Koyi game da halayen gine-ginen Gothic

Tare da kyakkyawar fahimta na ado da mahimmancin mahimmanci, salon Gothic ya zama ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyin gine-gine na musamman a duniya, wanda har yau yana ci gaba da jan hankali. A saboda wannan dalili, za mu bincika tare da wannan ɗaba'ar kowane ɗayan ɗayan Halayen Gothic Architecture.

The Cfasali na gine-ginen gothic

Salon Gothic ya ƙunshi nau'ikan fasaha da yawa da suka haɗa da sassaka da kayan daki, amma babu wani horo da ya fi ƙware na gani fiye da gine-ginen Gothic. Ƙungiyoyin gine-gine na Gothic sun samo asali ne a tsakiyar zamanai, a tsakiyar karni na XNUMX, a Faransa, kuma duk da cewa sha'awar ta fara raguwa a tsakiyar Italiya a kusa da karni na XNUMX, wasu sassan arewacin Turai sun ci gaba da yin amfani da salon, wanda ya ba da dama ga wasu sassa. har yau.

Gine-ginen Gothic, wanda aka haɓaka daga ƙirar gine-ginen Romanesque wanda aka siffanta ta hanyar arches na semicircular, yana da girma mai girma, haske da girma. Yana baje kolin azaman abubuwan wakilci:

• Wurin ribbed
• buttresses masu tashi
• baka mai nuni

A cikin kansu, waɗannan halaye ne na gine-ginen Gothic waɗanda aka fi sani da su a cikin mafi kyawun gine-gine a Turai, kamar Notre Dame Cathedral a Paris (Faransa). Gabaɗaya, ayyukan da aka fi aiwatarwa tare da waɗannan halayen gine-ginen Gothic sune manyan majami'u (da majami'u).

An dauki irin wannan nau'in ginin a matsayin cikakkiyar haɗin gine-gine da tsari, ta yadda sau da yawa yana da wuya a raba su biyun. Wannan na iya zama saboda gaskiyar cewa masu zanen kaya sun kasance masu sana'a, da masana a cikin injiniyan biyu da masonry.

Babban ginin da "squareness" na Romanesque ya ba da haske da kuma tsaye na Gothic, tare da girmamawa a kan madaidaiciyar layi. Ganin cewa babban cocin Romanesque yana da katangar kagara, kewaye da kauri, manyan ganuwar, magina Gothic (sau da yawa Peripatetic da ba a sani ba) sun yi ƙoƙarin cimma rugujewar bangon har sai da kusan diaphanous. Don haka bangon ya zama bakin ciki harsashi na dutse da gilashi.

Manyan tagogi masu tabo sun ba da sabuwar hanya don tace haske da kuma tasiri akan gogewar addini. A gaskiya ma, Gothic yana da yawa game da ƙarfin tsarin gine-gine na masonry kamar yadda yake game da sabon fassarar haske wanda aka yi amfani da shi don sanin halin sabon ginin. Yawan ginin ginin yana da alama ya narke, an taimaka a wani bangare ta manyan wuraren taga, tsarin bene mai tsayi da layukan tsaye waɗanda ke jagorantar kallon ga rufin sa.

Tsarin gine-gine na Gothic

Domin mu iya sanin asali da ci gaban gine-ginen Gothic, yana da mahimmanci don sanin juyin halittar wannan nau'in bayyanar fasaha a kan lokaci, a ƙasa:

Bayani

Tun kafin salon Gothic ya samo asali kuma ya kafa, yawancin abubuwansa sun bayyana a cikin gine-gine na zamanin da. Masarawa, Assuriyawa, Indiyawa da Farisawa na daular Sassaniya sun riga sun yi amfani da baka mai nuni a cikin ayyukansu na gine-gine, wanda ba a yi amfani da su akai-akai a lokacin.

Haka kuma wayewar Musulunci sun aiwatar da cikakken amfani da wannan sinadari na gine-gine a cikin gine-ginensu, kamar yadda ake iya gani a wadannan tsoffin gine-ginen:

• Dome na Dutse a Urushalima wanda aka gina tsakanin 687 da 691.
• Kyawawan masallatai masu kyau: Samarra dake Iraki da Amr a Masar, wadanda ayyukan gininsu aka gudanar a tsakiyar karni na IX.

A lokutan da suka gabata ma ribbed vault suma sun bayyana, wannan al'adar Larabawa ce da suka zauna a yankunan Spain kamar Cordoba, gine-ginen wannan wurin da Larabawa suka yi a karni na XNUMX da Mozarabs a karni na XNUMX, da ma'anar baka. saka su a fili yana nuna amfani da wannan kashi wanda ke cikin halayen gine-ginen Gothic.

Masu shiga jirgi, a gefe guda, ana iya samun su azaman asali da na asali a cikin ganga na kwata-kwata, don yin aiki azaman ƙima. Tsohuwar wayewar Assuriya ta sami damar amfani da haɓaka abubuwan asali da wakilai waɗanda ke fasalta gine-ginen ogival.

Don haka mai yiyuwa ne ‘yan Salibiyya sun kawo wadannan dabaru ko abubuwan gine-gine zuwa Spain da sauran kasashen Turai, ta hanyar tafiye-tafiye zuwa Kudus da yankuna na Arewacin Afirka.

Saitin da haɗin duk waɗannan abubuwan ya kawo tunanin wani sabon nau'in gini tare da nau'o'in daban-daban, wanda ya fi kyau idan aka kwatanta da gine-ginen Romanesque kuma tare da haske mafi girma, inda za'a iya ba da ra'ayi cewa ganuwarta na iya kusan ɓacewa tsakanin tsari da kuma haske. tsabta.

Asalin - Farkon Gothic (1120-1200)

Haɗin duk abubuwan gine-gine tare da halayen gine-ginen Gothic a cikin salon daidaitaccen tsari ya fara faruwa a Ile-de-Faransa (yankin da ke kusa da Paris), wanda mazaunansa masu arziki ke da ƙarfin kuɗi mai yawa don gina manyan cathedral waɗanda ke kwatanta gine-ginen yau.

Tsarin Gothic mafi dadewa shine Abbey na Saint-Denis a cikin Paris, wanda aka fara kusan 1140, bayan haka manyan cathedrals masu irin wannan vaults da tagogi sun fara bayyana kusan nan da nan, farawa da Notre-Dame de Paris (c. 1163-1345) da Laon Cathedral. (c. 1112-1215).

Don haka jerin matakan kwance daban-daban guda huɗu sun haɓaka cikin sauri: matakin bene, sannan matakin tribune gallery, sannan matakin gallery ɗin liman, wanda a sama akwai wani matakin sama mai tagani mai suna clerestory.

Tsarin ginshiƙai da baka, waɗanda ke goyan bayan da tsara waɗannan tsaunuka daban-daban, sun ƙara zuwa lissafi da jituwa na ciki. Hakanan an ɓullo da kayan aikin taga (masu raba tagar kayan ado), da kuma babban zaɓi na gilashin da aka tabo.

Gefen gabas na babban cocin Gothic na farko ya ƙunshi tsinkaya mai kama da madauwari da ake kira apse, mai ɗauke da babban bagadi da ke iyaka da motar asibiti. Bangaren yamma, inda babban ƙofar ginin yake, yana da yawa

mafi kyawun gani.

Yawancin lokaci tana da facade mai faɗi da manyan hasumiya biyu ke hawa, waɗanda layinsu na tsaye ya daidaita ta hanyar layin da ke kwance na manyan ƙofofi (a ƙasa), a sama waɗanda ke kwance a kwance na tagogi, dakunan hoto, sassakaki, da sauran kayan aikin duwatsu. .

A al'ada, dogayen ganuwar waje na babban cocin suna goyan bayan layukan ginshiƙai na tsaye waɗanda ke da alaƙa da ɓangaren babba na bango a cikin wani tsari na Semi-arch wanda aka ayyana azaman tallafin tashi. Wannan farkon tsarin gine-gine na Gothic ya bazu ko'ina cikin Turai a:

• Alemania
• Ingila
• Netherlands
• Italia
• España
• Portugal.

Cika da rabin Radiant Gothic - Babban Gothic (1200-80) "Rayonant"

A Nahiyar, mataki na gaba na aikin ginin Gothic ana kiransa da Rayonnant Gothic architecture, wanda makamancinsa ana kiransa 'Gothic adon'. Gine-gine na Rayonant Gothic yana da sabbin tsare-tsare na kayan ado na geometric waɗanda suka ƙara faɗowa akan lokaci, amma ba tare da wani ingantaccen tsarin ba.

Lallai, a lokacin Rayonnant, masu gine-ginen coci-coci da masu ginin gine-ginen sun kawar da hankalinsu daga aikin inganta rarraba nauyi da gina katanga masu tsayi, maimakon mayar da hankali kan inganta 'kallo' na ginin.

Wannan tsarin ya haifar da ƙarin cikakkun bayanai na kayan ado daban-daban, ciki har da rufin (tsari na tsaye, yawanci tare da hasumiya, irin su ginshiƙai na sama, masu goyan baya, ko wasu abubuwa na waje), gyare-gyare, da kuma musamman tiles na taga (kamar mullion).

Mafi kyawun fasalin Rayonnant Gothic shine babban taga fure mai madauwari wanda ke ƙawata gaban yammacin majami'u masu yawa, kamar Strasbourg Cathedral (1015-1439).

Ƙarin siffofi na musamman na gine-ginen Rayonant sun ƙunshi ɓarkewar kayan tallafi na ciki a tsaye da kuma haɗin ɗakin ɗakin karatu tare da ɗakin karatu, har sai bangon ya kasance mafi yawa daga tagogin gilashi tare da sandunan yadin da aka saka a tsaye suna rarraba tagar zuwa sassa. Shahararrun misalan salon salon Rayonant sun haɗa da manyan cathedral na Faransa:

• Reims
• Amiens
• Bourges
• Beauvais

Half Radiant Gothic - Late Gothic (1280-1500) "Flamboyant"

Salo na uku na tsarin gine-ginen Gothic ya fito a shekara ta 1280. Wanda aka fi sani da Flamboyant Gothic architecture, ya fi ado fiye da Radiant kuma ya ci gaba har zuwa shekara ta 1500. Kwatankwacinsa a cikin gine-ginen Gothic na Ingilishi shine "Salon Perpendicular." Alamar gine-ginen Flamboyant Gothic ita ce yaɗuwar amfani da S-curve mai siffar harshen wuta (Faransanci: flambé) a cikin wurin gano taga dutse.

Bugu da ƙari kuma, an rikitar da ganuwar zuwa wani gilashi mai ci gaba da goyan bayan ƙwanƙwasa kwarangwal da kuma ganowa. Masanin ilimin lissafi sau da yawa an rufe shi ta hanyar lulluɓe waje da abubuwan ganowa, rufe bulo da tagogi, ƙarin gungun rukunoni na pediments, fadace-fadace, ɗokin ɗaki da ƙarin ƙirar tauraro mai ribbed a kan vault.

Abubuwan da aka ba da fifiko kan hoto maimakon abubuwan tsarin ƙila abubuwan siyasa sun yi tasiri a Faransa, bayan mutuwar Sarki Charles IV Fair a 1328, ba tare da barin magada maza ba. Wannan ya haifar da da'awar daga danginta na kusa, dan uwanta Edward III na Ingila.

Lokacin da magajin ya koma Felipe VI (1293-1350) na Gidan Faransa na Valois, ya haifar da farkon Yaƙin Shekaru ɗari (1337), wanda ke nufin raguwar gine-ginen addini da haɓaka ginin gine-ginen soja da ƙari. farar hula, da kuma gine-ginen sarauta da na jama'a.

A sakamakon haka, ana iya ganin ƙaƙƙarfan zane-zane na gothic a yawancin manyan dakunan gari, ƙungiyoyi, har ma da gine-gine. Kadan daga cikin majami'u ko majami'u an tsara su gabaɗaya cikin salon almubazzaranci, tare da wasu fitattun keɓantawa:

• Notre-Dame d'Epine kusa da Chalons-sur-Marne.
• Saint Maclou na Rouen.
• Hasumiyar Arewa ta Chartres.
• Tour de Beurre a Rouen.

A Faransa, Flamboyant (eccentric) Gine-gine na Gothic a ƙarshe ya ɓace, ya zama abin ado da ban mamaki, kuma an ƙara shi ta hanyar ƙirar gine-ginen Renaissance na gargajiya da aka kawo daga Italiya a ƙarni na XNUMX.

Fassarar tarihi a kan asali da ainihin Gothic

Gothic art tun daga XIX da XX sun sami fassarori da yawa waɗanda aka nutsar da su a cikin muhawara akai-akai, dalilin da ya samo asali a cikin tunanin wannan bayyanar fasaha jerin sauye-sauye ko gyare-gyare a matsayin tsari. Daga cikin mafi shahara akwai:

Fassarar makarantar Jamus

Makarantar Jamus ta tabbatar da cewa fasahar Gothic ba komai ba ce face tafsirin da gabaɗaya ke neman bayyana ruhi, don haka bayyanarsa tana wakiltar abin da ruhun Nordic kansa yake, sabanin na gargajiya da na Rum. A matsayin jagoran wannan tunani shine masanin tarihi kuma masanin tarihi Wilhelm Worringer.

Manyan abubuwan da suka dace da wannan tunanin kuma suna adawa da fifikon salon Faransanci, ana samun su galibi a cikin marubutan karni na sha takwas, da kuma daidaituwa tsakanin:

• Johann Gottfried Herder da Johann Wolfgang von Goethe a gaban Cathedral Strasbourg a 1770, inda masanin falsafa kuma mai suka Herder ya nuna girman fasahar Jamus ga marubuci kuma masanin kimiyya Goethe.

A cikin karni na XNUMX, da yawa daga cikin masana tarihi masu bin wannan fassarar Jamusanci na fasaha da halayen gine-ginen Gothic ma sun fito, ciki har da:

• Wilhelm Pinders
• Hans Sedlmayr
•  Max Dvorak

Yana da mahimmanci a nuna cewa tunanin Jamusanci game da wannan nau'in fasaha ya dogara ne akan ka'idar sha'awa ta musamman ga ra'ayoyin kuma ba kawai a cikin tsarin hanyoyin da za a gane su ba. Saboda haka, sigar ta shafi kawai dangane da tunanin tunanin sa.

Fassarar Makarantun Faransanci

Tunanin Faransanci akan fasahar Gothic shine cikakken akasin bayanin da ya gabata, wannan ingantaccen ka'idar aiki. Saboda haka, suna la'akari da cewa yana da matukar muhimmanci a jaddada duk albarkatun da aka yi amfani da su don bayyanar da wannan fasaha, da kuma tsarin gine-gine da kuma yanayin da aka riga aka kafa a ciki.

Bugu da ƙari, sun bayyana asalin yanki da siffofin salon. Wannan tunani shine jagorancin Viollet le Duc, wanda masana tarihi suka ci gaba da goyan bayansa daga Makarantar Archivists na Ƙasa:

• Jules Quicherat ne adam wata
• Felix asalin sunan farko Verneiuil
• Charles de Lasterie du Saillant
• Charles girma

Panofsky tafsiri

A cikin aikinsa na Gothic Architecture da Scholastic Tunanin, masanin tarihi Erwin Panofsky ya nuna cewa gine-ginen Gothic da mazhabar ilimi suna da kamanceceniya da juna. A cewar marubucin, tsarin ginin majami'ar Gothic yana ba da cikakken tsarin ilimi mai zurfi wanda zai iya zama mai iya fahimta, mai iya fahimta da fahimta ga duk wanda yake son yin nazarinsa. Tushensa da kansa shine ra'ayin saitin abubuwan da suka hada baki daya.

Yanayin tattalin arziki da zamantakewa na Gothic

Gine-ginen Gothic ya samo asali ne a lokacin da ake samun sauye-sauye na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki a Yammacin Turai. A karshen karni na XNUMX da kuma a karni na XNUMX, an farfado da kasuwanci da masana'antu, musamman a arewacin Italiya da kuma Flanders (Belgium), kuma ciniki mai ɗorewa ya ba da damar inganta hanyoyin sadarwa, ba kawai tsakanin biranen da ke makwabtaka da su ba, har ma tsakanin birane masu nisa. yankuna.. A mahangar siyasa, karni na goma sha biyu shi ma lokaci ne na fadada da dunkulewar kasa.

Tare da ci gaban siyasa da tattalin arziki, wani sabon yunkuri na tunani mai karfi ya taso ta hanyar fassarar tsoffin marubuta daga Girkanci da Larabci zuwa Latin, kuma sabon adabi ya taso.

Gine-gine na Gothic ya ba da gudummawa ga waɗannan canje-canje kuma an shafe su daidai. Salon Gothic ya kasance ainihin birni, inda manyan cathedrals, ba shakka, duk suna cikin birane kuma galibin gidajen ibada a karni na XNUMX sun zama cibiyoyin al'ummomin da ke da yawancin ayyukan rayuwar jama'a.

Cathedral ko cocin Abbey shine ginin da mutane suka taru a cikin manyan bukukuwa. An fara gudanar da bukukuwa masu ban sha'awa da ban sha'awa, kuma an fara gudanar da bukukuwan ban mamaki na farko.

Wannan wuri ne mai mahimmanci ga kowane birni, don haka yanke shawara game da gina waɗannan a da ya dace da hukumomin siyasa, addini ko na birni.

Don haka don aiwatar da wannan aiki mai girman gaske, ya zama dole a sami albarkatu masu kyau, don haka ya zama al'ada cewa wasu daga cikinsu an ba da kuɗaɗe ta hanyar taimakon tattalin arziƙin da sarakunan sarauta suka ba su, wanda ya ba da damar ci gaban su cikin ɗan lokaci. ta hanyar haɗin gwiwar sarakuna.

Gabaɗaya, ba arziƙi ne na bishop da limamai masu zaman kansu suka ba da kuɗin ba, waɗanda suka ba da wani ɓangare na abin da suke samu, amma dole ne su yi amfani da wasu hanyoyin kamar tara kuɗi, gudummawar ƙungiyoyi, tsoffin taskoki, haraji kan kasuwanni da sauransu.

Samun albarkatun ya ƙaddara gina ayyukan ci gaba tare da halayen gine-gine na Gothic, akwai gidajen ibada da yawa da aka gina a lokaci guda, duk da haka, a yau kawai 'yan misalai ne kawai suka rage.

A cikin karni na goma sha huɗu, saboda mummunan yanayin tattalin arziki da ke cikin waɗannan lokutan, fahimtar waɗannan ayyuka masu girma sun tsaya a kan hanyarsu, don haka da yawa an dakatar da su gaba ɗaya. A gefe guda kuma, farfaɗowar birane kuma ya haifar da haɓaka sabbin nau'ikan gine-ginen al'umma waɗanda ba na addini ba kamar:

• Wurare
• Shops
• Kasuwanci
• Majalisun gari
• Asibitoci
• Jami'o'i
• Bridges
• Villas da manyan fadoji, waɗanda suka daina zama na musamman ga manyan mutane.

Gothic gine-gine

Gine-ginen da ke da halayen gine-ginen Gothic sun bambanta dangane da abin da suke aiki, duk da haka, amfani da wannan salon yana da alaka da gine-ginen addini kamar cathedral, coci da sauransu. Daga baya, tare da wucewar lokaci, ana aiwatar da dabaru da halayen gine-ginen Gothic a hankali a cikin tsarin farar hula da ba na addini ba kamar: asibitoci, dakunan gari, jami'o'i da sauransu.

Tsarin addini

Cathedrals suna daya daga cikin mafi girman bayyanarwa inda za'a iya samun dukkan abubuwa da halaye na gine-gine na Gothic, ban da nuna duk haɗin kai, verve da gudunmawar dukan birni. Tun lokacin da aka tsara shi da kuma ginin aikinsa, ƙungiyoyi da ikilisiyoyi daban-daban sun kasance suna ba da haɗin kai, don haka yawanci yana da wakilcin kowannensu a ɗakin ɗakin karatu na gefe.

Hakazalika, a cikin irin wannan nau'in gine-gine na addini, gine-ginen Gothic na gidajen ibada ya yi fice, daga cikinsu ana iya ganin haka:

• Gidajen zuhudu tare da aikace-aikacen gine-ginen Cistercian, irin wannan ginin ya kasance na karkara, wanda ba shi da alaƙa da rayuwar birni, kuma ta wannan hanyar an samar da salon proto-Gothic wanda daga baya zai sami damar yada salon Gothic a duk faɗin yankin. Ko da yake ba duk abubuwan da ke cikin wannan gine-ginen za su yi aiki a matsayin ginshiƙi na fasaha da halayen gine-gine ba.
• The Carthusian Order.
• Dominicans da Franciscans.

Daga cikin fitattun misalan, waɗanda gine-ginensu sun haɗa da halayen gine-ginen Gothic na addini a duniya, zamu iya ambaton waɗannan abubuwa:

• Reims Cathedral.
• Sainte Chapelle a cikin Paris.
• Gidajen zama Na Siyarwa da Hayar a Santa María de Huerta.
• Saint Clare na Assisi.
• Saint Maclou.
• Basilica na San Francisco de Asís, wanda tsarinsa na rumbun da bai cika ba saboda lalacewa ya ƙunshi abubuwa na irin wannan gine-gine.
• Notre Dame Cathedral.

Architeungiyoyin gine-gine

A karshen tsakiyar zamanai, gine-ginen farar hula ya fara baje kolin karfin tattalin arziki da aka yi a lokacin, sakamakon zazzafar kasuwanci da sana'o'i, da kaddamar da sabbin hanyoyin kasuwanci da kuma gano Amurka nan take. Wannan shine lokacin da ƙarin ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan tsari da ayyukan soja suka fara bayyana, kamar a cikin yanayin:

• castles da ganuwar
• Gada mai ƙofofin tsaro a ƙarshen duka da ɗaya a tsakiya.

Bugu da ƙari, manyan ayyuka da gine-gine waɗanda ayyukansu ke da alaƙa da kasancewa hedkwatar hukumomi da gwamnatoci sun fara bayyana, a nan ne ake ƙarfafa gine-gine na ƙananan hukumomi a kan girman girma ko ikon coci. Daga cikin garuruwan da suka fi mamaye irin wannan gine-gine, muna iya ambata:

• Florence
• Sienna.
• Yankin Flemish na Belgium.
• Barcelona da gine-gine irin su Casa de Ciudad da Palacio de la Generalidad.

Bugu da ƙari, an maye gurbin gine-ginen gine-ginen da aka tsara na musamman don masu mulki don ba da dama ga sababbin gine-ginen gine-gine masu siffofi na gine-ginen Gothic kamar:

• Kasuwanci
• manyan gidajen sarauta
• Jami'o'i
• Majalisun gari
• Gidaje masu zaman kansu don sabuwar al'umma masu arziki.
• Asibitoci

A cikin lokacin ƙarshe na buƙatar Gothic a kusan karni na XNUMX, gine-ginen farar hula tare da halayen gine-ginen Gothic sun sami alama sosai a yankin Flanders.

abubuwa na gothic gine

Dabarar Gothic, wacce ta tashi daga karni na goma sha biyu zuwa karni na sha shida, babban salon tsarin gine-gine ne na zamanin da, wanda zamanin Romanesque da Renaissance suka jagoranci. Yana nuna tabbataccen canji daga tsoffin majami'un Romanesque na 'chubby' zuwa tsayi, manyan majami'u masu haske: canjin yanayin zamantakewa da addini ya haifar da sabbin abubuwa waɗanda suka kawo sauyi na gine-ginen cocin.

Sunan "Gothic" yana komawa baya; Masu ginin Renaissance sun yi ba'a ga kyakkyawan ginin da ba shi da ma'ana kuma sun yi amfani da kalmar a matsayin abin izgili ga ƙabilun Jamusanci na barbarci waɗanda suka wawashe Turai a ƙarni na uku da huɗu: Ostrogoths da Visigoths.

An yi kuskuren fahimtar gine-ginen Gothic sakamakon babban kuskure, rikicewa da lokacin rashin addini, yayin da gaskiyar ta bambanta. Tun daga wannan lokacin, ya kasance ana yaba shi a matsayin babban gunki na scholasticism, motsi wanda ya nemi sulhunta ruhaniya da addini tare da hankali.

Amma duk da haka ya shahara don haifar da sabbin abubuwan al'ajabi na tsari, nunin haske mai ban tsoro, da haɓaka mashaya don gina babban coci a ko'ina, har ma da ƙa'idodi na zamani. Waɗannan su ne wasu abubuwa waɗanda suka haɗa halayen gine-ginen Gothic:

babban birnin kasar

Waɗannan abubuwa ne masu ɗorewa na gine-gine waɗanda galibi ke maye gurbin hasumiya ta kararrawa don ba da ra'ayi mai girman kai. Cathedrals na Gothic sau da yawa suna nuna hasumiyai da yawa waɗanda ke ba da ra'ayi na yaƙi, alamar kagara na addini wanda ke kare bangaskiya.

Ƙila alluran buɗe aiki sun fi na kowa; Wannan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfar ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan dutse sun haɗa da mannen ƙarfe. Yana da ikon isa ga tsattsauran ra'ayi yayin da yake ba da haske ta hanyar tsarin kwarangwal.

Buttresses da tashi buttresses

A cikin kamanni kamar ƙafar gizo-gizo, buttress mai tashi sama an shigar dashi asali azaman kayan ado. Daga baya, sun zama ƙwararrun na'urori na tsarin aiki waɗanda ke ɗauke da matattun kaya daga rufin rufin zuwa ƙasa. Don ƙara wani mataki na tsayin daka ga tsarin, an cire su daga babban bango kuma an haɗa su zuwa rufi ta hanyar goyon bayan arched, waɗannan arches ana kiran su butttresses masu tashi.

A yanzu gindin ya dauki rumbun, inda ya kubutar da bangon daga aikin da suke yi. Wannan ya ba da damar bangon ya zama sirara ko kusan maye gurbinsu da tagogin gilashi, sabanin Romanesque inda bangon ya kasance manya-manyan al'amura tare da ƙarancin kyalli. Buttresses sun ba da izinin gine-ginen Gothic ya zama mai sauƙi, tsayi, kuma zai ba da mafi kyawun gogewa fiye da da.

Bugu da ƙari, waɗannan abubuwa gaba ɗaya na halayen gine-gine na Gothic suna aiki tun da yake a cikin waɗannan ruwan da ya fadi a kan rufin sakamakon ruwan sama ya motsa ta cikin magudanar ruwa, don hana shi sauka ta hanyar facade na facade. tsari..

Gargoyles

Gargoyle (wanda aka samo daga kalmar Faransanci gargouille, wanda ke nufin gargle) wani magudanar ruwa ne mai sassaka, wanda aka sanya shi don hana ruwan sama gudu daga bangon ginin. Waɗannan sculptures ɗin ƴan tsana da yawa sun raba magudanar ruwa a tsakaninsu, yana rage yuwuwar lalacewar ruwa.

An sassaƙa Gargoyles a cikin ƙasa kuma an sanya shi yayin da ginin ya kusa kammalawa. Ana danganta Saint Romano da gargoyle; labari ya ba da labarin yadda ya ceci Rouen daga wani dodo mai ban tsoro wanda ya buga tsoro har a cikin zukatan ruhohi. Wanda aka fi sani da La Gargouille, an yi galaba akan dabbar kuma an dora kan ta a sabon coci da aka gina, a matsayin misali da gargaɗi.

Mun san cewa gargoyle ya kasance wakilci tun daga zamanin Masar, amma ana danganta amfani da sinadarai masu amfani a Turai zuwa zamanin Gothic. An haɗa shi da ƙima a cikin manyan cathedrals daban-daban, yana haɓaka ma'anar kwatanci da ban mamaki.

pinnacles

Ba kamar gindin gindin da gindin gindi ba, ƙwanƙolin ya fara ne azaman tsarin tsarin da aka yi niyya don karkatar da matsi daga rufin rufin ƙasa. An cika su da gubar, a zahiri 'rasa motsi' matsi na gefe na vault, sun yi aiki a matsayin ma'auni don tsawaita gargoyles da kuma daidaita murhun rataye da tukwane masu tashi.

Kamar yadda damarta ta ƙawata ta zama sananne, ƙofofin sun yi haske kuma an ƙera buttress mai tashi da tsari don ɗaukar rufin rufin. Ana amfani da filaye da yawa don karya canjin kwatsam na siriri yayin da ginin cocin ya ba da hanya zuwa ga tudun da aka ɗora, yana ba ginin kamannin Gothic na musamman.

baka mai nuni

Da farko yana bayyana yayin aiwatar da gine-ginen Kirista a zamanin Gothic, an yi amfani da baka mai nuni don jagorantar lodin rufin rufin ƙasa tare da hakarkarinsa.

Ba kamar majami'u na Romanesque na baya ba, waɗanda suka dogara ga bango kawai don manufar tallafawa babban lodin rufin, bakunan da aka nuna sun taimaka wajen zaɓin kamewa da canja wurin lodin zuwa ginshiƙai da sauran nau'ikan kaya, don haka yantar da bangon.

Ba abin mamaki ba ne ga abin da aka yi ganuwar, tun da (tsakanin ƙwanƙwasa mai tashi da baƙar fata) ba su ƙara ɗaukar kaya ba, don haka bangon Cathedral na Gothic ya fara maye gurbin da manyan tagogi masu tabo da gilashi.

Tracery

Tracery yana nufin saitin firam ɗin dutse masu kyau, waɗanda aka saka cikin ramukan taga don tallafawa gilashin. Binciken mashaya ya bayyana kansa a lokutan Gothic, tare da lancet da tsarin oculus wanda aka yi niyya don isar da siriri na ƙira da ƙara adadin gilashin gilashi. Ba kamar abin gano farantin karfe ba, an yi amfani da mulkoki masu kyau na dutse don raba buɗe taga zuwa lancets biyu ko fiye.

Y-tracery wani nau'in ƙirar mashaya ne na musamman wanda ya nisanta lintel daga taga ta amfani da kunkuntar sandunan dutse, yana tsaga cikin yanayin Y. Waɗannan kyawawan ƙirar gidan yanar gizon sun taimaka wajen haɓaka wasiƙar gilashi zuwa dutse, kuma an juya su. zuwa cikakkun bayanai masu kama da furanni, gothic.

oculus

An kafa takamaiman ƙirar taga guda biyu a lokacin Gothic: kunkuntar lancet mai nuni ya ƙarfafa tsayi, yayin da oculus na madauwari yana tallafawa gilashin tabo. Yayin da tsayi ya zama ƙasa da manufa tare da maginin Gothic, rabin na biyu na Rayonant's Gothic ga tsarin an rage shi zuwa kusan tsarin kwarangwal na diaphanous.

An fadada tagogin kuma an maye gurbin bangon da gilashin zane. Wani katon oculus a bangon majami'u ya samar da taga fure, wanda mafi girma daga cikinsu yana St. Denis. An raba shi da sandunan mullions da sandunan dutse, yana goyan bayan jawaban dutse masu haskakawa kamar dabaran kuma ya tsaya ƙarƙashin baka mai nuni.

Ribbed ko ribbed vault

Gine-ginen Gothic ya maye gurbin rukunan Romanesque tare da ribbed vaults don magance rikitattun gine-gine da ƙuntatawa waɗanda suka ba shi damar ƙunshi gidaje masu murabba'i kawai. Hakanan an bambanta shi azaman ogival vault, ribbed vault wanda aka tura tare da buƙatar mafi kyawun canja wurin ma'aunin rufin, yayin barin bangon ciki kyauta don ganowa da gilashi.

An ƙara ƙarin haƙarƙari zuwa ainihin ganga na Romanesque don ƙara jigilar kaya zuwa ƙasa. Yayin da zamanin Gothic ya kai matsayinsa, an ɓullo da rikitattun tsare-tsare, kamar fasahar vaulting quadripartite da sexpartite. Haɓakawa na ribbed vaults ya rage buƙatar bango mai ɗaukar kaya na ciki, don haka buɗe sararin samaniya na ciki da kuma samar da haɗin kai na gani da kyau.

fan vault

Daya daga cikin fitattun bambance-bambancen da ke tsakanin salon Gothic na Ingilishi da na Faransa, an yi amfani da rumbun fanfo na musamman a cikin majami'u na Ingilishi. Haƙarƙari na rumbun fan suna daidai lanƙwasa kuma suna ba da sarari daidai gwargwado, suna ba shi kamanni mai buɗe ido.

An kuma yi amfani da rumbun fanfo yayin sake gina majami'u na Norman a Ingila, tare da kawar da bukatuwar tuwo. An yi amfani da rumbun fanfo da yawa a gine-ginen coci da wuraren ibada.

ginshiƙai na mutummutumai

Zamanin Gothic na Farko yana nuna wasu filla-filla dalla-dalla na lokacin. Ba sabon abu ba ne a sami mutum-mutumi na yanayin "tsari", wanda aka zana daga dutse ɗaya da ginshiƙin da ke goyan bayan rufin. Sau da yawa suna nuna kakanni, annabawa da sarakuna, an sanya su a cikin majami'un Gothic na baya don ba da wani yanki na tsaye.

Hakanan ana iya ganin waɗannan hotuna masu girma fiye da na rayuwa a cikin rungumar kowane gefen ƙofar babban cocin. A Faransa, mutum-mutumin ginshiƙi sau da yawa suna nuna layuka na ƴan fada masu kayatarwa, suna nuna wadatar masarautar.

Kayan ado

A wannan lokacin masu gine-gine sun fara darajar ƙirar waje. Kafin, majami'u sun kasance suna da sauƙi na waje, don haka za a sami ƙarin kuɗi don yin ado da ciki. Duk da haka, a cikin zamanin Gothic, gine-gine ba kawai aiki ba ne, ya fara samun cancanta da ma'ana. Masu gine-gine sun fara ƙirƙirar zane mai ban sha'awa da ban sha'awa, ta hanyar amfani da dabaru da salo daban-daban. Shahararriyar salo ita ce salo mai ban sha'awa wanda ya bai wa manyan coci-coci haske.

Yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa yankuna daban-daban suna kula da gine-ginen Gothic ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Italiyanci sun shahara don ƙin salon gothic. Kodayake sun shiga cikin wannan lokacin, "Gothic" ya bambanta da sauran Turai. A can, manyan cathedrals suna ba da fifiko ga launi a ciki da waje. Ga mafi yawancin, halayen bakwai na sama ba su shafi lokacin Gothic nasa ba.

Facades da kofofi

An ba facade na cocin mahimmanci yayin aikin ginin. Irin wannan ginin dole ne ya nuna girma a cikin tsarinsa, saboda haka, lokacin da ake aiwatar da aiwatar da facade, masu ginin sun tabbatar da cewa ya fi girma. Wannan ba wai kawai yana nuni da karfin magina da kuma karfin addini ba, har ma yana nuni da arzikin cibiyar da za ta gina ginin nan gaba.

A tsakiyar facade akwai babbar kofa ko portal, sau da yawa tare da kofofin gefe guda biyu kuma. A cikin baka na kofa ta tsakiya yawanci akwai wani muhimmin gunki na sassaka, yawanci "Almasihu cikin Girma". Wani lokaci a tsakiyar ƙofar akwai wani bango na dutse inda akwai wani mutum-mutumi na "Burji da Yaro". Akwai wasu adadi da yawa da aka sassaka a cikin abubuwan da aka sanya a kusa da tashoshi. A wasu lokuta akwai ɗaruruwan siffofi na dutse da aka sassaƙa a gaba ɗaya gaban ginin.

tagogi da tabo

Manyan tagogi masu tabo suna ƙara girma da girma ga manyan cathedral na zamanin Gothic. Tare da ƙarin kwanciyar hankali da aka samu ta hanyar amfani da buttresses da nunin baka, tagogin gilasai na zamanin Gothic sun tashi daga sassauƙan bangarori na gilashi masu launi don fayyace da cikakkun bayanai na zane-zane na zane-zane a cikin tsararrun launuka masu ban sha'awa.

Da yawa daga cikin tagogin babban coci an rufa musu asiri don dacewa da tsarin baka mai nuni. Wani taga na cathedral na gama gari shine babban tsarin madauwari da aka yi da mutane da yawa ko ma ɗaruruwan ginshiƙan taga, wanda aka sani da taga fure ko dabaran.

Tashe

Gine-ginen Gothic ya jaddada ɗaukaka fiye da sararin samaniya. Don haka a irin wannan gine-ginen suna da manya-manyan gine-gine masu tsayi, kuma, abin mamaki, wadannan majami'u da manyan cathedrals sun kasance gine-ginen tarihi na birninsu, saboda tsayinsu. Wani abin da aka ƙara wa waɗannan gine-ginen don nuna girmansu shine tsayin daka da hasumiya.

Bugu da ƙari, haɓakar waɗannan ayyukan ya jaddada tarwatsa haske a cikin ginin. Cikakken abin da zai yiwu saboda aikace-aikacen buttresses masu tashi da aka yi amfani da su don tallafawa manyan ganuwar daga waje, wani abu mai mahimmanci na halayen gine-gine na Gothic.

Shuka

An gina manyan majami'u na Gothic zuwa tsarin bene na Basilica, wanda tsohuwar Romawa suka tsara shi a matsayin cibiyar gudanarwa kuma Kiristoci na farko suka karbe shi a lokacin daular Roma.

Basilica na Romawa gini ne mai siffar rectangular tare da babban fili, bude tsakiyar yankin da ake kira nave. A ɓangarorin jirgin biyu akwai hanyoyi biyu. Shigowar ya bude cikin natsuwa. Kishiyar narthex shine apse, alcove mai madauwari mai madauwari da aka saita a ƙarshen ginin.

Duk waɗannan abubuwan an yi su ne a cikin cocin Gothic. A cikin Basilicas na Roman, apse ya ƙunshi abubuwa waɗanda ke wakiltar ikon alloli ko gwamnati. Lokacin da aka amince da ƙirar majami'u, ƙaƙƙarfan wuri ya zama wuri mafi tsarki a cikin ginin, wanda ke ɗauke da babban bagade, wanda ke wakiltar kasancewar Allah da tsarkinsa. Domin Allah yana da alaƙa da sake haifuwa da tashin matattu, rashin jin daɗi yakan nuna gabas, alkiblar fitowar rana.

Ikilisiya kuma ta ƙara wani muhimmin fasali: transept. Waɗannan faɗaɗa zuwa arewa da kudanci sun canza tsarin tsarin zuwa ɗaya cikin siffar giciye na Kirista. Wannan ya kara jaddada tsarkin wurin. Inda jirgin ruwa da jirgin ruwa suka hadu shine jirgin ruwa. Ana yawan gina babban hasumiya mai kararrawa akan mashigar. Hasumiya mafi tsayi sun fi ƙafa 400 tsayi, wanda yayi daidai da gini mai hawa 40.

An ƙara ƙarin hasumiya biyu zuwa ƙarshen narthex. Hasumiyai guda uku suna yawan nuna saman da ake kira steeples. Wadannan sun jaddada tsayin ginin, wanda shi ne wata muhimmiyar manufa, kamar yadda aka saba tunanin sama tana sama da komai.

A al'ada, hasumiyai suna yin daidai da juna. Duk da haka, a cikin sha'anin Cathedral na Chartres, wanda aka nuna a nan, ɗaya daga cikin hasumiya na kararrawa ya lalace ta hanyar walƙiya a karni na XNUMX kuma an maye gurbinsa da wanda ke nuna salon lokacin, wanda ya bayyana rashin daidaito.

Tsakanin transept da apse akwai ƙungiyar mawaƙa, waɗanda ke ɗauke da cantors, firistoci da sufaye na cocin. Ba a yarda da matsakaita mutum ya zauna a nan ba saboda yana kusa da babban bagadi a cikin tudu.

Wani ƙarin abin da masu gine-ginen Gothic suka ƙara shine motar asibiti. Wannan nassi ne wanda ke kewaye da abin mamaki. Chapels, galibi ana sadaukar da su ga takamaiman tsarkaka, musamman Budurwa Maryamu, galibi sun rabu da motar asibiti. Hakazalika, ana iya samun wuraren ibada a wasu wuraren cocin.

tsarin giciye

An ci gaba da tsarin duk majami'un Gothic tare da yin amfani da tsarin giciye, wanda ya yi kama da giciye na Kirista daga kallon iska. Waɗannan gine-gine galibi suna da tsayi mai faɗi, suna da siffofi huɗu kuma galibi suna da sassa uku da aka raba su da layuka na ginshiƙai.

Kayan kayan gini

An samo kayan gini daban-daban a sassa daban-daban na Turai, wannan yana daya daga cikin bambancin gine-gine tsakanin wurare daban-daban. A Faransa, akwai farar ƙasa. Yana da kyau a yi gini domin yana da laushi don yankewa, amma ya fi ƙarfin lokacin da iska da ruwan sama suka buge shi. Yawancin lokaci launin toka ne kodan. Har ila yau Faransa tana da kyakkyawan farar farar dutse daga Caen wanda ya dace don yin sassaka masu kyau.

Ingila ta sami babban dutse mai laushi, jan psamite, da marmara mai duhu koren Purbeck waɗanda aka saba amfani da su don kayan ado na gine-gine kamar ginshiƙai siriri.

A arewacin Jamus, Netherlands, Denmark, ƙasashen Baltic da arewacin Poland babu wani dutsen gini mai kyau, amma akwai yumbu don yin tubali da tayal. Yawancin waɗannan ƙasashe suna da majami'u na Gothic na tubali har ma da katangar Gothic na bulo.

A Italiya, ana amfani da dutsen farar ƙasa don bangon birni da katakai, amma ana amfani da bulo don wasu gine-gine. Saboda Italiya tana da kyawawan marmara a cikin launuka daban-daban, yawancin gine-gine suna da gaba ko "facades" waɗanda aka yi wa ado da marmara masu launi. Wasu majami'u suna da ƙaƙƙarfan facade na bulo domin ba a taɓa shimfiɗa marmara ba. Florence Cathedral, alal misali, bai sami facade na marmara ba har sai karni na XNUMX.

A wasu sassa na Turai, akwai dogayen bishiyu masu tsayi da yawa waɗanda ke da kyau wajen yin manyan rufin. Amma a Ingila, a shekara ta 1400, dogayen bishiyoyi masu tsayi suna mutuwa. An yi amfani da yawancin bishiyun wajen kera jiragen ruwa. Masu gine-ginen dole ne su yi tunanin wata sabuwar hanya ta yin rufi mai fadi daga guntun katako. Wannan shi ne yadda suka ƙirƙira rufin hammerbeam, wanda yana ɗaya daga cikin kyawawan abubuwan da ake gani a tsoffin majami'u na Ingilishi.

Gothic gine a Turai

Turai ita ce cibiyar asali kuma mafi yanke hukunci na aikace-aikacen na dogon lokaci, halayen gine-ginen Gothic a cikin ayyukanta da gine-gine daban-daban, na addini ko na farar hula. Don haka, za mu gabatar da abubuwan da aka fi amfani da su na irin wannan nau'in gine-gine bisa ga wasu ƙasashen Turai, a ƙasa:

Gothic na Jamus

Salon Gothic a cikin gine-ginen Jamus, wanda ke da alaƙa da Romanesque a lokacin, ya fara bayyana kansa tun bayan Faransa da Ingila. A baya an yi amfani da shi a wasu gine-ginen Romanesque. Wani ɓangare na gine-ginen Gothic na Jamus manyan gine-ginen babban coci ne wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa ga salon Gothic na Faransa.

Mafi mahimmancin misalan waɗannan su ne manyan majami'u na Cologne da Strasbourg, babban ginin Gothic na farko. Ana ganin yanayin Gothic na biyu a cikin ɓangarorin cikin gida waɗanda aka ƙirƙira suna ɗaukar misali da umarni da adon majami'un mabarata na Ingilishi.

gothic na Spain

Spain tana ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashen da aka fara aiwatar da ƙirar Gothic bayan Faransa. Wannan tsarin gine-gine na yanzu, wanda tasirinsa ya karu kowace rana ta hanyoyin aikin hajji da masu gine-ginen balaguro, ƙirar Gothic ta Faransa ta rinjaye shi. Ana iya ganin manyan manyan coci-coci da aka gina da wannan salon a sassa da dama na kasar, ciki har da yankin Andalusia. Ana iya samun mafi ban sha'awa a cikin birnin Barcelona.

Italiyanci Gothic

Sakamakon ƙarshen isowar abubuwan gine-ginen Gothic a Italiya da kuma fitowar ainihin tunanin Renaissance na farko daidai da wannan, ayyukan Gothic a Italiya sun ragu sosai a bayan sauran ƙasashen Turai.

Duk da haka, kada a manta cewa "gothic" a matsayin kalma da ra'ayi an fara gabatar da shi a Italiya ta Giorgio Vasari. Babban aikin Gothic da aka yi a Italiya a wannan lokacin shine Cathedral na Milan, wanda ke da nasa sauƙi da tasirin Romanesque.

Gothic a arewacin Jamus, arewacin Poland, da ƙasashen Scandinavia

Irin wannan gine-ginen a Tsakiya da Gabashin Turai ya bi tsari daban-daban saboda dalilai na siyasa. A cikin 1346, IV. Charles ya mai da Prague babban birnin Daular Roma Mai Tsarki kuma ya ba da izini ga babban coci daga masu gine-ginen Faransa. Ba kamar misalan Faransa ba, da farko an yi manyan manyan coci-coci a wannan yanki da bulo, kuma wani salon da ake kira Baltic Gothic ya fito.

Babban dalilin canzawa daga dutse zuwa bulo shine rashin yiwuwar samun dutse da kuma matsalolin tattalin arziki. Saboda wannan dalili, kayan ado na bango sau da yawa ba su da cikakken bayani a cikin ayyukan da aka yi a yankin. A cikin gine-gine za ku iya ganin enamels masu launi da kyawawan misalai na ɗakunan taurari.

Misalai

Ta hanyar birane daban-daban da ke cikin wannan nahiya, za a sake nazarin tasirin wannan fasaha ta hanyar misalai daban-daban waɗanda har yanzu suke tsaye kuma suna ci gaba da kasancewa mafi girman gine-gine tare da halayen gine-ginen Gothic, daga cikinsu akwai:

Vienna - Ostiraliya

Gine-ginen Gothic ya taɓa Austria bi da bi a farkon lokacin kuma yana ci gaba da buɗewa a cikin zamanin Romanesque a cikin ƙarni na XNUMXth. A wancan lokacin, Ostiriya ta kasance mai tsananin Katolika, wanda ya ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban ƙira cikin sauri a ƙasar. Ko da yake manyan ayyukan gine-gine na Gothic na farko sun bayyana a Lower Austria, abin al'ajabi na gaskiya na Gothic na Austria shine St. Stephen's Cathedral a Vienna.

An gina shi tsakanin 1304 zuwa 1340, cocin ya kara girma sau da yawa a tsawon rayuwarta. Duk da yanayin da yake da shi, zai kasance wasu ƙarni uku kafin a ɗaukaka Diocese na Vienna zuwa babban Bishop. An gina cocin daga dutsen farar ƙasa kuma an san shi sosai don haɗuwa da marigayi Romanesque a gaba da yamma da haɓaka Gothic.

An yi wa ɓangarorin ginin ƙawanci da tagogin baka masu nuni, wanda ya bambanta da zamanin Gothic. Babban abin lura na St. Stephen, shi ne nau'ikan launukan da ke kan rufin, an lulluɓe shi da fale-falen fale-falen glazed sama da 200.000, rufin yana kwatanta riguna na birnin Vienna da na Jamhuriyar Ostiriya a gefen arewa. . Ciki yana haskaka ɗaukakar Gothic tare da ƙasa da bagadai 18, wani katafaren bagade na dutse, da majami'u shida na yau da kullun, da sanannen gunkin Maria Pötsch.

Vilnius - Lithuania

Lokacin da tsarin gine-ginen Gothic ya bazu zuwa Lithuania a cikin karni na XNUMX, kasar ta zama mafi gabacin gabas na salon. Abin sha'awa shine, gine-ginen farko da aka gina an yi su ne don 'yan kasuwa na Jamus, maimakon mazauna gida, saboda har yanzu addini mafi rinjaye a Lithuania shi ne maguzanci a lokacin.

Sakamakon haka, yawancin gine-ginen Gothic da ake iya gani a Lithuania a yau an haɓaka su ne kawai a ƙarshen XNUMXth da farkon ƙarni na XNUMX.

Alamar Gothic mafi shaharar Vilnius ba tare da shakka ba shine Cocin St. Anne.Saboda ƙarshen aikin da aka yi a ƙarshen karni na XNUMX, Gothic ya riga ya haɓaka zuwa abin da ake kira Flamboyant Gothic, wanda ya sa cocin Santa Ana ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan abubuwan. misalan salo a cikin ƙasashen Baltic. Bugu da ƙari, an yi amfani da bulo na gida, wanda kuma ya kara wa coci fara'a kuma ya sa ya zama misali mai rai na Brick Gothic.

Bambancin ginin yana da kyau a gabatar da shi a cikin facade. Ƙunƙarar maɗaukakiyar bakuna sun mamaye zanen, wanda ke da kwatankwacin salon Gothic na gargajiya, amma an tsara shi ta hanyar abubuwa rectangular masu kama da mafi yawan misalan Gothic na gama gari. Wannan tsarin Gothic yana da ban sha'awa, wanda bisa ga wasu asusun, inda Napoleon ya yi mamakin wannan tsarin zai yi farin ciki don "dauki coci zuwa Paris a cikin tafin hannunsa."

Prague - Jamhuriyar Czech

Saboda tsakiyar wurin da yake a Turai, salon Gothic ya isa Jamhuriyar Czech a farkon karni na XNUMX. Salon ya sami ɗanɗano kaɗan yayin wanzuwarsa, don haka galibi ana rarraba shi cikin ƙananan salo uku:

• Premyslid Gothic (Farkon Gothic)
• Luxembourgish Gothic (High Gothic)
• Jagiellonian Gothic (Late Gothic)

Majami'un Gothic da gidajen ibada sun bayyana cikin sauri kuma sun bazu ko'ina, amma ɗaya daga cikin fitattun misalan wannan salon shine, ba shakka, Cathedral na St. Vitus da ke babban birnin Prague.

John na Bohemia ne ya ba da izini a tsakiyar karni na XNUMX, maginin cocin na farko na haɗin gwiwa, Matthias na Arras, ya sami wahayi sosai daga Fadar Paparoma a Avignon. Shi ne ke da alhakin ƙwaƙƙwaran ƙawancen ginin tuwo, wani mahimmin ɓangaren gine-ginen Gothic.

Bayan mutuwarsa, maginin Peter Parler yakan bi shirye-shiryensa na asali, amma kuma ya kara da nasa abubuwan da suka shafi kamar gidan yanar gizo, wani nau'in juyin juya hali a lokacin.

Yawancin gine-ginen gine-gine sun yi aiki a kan babban cocin a duk tsawon rayuwarsa kuma, a gaskiya, an kammala shi ne kawai a karni na XNUMX. Duk da ƙarin tasirin zamani, kamar wasu tagogin zamani. Abin da ya tabbata shi ne cewa St. Vitus Cathedral a Prague ya kasance daya daga cikin mafi kyawun misalan gine-ginen Gothic a Turai.

Milano, Italy

An fara gabatar da gine-ginen Gothic a Italiya a karni na 1386, bayan an shigo da shi daga Burgundy (wanda ke gabashin Faransa a yanzu). Tsarin farko tare da fasalin gine-gine na Gothic a cikin Milan (kamar Santa Maria a yankin Brera) sun fi natsuwa, tare da ƙarancin ado, kuma galibi ana yin su da bulo. Lokacin da gine-ginen Gothic ya fara yaduwa a ko'ina cikin Turai, an fara gina Duomo di Milano (a cikin XNUMX).

Cathedral na Milan ya ɗauki kusan ƙarni shida don kammala kuma yanzu shine coci mafi girma a Italiya, na uku mafi girma a Turai kuma na huɗu mafi girma a duniya. Tun da Cathedral na Milan ya yi jinkiri da yawa a kammalawa, an lura cewa yankunan gine-gine (ciki har da bene na ƙasa, wanda aka gina a karni na XNUMX) sun fi samun wahayi daga zane na Renaissance.

Amma rufin Duomo di Milano an fi gano shi ta hanyar ƙirar Gothic na gargajiya na spiers, pinnacles, gargoyles, da hotuna sama da 3.400. Shahararriyar duk hotunan ita ce Budurwar Zinariya, wacce ta tsaya sama da sauran wadannan kuma ana iya gani daga filin da ke saman babban cocin.

Rouen - Faransa

Ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun samfura tare da fasalulluka na gine-ginen Gothic a Faransa shine Cathedral na Rouen, wanda aka kammala a ƙarni na XNUMX a farkon salon Gothic. A cikin shekaru da yawa an ƙara sassa da yawa, lalacewa, gyarawa da canza su. A karni na XNUMX, ta yi babbar barna a lokacin yakin addini na Faransa kuma yakin duniya na biyu shi ma ya bar ta a kan wannan gagarumin gini.

Kuna iya sha'awar gine-ginen Gothic mai ban sha'awa da ake nunawa a cikin katafaren gida mai daɗaɗɗen ciki, tare da rufin rufin sa waɗanda suka taɓa zama mafi girma a duniya. Akwai fitattun hasumiyai guda uku, Tour de Beurre (hasumiya mai man shanu), Tour Saint Romain, da Tour Lantern, kowanne yana hawa kan babban babban cocin.

Babban facade na babban coci shine kyakkyawan misali na Flamboyant, salon Gothic marigayi da aka haɓaka a Faransa a ƙarshen karni na XNUMX. Koyaya, tashar hagu (Porte St-Jean) muhimmin mai tsira ne daga farkon lokacin Gothic na karni na XNUMX. Jirgin ruwa yana da tsayi mai hawa huɗu, iyakance tsayi, da abubuwan gine-gine waɗanda ke mai da hankali ƙasa, maimakon zuwa sama kamar gine-ginen Gothic daga baya.

Chapelle de la Vierge (Lady Chapel) an ƙawata shi da kaburburan Renaissance na masarautar Faransa tun daga shekara ta 900 AD. Shahararriyar kayan tarihin sarauta ita ce zuciyar Richard the Lionheart na Ingila. Baya ga mahimmancin addini da na gine-gine, Rouen Cathedral kuma ya tanadi ayyuka sama da 30 na Claude Monet waɗanda tun daga lokacin aka koma Musée d'Orsay.

Chartres - Faransa

Chartres Cathedral wuri ne na tarihi na UNESCO wanda aka yiwa lakabi da "hasken fasahar Gothic na Faransa." An yi la'akari da shi a matsayin mafi kyawun misali na gine-ginen Gothic a Faransa, har ma fiye da Notre-Dame a Paris.

Tun lokacin da Cathedral na Chartres na farko, wanda aka gina a cikin salon Romanesque, ya kone kurmus, maye gurbinsa ba shine hodgepodge na salon farko ba, kamar yadda yakan faru. Madadin haka, an gina shi gaba ɗaya cikin salon Gothic tsakanin 1194 zuwa 1250 kuma yana da jituwa sosai.

Halayen gine-ginen Gothic a nan ba za a iya jayayya ba tunda suna ɗauke da ribbed vaults da na waje mai tashi sama, waɗanda ke rage nauyi a bangon kuma suna ba da izinin ƙari na manyan tagogin gilashi. Cathedral ya tsaya gwajin lokaci kuma an kiyaye shi sosai. Abin mamaki, 152 na ainihin tagogin gilashin 176 na asali har yanzu suna nan.

Za ku kuma sami ɗaruruwan siffofi masu sassaka, duka a kan facade na Cathedral da ciki. An baje sculptures na labarin Gothic a kan West Portal a kan kofofi uku masu kaiwa zuwa Cathedral. Hotunan da aka zana na ƙofar farko suna wakiltar rayuwar Yesu Kristi a duniya, na biyu kuma yana nuna zuwansa na biyu, yayin da na uku ya kwatanta zamanin ƙarshe kamar yadda aka kwatanta a littafin Ru’ya ta Yohanna.

Hotunan ciki na babban allo da ke kewaye da ƙungiyar mawaƙa sun kasance daga baya da yawa kuma ba a kammala su ba sai a ƙarni na XNUMX, amma ba su da ƙaranci kamar takwarorinsu na Gothic.

Barcelona, ​​Spain

Ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun wuraren da aka lalata tare da halayen gine-ginen Gothic, shine Barcelona. Barcelona tana da filin da ya kai shekaru 2000 mai suna Gothic Quarter, wanda shine rayayyun halittu na juyin halittar Gothic.

Romawa ne suka gina bangon kwata-kwata na Gothic kuma sun haɓaka a ƙarni na XNUMX. Yawancin wurare a cikin Gothic Quarter an gina su ko kuma an gyara su a cikin karni na XNUMX a cikin salon neo-Gothic, misali Cathedral na Barcelona. Duk da haka, har yanzu kuna iya ganin wasu gidajen ibada na Gothic daga karni na XNUMX a cikin Gothic Quarter na Barcelona.

Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan wuraren shine Plaza Ramón, wanda yake tunawa da birnin Barcino mai bango a tarihin Romawa. Yana da wani classic mix na lokaci uku na tarihin Catalonia: ganuwar Roman, Chapel na Santa Ágata da kuma na da mutum-mutumi na Count of Barcelona, ​​​​Ramon Berenguer. Chapel na Santa Ágata wani abin tunawa ne na Gothic tun daga shekara ta 1302. Sauran abubuwan tarihi na Gothic na ƙarni na XNUMX a tsohuwar Barcelona sune Santa María del Mar da Santa María del Pi.

Münster, Jamus

Wannan birni ne na Jamus wanda duk mai son gine-ginen Gothic zai iya soyayya da shi. Birnin ya dogara ne akan Cocin Katolika, a matsayin bishop na Daular Roman Mai Tsarki a zamanin da, kuma da yawa daga cikin gine-ginen Gothic na birnin sun samo asali ne daga ƙungiyoyin cocin don kafawa da kiyaye iko a cikin birnin.

Akwai manyan gine-gine guda 3 da nan da nan suka kama ido a Münster, duk suna kan Prinzipalmarkt, tsohon garin. Na farko shine St. Paulus Dom, wani lokaci ana kiransa da Münster Cathedral, wanda shine hade da salon Romanesque da Gothic. Sauran biyun su ne cocin Saint Lambert da Münster Rathaus, ko zauren gari. Yana da wuya a zaɓi wanda aka fi so a cikin waɗannan ukun, amma Cocin St. Lambert na iya samun babban zane.

St. Lambert's an classified ta hanyar fasaha a matsayin Late Gothic, amma yana da nau'ikan siffofi na Gothic da yawa, yana jawo hankalin mai kallo a kowane bangare. Ciki yana da doguwar ƙugiya mai tsayi, wanda ke haskaka ta da ɗimbin tagogin gilashi masu ban sha'awa da goyan bayan ribbed vault. Na waje yana da ƙayyadaddun tympanum da ƙayyadaddun zane-zanen da ke kewaye da tagogin, tare da rufin, da kuma kan ginshiƙan tallafi.

Ikklisiya tana saman wani ƙaƙƙarfan ƙwanƙwasa wanda ya mamaye yanayin birni. Saboda tsayinsa da kasancewarsa, spire ya zama wurin gadin hasumiya. Tun daga shekara ta 1379, ma'aikatan hasumiya za su hau saman tudu kuma su bincika wuraren da ke kewaye don alamun wuta ko abokan gaba. Idan ba a ga kowa ba, za a yi busa gabaɗaya, ta hanyar busa ƙaho a wurare 3. Har yanzu ana yin wannan bikin kowane dare.

Ghent - Belgium

Ghent ya kasance muhimmiyar cibiyar kasuwancin tufafi tsakanin ƙarni na XNUMX zuwa XNUMX, a daidai lokacin da Gothic ke zama sanannen salo a Turai. An gina gine-gine da yawa a Ghent a lokacin.

Wannan shine dalilin da ya sa gaba dayan tsakiyar birni yana da sha'awar gothic kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun wuraren da aka adana a Turai da aka gina ta wannan salon. Wannan birni kusan ana iya yi masa lakabi da "birnin gothic hasumiya". Koyaya, manyan uku sune Belfry, Cocin Saint Nicholas da Cathedral na Saint Bavo.

Ghent Cathedral yana daya daga cikin gine-gine inda za ku iya jin daɗin salon Gothic. An fara shi azaman cocin Romanesque, an sake gina shi a cikin ƙarni na XNUMX kuma ana iya ganin fasalin Gothic musamman a cikin ƙungiyar mawaƙanta. An gina ginin sa a Brabanter Gothic a cikin karni na XNUMX. Wani nau'in salon gothic ne wanda ya shahara a Belgium da wasu sassa na Netherlands. Har ila yau, Cathedral na Saint Bavo yana gida ne ga ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun bagadin Gothic na wancan lokacin: "Ghent Alter" na Jan van Eyck.

Wani coci da aka gina a lokaci guda shine Cocin Saint Nicholas. Misali ne na gine-ginen Gothic na Schelde. Ƙanana da ƙayatattun spiers a kan facade su ne fasalinsa na yau da kullum.

Kasancewa gida ga ƴan kasuwa masu arziki da yawa a lokacin Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiya da Ghent, yana da misalai da yawa na gine-ginen Gothic na zamani, wanda ba haka yake da wasu biranen ba. Kusa da babban cocin akwai Lakenhalle (Zauren Tufafi) da aka gina a cikin 1425. Wuraren gininsa, dakunan kwanan dalibai da guraben ɗaki sune manyan misalai na halayen gine-ginen Gothic. Har ila yau, Gidan Gari yana da fasali da yawa.

Babban ɓangarensa shine cellar da aka gina a ƙarni na 1518. A cikin XNUMX an fara facade na Brabanter Gothic a Gidan Kansila der Keure. Metselaarshuis an gina shi a cikin salo iri ɗaya a cikin ƙarni na XNUMX.

Tatev - Armenia

Arziki mai albarka, al'adu na musamman, kuma a mashigar Asiya da Turai, Armeniya na ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashen da ya kasance wuri mai ban mamaki da ban mamaki ga mutane da yawa. Ana la'akari da ita a matsayin al'umma ta farko da ta mayar da addinin Kiristanci addininta a shekara ta 301 AD. Ba kamar majami'u na Gothic da gidajen ibada a wasu sassa na Turai ba, Armeniya tana da ido ga majami'u da gidajen ibada waɗanda suka fi ƙanƙanta, duhu, kuma an tsara su azaman fili. .

Wasu za su ce Armeniya ita ce majagaba wajen yin amfani da fasalin gine-ginen Gothic, inda aka ba da wasu abubuwan tarihi da suka tsira a zamanin kafin Kiristanci, waɗanda suke da tasirin Assuriya-Babila, Hellenic, ko ma Romawa.

Ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun misalan wannan salon gine-gine na musamman shine gidan sufi na Tatev, wanda ke cikin Syunik. An gina gidan sufi ne a karni na XNUMX kuma yana aiki a matsayin jami'a, wanda ya sa ya zama wuri mafi mahimmanci na tarihi don ziyarta a Armenia.

Abin da ya gabata na Gothic ya shahara musamman ga hasumiya ta Tatev da karrarawa na jan karfe da aka kara a karni na XNUMX. A ciki za ku lura cewa akwai manyan baka masu siffar kubba na waje da bas-reliefs na fuskokin mutane tare da kawunan macizai.

Yayin da kuke zurfafa zurfafa cikin gidan sufi, ƴan ƴan ƙunƙun hanyoyin suna kaiwa zuwa faffadan dakunan da ba su da komai, da kowa da kowa. Duffar, matakala na dutse da ƙofofin ƙofofi sun sa shi zama mai ban tsoro musamman kuma yana tsaye a matsayin shaida ga mafi tsufa kuma mafi ƙarancin wayewa a duniya.

Bruges - Belgium

Wannan yana ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun biranen da za a ziyarta a Turai tare da tatsuniya na tsakiyar birni. Babban mahimmanci na Bruges shine gine-ginen Gothic, yawancin su an gina su a ƙarshen Tsakiyar Tsakiya. Za a iya ma'anar salon daidai da Brick Gothic, irin na ƙasashen Arewacin Turai. Gabaɗayan Tsohon Garin Bruges wuri ne na Tarihin Duniya na UNESCO.

Daga cikin kyawawan abubuwan gani na gothic na birni, zaku iya barin kanku suyi mamakin dandalin Burg tare da kyawawan duwatsu masu daraja, kamar kyakkyawan facade na Babban Gidan Gari (wanda aka gina a cikin 1376). Maigidan dan kasar Holland Jan van Eyck ya yi fenti na asali, kuma ko da yake an lalatar da shi a karni na XNUMX, an sake gyara shi da fara'arsa ta asali.

A gaskiya ma, yana ɗaya daga cikin gine-ginen Gothic na farko a Flanders, alamar ƙarfin tattalin arziki da Bruges ya samu a cikin karni na XNUMX da XNUMX. Ciki na ginin yana da daraja ziyara, musamman ma babban ɗakin Gothic tare da manyan zane-zane na bango. Har ila yau, tana da zauren Tarihi na gaba, inda zane-zane da sassaka da yawa suka huta waɗanda ke ba da labarin gwagwarmayar neman iko a tarihin Bruges.

Oxford – UK

Akwai birane da yawa a cikin Burtaniya tare da kyawawan misalai na halayen gine-ginen Gothic, amma kaɗan daga cikinsu suna hamayya da Oxford a adadi da sikelin. Yawancin Oxford (duka jami'a da bayan) an gina su a cikin salon Gothic na Ingilishi; Tare, waɗannan gine-ginen gothic sun zama kashin bayan Birnin Mafarki Spiers.

Tsakiyar Oxford abin mamaki karama ce kuma gida ce ga wasu fitattun gine-ginen Gothic. Akwai da yawa, amma mafi kyawun samfuran Ingilishi Gothic a cikin Oxford sune hasumiya mai kararrawa na Kwalejin Magdalen, New College, St. Mary's Church, da Makarantar Divinity a cikin Laburaren Bodleian.

Hasumiyar kararrawa na cocin St. Mary's, inda kunkuntar matakan karkace zuwa saman hasumiya, yana ba kowa damar duban duniyar gine-ginen Gothic na hasumiya, da kuma na Oxford.

Yayin da ke kan titin wannan cocin akwai Makarantar Divinity na Bodleian, ginin jami'a mafi dadewa da aka gina tare da kyakkyawan rufi, wani abu da ke da alaƙa da halayen gine-ginen Gothic.

Leon - Spain

Birnin León yana daya daga cikin tasha akan Camino de Santiago, tare da Cathedral na Burgos da Cathedral na Santiago de Compostela. Wannan birni yana da León Cathedral, wanda coci ne wanda ke misalta zane-zane da aka yi wahayi zuwa ga ibada kuma ba shakka yana ɗauke da halayen gine-ginen Gothic. An gina shi a cikin karni na XNUMX AD akan wurin dakunan wanka na Roman da kuma fadoji na Visigothic, babban cocin ana daukarsa a matsayin babban zane na gine-ginen Gothic.

Yana da kusan mita 2.000 na tagogi masu tabo, wasu daga cikinsu sun samo asali ne tun ƙarni na XNUMX, nasara mai ban mamaki na kiyaye al'adu. Cikin ciki daidai yake da ban sha'awa. Babban bagadin ya ƙunshi ragowar majiɓincin majiɓincin birnin, San Friulano. Hakanan akwai gidan kayan gargajiya mai ban sha'awa wanda ke ƙunshe da fasahar addini daga Neolithic zuwa wasu lokuta na baya-bayan nan.

Dublin - Ireland

Ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun biranen Turai don ganin fasalin gine-ginen Gothic shine Dublin, babban birnin Ireland. Har yanzu birnin yana riƙe da ɓangarorin gine-gine na gothic daban-daban na Dublin, amma akwai musamman gini guda ɗaya wanda ke jan hankali sosai: Cocin Church Cathedral.

Tana kan tudu a mafi daɗaɗɗen ɓangaren birni, ƴan mitoci kaɗan daga Kwalejin Trinity, Titin O'Connell, GPO, Titin Grafton da St. Stephen's Green. Wani ɓangare na Cocin Anglican na Ireland, Christ Church Cathedral shine uwar cocin Diocese na Dublin da Glendalough.

Tarihin ginin ya samo asali ne a shekara ta 1038. A zamaninsa, Sarkin Danish na farko da ya zama Kirista, Sarki Sitric Barba Seda, ya gina cocin katako a wannan wurin. Koyaya, ginin babban cocin dutse na yanzu ya fara ɗan lokaci kaɗan, a cikin 1172, bayan cin nasarar Dublin ta Strongbow, Baron Norman.

Ginin ya ci gaba har zuwa karni na XNUMX kuma ya sami wahayi ta hanyar gine-gine na Makarantar Yammacin Turanci na Gothic. A yau yana ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun majami'u da ban sha'awa a ƙasar.

Paris Faransa

An bambanta Paris don kyawawan gine-ginenta, kama daga daular ta biyu akan Champs-Élysées zuwa farkon salon zamani na Montmartre. Notre-Dame Cathedral ba kawai daya daga cikin mafi ban mamaki Monuments a cikin birnin, amma shi ne kuma daya daga cikin mafi kyau misalai na halaye na Gothic gine a duniya.

Cathedral na Notre-Dame ya burge baƙi tun lokacin da aka gina shi tsakanin 1163-1345. Ya yi fice a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin gine-gine na farko da aka yi amfani da buttress mai tashi, wani baka wanda ke faɗaɗa daga bangon waje zuwa hasumiya mai ƙarfi. Wani muhimmin fasalin gine-ginen Gothic, buttress mai tashi yana taimakawa wajen sake rarraba nauyin manyan ganuwar, yana barin manyan tagogin gilashin da aka girka.

Babban facade na Notre Dame yana da hasumiyai biyu da mutum-mutumi na masu addini da na tarihi. A tsakiyar akwai tagar fure mai madauwari, ana samunta a wasu majami'un Gothic a Paris, kamar Basilica na Sainte-Clotilde, Sainte-Chapelle, da Saint-Séverin. Notre-Dame sau da yawa sananne ne don gargoyles, grotesques, da chimeras, waɗanda aka nuna a cikin shahararrun littattafai da fina-finai.

Duk da yake sau da yawa ana haɗa su azaman "gargoyles," gargoyles suna aiki jiragen ruwa (wanda aka samo daga kalmar "gargle" saboda sautin ruwa), grotesques sune sassaka daban-daban na dutse da ke kusa da waje, kuma chimeras su ne halittu masu ban mamaki a kan. balconies hasumiya. Tafiya ta cikin Notre-Dame, zaku iya ganin kyawawan ɗumbin tudu masu tashi, cikakkun bayanai a cikin katafaren gini, ƙawancen ƙaya, da jin daɗin lambuna da tsakar gida da ke kallon Kogin Seine.

A fiye da shekaru 700 kuma tare da kusan masu ziyara miliyan 13 a shekara, kiyayewa shine babban abin damuwa ga Notre-Dame, kuma kungiyoyi kamar Abokan Notre Dame suna neman gudummawa don taimakawa wajen kiyaye tsawon rayuwar cocin. Paris tana da ƙarin wurare da yawa waɗanda ke da halayen gine-ginen Gothic kamar su 1st, 3rd, 4th, 5th and 7th arrondissement.

Rushewar salon Gothic

A ƙarshen karni na XNUMX, yawancin masu fasaha na Flemish sun koma Faransa kuma an halicci salon Franco-Flemish, yana nuna ladabi da sha'awar cikakkun bayanai; Yaɗuwarta ya yi yawa har aka san shi da Salon Duniya.

A game da wannan lokaci zanen panel, karkashin jagorancin Yankunan Flanders da Italiya, ya yi fice a kan kowane nau'i na zane-zane. A karni na sha biyar. masu zane-zane guda ɗaya, kamar:

• Stephan Lochner ne adam wata
• Martin Schonguer
• Mathias Grunewald ne

Sun yi alama a Jamus, ƙarshen fasahar Gothic. Wasu, kamar Jean Fouquet a Faransa da Van Eycks a Flanders, sun nuna hanyar zuwa Renaissance yayin da suke riƙe da yawa daga cikin ruhin Gothic. A cikin Italiya na karni na sha biyar, inda salon Gothic bai taɓa ɗauka da gaske ba, farkon Renaissance ya riga ya cika fure.

Farfadowar gine-ginen gothic

Kamar kowane zane-zane, halayen gine-ginen Gothic ba tsari ne mai tsauri ba, a'a, ya samo asali ne tsawon shekaru kuma ya ga ingantawa da sababbin abubuwa kamar yadda gine-gine da magina daban-daban suka tsara sababbin ra'ayoyi da amfani da su.

Ƙawata mafi girma, tare da adadi mai yawa da ƙayyadaddun sassaka, sun mayar da yawancin Gothic gine-gine zuwa ɗakunan fasaha na gaskiya ba tare da kafa ɗaya ba ta hanyar gungun masu addini, waliyai da aljanu. Wuraren da aka ɗora, manyan buttresses masu tashi da tagogin gilashin duk sun ga juyin halitta iri ɗaya kuma sun ƙara zama cikakkun bayanai da inganci cikin lokaci.

Duk da haka, gine-ginen Gothic a ƙarshe ya ɓace bayan karni na XNUMX kuma an maye gurbinsa da tsarin gine-gine na gargajiya wanda Renaissance ya kawo. Ko da yake hanyoyin Gothic sun shuɗe har zuwa lokacin da, a karni na XNUMX, yawancin gine-ginen gine-ginen sun ga cewa yana da kyau kuma ba shi da ban sha'awa, ya sami farfadowa a tsakiyar karni na XNUMX kuma tasirinsa yana ci gaba da karfafa gine-gine har yau.

Idan kun sami wannan labarin game da halayen gine-ginen Gothic masu ban sha'awa, muna gayyatar ku don jin daɗin waɗannan wasu:

• Ruman gine-gine
• Gine-ginen Masar
• Gine-ginen Mesopotamiya