasu shahararrun masu zane-zane. Kamar yadda aka ambata, ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin malami a Bauhaus da ke Weimar da kuma Dessau, inda shi da Paul Klee suna daya daga cikin mazauna gidajen Malaman Bauhaus. Bayan National Socialists sun rufe Bauhaus (1933), Kandinsky ya yi hijira zuwa Faransa tare da matarsa.
Eugene Delacroix
Mai zanen Faransa Eugène Delacroix ya ga haske a shekara ta 1798 kuma ya mutu a shekara ta 1863. Musamman ya rinjayi sha'awar soyayya ta karni na XNUMX. Daga cikin wasu abubuwa, gwamnatin Faransa ta umurci mai zanen ya aiwatar da hotuna masu yawa, amma kuma an ba shi amana da ayyukan gine-gine da na ado. Zanen nasa "Liberty Leads the People" yana daya daga cikin shahararrun a tarihin Faransa kuma yanzu ana iya sha'awar a cikin Louvre a Paris.
Jackson Pollock
Jackson Pollock ya kasance mai zanen Ba'amurke kuma jagoran ra'ayi na zahiri. Yana cikin masu zane-zane da suka shahara da fasahar zanen ɗigon ruwa da ba a saba gani ba, inda ake zuba fenti ko ɗigowa a kan zane. An san Pollock da shan barasa, wanda ya kai ga hadarin mota da ya kashe rayuwarsa a shekara ta 1956.
Daya daga cikin shahararrun zane-zanensa mai lamba 5, 1948, na daya daga cikin zanen da ya fi tsada a duniya. Jackson Pollock ya nuna babban iko da horo na ƙarfe a cikin rudani. Yanzu an fi sanin hoton da sunan "Gidan Tsuntsaye", saboda launuka masu launin toka, launin ruwan kasa, rawaya, fari, masu hade da juna.
Gustav Klimt
Ya kasance mai zanen Alamar Australiya wanda aka fi sani da aikinsa akan batsa, zane-zane iri-iri, zane-zane, da kuma rayuwa. Baya ga nuna jikin mace, Klimt ya kuma zana zane-zanen shimfidar wurare da fage, wani bangare na fasahar Jafananci.
Ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun ayyukansa shine Kiss, ɗaya daga cikin manyan ayyukan zamaninsa na zinariya. An lura da wannan lokacin na aikinsa don yin amfani da sautunan zinare na ban mamaki a cikin zane-zanensa mafi ban mamaki, sau da yawa yana amfani da ganyen zinariya na gaske.
Kazimir Malevich
Abin sha'awa shine, shahararren ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Rasha ana iya kiransa Kazimir Malevich. Duk da cewa Rasha makaranta na zanen ya ba art da dama sunayen (Repin, Aivazovsky, Vereshchagin da sauransu) a cikin memory na taro viewer, wani mutum ya kasance mafi deconstructor na gargajiya zanen fiye da magajin ya zama al'adu. daya daga cikin shahararrun masu zane-zane na matsakaicinsa.
Kazimir Malevich shi ne wanda ya kafa Suprematism, wanda ke nufin, a wata hanya, mahaifin dukan fasaha na zamani. An nuna aikinsa na Black Square a cikin 1915 kuma ya zama shirye-shirye. Amma Malevich ba ya cikin shahararrun masu zane-zane ba kawai saboda Black Square ba: ya yi aiki a matsayin mai zane-zane a kan wasan kwaikwayo na Meyerhold, ya jagoranci wani ɗakin fasaha a Vitebsk, inda wani babban zane-zane, Marc Chagall, ya fara aiki.
Jean Francois Millet
Aikin mai zanen Faransa Jean-François Millet wani bangare ne na motsi na hakika. Zane-zanensa da zane-zanensa suna nuna rayuwar yau da kullun, galibin al'amuran karkara daga Arewacin Turai. Asalinsa na ƙauyensa yana sa shi ya gabatar da kasancewar karkara a matsayin hanyar rayuwa ta duniya da kuma tsara ɗan adam. Yana nuna ƙauyen Faransanci suna haskaka girman kai na ciki.
Hotunan nasa, wadanda aka yi musu kuskure a matsayin matsayin siyasa don goyon bayan jama'a, suna nuna kwarewarsa ne kawai da kuma sha'awarsa ga mutanen karkara.Sha'awar mai zane ga jama'a zai burge masu fasaha irin su Pissarro, Monet da Van Gogh.
Salon sa, musamman palette ɗinsa na haske, bugun jini mai ƙarfi, da tsinkaye ga pastels, sun yi tasiri sosai akan Impressionism. Jean-Francois Millet ya rayu cikin talauci kuma ya yi zanen zane mai rai. Ɗansa da jikansa masu zanen ƙasa ne.
John singer sargent
John Singer Sargent ya kafa kansa a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan masu zane-zane na Amurka na lokacinsa, wanda kuma aka sani da shi a matsayin ƙwararren mai zanen wuri kuma babban mai ruwa. An haifi Sargent a Florence, Italiya, na iyayen Amurka kuma ya yi karatu a Italiya da Jamus, sa'an nan kuma a Paris, a ƙarƙashin rinjayar Emile Auguste Carolus-Duran, wanda tasirinsa zai kasance mai mahimmanci. Yana kusa da manyan masu fasaha na lokacin irin su Claude Monet ko Paul Helleu.
A farkon karni, John Singer Sargent shine mai zanen masu mulki da manyan mutane a Turai da Amurka. Hotunan nasa, na saɓani na gaskiya, suna dawo da martabar al'umma. Hotunan mafi wakilcin Sargent suna nuna ɗabi'a da ɗabi'ar talakawansa. Salon nasa na dauke da irin nagartaccen tsari wanda ke baiwa wasu masu zaginsa mamaki.
A cikin 1907 ya ba da sanarwar cewa zai daina ɗaukar hotuna sannan ya mai da hankali kan shimfidar wurare da wuraren rayuwar soja a lokacin yakin duniya na farko. A lokacin aikinsa ya kirkiro zane-zane kusan dari tara da ruwan ruwa sama da dubu biyu, da zane-zane da zane marasa adadi.
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