A wannan lokacin muna kawo muku wannan kyakkyawan labarin baroque gine wanda ya samo asali a birnin Rome a shekara ta 1605, kasancewar yunkuri ne da ya samu ci gaba har zuwa tsakiyar karni na sha takwas musamman a tsarin tsara birane, manyan cathedral da dai sauransu. Kar a daina karantawa!
Menene Baroque Architecture?
Ya kamata ku sani da farko cewa Baroque Architecture wani yunkuri ne na fasaha wanda ya samo asali tun shekara ta 1605 wanda ya samo asali a birnin Rome kuma ya bazu ko'ina cikin nahiyar Turai da Amurka har zuwa karni na XNUMX.
Wannan kalmar baroque ta samo asali ne daga kalmar Portuguese barocco wanda ya dace da lu'u-lu'u mai siffar da ba daidai ba kuma an yi amfani da shi azaman hanya mai banƙyama don suna wannan nau'i na salon da ba shi da tsari inda aka yi amfani da abubuwan da aka tsara a inda babban jigon ya kasance maki, ellipses, curves and curves. karkace.
Ko da a cikin wannan gine-ginen Baroque, an nuna hotunan polycentric inda aka ba da shaida iri-iri da ke fuskantar juna, don haka horon gine-gine yana cike da wasu fasaha kamar zane-zane, aikin stucco da sassaka.
Bugu da kari, wannan yunkuri a wasu kasashe da suka hada da nahiyar Turai, irin su Ingila, Faransa da Arewacin Turai, yana aiki ne da wani yunkuri na fasaha da ake kira baroque classicism.
Kasancewa karni na goma sha takwas a cikin kasar Faransa inda aka gina gine-ginen Baroque saboda yawan kayan ado na ado da aka sani da Rococo yana rinjayar kasashen Turai daban-daban.
Ya kamata ku sani cewa Baroque Architecture ya samo asali ne daga Late Renaissance, tun daga karni na XNUMX daya daga cikin manyan masu fasaha na wannan lokaci ya annabta motsin Baroque ta cikin dome na St. Peter's Basilica a cikin birnin Roma na Michelangelo.
Haka kuma, wani gini ya fito fili, kamar bene wanda ke ba da damar shiga ɗakin karatu na Laurentian na wannan birni na Romawa wanda marubucin da ya gabata ya ƙirƙira, kasancewar mafarin ginin Baroque Architecture.
Wannan sabon salon ya taso ne daga birnin Rome zuwa wasu kasashe na nahiyar Turai daga shekara ta 1630 zuwa 1670 kuma ya kai karni na sha takwas inda aka kirkiro wani sabon salon fasaha da aka fi sani da rococo, wanda za a iya tantance shi a matsayin mataki na karshe na gine-ginen Baroque. .
Makarantun Baroque Architecture
Ka tuna cewa wannan salon gine-ginen Baroque ya raina shi a tarihin zamani tun lokacin da aka dauki wannan motsi na fasaha na zamani, mai kama da Gothic, amma a cikin karni na XNUMX, yawancin masu fasahar avant-garde sun dauki irin wannan gine-gine da mahimmanci.
Mun riga mun gaya muku cewa kalmar Baroque tana da alaƙa da rashin bin ka'ida, wanda ke nufin cewa irin wannan tsarin bai dace ba kuma an yi amfani da shi sosai a ƙasashen da cikakken ikon sarauta ya wanzu.
Inda al’umma ta ke da matsuguni, kuma gwamnati ce ke sa baki a cikin ayyukan da za a bi sannan kuma bangaren addini na daga cikin wannan fasaha, tunda addini ya kasu kashi biyu na Furotesta da Katolika, don haka kowannensu zai yi gine-gine bisa ga sha’awa.
Ga abin da aka samo a cikin Baroque Architecture nau'ikan makarantu daban-daban waɗanda ke nuna babban bambancinsa a cikin zane-zane masu zuwa:
Absolutist Baroque Architecture
Ya zama ruwan dare a cikin al'ummar Faransa ta hanyar mulkin Louis XIII, XIV da XV saboda haɓakar tattalin arziki a wancan lokacin.
Cocin Katolika na kusa da Jihar, don haka yana nuna babban ƙarfinsa ta hanyar gine-gine na Baroque Architecture inda ya nuna girmansa.
bourgeois baroque
Irin wannan nau'in Gine-gine na Baroque yana samun nasara a cikin al'ummomin Furotesta musamman a cikin al'ummar Holland don kasancewa mai girma a cikin juyin juya halin bourgeois godiya ga zanen da aka gabatar da zanen rukuni kuma wannan babban ci gaba ne ga al'umma.
Saboda bunkasar tattalin arzikin wannan al'ummar da ta kasance mai zaman kanta, sun yi gine-gine iri-iri da suka shafi gine-ginen Baroque.
Katolika Baroque Architecture
Ta hanyar gina gine-ginen Baroque, yana gabatar da nasarar Cocin Katolika akan Cocin Furotesta da kuma nuna ikonsa, yana amfani da alatu da dukiyar da take da shi don tsara manyan gidajen ibada na addini.
Yana nuna ikon Cocin Katolika kuma yana gina sabbin gine-gine don samun dama ga masu bi, an ƙirƙira shi a Italiya, cikin ƙasar Sipaniya da kuma a kudancin Jamus.
Salon wannan motsi na fasaha
Hakazalika, ana iya kiran sauran nau'ikan salon makarantar Baroque Architecture bisa ga lokacin tarihin da ya taso, kamar haka:
Solomonic Baroque Architecture
Yana ɗauke da wannan suna don ba da ƙarin haske ga ginin ta hanyar manyan ginshiƙai, kuma an san shi da kalmar helicoidal, misalin su a cikin Sabuwar Duniya shine Cathedral na Zacatecas da San Luis.
Ƙimar Baroque Style
Anan an gina manyan tudu a cikin Baroque Architecture ta hanyar jujjuyawar ta hanyar amfani da abubuwa huɗu waɗanda suke tushe, cube, stipe da babban birni.
Ana amfani da dala mai tsayi mai tsayi amma ta hanyar juyowa.Bugu da ƙari, tsarin da ake amfani da shi a cikin haikalin addini a kan benaye shine giciye na Latin.
Purist Baroque Model
Ya yi amfani da abubuwan gine-gine na gargajiya da kuma masu lankwasa da sauran abubuwa irin su Plateresque a cikin gine-gine.
A cikin wannan samfurin, sun kasance masu kula da karkatar da abubuwa na biyu kamar su pediments, entablatures da finals. An yi amfani da shi a farkon rabin karni na XNUMX.
Baroque na Talaveresque
Tana amfani da abubuwa kamar fale-falen fale-falen buraka da yumbu baya ga gilashin a cikin ayyukanta na gine-gine don rufe dakunan da facade tare da lallausan abubuwa wanda daga baya ya ba da damar ƙara ayyukan hoto a bango da rufin gidajen ibada.
Tsarin Stucco
Wannan wakilci na Baroque Architecture ya fi ado da ilimi yayin da yake koyon yin sababbin abubuwan da aka tsara don yin ado da gine-gine ta hanyar gwaji.
Yin amfani da gine-gine ba ya da yawa, an yi amfani da shi tare da sake komawa tsakanin ƙarni na XNUMXth da XNUMXth, musamman a cikin aikin plaster tsakanin garuruwan Puebla da Oaxaca.
Baroque na Mexican
A cikin wannan salon, ana amfani da adadi na geometric na cube, yana ƙoƙarin yin amfani da shi ta hanyar shigar da shi kuma yana sa bagadin ya jawo hankalin mai kallo game da tsarin, wanda ke da fili, mai hankali da motsi ba ya bayyana sosai.
Salon Groove Mobile
Anan ginshiƙan ginshiƙan ta hanyar ruɗi na gani suna samun motsi ta hanyar karkarwa ko zigzag.
Baroque Checkerboard
Ana amfani da Pilasters inda igiya ke buƙatar allo, bugu da ƙari ana yin nau'ikan dutse akan ƙofofin da ganyayen kabad ko kayan daki.An lura da misalin wannan ƙirar a ƙasar Mexico a cikin Cathedral na Morelia.
Salon Tritostyle
Anan kashi na farko na uku na ginshiƙan ana nuna su, kamar yadda ake iya gani a babban cocin Oaxaca a ƙasar Aztec.
Halayen Baroque Architecture
Kamar yadda kuka sani an haifi Baroque Architecture a kasar Italiya kuma daga nan ne ya bazu zuwa kasar Faransa kuma daga nan ya bazu zuwa sauran kasashen Turai, don haka wannan yunkuri ya bunkasa a karshen karni na XNUMX har zuwa karshen karni na XNUMX.
A wannan lokacin, an rarraba gine-ginen Baroque ga wasu al'ummomi, sun isa Spain inda daya daga cikin iyalai ke da alhakin yaduwar wannan salon, sunan suna Churrigueresco, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa aka san wannan motsi da wannan sunan a tarihin fasaha. .
Daga Sipaniya, Baroque Architecture an canja shi zuwa Sabuwar Duniya, musamman zuwa Latin Amurka, inda aka yi amfani da wannan kayan aikin gine-gine don nuna ikon Cocin Katolika na Roman Katolika akan ikon Cocin Furotesta.
An kuma yi amfani da shi don nuna ikon masu mulkinsa a cikin ayyukan farar hula, don haka Baroque Architecture ya yi amfani da wannan nau'i na gine-gine don nuna ikon sarakunan Katolika na farko kamar yadda tarihi ya nuna. Daga cikin mafi kyawun halayen Baroque Architecture sune kamar haka:
Ynamarfafawa
A cikin irin wannan nau'in Architecture na Baroque, ana ba da motsi ga ginin ta hanyar aiwatar da layukan lanƙwasa waɗanda ke musanya tare da layukan maɗaukaki har ma da madaidaicin layi.
Ba da izinin ƙirƙirar facade masu ɓarna kuma tare da Baroque Architecture, ayyukan gine-ginen sun cika godiya ga bambance-bambance biyu kamar Haske - Dark, Curve - Madaidaici da Kusa - Nisa a cikin ƙirar da aka yi.
Yawan wuce haddi na layi mai lankwasa da cikakkun bayanai na kayan ado kamar kayan ado na gine-ginen da ke ba da motsin motsi a cikin tsarin ana aiwatar da su a cikin gidaje, domes da hasumiya a cikin zane.
Yin amfani da siffofin gargajiya
A cikin Baroque Architecture, ana amfani da nau'ikan gargajiya, amma manufarsu ta bambanta sosai, suna da manufar ado kawai.
Kamar yadda al'amarin yake tare da fashe entablatures, pediments, na gargajiya da kuma Solomonic ginshikan tare da karkatacciyar shaft kawai domin shi hidima a matsayin wani ado a ciki zane da kuma ko da fifiko da aka bai wa m maimakon amfani da da'irar.
Ya kiyaye kwatankwacin tsarin gine-gine na Renaissance ban da yin amfani da ginshiƙan karkatattun a matsayin matsakaicin kayan ado ba a matsayin tallafi ba kamar a zamanin tsohuwar Girka da Roma.
Amfani da Vault da Domes
A cikin gine-gine daban-daban na temples na addini da ayyukan farar hula, ban da fadoji, an fi son yin amfani da dome da vault, ana zabar masu kyan gani.
Wani daga cikin halayen da ya bayyana a cikin Baroque Architecture shine yawan tagogi a cikin ayyukan gine-gine tare da manyan jiragen ruwa inda ake aiwatar da wasu fasaha masu kyau, irin su sassaka da zane-zane, haifar da hasashe na gani.
Yawan abubuwan ado
An yi amfani da taimako a cikin gine-ginen gine-gine na Baroque ban da bambanci da dualities da aka riga aka ambata a sama kamar haske - duhu.
Baya ga aiwatar da lambuna a matsayin wani yanki na shimfidar wuri, da ke shiga cikin abubuwan da ke da alaƙa da tsirrai da kuma amfani da faranti huɗu don gina gine-ginen Baroque Architecture.
Hakazalika, an lura da kayan ado na ciki na gine-gine tare da kyawawan frescoes a kan rufi da bango, yawancin su tare da abubuwan addini, ana lura da su a cikin Baroque Architecture.
Neman Ruhaniya
Ta hanyar Baroque Architecture, yana da sha'awar bayyana motsin rai musamman ga masu bi na koyarwar Katolika, saboda wannan yawan gine-ginen gidajen ibada na addini.
Sun dogara ne akan aiwatar da chiaroscuro, wakilcin motsi ta hanyar layi mai lankwasa don ƙarfafa fahimta a cikin mai kallo.
Baroque Architecture ya dogara ne akan siffofi da kuma amfani da ma'auni da kuma amfani da haske a cikin zane na gine-gine.
Abubuwan da suka haɗu da gine-ginen baroque
A cikin Baroque Architecture, kayan ado na kayan ado sune ɓangare na tsarin waje da na ciki na gine-gine, wanda aka yi amfani da adadi mai yawa na sharuddan da ke nuna kyawawan abubuwa masu ban sha'awa, masu ban sha'awa, wasan kwaikwayo, biki, sha'awa, har ma da farin ciki da nasara.
Dole ne Ikilisiya ta nuna nasara da ƙarfinta a kan Ikilisiyar Furotesta da kuma masu kishin gaskiya na ƙasashe kamar Faransa, Austria, da sauransu.
Dole ne su nuna karfinsu don haka suna ba da tallata siyasa ga dimbin gine-ginen da aka yi a wannan lokacin tarihi.
A sakamakon haka, ana lura da abubuwa masu yawa na kayan ado a cikin Baroque Architecture, irin wannan yanayin mala'iku na kiɗa da suka tashi a kan rufin gine-gine.
Kamar yin ado da 'ya'yan itace masu ɗanɗano da furanni masu ban sha'awa masu ban sha'awa waɗanda ke nuna wadata da balaga ba kawai na coci ba amma na sarauta.
An lura cewa a cikin kwalabe, da kuma a cikin atamfa da ash, wata wuta ta fito, wanda ke nuna hasken da ake neman haduwa da wannan hadadden mutumi da ke zaune a cikin wani hadadden birni mai cike da kyan gani.
Tsire-tsire na sifofin ba su da madauwari amma masu elliptical, suna nuna cewa akwai motsi a kowane lokaci a cikin dukkan abubuwa da kuma a cikin facades kuma amfani da haske shine madadin ƙirƙirar tagogi, bango, domes da wasa tare da hasken halitta.
Dangane da rufaffiyar, an rufa-rufa ne kuma ɗakunan gida suna neman bambanci da hasumiya masu girma dabam da bayanan martaba kuma a wurare daban-daban don yin wasa tare da kallon mai kallo ta amfani da fantasy a matsayin wani ɓangare na tsarin.
Game da bangon, shine babban goyon baya kuma daya daga cikin halayensa shine cewa dole ne ya kasance mai ƙarfi, yana barin tsarin bene ya zama mai sauƙi.
Amma ga arches da aka yi amfani da su a cikin Baroque Architecture, sun bambanta, ciki har da elliptical, m, semicircular, da sauransu. Ana gabatar da ginshiƙan ta hanyar karkatacciyar hanya kuma an ƙawata su da 'ya'yan itace kuma an haifi ginshiƙi na Sulemanu.
Dangane da dabi'un filastik, suna nuna 'yanci na siffofi da motsi na yanzu ban da wasan kwaikwayo na kundin a cikin sararin samaniya, suna samar da yanayi na wasan kwaikwayo da ban mamaki.
Maganar Tarihi da Geographic
Kamar yadda kuka sani, gine-ginen gine-gine ya fara a Italiya tare da wakilai masu wakilci irin su Gian Lorenzo Bernini da Francesco Borromini, kuma a Spain, saboda gibin tattalin arziki da ya taso, wannan motsi ya shiga amma ba tare da kayan ado ba.
Saboda haka, salon al'ummar Mutanen Espanya yana da hankali kuma yana aunawa, sun karkata zuwa ga classic kuma daga can sun tura Baroque Architecture zuwa nahiyar Amurka tare da fasahar pre-Columbian, wanda aka yi amfani da amfani da launuka masu haske.
Haskaka ayyukan gine-ginen salon Baroque na Mexico, Peruvian da Cuban don amfani da sabbin abubuwa masu kama da yanayin shimfidar wuri na Amurka da hada dabarun 'yan asalin yankin.
Dangane da al'ummomin Jamus da Ostiriya, gine-ginen Baroque da Italiya da Faransa suka yi iƙirarin ya yi tasiri, inda aka lura da ikon sarauta, don haka an ƙirƙiri gine-gine da kayan ado masu ban sha'awa musamman a cikin su.
Sun yi wasa da haske na halitta suna haifar da haske mai ban mamaki a cikin ɗakunan wanda daga baya ya ba da hanya zuwa wani motsi da aka sani da Rococo, tun da launuka masu haske, masu haske da taushi suna haɗa su a ciki.
A gefe guda kuma, a Ingila ma'auni na gine-gine da kuma tsangwama a cikin gine-ginen su sun yi rinjaye kuma ba a yi amfani da kayan ado a cikin gine-ginen ba.
Yankunan da Baroque Architecture suka haɓaka
Irin wannan nau'i na Baroque Architecture an samar da shi a wurare daban-daban na gine-gine, yana nuna a cikin kowane gine-ginen babban kayan haɓakawa da kayan ado masu kyau waɗanda suka nuna a cikin abubuwan da suka tsara, kamar yadda za mu yi cikakken bayani a cikin wannan labarin mai ban sha'awa.
Urbanism
Godiya ga Baroque Architecture, ana samun sauyi ta hanyar fahimtar birni a matsayin babban birnin jihar da ke nuna iko a fagen siyasa kuma abubuwa na yau da kullun suna rayuwa ta fuskar akidar Girka.
Sabili da haka, a cikin Baroque Architecture, gine-ginen suna nuna alamar girman mai mulkin su kuma mafi girman gine-gine, mafi girman manufa da za a gina, kasancewa mai ƙarfi da budewa ga iyakokin da ke ƙuntatawa, yana mai da shi ma'ana a cikin sararin samaniya.
To, a cikin motsi na Renaissance birnin an rufe kansa a cikin ganuwar da ke kare mazaunanta kuma wuraren jama'a ba su da yawa, yayin da a Baroque Architecture ana ganin birnin gaba ɗaya inda wuraren jama'a ke da mahimmanci.
Don haka, Urbanism wani bangare ne na shimfidar wuri, hadewa tare da waje, samar da sabbin tsare-tsare inda birni ke fuskantar yanayin yanayi ta hanyar gine-ginen da aka yi a wannan zamani na fasaha.
Katolika
Cathedrals sune hedkwatar bishop a cikin sabuwar duniya kuma suna neman haɗa su da yanayin birane ta hanyar girman ginin da ke nuna ikon Allah a hannun fararen hula a tsawon tarihin Baroque Architecture.
A tsakiyar karni na XNUMX, wata dabarar ado da aka sani da Las Yeserías ta samo asali, inda aka yi kwatancen rubutu.
Godiya ga waɗannan ƙwararrun masu sana'a waɗanda suka zo daga Spain kuma suka zauna a cikin sabuwar duniya, musamman a Puebla a cikin shekaru goma na huɗu na ƙarni na XNUMX.
Ayyukansa sun bazu ko'ina cikin nahiyar Amurka tare da wasu fasahohin da suka samo asali, irin su Mortar, wanda ya kasance cakuda yashi da lemun tsami.
Wanda aka yi amfani da shi a cikin firam ɗin kuma ya yi ado da ciki na temples na addini godiya ga Baroque Architecture ciki har da duwatsu a cikin bango da kuma a cikin vaults.
Ƙawata saman gine-gine tare da kyakkyawan inganci, ƙirƙirar sabon magana tsakanin filastik, yanayin da ya dace da kuma kawar da ma'auni na gine-gine, samar da sabon motsi a cikin gine-gine na Baroque Architecture.
Coci-coci ko Haikali na Addini
Ɗaya daga cikin majami'u na farko da suka zama tushen asalin Baroque Architecture ya dace da Cocin Gesu da ke cikin birnin Roma, an gina shi a shekara ta 1568 bisa ga zane na babban zanen Jacopo Vignola.
Wannan ginin yana nuna sabon ƙirar Baroque Architecture bisa ga tsayin daka na sararin samaniya domin yawancin masu bi su iya taruwa.
An haɗa su da gicciye na Latin na chapels da ke kewaye da su, suna nuna aikin Majalisar Trent. Kasancewa mutum ne mai matukar muhimmanci a fagen addini Cardinal mai suna Borromeo.
Wakilin kubba ya nuna haɗin kai tare da Maɗaukaki ta hanyar haɗin gine-ginen gine-ginen biyu kamar na tsayi da kuma tsakiya.
Hatta facade da aka yi a Baroque Architecture ya nuna abubuwan da ke tattare da su kamar yadda aka tabbatar a cocin San Andrés del Valle da Santa Susanna.
Sabili da haka, an faɗaɗa ƙirƙirar haikalin addini inda aka haɗa duka wurare biyu, na tsaye wanda ke da tsakiya inda ake aiwatar da shi ta cikin kubba, wanda shine nau'in ginin gine-ginen Baroque.
Wani batu da za a yi la'akari da shi a cikin Baroque Architecture shine sauye-sauyen tsari da facade na majami'u suna haifar da sabon ra'ayi na sararin samaniya.
To, facades ba su kasance ci gaba mai ma'ana na ciki na haikalin ba, sai dai wata halitta ta musamman inda aka yi amfani da abubuwa na filastik don nuna canji daga ciki zuwa na waje na ginin godiya ga Baroque Architecture.
To, a cikin sararin samaniya, abubuwan da ke tattare da kewayon rikitattun siffofi inda ellipses da lanƙwasa layukan ke hulɗa, suna nuna motsi a cikin sararin samaniya da aka yi inda babu alamar a cikin gine-ginen da aka yi.
A cikin Fadaje ko Castles
Dangane da batun gina katafaren gidan sarauta, an kuma aiwatar da gine-ginen Baroque, inda aka gina fadoji a cikin birane da manyan gidaje na karkara domin jin dadi da sauran iyalan masarautar.
Ɗaya daga cikin mafi ban sha'awa shi ne gine-ginen gidajen sarauta na Italiya, wanda ya zama sabon salon zama a cikin al'ummar Italiya.
Game da waɗannan gine-gine, an tsara tsarin bene a cikin nau'i na harafin H, dangane da ƙofar, yana cikin wani wuri mai zurfi wanda, yayin da suke motsawa, ya zama ƙarami, ya isa wani ɗakin elliptical wanda ya cika aikin. zama cibiyar fadar.
Dangane da al'ummar Faransa, wannan sabon gidan sarauta na birni wanda gine-ginen Baroque ya kirkira an san shi a cikin wannan ƙasa da sunan Hotel, amma a cikin wannan yanayin ya kiyaye bayyanar manyan gidaje na zamanin da, kasancewar yanayi mai ƙarfi, ana buƙatar hasken rana a cikin manyan wurare. .
Saboda wannan, godiya ga Baroque Architecture, facades da ake buƙatar daskarewa kuma tare da fuka-fuki masu fadi sun samo asali ne inda aka ajiye tsakiyar sararin samaniya godiya ga sararin samaniya wanda ya ba da damar haɗi tsakanin gidan da birnin.
Ana iya tabbatar da wannan a halin yanzu a fadar Luxembourg a birnin Paris, wanda aka gina a 1615, wanda ya gina wannan aikin gine-ginen Baroque shine Salomón de Brosse.
Inda za a iya ba da haske an samar da rumfunan angular don manyan zaurukan da ke kowane bene na ginin katafaren ginin.
Hakazalika, Baroque Architecture ya fito fili a cikin ginin katakai a cikin filayen a matsayin ƙauyuka na zama waɗanda kalmar Chateaux ta san su, suna samar da ingantattun rukunin gidaje waɗanda aka ba da oda bisa ga yanayin yanayin ƙasa.
Daga cikin su, an ambaci Fadar Vaux - le - Vicomte, wanda aka kirkira tsakanin 1656 zuwa 1659 wanda masanin gine-gine Louis Le Vau ya tsara, don kyawunsa na musamman.
Kamar fadar Versailles, wanda shi ne babban wakilin Faransa a wancan lokacin, wanda Le Vau ya yi a karkashin umarnin Sarki Louis XIV.
Tsarin shimfidar wuri a cikin Baroque Architecture
Yana da mahimmanci a nuna cewa wannan motsi ya sami koma baya mafi girma a cikin lambun Faransa, musamman a cikin abubuwan da André Le Notre ya yi.
Wannan nau'in shimfidar wuri ana ɗaukarsa a cikin wannan al'umma a matsayin sarari mara iyaka wanda aka ba da oda ta hanyar aiwatar da siffofi na geometric da ke tsakiyar fadar.
Bayar da kamanni mara iyaka da kuma nuna girman babban gidan sarauta kasancewar sauran abubuwan da ke da alaƙa da yanayin da ke haɗa duniyoyi biyu: na birni wanda hannun mutum ya ƙirƙira tare da duniyar yanayi.
Ɗaya daga cikin manyan misalan gine-ginen Baroque shine fadar Versailles inda ainihin yanayin muhalli ke wakilci a cikin ginin da aka yi a karni na XNUMX inda rinjaye, budewa da haɓakawa suka bayyana.
A saboda wannan dalili, a ƙarshen wannan karni, an gudanar da sauye-sauye wanda ya nuna tsarin tsarin tsakiya da kuma shimfidar wuri marar iyaka a kusa da gine-ginen da aka gina, yana nuna ikon sarki a fagen shimfidar wurare ga mazauna yankin.
Saboda wannan, birnin yana cikin tsarin tsara birane na dabi'a godiya ga shimfidar wuri, haɗawa da waje tare da gine-ginen gine-gine, samar da wani ɓangare na sararin samaniya.
Da kyau, an buɗe gine-ginen godiya ga Baroque Architecture da ke haifar da hulɗa tsakanin na halitta da na mutum ta hanyar shimfidar wuri.
Dabarar Baroque Architecture daga hangen nesa mai mahimmanci
Yana da mahimmanci a jaddada cewa Baroque Architecture ba a halicce shi da manufar fahimtar ta hanyar ka'idodin ilimi ba.
Amma don a gane ta hanyar hankulan da ke haifar da mai kallo a cikin motsin rai ba ji na hankali ba kamar sauran ƙungiyoyin fasaha.
Don haka wannan yunkuri an haife shi ne a yanayi guda biyu da tarihi ya siffanta shi sosai a karni na sha bakwai a farkon lamari na ci gaban kimiyya albarkacin Renaissance da al'ada wanda ba zai iya fayyace abubuwan da ba a san su ba da ke fuskantar dan Adam a wancan lokaci.
Duniyar da aka sani har zuwa lokacin ba ta kasance daya ba saboda duniya ta fadada kuma ’yan Adam suna neman gwaji tsakanin Ubangiji da metaphysical.
A nan ne Baroque Architecture ke shiga ta hanyar abubuwan da ke tattare da sararin samaniya ta hanyar amfani da ellipses, wanda a wancan lokacin wani abu ne mai ban sha'awa da kuma anti-Euclidean, kasancewa amsa ga bukatu da bukatun lokaci.
Game da sauran mahallin, ya dace da Counter-Reformation, wanda Cocin Katolika ya inganta, tun da yake a asalin Furotesta, ana lura da sababbin abubuwa da hangen nesa kafin kallon tsarki.
Don haka Ikilisiyar Katolika ta sake sabunta kanta don kada ta rasa masu bi ta hanyar fasahar fasaha, don haka Baroque Architecture ya ci gaba da godiya ga Cocin a cikin Sabuwar Duniya.
Masu bincike irin su Revilla Manuel G., Diego Ángulo da José Juan Tablada sun fahimci rarrabuwar gine-ginen Baroque na ƙarni na XNUMX da XNUMX.
Babban marubucin Revilla yayi sharhi cewa a cikin karni na XNUMX Baroque gine-gine balagagge, inda akwai kayan ado na pilasters da bangarori.
Nuna cewa layukan sun karye suna ba da hanya zuwa ga rashin iyaka a cikin abubuwan da ke tattare da sifofin da ke haɗa sassaka a matsayin wani ɓangare na kayan ado na gine-ginen addini.
Akwai magana a Mexico game da gine-ginen Baroque da aka fi sani da churrigueresque na Mexican, wanda ya kasance mai kama da karni na XNUMX, inda aka lura da samar da gidaje da manyan hasumiya na kararrawa, inda wurare masu tsarki ke nuna halin da ake ciki na Basilicas.
Yadawar Baroque Architecture a cikin karni na XNUMX
Kamar yadda muka ambata, an haifi asalin gine-ginen Baroque a Italiya, musamman a birnin Roma, kasancewar daya daga cikin wadanda suka fara wannan yunkuri na Michelangelo albarkacin kubbar da ya gina wa Basilica na Saint Peter.
Italia
Abubuwan abubuwan gine-ginen Baroque har yanzu suna bayyane akan facade na wannan haikalin addini wanda aka kirkira tsakanin 1607 zuwa 1626, inda aka haɗa Maderno da Bernini.
Yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa gine-ginen Baroque da aka gina a cikin abin da muka sani a yau a matsayin tsibirin Italiya, yawancin waɗannan biranen suna ƙarƙashin ikon ƙasashen waje, irin su Spain, daga 1559 zuwa 1773.
Sannan Ostiriya ta karbi iko da garuruwan Italiya daga 1713 zuwa 1796. Saboda haka, a cikin birnin Rome tun daga karni na XNUMX kuma daga nan ne ya koma sauran kasashe da ke cikin nahiyar Turai kuma godiya ga Spain ta koma cikin kasashen Turai. Sabuwar Duniya.
Kamar yadda kuka riga kuka sani, Baroque Architecture wani lokaci ne na wulakanci saboda rashin tsari da daidaito a cikin abubuwan da ke tattare da ayyukansa da gine-ginen da masu kare Classicism suka rinjayi ta hanyar haskakawa godiya ga rationalism suka gani a cikin wannan nau'in motsi na fasaha. na dandano..
Sabili da haka, mahimman halayen Baroque Architecture sun dace da kayan ado da wasan kwaikwayo na layi mai lankwasa ta hanyar gine-ginen polycentric inda aka lura da haɗin kai wanda ke da wuyar ganewa.
To, duk gine-ginen gine-gine na Baroque Architecture dole ne ya ba da mamaki ga masu kallo ta hanyar jin dadi na ado.
Tare da aiwatar da sauran zane-zane masu kyau irin su zane-zane, sassaka da Etruscan don haɗin sararin samaniya, yana nuna isasshen wasa tsakanin fitilu da inuwa a cikin sararin da za a yi ado.
Baroque Architecture ba kawai Cocin Katolika ya yi amfani da shi ba, har ma da Furotesta na Arewacin Turai da ƙasashen Slavic Orthodox sun aiwatar da tsarin wannan horo na ado a cikin gine-ginen su.
Wannan gine-ginen Baroque ya zo daidai da haihuwar ayyukan gine-ginen da ke cikin ƙungiyar Yesu da aka kafa a shekara ta 1537, suna taimakawa wajen inganta tushen Cocin Katolika tare da yin bishara ga mazaunan Sabuwar Duniya.
Bugu da ƙari Majalisar Trent tsakanin shekarun 1545 da 1563 tana sake fasalin wuce gona da iri na koyarwar Cocin Katolika wanda ya ruɗe ta hanyar abin kunya da aka haifar da ƙirƙira da ƙirƙirar sabbin umarni irin su Jesuits, Barnabites, Theatines da Oratorians.
Wanda ya buƙaci sababbin wuraren tsafi na addini waɗanda ke ba masu bi damar samun sha'awa da mamaki a cikin tallatawa ga bangaskiyar Katolika da kuma kayan ado suna ƙara fadada a ko'ina cikin nahiyar Turai.
Saboda haka, a cikin Baroque Architecture, an ɗauki ainihin abubuwan gine-gine na Renaissance, kamar gidaje da gidaje.
An tsara su don su kasance masu tsayi kuma sun fi girma, an yi musu ado da kyau kuma tare da mafi girman wasan kwaikwayo don cimma sakamako a cikin sararin samaniya, an yi amfani da zanen Quadrature ko trompe-l'oeil tare da sassaka.
Dole ne dan kallo ya sanya kallonsa zuwa saman rufin gine-gine inda za a iya ganin gungun mala'iku da aka sassaka, da kuma hotuna da aka zana a saman rufin wadannan majami'u, ta yadda hasken halitta ya kasance wani bangare na wurin ta hanyar dakunan gine-gine irin na gine-gine. . Baroku
Inda zafin zinari ya yawaita ba tare da manta ginshiƙan karkatattun ba don ba da jin motsin motsi yayin kallon saman haikalin addini, matakan zama babban jigon wannan fasaha a cikin gininsa.
Wannan salon gine-gine na Baroque yana da shaida a cikin ayyukan Carlo Maderno, kamar yadda yanayin facade ya halitta a Santa Susanna tsakanin 1585 zuwa 1603, da kuma a cikin facade da kuma wani ɓangare na ruwa na San Pedro del Vatican tsakanin shekaru 1603. kuma 1626.
Sauran gidajen ibada da ba za mu kasa ambata ba su ne Basilica na Sant' Andrea della Valle tsakanin 1608 zuwa 1625. An kammala wannan facade saboda hazakar Carlo Rinaldi tsakanin 1655 zuwa 1665.
Har ila yau, akwai wani facade wanda ya fito a cikin Baroque Architecture wanda Martino Longhi ya yi, wanda aka sani da El Joven tsakanin 1644 zuwa 1650, facade na haikalin addini kamar Cocin Saints Vincent da Anastasius.
Inda tsakiyar axis na facades ya fice ta hanyar amfani da pilasters a hankali da kuma ƙananan ginshiƙai da ginshiƙai. Saboda haka, wannan motsi na Baroque Architecture ya kai hawan tsakanin shekarun 1625 zuwa 1675 a hannun Gian Lorenzo Bernini. Francesco Borromini da kuma Pietro da Cortona.
Inda suka ba da izinin haɓakawa a cikin Gine-ginen Baroque faɗaɗa harshen da ake magana akan wannan motsi na fasaha inda temples na addini ke cikin mafi girman haɓakar gine-gine na wancan lokacin a tarihi.
Kamar manyan gidajen sarauta da sauye-sauye na sararin samaniya saboda goyon bayan Paparoma Sixtus V da kuma ayyukan fasaha na Domenico Fontana wanda ya ba da damar sauyin birane na farko na birnin Roma.
A saboda wannan dalili, an gina sababbin hanyoyi da ƙaura a kan gatari da za a gina ta hanya madaidaiciya, wanda ya ba da damar fadada wuraren jama'a godiya ga gine-ginen Baroque, kamar yadda ya faru na Plaza del Popolo, Navona da San Pedro da ma sauran farar hula. gine-gine.
Yana da mahimmanci ku san cewa gine-ginen Baroque Architecture ya ketare iyakokin birnin har zuwa garin Turin inda Kotun Savoy ta kasance mai kama da wannan sabon motsi.
Wannan ya ba shi damar haɓaka ikonsa na siyasa ta hanyar aiwatar da ayyukan gine-gine na gaba Filippo Juvarra, Bernardo Vittone da Guarino Guarini.
Domin abin da birnin ya fadada da kuma gidajen mazaunan gidan sarauta na Savoy da villas da kuma gidajen sarauta a cikin garin Turin, daga cikinsu akwai ɗakin sujada na Holy Shroud, fadar Carignano da Cocin San Lorenzo. in Guarini.
Gine-ginen Baroque ya kasance abin mamaki sosai har ya bazu zuwa birnin Milan da kuma birnin Venice inda ayyukan gine-gine suka yi fice, irin su Basilica na Santa Maria della Salute.
Baldassare Longhena ne ya ƙirƙira inda tsarin bene na octagonal ya bayyana wanda ke kusa da Wuri Mai Tsarki wanda ke kewaye da apses biyu.
A cikin birnin Naples, ana iya ganin ayyukan gine-gine na Cosimo Fanzago, Francesco Grimaldi da Ferdinando Sanfelice, suna nuna alamar gidan sarauta na Baitulmalin San Gennaro da Palazzo dello Spagnolo da cocin Santa Maria Egiziaca.
Inda aka lura da haɗin kayan ado daga Plateresque na Mutanen Espanya, wani daga cikin garuruwan da gine-ginen Baroque ya ja hankalin su shine birnin Sicily bayan girgizar kasa da ta faru a 1693.
Inda aka gina gidajen ibada da yawa masu halayen Baroque Architecture, kasancewar Cathedral na Sant'agata dake Catania da kuma Cathedral na San Giorgio a garin Ragusa.
A gefe guda kuma, birnin Tuscany a halin yanzu ya kasance mai himma a cikin yunkurin Mannerist na marigayi kamar yadda aka tabbatar da ginin Chapel na sarakuna da kuma gine-ginen gine-ginen Baroque, sun fara ne a farkon karni na XNUMX.
Game da mataki na ƙarshe na gine-ginen Baroque a cikin ƙasar Italiya, an kafa shi a cikin birnin Naples godiya ga Fadar Casetas da Luigi Vanvitelli ya yi.
Wanene ya bi misalin sauran gidajen sarauta na Bourbon, irin su fadar Versailles da fadar sarauta na Madrid, waɗanda ke kula da dangantakarsu da yanayin da ke kewaye.
España
A lokacin da Baroque Architecture ya isa kasar Sipaniya, ya fuskanci gibin tattalin arziki a zamanin mulkin Felipe III kuma a karni na XNUMX ya shiga amma gine-ginensa ba su da mahimmanci.
An yi amfani da mafi girma a cikin kayan ado na temples na addini, wanda mazaunan da ba su da ilimi suka mamaye su cikin sauri kuma suna da fifiko a cikin Sabuwar Duniya.
Daga cikin gine-ginen da ke wakiltar gine-ginen Baroque a Spain akwai majami'ar koleji na San Isidro a cikin birnin Madrid a cikin karni na 1629, wanda ya fara a XNUMX.
Hakanan zamu iya ambaton Cocin Santa María Magdalena da ke cikin garin Granada wanda ya fara a cikin shekara ta 1677, yana kama da tsarin gine-gine a yankin Italiya, ban da Basilica na Virgen de los Desamparados da ke cikin birnin Valencia. dauke da wani elliptical shuka.
Matakan da suka haɗa Baroque Architecture a Spain
An kafa waɗannan matakan a cikin ƙasar Sipaniya a cikin lokuta uku, kasancewa masu zuwa a cikin tarihin Baroque Architecture:
Bayan Herrerian ko Lokacin Purist
Ya haɗa da sassa biyu na farko na ƙarni na goma sha bakwai saboda gibin tattalin arziki a zamanin mulkin Felipe III gine-ginen suna nuna sauƙi, austerity da santsi.
Babu shakka, ƙarancin kayan abu ba ya ƙyale kyan gani da jin daɗi a cikin kayan kamar yadda a cikin sauran ƙasashe kuma ana lura da talaucin kayan da ake amfani da su a cikin Baroque Architecture, kamar yadda batun bulo, filasta da rammed ƙasa.
Ana amfani da madaidaiciyar layi maimakon lanƙwasa kuma haikalin suna da tsarin Cocin Gesu na kamfanin Yesu, facade nasu yana nuna sauƙi iri ɗaya da ke cikin ginin.
Misali na waɗannan gine-gine ya bayyana a Colegiate Church na San Isidro a birnin Madrid, wanda kamfanin Yesu ya yi.
Tsarin benensa an yi shi ne da sifar giciye na Latin kamar na Gesú, akwai kuma Cocin Incarnation wanda ke cikin birnin Madrid.
Har ila yau akwai gidan yarin Madrid, wanda a yau yana cikin wannan ginin zuwa ma'aikatar harkokin waje, da kuma gidan Villa de Madrid.
Baya ga Magajin Plaza a Madrid, inda salon Escorial ya bayyana saboda tsananin aiwatar da layin da aka rufe.
Lokaci yayi daidai da ƙarshen karni na XNUMX
A ƙarshe, Baroque Architecture ya fara ɗaukar hanya a cikin gine-ginen Mutanen Espanya inda nau'ikan kayan ado ke yin hanyarsu ta ginshiƙan ginshiƙan Solomonic waɗanda ke ba da damar haɓaka haɓakar gine-gine da facades.
Siffofin da ke ba da izinin motsi zuwa gine-gine na Baroque Architecture an haɗa su, kamar tsire-tsire na oval ko concave inda facade na Cathedral na Granada ya fito waje, wanda injiniyan Alonso Cano ya yi, inda aka gabatar da arches na semicircular.
Wani daga cikin ayyukan gine-ginen da za a iya ambata ana samun su a Spain sune Hasumiyar Bell da Hasumiyar Agogo da Domingo de Andrade ya yi, suna cikin garin Santiago de Compostela.
Ƙasa Yanzu na Baroque Architecture wanda aka fi sani da Churrigueresque
Gina gine-gine ya haɓaka gine-ginen Baroque a cikin ƙarni na XNUMX, yana ɗaukar ayyukan da al'ummar Italiya ke gudanarwa.
Inda aka gabatar da hadaddun shuke-shuke inda ake amfani da lankwasa da rabin lankwasa, da kuma gidaje irin na wanda masanin injiniya Francisco Bautista ya yi a wannan karni na tarihi.
Inda aka gabatar da dome guda biyu inda ake amfani da itace da filasta kuma a waje an nuna tsayin abin tunawa, yana ba da damar mafi girman tsarin tsarin gine-ginen da aka gina kuma a lokaci guda wurare ga masu bi na koyarwar Katolika sun fi girma.
Ana lura da babban kayan ado a cikin gine-gine na Baroque Architecture zuwa wuce haddi, samun sabon salon da aka sani da sunan Churrigueresco, wanda shine sunan karshe na iyali wanda ke da alhakin ƙaddamar da yawan ayyukan gine-gine.
Daga cikin gine-ginen da suka yi fice a wannan zamani na Baroque Architecture akwai Colegio de Anaya y Calatrava dake cikin birnin Valladolid da kuma Plaza Mayor da ke birnin Salamanca.
Har ila yau, ya haskaka Puente de Toledo a cikin birnin Madrid wanda Pedro Ribera ya kirkiro da kuma Hospice na Madrid da kuma sauran gine-ginen da suka dace da gine-ginen Baroque a Spain kamar San Telmo a cikin birnin Seville.
Haka nan, hotuna na koyarwar Katolika sun shiga Baroque Architecture, kamar rosaries, relics, bukkoki, sacristis da hotuna da ke ba da damar sadaukar da kai ga masu bi ta hanyar aiwatar da abubuwa kamar hasken halitta, zane-zane da sassaka.
Don abin da aka nuna a cikin tsarin wasan kwaikwayo na Baroque Architecture ta hanyar manyan gine-gine irin su Remigio del Mármol, José Álvarez Cubero, Juan de Dios Santaella, da sauransu.
Salon Bourbon
Yana da mahimmanci ku san cewa daular Bourbon tana cikin gine-ginen Churrigueresque amma asalin Faransanci ne wanda ya fi kusa da na gargajiya kuma ya nisanta kansa daga wuce gona da iri na gine-ginen Churrigueresque.
Don haka za ku ga cewa Bourbon Baroque Architecture yana son sararin sarari tare da tsari mai tsari tsakanin gine-ginen da ke wakiltar wannan salon.
A cikin misali na farko, Granja de San Ildefonso, wanda aka ba wa Teodoro Ardemáns, za ku iya godiya ga Palacio de Aranjuez da Santiago Bonavía ya yi da Palacio Real de Madrid da Giovanni Battista Sacchetti da Filippo Juvara suka tsara.
al'ummar Faransa
Baroque gine a cikin wannan al'umma kuma an san shi da sunan Faransanci Classicism kuma ya bunƙasa a wannan ƙasa a ƙarƙashin mulkin Louis XIII tsakanin shekarun 1610 zuwa 1643.
Sai kuma a gadon sarautar wani sarki mai suna Louis XIV tsakanin 1643 zuwa 1715, haka kuma a zamanin Louis XV mai zuwa tsakanin 1715 zuwa 1774.
A cikin wannan lokacin, an yi manyan gine-ginen gine-ginen gine-gine waɗanda ke nuna girman sarautar 'yan kishin ƙasa.
Musamman a zamanin mulkin Felipe XIV da aka sani da Sun King wanda ke watsa hikima da haske ga duk batutuwa da ke haskaka al'umma gaba ɗaya da ikonsa.
Fadar Versailles ta kasance misali na girmansa a matsayinsa na Sarkin Faransa, wanda ke nuna cewa yana da cikakken iko sakamakon bunkasar tattalin arzikin da wannan kasa ta samu a wannan lokaci na tarihi.
Saboda wannan, ana iya aiwatar da gine-gine daban-daban na gine-ginen Baroque tare da Renaissance classicism kuma a ƙarshen karni na XNUMX an haɓaka gine-ginen neoclassical.
Faransawa sun yanke shawarar kiran classic Baroque Architecture da aka yi a zamanin mulkin Louis XIV da magajinsa don kada su yi amfani da kalmar wulakanci Baroque.
Don haka fadar Versailles wani misali ne karara na tasirin al'adun Italiya a kan al'ummar Faransa, wani juyi da ya yi daidai da watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1665 tare da kin amincewa da gine-ginen Bernini na gina gidan sarauta na Louvre.
Wani abin mamaki shi ne kotun Faransa ta ki amincewa da fitaccen masanin wannan zamani amma ya rinjayi gine-ginen sauran kasashen Turai a karni na XNUMX.
Daga cikin gine-gine na farko na Baroque Architecture a Faransa, akwai wanda masanin injiniya Jacques Lemercier ya yi a cikin Chapel na Sorbonne a 1635, da kuma na François Mansart wanda ya gina Château de Maisons - Laffitte tsakanin shekarun 1624 zuwa 1626.
Daga nan sai suka zama masu sha'awar yin facade na fadar Louvre tsakanin 1667 da 1670, suna da alhakin Louis Le Vau da Claude Perrault.
Hakazalika, an haɓaka ayyukan farar hula saboda haɓakar bourgeoisie a matsayin al'umma mai martaba inda aka gabatar da chateaux a cikin karkara.
Kamar yadda lamarin ya kasance na Chateau de Dampierre, wanda aka shirya bisa ga umarnin Duke na Chevreuse, kamar yadda Château de Blois ya kasance, amma mafi kyawun duka shine Fadar Versailles daga 1669 zuwa 1685, tare da Le Vau mai kula da kuma sai Jules Hardouin Mansart ya gama aikin.
Sha'awar Baroque Architecture a cikin gine-ginen gine-gine da ikon sarkin Faransa inda ɗakinsa ya kasance a tsakiyar fadar daga gabas-yamma axis da kuma dakunan da ke cikin fadar an sadaukar da su ga gumakan Romawa ko kuma. zuwa duniya.
Don haka fadar Versailles, godiya ga Baroque Architecture, ya zama alamar iko da tallace-tallace na siyasa inda ake nuna farin ciki da sharar gida, wanda ya bazu a cikin al'ummomin Turai daban-daban saboda kyawawan lambuna da kuma girman fadar. Faransanci.
Gine-ginen Baroque ya wadata tare da hazaka da ƙirƙira na gine-ginen Faransa ta hanyar gine-ginen tudu, matakalai da gidan hoton ciki, kasancewar Fadar Luxembourg da aka ƙirƙira tsakanin shekarun 1615 zuwa 1631.
Daga maginin Salomón de Brosse, samfurin da za a bi tare da gine-gine guda uku don gina gidan da aka cika da rufin da aka yi da shi tare da kayan ado na dutse kamar fadar Pitti.
Ingila
Ko da al'ummar Ingila sun nutse a cikin gine-gine na zamanin da kuma gidan Sarauniyar da ke Greenwich ne ya sanya ma'anar canji zuwa Baroque Architecture.
Bangarorin biyu ne masu rectangular guda biyu wadanda gada ke hade da su, a yau ya zama wurin tarihi na duniya albarkacin UNESCO, wannan ginin ya taso ne daga babban bene da ke bude wani lambu ta hanyar ginshiƙan Doric.
Daga cikin masu ginin gine-ginen da za a ambata a cikin wannan lokacin akwai Iñigo Jones da kuma Isaac de Caus mai kula da gudanar da gidan Wilton inda za a iya lura da kyawawan ɗakunan da aka samar da kwalaye da ake kira cube da biyu cube.
Wani daga cikin masu gine-ginen da suka nuna fasaha ta hanyar gine-ginen Baroque shine Sir Christopher Wren, wanda ya kafa tsarin gargajiya na Roman bayan babbar gobarar da ta faru a wannan birni a 1666, kuma ya gabatar da sababbin ra'ayoyin don sake gina birnin London.
Daga cikin ayyukan da suka yi fice a cikin shimfidar wannan birni na Ingila akwai cocin Saint Paul, da kuma wasu gine-gine hamsin na gidajen ibada da wannan babban gine-ginen ya yi.
Akwai ma shaidar fadada fadar Hampton da Sarki William III na Ingila ya ba da umarni tsakanin 1689 zuwa 1692.
Sauran gine-ginen da suka so su zabi salon Wren su ne John Vanbrugh da Nicholas Hawksmoor wadanda aka ba su izini su yi manyan gine-gine tare da kayan ado na wasan kwaikwayo.
Tun daga shekara ta 1699 su ne ke kula da ginin fadar Howard da ke Arewacin Yorkshire inda ake iya ganin reshe da ke da dakuna da yawa tsakanin lambun da filin.
Tsakanin shekaru 1715 zuwa 1717 su ne ke da alhakin tattara littattafan biyu na Vitruvius Britannicus inda aka lura da zane-zane na gine-ginen Biritaniya da fassarar yarjejeniyoyin Andrea Palladio guda huɗu, wanda ya kawo sabon sauyi a Baroque Architecture.
An ƙirƙiri sabon motsi a cikin ƙasar Ingilishi wanda aka sani da kalmar neo-Palladianism yana haifar da juyowa zuwa ƙa'idodin ƙa'idodi na zamanin da kamar yadda Palladio da Iñigo Jones suka rubuta.
Da yake shi ne babban jigon wannan motsi, Lord Burlington ya gina Chiswick House, wanda ke da kamanceceniya da ayyukan da Palladio ya yi.
Hakanan ya shahara a gidan Devonshire Dukes the Baroque Architecture kamar Chatsworth da ke Derbyshire a Ingila wanda masanin injiniya William Talman ya kirkira a shekara ta 1694.
Wani aikin kuma da ya yi fice a cikin wannan ƙasa ta Ingilishi game da gine-ginen Baroque shi ne fadar Blenheim, wanda masanin gine-ginen John Vanbrugh ya gina a 1710 don Duke Marlborough a matsayin kyauta daga Sarauniya Anne.
Game da Netherlands
A nan za ku ga gine-ginen da aka yi a cikin gine-ginen Baroque godiya ga wannan motsi wanda ya nuna ikon siyasa, zamantakewa da tattalin arziki na masu mulkinsa, don haka kada ku yi shakka don ci gaba da karanta wannan labarin mai ban sha'awa.
Netherlands waɗanda ke cikin yankin Kudancin
A cikin waɗannan al'ummomin, an gudanar da sauyi na gine-ginen Baroque tare da ra'ayoyin Flemish, tun da yake ƙarƙashin ikon Flanders.
Yayin da wadanda ke bangaren arewa suka kasance masu cin gashin kansu kuma suna da sabanin ra'ayi na siyasa da na addini.
Don haka a gefen kudu da Flanders suka mamaye Katolika ne kuma al'ummar da ba ta dace ba yayin da a bangaren arewa mai cin gashin kansa addinin Furotesta ne kuma aka fara juyin juya halin bourgeois.
Hakazalika, zane-zane mai kyau ya bambanta tsakanin Flemish Baroque da Baroque Dutch, da farko a cikin zane, ba tare da ambaton gine-ginen Baroque ba.
A kudancin Netherlands, godiya ga Counter-Reformation, an kirkiro sababbin gine-gine inda aka lura da farin ciki na cikakkun bayanai don kayan ado game da tsarin, ban da yawa.
Kamar yadda tarihi ya nuna, a tsakanin shekara ta 1596 zuwa 1633, a ƙarƙashin mulkin Archdukes Alberto da Isabel Clara Eugenia, an sami sauyi a sababbin gidajen zuhudu da ake ginawa a wannan ƙasa.
Ba tare da manta da gine-ginen farar hula ba wanda Cibiyar Tarihi ta Brussels a shekara ta 1695 aka sake ginawa kuma yawancin gine-ginen sun ƙaura zuwa Italiya don koyo game da gine-ginen Baroque.
Ƙaddamar da yanki na Arewacin Netherlands
An san wannan gine-ginen Baroque a wannan yanki na ƙasar tare da kalmar Baroque na Dutch, wannan yanki kuma ana kiransa Lardunan United.
Netherlands ita ce ƙasa mafi wadata da yawan jama'a na waɗannan yankuna, waɗanda suka sami 'yanci a cikin ƙarni na XNUMXth da XNUMXth.
Fuskantar Habsburg a sanannen yakin shekaru Tamanin da ya gudana tsakanin 1568 zuwa 1648 kuma ya sha bamban da Kudancin Netherland saboda suna karkashin umarnin daular.
To, kudanci ya kasance karkashin umarnin masarautu yayin da bangaren arewa ya kasance mai cin gashin kansa kuma bourgeois baya ga yin addinin Furotesta da akidar al'adar Katolika a bangaren kudu.
Saboda haka, gine-ginen Baroque a Kudancin Netherlands an yi wahayi zuwa gare shi ta hanyar Counter-Reformation of Bernini da Borromini, yayin da a gefen arewa an lura da abubuwan da suka dace a gidaje irin su Orange House da kuma a cikin gine-ginen jama'a.
Kamar yadda yake a cikin al'ummar Ingilishi, ana aiwatar da aikin tare da Palladianism, wanda ke nuna nutsuwa da ƙulla a cikin gine-gine, ƙimar jumhuriya tana da alaƙa da Antiquity na Classic.
Zane-zanen da masanin injiniya Hendrik de Keyser ya yi ya nuna tasirin Venetian a farkon karni na 1620, inda Cocin Arewa ya yi fice tsakanin 1623 zuwa 1620, da kuma Westerkerk, wanda shine Cocin Yamma tsakanin 1631 zuwa XNUMX a cikin birni. da Amsterdam..
A tsakiyar karni na XNUMX na Dutch Baroque gine manyan gine-ginen su ne Jacob Van Campen da Pieter Post sun dauki ra'ayoyin Keyser.
Kazalika abubuwan da suka haɗa da eclectic irin su katuwar odar pilasters da rufin rufin bango, pediments na tsakiya da hasumiya na kararrawa.
Saboda haka, abubuwan da ya halitta suna tsammanin ci gaban da za a samu a Ingila ta hanyar Turanci Classicism na masanin injiniya Christopher Wren.
A cikin gine-ginen, wanda ya fi fice shi ne babban birnin Amsterdam a shekara ta 1646, wanda a yau shi ne fadar sarauta, da kuma Maastricht a 1658, dukansu an tsara su ta hanyar gine-gine Campen.
Dangane da gidan Orange, babban gida ne na bourgeois ba fadar da za a iya ambaton Huis ten Bosch da Mauritshuis ba, gine-gine masu kama da manyan tagogi amma ba tare da ado ba, wanda yana daya daga cikin halayen gine-ginen Baroque.
Don haka, ƙwaƙƙwaran ƙima yana bayyana a cikin gine-ginen da aka yi a gidan bazara na Estatúder a Het Loo.
Da yawa daga cikin masu ginin gine-ginen an yi hayarsu a Jamus don yin kyawawan gine-gine da kuma na Scandinavia da Rasha, wanda hakan ya sa salon su ya yi tasiri ga sauran ƙasashe.
Gine-ginen Yaren mutanen Holland sun bazu a yankuna daban-daban kamar Kogin Hudson inda aka gina gidajen bulo ja tare da gabobin kuma har yanzu ana iya gani a Curaçao amma masu launi daban-daban amma tsarin iri ɗaya.
Tsakiyar Turai
Ana lura da Gine-ginen Baroque a tsakiyar Turai a cikin al'ummar Jamus tsakanin karni na XNUMX zuwa tsakiyar karni na XNUMX inda aka yi kamance da Daular Rome Mai Tsarki.
Baya ga dukiyar Habsburgs, ga abin da wadannan al'ummomi, an gudanar da wannan yunkuri a cikin marigayi saboda yakin shekaru talatin da ya faru daga shekara ta 1618 zuwa shekara ta 1648.
Baroque Architecture a cikin Sabuwar Duniya
Lokacin da aka canja wurin gine-ginen Baroque daga Nahiyar Turai zuwa Sabuwar Duniya, ana lura da haɗakar sabbin abubuwa a cikin tsari da ƙirƙirar gine-ginen da aka gudanar a wancan lokacin tarihi.
Dangane da haikalin addini, an zaɓi fifiko a cikin Baroque Architecture a cikin Sabuwar Duniya don ƙirƙirar gine-gine tare da tsarin giciye na Latin, wanda ya zama ruwan dare a cikin majami'u da kuma cikin haikalin da za su zama wuraren zama na friars.
Hakazalika, ana yin ginshiƙai guda ɗaya don ƙirƙirar wuraren ibada na addini inda za a zaunar da matayen, yayin da a cikin tsarin farar hula bisa ga gine-ginen Baroque, an ƙirƙiri sifofi huɗu a kusa da wani baranda, wanda ya zama ruwan dare gama gari a wancan lokacin. .
Dangane da kufai da hasumiyai, sun kasance wasu abubuwa da suka yi fice a cikin gine-ginen Baroque, inda Mexico ta kasance daya daga cikin kasashen da suka nuna bambancin ra'ayi dangane da wadannan abubuwa a gine-ginensu.
Daga cikin abin da aka fi amfani da shi shine dome octagonal wanda ke ƙarewa da ƙaramin fitila, misalinsa shine Santa Prisca de Taxco, amma har yanzu kuna iya ganin yawancin su.
Dangane da hasumiyai a cikin gine-ginen Baroque, hasumiyai suna da mahimmanci kamar yadda ake gina gidaje, an ɗaga su dangane da kwancen haikalin addini, ba kamar a yankunan da ke da girgizar ƙasa ba, kamar yanayin Oaxaca. .
Har ila yau, dole ne a yi la'akari da kayan ado, wanda ba wani ɓangare na tsarin ba amma maimakon abubuwa masu haɗuwa, yana sa ginin ya sami nau'i-nau'i na kayan ado daga ra'ayi na asali da na Mutanen Espanya.
Halayen Baroque Architecture a wannan nahiyar
Game da Baroque Architecture a cikin nahiyar Amurka, an ɗaukaka sabon abu kuma musamman na kyawawan dabi'a da kuma asalin al'adu saboda ɓarna da mulkin mallaka.
Dangane da ayyukan gine-gine, kayan ado tare da adadi mai yawa sun bayyana duka a waje, wanda shine facade na majami'u, da kuma ciki.
Facades suna ba da layi mai lankwasa a cikin Baroque Architecture na Amurka da kuma cikakkun bayanai da ke gabatar da yanayin addini na Cocin Katolika tare da kyawawan kayan adon Turai amma an canza su zuwa al'adun Amurka.
Babban Wakilan Baroque Architecture
Ta wannan labarin za mu gabatar muku da masu gine-gine tare da mafi girman yanayin a cikin Baroque Architecture, don haka za mu bayyana game da kowane ɗayan waɗannan haruffa a cikin tarihin fasaha.
Pietro Berrettini da Cortona
Ya kasance daya daga cikin wakilan Baroque Architecture, ya fara aikinsa a hidimar gidan Sacchetti wanda ke kula da gidan Pigneto, ya tabbatar da cewa ya zama mai kirkiro a cikin ƙirƙirar ƙirar ciki ta hanyar frescoes.
Daga cikin ayyukan gine-ginen wannan babban wakilin Baroque Architecture, facades na Santa María della Pace ya fito fili, da na Santa María a Vía Lata.
Gianlorenzo Bernini
Shi malami ne na Baroque Architecture kuma ya kasance babban magaji ga koyo na Michelangelo, daya daga cikin muhimman ayyukansa shine Colonnade na Saint Peter.
Kamar fadar Chigi - Odescalchi Palace, wanda ya yi tasiri mai yawa a kan sauran kasashen Turai, kasancewar daya daga cikin muhimman gine-ginen farar hula.
Francesco Borromini
Yana daya daga cikin iyayen Baroque Architecture, ya yi amfani da kayan aiki daban-daban don bayyana wannan motsi, yana nuna kyakkyawar haɗuwa tsakanin abubuwan da ya yi amfani da su.
An yi magana a cikin gine-ginensa game da yadda ake amfani da shi don yin wasa tare da ruɗi saboda wuraren da ya ƙirƙira sun taru ba tare da sanin inda suke ba.
louis da wata
Daya daga cikin fitattun gine-ginen da suka yi fice a karni na XNUMX a Baroque Architecture shi ne masanin gine-gine kuma mai ba da shawara ga Sarki Louis XIV na Faransa. Daga cikin ayyukansa akwai fadar Versailles.
Ya damu da tasirin ayyukan gine-gine kuma ba a cikin daki-daki ba, ya haɗa tsarin tsara birane tare da gine-ginen lambun da ke samar da babban bidi'a a cikin wannan gidan sarauta na Versailles.
Jules Hardouin-Mansart
Babban masanin gine-ginen Faransanci kuma ƙwararren wakilin gine-gine na Baroque, an san sunansa a kan rufin Mansart, wanda ke kan rufin rufin bayan wani ɗan gajeren gangare, shi ne ya jagoranci magajin Le Vau a cikin ayyukan gine-ginen da Sarki Louis XIV ya ba da izini.
Shi ne wanda ya fara zayyana tagogin Faransa, kasancewar kwararre ne a fannin gine-ginen da ke tasiri ga sauran kasashen nahiyar Turai.
Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach
Shi daya ne daga cikin wakilan Baroque Architecture na asalin Austriya, ra'ayoyinsa sune abubuwan da suka gabata a Habsburg kamar yadda aka tabbatar a cikin Tsarin Tarihi da Gine-ginen Jama'a na shekara ta 1721.
Ya ziyarci Italiya kuma ya koyi wannan sabon motsi kuma ya koma kasarsa tare da matsayi na gine-ginen kotu a hidimar sarakuna uku, yana samar da dandano na aristocracy na al'ummar Austrian, ya haifar da fadar Winter na Prince Eugene na Savoy.
Bartolomeo Rastrelli
Ya kasance ɗan babban masanin gine-gine kuma sculptor na asalin Italiyanci mai suna Bartolomeo Carlo Rastrelli, amma maimakon ya zauna a Italiya sai ya koma Rasha inda ya rinjayi gine-gine tare da Baroque Architecture.
A can aka nada shi a matsayin mai zane na Kotun Rasha, daga cikin manyan ayyukansa akwai fadar Annenhof a Moscow.
Fadar lokacin sanyi ta uku a St.
Juan Gomez de Mora
Yana wakiltar Purism na al'ummar Spain. Daga cikin ayyukan gine-gine na farko akwai El Convento de la Encarnación a cikin birnin Madrid, wannan ginin yana da hankali sosai kuma yana da alaƙa da El Escorial.
Godiya ga aiwatar da facade mai tsayi da madaidaicin pediment, yana nuna wasu halaye na dabi'un Baroque Architecture.
Daga cikin wasu ayyuka, za mu iya ambaton Magajin Plaza da kuma babban ɗakin taro na Madrid da kuma Kwalejin Regium, wanda aka fi sani da Clerecía.
Pedro Sanchez
An san wannan babban gine-ginen wannan motsi a tarihi a Colegiate Church of San Isidro el Real, an gina wannan ginin a shekara ta 1620 kuma yana tsakiyar tsakiyar tarihi na birnin Madrid.
Francis Baptist
A ƙarshen zamani na gine-ginen Herrerian, Baroque Architecture ya bayyana godiya ga yin amfani da sababbin siffofi da kayan ado.
Irin wannan nau'in gine-gine na Baroque yana da farin ciki a cikin ƙirƙirar facades da kuma a cikin zane na ciki.
Daga cikin gine-ginen da wannan gine-ginen ya yi akwai Cathedral na San Isidro kuma yana cikin ra'ayin haikalin masu neman sauyi, wani yanki ne mai siffar giciye na Latin wanda ke da babban kundi kuma ɗakin limamin ba shi da zurfi. .
Don wannan ginin ya yi amfani da ginshiƙan Doric guda shida ban da giant pilasters kuma facade yana da ban mamaki saboda ya ƙirƙira ta hanyar haɗin sarƙoƙi daga sama zuwa ƙasa duka a waje da ciki na tsarin.
Alonso Carbonell
Ya kasance mai cancantar wakilci na gine-ginen Baroque, wanda ke kula da Palacio del Buen Retiro da Hermitage na San Antonio.
Alonso Cano
Shi ne wani maginin gine-gine wanda ya nuna sauyi a Baroque Architecture a tsakiyar karni na goma sha bakwai ta amfani da siffofi masu banƙyama da kuma cubes, misali na wannan shi ne Puerta de Guadalajara Arch a cikin birnin Madrid.
Ɗaya daga cikin manyan ayyukansa shi ne Cathedral na Granada, yana yin bambanci tsakanin waje da ciki na ginin addini, yana ba da damar 'yanci na kirkire-kirkire da ginshiƙai suna nuna lambobin yabo maimakon manyan manyan biranen da aka saba amfani da su.
Sebastian Herrera Barnuevo
Shi ne ke kula da gina coci da gidan ibada na Santa María la Real de Monserrat a birnin Madrid, kasancewarsa daya daga cikin wakilan gine-ginen Baroque.
Iyalin Churriguera
Iyalin gine-ginen José, Joaquín da Alberto ne waɗanda suka cancanci wakilan Baroque Architecture, sun yi aiki tare a kan ginin guda ɗaya kuma yana da wuya a ƙayyade abin da kowannensu ya yi.
José de Churriguera shine babban wannan iyali wanda ke sanya ginshiƙi na Sulemanu a matsayin sifa da kuma tsarin da ba na tsari ba misali.
Shi ne Altarpiece na San Esteban de Salamanca inda ya yi amfani da ginshiƙan ginshiƙan Solomonic, kayan ado na zinariya da siffofi masu lanƙwasa don ba da motsi.
Joaquín de Churriguera ya kirkiro Colegio de Calatrava da Alberto da Plaza Mayor de Salamanca inda za a iya ganin manyan arches da kuma inda manyan tituna na wannan birni na Spain suka taru.
Ayyukansu sun kasance da yawa cewa a cikin tarihin Baroque Architecture gine-ginen da suka yi an san su da kalmar Churrigueresque.
Peter na Ribera
Ya dace da kalmomin da Churrigueresque ya yi amfani da su amma ya ba su ma'anarsu a cikin Baroque Architecture, ba wai kawai yana kula da kayan ado ba har ma da sararin samaniya da kuma zane na ciki.
An ba shi izini don yin facade na Hospice na Madrid, a yau shi ne Gidan Tarihi na Municipal na wannan birni, ana lura da amfani da layukan sober, yana nuna hazakarsa da fasaha wajen bunkasa wannan ginin.
Daffodil Tome
Wani daga cikin wakilan Baroque Architecture shine mafi kyawun aikinsa, Transparent na Cathedral na Toledo wanda aka aiwatar da sassaka, zane-zane da gine-gine.
A cikin kayan kamar marmara, tagulla da alabaster tare da nazarin hasken halitta wanda ke ƙarfafa motsi a cikin siffofin da aka yi.
Fernando Casa da Novoa
Ya yi facade na Obradoiro na Cathedral na Santiago de Compostela.
Yin bayyanar da cewa hasumiya suna bayan tsakiyar tsakiya na tsarin, suna wasa tare da sauran kayan ado.
Leonard de Figueroa
Wani wakilin Baroque Architecture ne a cikin birnin Andalusia, daga cikin manyan misalansa shine Cocin San Luis da Kwalejin - Seminary na San Telmo a cikin birnin Seville.
Ayyukan Baroque Architecture na babban mahimmanci
Akwai ayyuka da dama na wannan yunkuri na fasaha da ya haifar da cece-kuce a lokacin kuma a yau masu yawon bude ido da dama ke ziyarta.
Godiya ga hazaka da kerawa na masu gininta a lokacin da aka gina shi kuma a cikin wannan zaman na wannan labarin za mu yi bayani dalla-dalla game da waɗannan manyan ayyukan tarihin Baroque.
Italia
An haifi gine-ginen Baroque a birnin Roma kuma daga wannan birni ne masu gine-ginen da suka je kasashe daban-daban don gina gine-gine.
Dangantaka da wannan muhimmin yunkuri na fasaha wanda ya nuna wadata da karfin ikon mahukuntan kasashen kamar Rasha, Ostiriya da sauransu.
Daga cikin ayyukan farko na Baroque Architecture wanda za a iya jin daɗinsa a cikin ƙasar Italiya shine Cocin San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane Masanin injiniya Francesco Borromini ne ya tsara shi.
A cikin yaren Mutanen Espanya an fassara shi kamar yadda aka gina Cocin San Carlos de las Cuatro Fuentes tsakanin 1638 zuwa 1646. An gina facade ta wani ɗan'uwan Borromini mai suna Bernardo Borromini a 1670.
St Peter's Basilica Facade na wannan haikalin Carlo Maderno ne ya yi shi da kuma dome da shahararren Michelangelo ya yi game da dandalin Saint Peter.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AXkJvHuIB9Q
Masanin gine-gine Gian Lorenzo Bernini ne ya tsara shi inda za ka iya ganin manyan ginshiƙai ɗari da arba'in kuma a cikin kowannensu za ka iya ganin mutum-mutumin waliyyi.
Wani babban haikalin addini shine Cocin Gesu wanda masanin Giacomo Vignola ya gina a 1568 kuma Giacomo della Porta an kammala shi a cikin 1584.
Francia
Ɗaya daga cikin manyan ayyukan gine-gine na Baroque shine Asibitin des Invalides a cikin birnin Paris.Mafi yawan wannan ginin ya gina shi ta hanyar injiniya Bruant wanda ya kasance mai sassaucin ra'ayi kuma Jules Hardouin Mansart ya yi ginin ɗakin sujada.
An gina shi a matsayin asibiti na mayaƙan yaƙi tsakanin 1671 zuwa 1678. A halin yanzu gidan kayan tarihi na sojojin Faransa da na tarihin zamani.A cikin wannan shingen akwai ragowar sarki Napoleon Bonaparte.
Wani daga cikin kyawawan ayyukan da ke nuna yalwar Baroque Architecture shine Fadar Versailles, wanda Sarki Louis XIV ya ba da izini.
A cikin shekara ta 1660, yawancin wannan aikin, da kuma babban zauren madubi, an gudanar da shi ta hanyar m Jules Hardouin Mansart.
Tun daga shekara ta 1837 wannan aikin gine-ginen ya kasance a buɗe ga jama'a a matsayin gidan kayan gargajiya.Wasu masu gine-gine irin su Louis Le Vau, Charles Le Brun, André Le Nôtre, Jacques Gabriel da Robert de Cotte su ma sun aiwatar da wani ɓangare na ayyukan.
Austria
A cikin wannan al'ummar, daya daga cikin ayyukan gine-ginen Baroque shine Cocin San Carlos Borromeo a Vienna, wanda Sarkin sarakuna Charles VI ya ba da izini bayan barkewar annoba ta ƙarshe a wannan al'ummar a karni na XNUMX.
Mutumin da ke da alhakin gudanar da wannan ƙwararren masanin injiniya Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach, wanda ya rasu kafin ya kammala ginin a shekara ta 1723, kuma ɗansa Joseph Emanuel ya kammala shi.
Wani aikin kuma shi ne fadar Schönbrun da ke Vienna, ita ce wurin bazara na sarakunan Habsburg, sigar fadar Australiya ce ta Fadar Versailles kuma mai ginin gine-ginen Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach ne ya yi shi.
Bayan faduwar Habsburgs a cikin 1918 ya zama mallakin Ostiriya kuma a halin yanzu gidan kayan gargajiya ne wanda ke buɗe wa jama'a.
Hungary
A cikin wannan al'umma, masu Jesuit sun kasance masu kula da gine-gine suna nufin gine-ginen Baroque daga cikin muhimman gine-gine.
Cocin Jesuit na Nagyszombat wanda Pietro Spozzo ya yi, gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Vaszinhaz wanda Farkas Kempelen ya yi a shekara ta 1786 da Gidan Grassalkovich wanda shine gidan sarauta na Godollo wanda Antal Grassalkovich ya kirkira a shekara ta 1700.
Rusia
Har ila yau, ya sami tasirin gine-ginen Baroque na Italiyanci daga cikin muhimman gine-gine a cikin wannan motsi na fasaha.
The Smolny Cathedral da Winter Palace duka a Saint Petersburg da kuma gina daya m Bartolomeo Rastrelli.
Wani daga cikin waɗannan ayyukan gine-ginen shi ne Kunstkammer wanda masu gine-ginen Mikhail Zemtsov, Georg Johann Marttarnovi, Nicolaus Herbel da Gaetano Chiaveria suka gudanar a Saint Petersburg.
Alemania
A cikin wannan al'ummar za ku iya ganin Fadar SansSouci da aka yi a ƙarƙashin umarnin Frederick II don zama wurin hutawa ga dangin sarki da fadar da ke cikin garin Dresden.
Amurka
Sakamakon gano sabuwar duniya, Baroque Architecture ba kawai ya bazu ko'ina cikin Turai ba, har ma ya isa nahiyar Amurka ta hanyar Mutanen Espanya, kamar yadda aka tabbatar a cikin ayyukan gine-gine da dama, ciki har da La Capilla de Pocito a Guadalupe a cikin al'ummar Mexico.
Masanin gine-gine Francisco Guerrero y Torres ne ya tsara shi a ƙarshen shekara ta 1700, kasancewar ɗaya daga cikin ayyukan gine-gine na farko da za a ci gaba da ginawa a wannan nahiya.
Legacy na Baroque Architecture
Wannan motsi ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin mafi mahimmancin salon salo a cikin zane-zane masu kyau ciki har da gine-ginen Baroque da kayan ado na gine-gine tsakanin karshen karni na XNUMX zuwa tsakiyar karni na XNUMX.
An kafa wannan gine-ginen Baroque ne a daidai lokacin da aka kafa jihohi na kasa, wadanda suka fi girma a Turai sune cikakkun masarautu, tare da ci gaban kamfanonin masana'antu waɗanda suka inganta bourgeoisie zuwa sabon salon zamantakewa.
Bugu da ƙari, Katolika ya ƙarfafa godiya ga sake gyarawa, don haka Baroque Architecture ya kasance a kololuwar godiya ga ikon daular, aristocracy da kuma koyarwar Katolika wanda ya ba da damar yada wadannan kyawawan gine-gine.
Nuna iko da girma a matsayin farfagandar siyasa da ke ɗaukaka mulki tare da yin hulɗa da shi ta hanyar shimfidar wuri don ƙirƙirar birane daban-daban wanda ya kasance a bude kuma mai cike da bambancin yanayi.
Gine-ginen Baroque ya maye gurbin Renaissance da halayensa na tsari, don haka wannan sabon motsi ya nuna cewa mutum ba shine tsakiyar sararin samaniya ba.
Maimakon haka, ya kasance mutum mai rikitarwa wanda aka shigar a cikin duniya mai sarƙaƙƙiya tare da sababbin abubuwan da suka ba shi damar buɗewa ga sauye-sauye da rikice-rikicen da zai iya samu tare da yanayi, baya ga tawaye na juyin juya halin bourgeois, ƙungiyoyin plebeian da kuma manoma waɗanda suka yi nasara. ya anti-feudal..
Nuna canjin da aka yi daga wannan tsari na gargajiya na Renaissance zuwa sabon canjin Baroque Architecture inda aka ba da izinin komai muddin yana ba da damar canza ra'ayoyin da ke nuna iko.
ƙarshe
Gine-ginen Baroque yana nuna takamaiman keɓaɓɓu bisa ga yankin da motsi ke faruwa amma tare da halayen da suka fice tsakanin su fifikon hasken halitta a cikin ayyukan gine-gine.
A ƙarshen zamanin Baroque Architecture a cikin al'ummar Sipaniya, Churrigueresque wani salon ado ne na ado wanda dangin gine-ginen José, Joaquín da Alberto Churriguera suka sanya a cikin zamani a ƙarshen karni na XNUMX.
Sabili da haka, Architecture yana nuna nasarar kayan ado akan layi tare da yin amfani da siffofi na geometric ta amfani da fantasy kuma ba ma'ana ba.
Ana lura da ainihin abin da ake nufi a kan haƙiƙa da rikice-rikice dangane da yanayin jituwa na ayyukan, mantawa da tsohuwar Romawa da Counter-Reformation ya kasance wani ɓangare na wannan canji na addini, siyasa da hankali don yaƙar addinin Furotesta.
An yi amfani da Architecture na Baroque don sabunta Cocin Katolika ta hanyar zane-zane godiya ga cikakkiyar masarautun Faransa da Spain inda za a iya aiwatar da ayyukan gine-ginen da suka nuna iko da girma.
Kamar yadda lamarin ya faru na Sarki Louis XIV na Faransa da Philip III da IV haka ma Spain ta fada cikin matsalolin tattalin arziki kuma Faransa ce ke da alhakin al'amuran da suka shafi siyasa.
Mutuwar Sarki Felipe II ya nuna raguwa da faɗuwar son jari-hujja game da kasuwanci da ke yada masu fasaha don sanin sababbin wurare da sababbin al'adu don koyan sababbin al'adu.
Ɗaya daga cikin wuraren gine-gine na Baroque Architecture shine ruɗi yana canza ƙarya zuwa gaskiya inda aka yi amfani da abubuwan wasan kwaikwayo a cikin tsara birane inda aka haɗa fasaha don nuna babban ikon masu mulki.
An nuna darajar dukiya mai mahimmanci, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa lokacin hutu ya kasance mai daraja, yin ado da gine-ginen gine-gine tare da kyan gani, kayan ado na gine-gine don duk abin da za a iya gani ya zama abin kallo a cikin Baroque Architecture.
Idan kun sami wannan labarin mai ban sha'awa, ina gayyatar ku ku ziyarci hanyoyin haɗin yanar gizon: