Ngale post sikuzisa ngeli nqaku libalaseleyo umzobo we-baroque waseSpain, iimpawu, iintlobo kunye nokunye okuninzi malunga nolu hlobo lobugcisa olwenziwa ngekhulu le-XNUMX kunye nesiqingatha sokuqala sekhulu le-XNUMX, ngokuqwalasela iminyaka yegolide yokudweba kweSpeyin. Ungayeki ukuyifunda!
Yintoni iSpanish Baroque Painting?
Ipeyinti yeBaroque yaseSpain igqame ngenxa yobuninzi bobuhle obunqwenelekayo kunye nokuhlanganiswa kobuhle beMannerist, ivumela inyani ebalisayo ngaphandle kokulahleka kokuhombisa ngokweemfuno zecawe ephikisayo.
Kuthatha unyaka we-1610 imifuziselo yendalo yomzobi weCaravaggio wemvelaphi yaseNtaliyane, kunye nokukhanya kwe-tenebrist, ukugqiba isitayile esibalaseleyo somzobo we-baroque waseSpain wenxalenye yokuqala yenkulungwane ye-1603, ke ukufika kukaRubens kubalulekile phakathi kweminyaka. 1628 kunye no-XNUMX.
Apho abonisa khona igagasi elikhulu lokusasazwa kwemisebenzi yakhe kunye naleyo yabafundi bakhe, le mpembelelo iguquguquka ngenxa yobuninzi bukaTitian kunye nobuchule bakhe bokubetha kwebrashi obufana nobomnye wabameli abaphambili bepeyinti yebharoque yaseSpain efana noVelázquez. . .
Iimpembelelo zomyalelo weFlemish zidityaniswe kwipeyinti yeBaroque yaseSpain ngokubulela kwimisinga emitsha evela kwisizwe samaTaliyane ngokubhekiselele kumagcisa achwephesha kubugcisa befresco njengoColonna noMitelli ngonyaka we-1658 emva koko uLuca Giordano ngonyaka we-1692. . .
Nangona ngeli xesha kwavezwa intlekele jikelele echaphazela isizwe saseSpain ngenxa yokufuduka kwenani elikhulu labemi kwilizwekazi elitsha kunye nokwenzakala okubangelwa ziimfazwe ezininzi kunye nokugxothwa kwamaMoors kwisizwe saseSpain.
Ukongeza kwiiyantlukwano zezibetho kunye neendyikitya zokufa ezichaphazela abemi baseSpain nangona zonke ezi zintlupheko, yi-Golden Age kwi-Spanish Baroque yokupeyinta ngenxa yemisebenzi emininzi yomgangatho omkhulu kunye neyokuqala yemifanekiso yomqolo wokuqala abayenzayo.
Iimpawu eziphambili zomzobo we-baroque waseSpain
Ngenjongo yokuba unokufumana ngendlela ebonakalayo iimpawu ezimele kakhulu zomzobo weBaroque yaseSpain, siya kuchaza ngokubanzi kweli candelo yonke into ehambelana nesi sihloko esinomdla.
Ngokunxulumene nabathengi kunye nabaxhasi
Abona baxumi baphambili yayiyicawa, eyacela inani elikhulu lemisebenzi yobugcisa ukuhombisa iitempile ezininzi zonqulo kwaye yafuna inani elikhulu lemisebenzi evela kumagcisa.
Ukubonisa ukubaluleka komzobo weSpanish Baroque kuhlaziyo lwecawe usebenzisa ubugcisa njengesixhobo esixhasa iCawa yamaKatolika.
Enkosi kubo, abapeyinti ababesebenzela le mfundiso abazange bakwazi ukuchaza ubugcisa obunjalo ekubeni kwakufuneka bathobele imilinganiselo yonqulo ngokukhethekileyo ekukhetheni imixholo yokupeyinta.
Ukongezelela, icawa yafuna ukuba iimodeli zenziwe kwaye zibekwe esweni ukuba umsebenzi wobugcisa we-Spanish Baroque umzobo wawuhambelana neemfuno ababezilindele.
Nangona abapeyinti ababesebenzela iCawa yamaKatolika babenandipha ingeniso ebalaseleyo yezoqoqosho kwakunye nodumo oluhle nodumo ngokwenza umboniso wemisebenzi yabo esidlangalaleni.
Omnye umxhasi yayiyiCortes, ngokukodwa kulawulo lukaFelipe IV, apho ngokwenene wayengumxhasi.
“… Apha ndizinikela ekupeyinteni, njengoko ndisenza kuyo yonke indawo… Ndenze umfanekiso wamahashe woBungangamsha othe wamkholisa kakhulu. Kuyinyani ukuba ukupeyinta kuyamonwabisa. ”…
"... ngokokubona kwam le nkosana inikwe iimpawu ezibalaseleyo, ndinonxibelelwano lobuqu nayo... njengokuba ndihleli komkhulu ifika yonke imihla izondibona..."
Omnye wemizekelo yepeyinti yeBaroque yaseSpain ngumhombiso wePalacio del Buen Retiro entsha, eyavumela ukwanda kwemisebenzi yobugcisa ebalulekileyo ekuhonjisweni kweSalón de los Reinos apho imizobo ebalaseleyo inokubonwa khona.
Imizobo yamahashe eyenziwe nguVelázquez ibonakala kunye neentlobo ngeentlobo zemifanekiso yobugcisa yamadabi aphumelele imikhosi kaFelipe IV, kunye nomjikelo obhekiselele kwiLabour of Hercules eyenziwe nguZurbarán.
Kwisixeko saseRoma, kwacelwa amagcisa aliqela, apho uClaudio de Lorraine kunye noNicolas Poussin bagqamayo ngokubhekiselele kuthotho lweembonakalo-mhlaba apho amanani ajongwayo kwiGalari yeMihlaba.
Ngokufanayo, abaculi uGiovanni Lanfranco, uDomenichino kunye nabanye abaculi baye bathunyelwa ukuba benze imizobo engaphezulu kwamashumi amathathu anesine malunga nembali yaseRoma kwisixeko saseNaples, phakathi kwayo i-Combat of Women nguJosé de Ribera evelele.
Ukuvinjelwa kokudluliselwa kwemisebenzi yobugcisa kwezinye iibhotwe zasebukhosini kwaqhutywa kwaye ngenxa yokukhawuleza kwe-Olivares ukugqiba umhlobiso, imisebenzi evela kubaqokeleli kwafuneka ifunyenwe ukufikelela kwimali ye-800 yemisebenzi eyayifanele ixhonywe kwiindonga zesi sakhiwo.
Phakathi kwabathengisi bale misebenzi yobugcisa kwakukho umzobi uVelázquez owathi ngo-1634 wathengisa ukumkani umsebenzi wobugcisa uLa Tunica de José kunye noLa Fragua de Vulcano awawupeyinta kwisizwe saseTaliyane, umsebenzi omele umzobo weBaroque yaseSpain.
Wathengisa neminye imisebenzi, phakathi kwayo eminye, efana nekopi yeDanae eyenziwe nguTitian, kunye neendawo ezine zomhlaba, uthixo osebenza ngokufuziselayo kwi- still lifes kunye neminye imisebenzi emibini eyimifanekiso enxulumene neentyatyambo.
Emva koko, kwakufunwa ukuhombisa iTorre de la Parada apho inani elikhulu lemisebenzi yommeli weSpanish Baroque ipeyinti ibekwe, ibe inani lemizobo engamashumi amathandathu anesithathu kunye ne-mythological motifs eyagunyaziswa ngo-1636 ukusuka kumculi uRubens.
Lo mzobi wayephethe unikezelo lwezoyilo kunye nokulawula ukwenziwa kwemisebenzi yemifanekiso elishumi elinesine ngokunxulumene nembonakalo yomhlaba kunye neembono ezibhekiselele kwiziza zokwenyani zenziwe ngamagcisa emvelaphi yaseSpain afana noFélix Castelo, uJosé Leonardo.
Ukongeza kuVelásquez, owanikela ngemisebenzi enxulumene ne-Aesop kunye ne-Menippus, kunye ne-portrait ye-Mars, engomnye wemizekelo emikhulu ye-Spanish Baroque yokudweba.
I-Alcázar ikwafumene inani elikhulu lemisebenzi emitsha ebhekiselele kwipeyinti yeBaroque yaseSpain, ebonisa ukuncoma imixholo yayo kwaye uqhanqalazo lude lwenziwa ngokusesikweni, njengoko kwakunjalo ngo-1638.
Ukusuka kwisixeko saseRoma, imisebenzi yemifanekiso ye-Bacchanal ye-Andrios kunye ne-Offering yeVenus yatshintshelwa, ibe yimisebenzi emibini encomekayo kakhulu ngumzobi uTitian. Inani elikhulu loqhanqalazo lwenziwa phakathi kwamagcisa esixeko.
Ukongezelela, uhlengahlengiso lweemali lwalufuneka phakathi kwabaculi abathatha inxaxheba, uVelázquez, ummeli omkhulu we-Spanish Baroque umzobo, wenziwa ingqwalaselo ephambili malunga nemilinganiselo yobuhle.
Ngoko ke, umgangatho ophantsi webhotwe uqulethe okubizwa ngokuba yi-Titian Vaults, apho imisebenzi yemifanekiso engamashumi amathathu anesibhozo yahlanganiswa.
Ukongeza kwimibongo eyacelwa nguFelipe II kuTitian ngokwakhe ngokubambisana neBacchanal kunye neminye imisebenzi yobugcisa bemvelaphi yaseVenetian efana neeGrace ezintathu zikaRubens, uEva ngumculi uDürer.
Eminye imisebenzi yeRibera efana neeJordaens ezidumileyo ukongezelela kwiTintoretto apho amanani amabhinqa agqamayo, ikakhulu ebhekisa kubunqunu kunye nenjongo yokukwazi ukugqiba olu luhlu lwemizobo, uVelázquez kwafuneka afudukele kwisizwe samaTaliyane ngo-1648.
Ngomyalelo wokuthenga imifanekiso eqingqiweyo kwaye uqeshe ingcali ezinikeleyo kwipeyinti yefresco, u-Angelo Michele Colonna kunye no-Agostino Mitelli bavelele kule nto.
Umsebenzi waqhubeka kwi-Alcázar kwaye ngo-1649 uFrancisco Camilo wanikwa uthotho lweziganeko ezaziwa ngokuba yi-Ovid's Metamorphosis, ezazingathandwa yinkosi.
Kwakhona okuphawulekayo kwimizobo yeBaroque yaseSpain yimihombiso yembonakalo ebhekiselele kwimidlalo yeqonga, njengoko kunokubonwa kwiBuen Retiro, kwaye kuzo kwakukho umsebenzi weenjineli ezizalwa eItaliyane uBaccio del Bianco kunye noCome Lotti.
Abo babephethe ukwazisa i-stagecraft ngaphezu kwemidlalo yokuguqulwa kweTuscan, ekubeni ngumlawuli weemidlalo zasebukhosini uFrancisco Rizi, namhlanje imizobo ehambelana namakhethini igcinwe.
Amanye amagcisa nawo athathe inxaxheba, anjengoJosé de Cieza, waseGranada, owayengumzobi wemibono kwaye ngenxa yoku wafumana igama elinqwenelekayo loMzobi woKumkani.
Kwipeyinti yeBaroque yaseSpain, imihombiso ephemeral enxulumene neearches zoloyiso kunye neefacade ezineenjongo zolonwabo zigqamile, ezazixhaswa liBhunga leSixeko okanye yimibutho yobukrelekrele, eyayingomnye umthombo wengeniso yamagcisa.
Kodwa kolu hlobo lwemisebenzi kwaphawulwa ukuba yayingabokungahloneli Thixo kodwa abazange bayeke ukumela umzobo weBaroque waseSpain, phakathi kwawo amangenelo aseMadrid eMariana yaseOstriya agqama, wayengumfazi wesibini kaFelipe IV.
Ukongeza kubafazi ababini bakaCarlos II, nguMaría Luisa de Orleans kunye noMaría de Neoburgo, apho amagcisa akhethekileyo ekuncedeni athathe inxaxheba, njengoClaudio Coello.
Ngokubhekiselele kubathengi kwindawo yangasese, malunga nokupeyinta kweBaroque yaseSpain, kuncinci kunokuthiwa ngenxa yedatha embalwa ekhoyo, kunokwenzeka ukuthetha ngokuthe ngqo ngobuhle obunomdla wokuhombisa iicawa zabo zangasese.
Nangona amanye amalungu ezihandiba eziphezulu ababesondele kukumkani ababephethe imisebenzi kwimimandla yaseItali kunye naseFlanders babenethuba lokuba ngababolekisi bengqokelela enkulu yemisebenzi yobugcisa.
Umzekelo wale nto unokubonwa kunye nama-viceroys aseNaples afumana imisebenzi yokudweba kwe-baroque yaseSpain nguRibera, emva koko uAlonso Cano owaba ngumbolekisi wemisebenzi ka-Olivares, ukuba ngabaxhasi bokuqala malunga nokuqokelela imisebenzi eYurophu.
Omnye wabaphandi bomzobo we-baroque waseSpain ogama linguCarducho uphawula ukuba kwakukho malunga namashumi amabini abaqokeleli ababaluleke kakhulu eSpain ngelo xesha, njengeMarquis yaseLeganés owaziva enomdla oqinileyo kwipeyinti yeFlemish.
Kwakhona kunokwenzeka ukukhankanya uJuan Alfonso Enríquez de Cabrera owayeyi-Admiral yaseCastile waza wafumana kunina uVittoria Colonna inani elikhulu lemisebenzi yenkolo apho imisebenzi yokuqala kunye neekopi ezithile zeRubens, Correggio, Tintoretto kunye neTitian zazibonakala.
Uninzi lwabafundi abaphezulu bakhetha imisebenzi yamagcisa angaphandle, oku kuthetha ukuba umsebenzi owenziwe ngabaculi baseCreole baseSpain wancitshiswa.
Nangona kufanele kuqatshelwe ukuba imisebenzi emininzi yayingenasisayino sombhali wayo kwaye xa ithwalwa yayingasoloko iyeyomculi kodwa ikopi ekrwada, njengemeko yeMarquis del Carpio, ingqokelela yakhe yajikeleza malunga namawaka amabini amaqhekeza. .
Phakathi kwale misebenzi, iVenus yeMirror kaVelázquez, igcisa elikhulu lomzobo weBaroque yaseSpain, yagqama.Kwakukho nemisebenzi yamanye amagcisa afana noAngelo Nardi kunye noJuan van del Hamen.
Ukongeza, kwi-inventri yakhe kwakukho nemisebenzi yezinga lesibini ezifana noGabriel Terrazas, uJuan de Toledo kunye neekopi zamagcisa amakhulu afana noRubens, uVelázquez, uTiziano owenziwe ngobuchule obukhulu nguJuan Bautista Martínez del Mallet.
Ngokubhekiselele kwingqokelela eyafunyanwa ziiDukes zaseBenavente, imisebenzi ebhekiselele kwipeyinti yeFlemish kunye neTaliyane yabonwa, nangona ubuninzi bengqokelela yenziwe yimisebenzi yokupeyintwa kweBaroque yaseSpain nguMurillo, malunga nemisebenzi emashumi mane yemifanekiso.
Enye ingqokelela yobuhle obubalaseleyo yayiyekaAdmiral Juan Gaspar Enríquez de Cabrera owayengumkhuseli kaJuan Alfaro ngokomyalelo wemali yakhe yokwakha imyuziyam.
Le mizobo yasasazwa kumagumbi ahlukeneyo athetha ngezizwe, kunye nezinto eziphilayo kunye nembonakalo yolwandle. Ngokufanayo, imisebenzi emikhulu yeenkosi ezinempembelelo ibonakala, kunjalo kwimeko kaRafael, uRubens, uRibera, uPedro de Orrente noBassano.
Igcisa ngalinye elinesiqwenga salo esichaziweyo likwaqaqambisa kwipeyinti yebaroque yaseSpain iPhupha leKnight of Pereda kunye nemisebenzi yamanye amagcisa anjengoCarreño kunye noAntolinez.
Kuncinci okwaziwayo ukuba kwezinye iiklasi zentlalo kwakunokwenzeka ukwazi ukuba bayakonwabela ukuqokelela imisebenzi enxulumene nokupeyinta kweBaroque yaseSpain, nangona ubunikazi bemisebenzi yemifanekiso njengenxalenye ye-trousseau yasekhaya yayixhaphakile.
Ngokwengxelo yaseToledan yoluhlu lweempahla zesiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane ye-XNUMX ezilondolozwe ngoku, kuyenzeka ukuba sithethe ngohlobo lwemizobo egcinwe kumakhaya ezinye iiklasi zentlalo apho uninzi luyinxalenye yezihloko. ubume bonqulo.
Amagcisa kunye nokuqwalaselwa kwabo eluntwini
Kubalulekile ukugqamisa ingqalelo encinci yentlalontle enikwa amagcisa kuba babecinga ukuba olu rhwebo luyinto engoomatshini kwaye kwade kwaba yinkulungwane ye-XNUMX ukuba bamkelwe.
Ewe, kwinkulungwane yangaphambili babejongelwa phantsi, injalo imeko yomzamo onzima kwicala likaVelázquez ukuba amkelwe kuMyalelo weSantiago ukuze afune ukuqatshelwa ekuhlaleni.
Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba isiko lokuqalisa umsebenzi besebancinci belingakuthandi ukuqeqeshwa kwengqondo, kwaye ambalwa amagcisa akukhathaleleyo ukufumana uqeqesho lwenkcubeko.
Phakathi kwezinto ezingaphandle kulo mgaqo, uFrancisco Pacheco ugqamile kwipeyinti ye-baroque yaseSpain, owayengutitshala kaVelázquez nowathi wazingqonge iinkcuba-buchopho awayegcina unxibelelwano nazo ngeeleta.
Omnye yayinguDiego Valentín Díaz kwisixeko saseValladolid apho wayenethala leencwadi elinemiqulu engamakhulu amahlanu anamashumi asixhenxe anesithandathu (576).
Kwakukho amagcisa awayengafundanga ngokupheleleyo, kunjalo ke imeko ka-Antonio de Pereda owathi, ngokutsho kukaPalomino, wayengakwazi ukufunda nokubhala, kodwa wayethanda ukufundwa kuye ngeencwadi ezibhekisela kwinkcubeko eqhelekileyo.
Ngokutsho kweBhunga laseTrent, icawa yayijongene nokumisela imithetho emitsha ephathelele ukuziphatha okwakufuneka ngamandla.
Phakathi kwabo, ukuhamba ze kwakungavumelekanga, ngoko ke kwapapashwa iincwadana ezininzi ezingobunyulu, ezingavumelani nesenzo sokupeyinta iinqunu.
Kufunyaniswa ukuba ngelo xesha lembali yokupeyinta i<em>baroque yaseSpeyin, kwasetyenziswa abantu abathile benqunu ukumela uEva noAdam kwakunye nabanye abafeli-nkolo abangcwele, kwanasezicaweni ezinkundleni, kwabonwa inani elikhulu labanqunu kwimisebenzi yobugcisa.
Ngenxa yesi sizathu, uFray Juan De Rojas y Auxa ucebise ukugubungela le mizobo yobugcisa ngezigqubuthelo xa amanenekazi ekho kule mizobo.
Ke ngoko, le taboo ngokunxulumene nobunqunu yayiphembelela imisebenzi yabanye abaculi, abanjengoFrancisco Pacheco, owacebisa amagcisa ukuba axelise iintloko kunye nezandla zeemodeli kwaye enze okuseleyo phambi kweprints okanye imifanekiso eqingqiweyo.
Nangona embindini wenkulungwane yeshumi elinesixhenxe uninzi lwamaziko ezobugcisa akhuthaza ukufunda ngobugcisa ngemodeli ephilayo kwiimeko ezininzi amadoda.
Umzekelo wale nto unokubonakaliswa kwiMigaqo yokuFunda ubuGcisa obuNoble bePainting ngonyaka we-1693 owadalwa nguJosé García Hidalgo.
Iintlobo ezahlukeneyo kwiPainting yeBaroque yaseSpain
Ukwahluka okukhulu kweentlobo ezimele umzobo weBaroque yaseSpain zabonwa kubugcisa kwaye kweli nqaku linomdla siza kuchaza nganye yazo, ibe yile ilandelayo:
umzobo wenkolo
Ngokwamazwi kaFrancisco Pacheco malunga nokupeyinta kwezenkolo, luhlobo olumele umzobo weSpanish Baroque kwaye ichaza oku kulandelayo:
"...injongo ephambili yokupeyinta yayikukweyisela abantu ukuba bahlonele kwaye babakhokelele kuThixo ..."
Ke unobungqina obubambekayo bomzobo weBaroque yaseSpain ngokubhekisele kwintsimi yenkolo kwisiqingatha sokuqala senkulungwane ye-XNUMX.
Imisinga yenzululwazi yendalo yamkelwa ngokukhawuleza, ngoko umzobi uziva ethembekile elunqulweni xa kuyinxalenye yesibakala sokuba ubamba kwimisebenzi yobugcisa.
Esona sithuba sembeko enkulu kumzobo weBaroque yaseSpain yayiyeyona ndawo iphambili yesibingelelo sengcwele yenkolo, nangona kwezona ndawo zincinci zesibingelelo imisebenzi yayibekwe kwiicawa nakwiinaves ezisecaleni.
Umzekelo wale nto yi-altare ye-El Escorial, eyahlulahlulwe kwizitrato kunye nemizimba ngendlela edibeneyo, apho unokubona umzobo weBaroque yaseSpain kunye nemifanekiso eqingqiweyo.
Ke, kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane ye-XNUMX, ukubekwa kwezixhobo ezinkulu zesibingelelo kujongwa, kucinywa imiboniso eyahlukeneyo ukuze kugxilwe kwindawo esembindini, ibe lixesha lembali lokupeyintwa kwezenkolo kwaye ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ithotyelwe kuphela. kwigumbi eliphezulu.
Umzimba oyintloko we-altare yenziwe ngomthi oqingqiweyo, ibe yinqanaba elikhulu le-Spanish Baroque yokupeyinta kunye nokubulela kwimpembelelo ye-Italian Luca Giordano eyayisesizwe saseSpain, ukupeyinta kweefrescoes kwaqala kwiinqaba zeetempile zonqulo.
Ke ngoko, umzobo weBaroque waseSpain wenza ukubonakaliswa kwemifanekiso yoloyiso, njenge-Apotheosis yaseSan Hermenegildo nguFrancisco de Herrera, owaziwa ngokuba ngu-El Mozo.
Omnye umzekelo we-Spanish baroque umzobo kwinkalo yenkolo, njengoSaint Augustine, oveliswe nguClaudio Coello. Le mi sebenzi ngoku ikwiMyuziyam yasePrado. Kule mi sebenzi, iingoma zibonwa apho imigca ye-diagonal ilawula kwaye igcwele amandla amakhulu.
Imifanekiso yeengcwele, ngokukodwa ezo zizinikele kakhulu kwiCawa yamaKatolika, ezinobukhulu obahlukeneyo kunye nophindaphindo yayixhaphakile kwindawo yokusebenzela enye, phakathi kwabangcwele abathandwayo yile ilandelayo:
- UTeresa oyiNgcwele kaYesu
- San Ignacio de Loyola
- intlawulelo
- San Pedro
- iMagdalene
- ISan Jerónimo
- Uncedo
- Ukupha
- ISan Juan de Dios
- U-Saint Elizabeth waseHungary
- Abafeli-nkolo (amangqina enkolo yamaKatolika)
Ngokubhekiselele kunqulo lweNtombi Enyulu, olufana nenkolo kaSaint Joseph, eyakhuthazwa ngamazwi kaSaint Teresa kaYesu, ikhulisa inkolo njengoko icawa yamaProtestanti yayisilwa nokholo lwamaKatolika.
Ukuba yimifanekiso emele yomzobo weBaroque yaseSpain, apho iLa Inmaculada igqame kwingingqi yaseSpain, eyona nto iphambili ekufumaneni le misebenzi yayingooKumkani abaphikiswayo ekukhuseleni imfundiso eyayingekaqondwa nguPopu.
Ngenxa yoku, imizobo yobugcisa ebhekiselele kwi-Eucharist yenziwa kwipeyinti yeBaroque yaseSpanish, njengoko kunokubonwa umbulelo kumzobi uClaudio Coello kumsebenzi wakhe wobugcisa Ukunqula iFomu eNgcwele ebekwe e-El Escorial.
Ngokusuka koko kuphawulwe ukuba umzobo weBaroque yaseSpain wawusetyenziselwa ukujamelana neengcamango zonqulo lwamaProtestanti, umzekelo woku siSidlo Sangokuhlwa Sokugqibela apho kukhuthazwa ukungcwaliswa kweDini likaKrestu.
Ngokufanayo, imimangaliso kaKristu yayibonakalisa imisebenzi eyahlukeneyo yenceba, njengoko kunokubonwa kuluhlu lwemizobo eyenziwa ngumzobi uMurillo kwiSibhedlele sase-Caridad eSeville, ebonisa ukubaluleka okukhulu kwi-Spanish Baroque yokudweba.
Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba imifuziselo embalwa yeTestamente eNdala ijongwayo, kuba bekukho ukugcinwa kolu fundo kwabathembekileyo benkolo yamaKatolika kunye nezihloko ezithatyathwe okokuqala zibhekisa ekuzeni kukaKristu okanye umfuziselo kubo. .
Njengoko kunjalo ngeDini likaIsake apho intsingiselo izibonakalisa ngokwazo inkanuko kaKristu kwaye imelwe umbulelo kwipeyinti yeBaroque yaseSpain.
Uhlobo lweProfane
Kuya kufuneka uqaphele ukuba ezinye iintlobo zifunyenwe kwipeyinti yeBaroque yaseSpain, nangona eyona idume kakhulu ihambelana nemixholo yenkolo.
Ekubeni icawa yayiyeyona nkonzo yakhe iphambili kwaye imali ehlawulweyo yayibavuza kakhulu amagcisa alo mbutho wobugcisa.
Ke sinokuthetha ngezinye iintlobo kwipeyinti yeBaroque yaseSpain efana nemifanekiso kunye nobomi. Nangona ukususela ngo-1599 ibinzana elibhekiselele kwimizobo ephilayo lifunyenwe kumaxwebhu.
Olunye lweempawu zobomi baseSpain obunobucukubhede buchasene neetafile zasekhitshini ezinobukhazikhazi bemvelaphi yaseFlemish kwaye ngumbulelo kumzobi uSánchez Cotán ukuba ichazwa njengohlobo olwenziwe ngeendlela ezilula apho imizobo yejometri, imigca enzima kunye nezibane ezimnyama. zisetyenziswa.
Yayinjalo ke impumelelo yolu hlobo lobugcisa lomzobo weBaroque yaseSpain awathi amanye amagcisa amxhasa ngolu hlobo lomzobo olwaba yinxalenye yeenkundla zasebukhosini, njengala magcisa alandelayo adumileyo:
- UPhilip Ramirez
- UAlexander waseLoarte
- UFrancisco Burgos Mantilla
- UJuan van der Hamen kunye noLeon
- Francis Barrier
- UJuan Fernandez owaziwa ngokuba yiLabrador
- Anthony Ponce
- UJuan de Espinosa
- UFrancisco Palacios
Isikolo saseSevillian siphinde sanceda ukubumba iimpawu zohlobo olusaphilayo, uVelázquez kunye noZurbarán abangabameli abaphambili be-Spanish Baroque yokupeyinta.Kubalulekile ukugqamisa ukuba obu bomi busekhona bebungakhululekanga kwimpembelelo yengingqi yaseItali kunye neFlemish.
Uhlobo lwamaSpanish asekho ubomi lwenziwa inguqu phakathi kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesixhenxe xa, ngenxa yempembelelo yeFlemish, imifanekiso eyayimelwe yayinobunewunewu kwaye intsonkothile kuneyokuqala, uphuhliso lokuqamba lujongwa ngendlela yethiyetha ngokufuziselayo. umxholo.
Umzekelo wolu hlobo lomzobo we-baroque waseSpain unokubonwa kwimizobo yeentyatyambo eyenziwe nguJuan de Arellano kunye nakwimisebenzi yobugcisa ebizwa ngokuba nguVanitas ngumculi u-Antonio de Pereda kunye nomnye umculi omkhulu uValdés Leal.
Impembelelo yangaphandle ijongwa ngenxa yokuba olu hlobo lweSpanish lusekho ubomi buqulunqwe kwi-austerity kunye ne-sobriety yeendlela zayo eziguqukayo kunye nefuthe le-Flemish ne-Italian.
Nangona iVelázquez yachitha ixesha kunye nengqalelo kuhlobo lobomi baseSpain, yafumana abalimi abambalwa kwaye yagxothwa nguCarducho.Eminye imisebenzi kaLoarte kunye neminye imizobo yobugcisa ebizwa ngokuba yiPuga inokukhankanywa.
Embindini wenkulungwane yeshumi elinesixhenxe uMurillo wenza umboniso wabantwana abangqibayo bebonisa ubomi basesitalatweni kwindawo yokupeyinta i-baroque yaseSpain, eqala uhlobo lomzobo ngendlela ekude lee kudidi oluphezulu lwaseYurophu.
Ngolu hlobo lomzobo weBaroque yaseSpain, impembelelo yamaGrike ixutywe, ngoko ke olu hlobo luxuba iingcambu zayo kunye nesikolo sase-Italian saseTitian kunye nomzobo weSpanish-Flemish omelwe ngumzobi u-Antonio Moro kunye no-Sánchez Coello.
Ibonisa ukubunjwa okulula kunye nokuhlobisa okuncinci kodwa okusivumela ukuba siqonde amava abantu abathintekayo balo, ukunika isidima kwi-portrait, ngokuchasene ne-counter-reformation, amanani odumo olukhulu akufanele athathwe kwimifanekiso.
Ewe, umntwana wesitalato unokubonakaliswa njengokumkani wesizwe malunga nohlobo lomfanekiso we-baroque yaseSpain, umzekelo ofanelekileyo walo msebenzi wobugcisa ngu-El pie varo owaziwa ngokuba yi-patizambo eyenziwa nguJosé de Ribera ngonyaka. 1642.
Enye yeempawu ezibonakala kakhulu kwi-Spanish Baroque yokupeyinta ngokumalunga nohlobo lwe-portrait yi-austerity yayo xa kuthelekiswa nezinye izikolo, kuba imele umphefumlo wemifanekiso yabantu ebanjwe kwi-canvas.
Inqaku elithile lokungathembeki kunye ne-melancholy libonwa ngaphambi kokuba ubomi bubambe ntoni kwisitayile sendalo ngexesha lokuthatha iimpawu zemodeli kude kude ne-classicism ekhuselweyo uninzi lweethiyori zeli xesha.
Enye yeempawu ze-counter-reformation yi-predominance yokwenyani ngokuchasene noko kuya kuba yinto efanelekileyo, kwaye luhlobo lomfanekiso womzobo weBaroque yaseSpain.
Ukudibanisa kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesixhenxe kunye nemisebenzi yobugcisa yaseVelázquez kunye nemisebenzi ebhekiselele kwimifanekiso kaRibera, uZurbarán, uJuan Ribalta, lo mgangatho wawugcinwe kwimisebenzi yobugcisa yaseGoya.
Ngokubhekiselele kuhlobo lwe-portrait kwi-painting ye-Baroque yaseSpain, kukho imisebenzi embalwa ehambelana nentsimi yeentsomi okanye zembali kwaye le mizekelo ibe yinxalenye yokuqokelela.
Ngokumalunga nekhulu le-XNUMX, ukunyuka kwemisebenzi enxulumene nentsimi yeentsomi kuphuma kwi-XNUMX leminyaka, engazange iboniswe kuphela kwiindonga zezindlu zobukhosi, ifumaneka kuluntu lonke, ivumela uluhlu olubanzi lweempawu.
Ngokubhekiselele kwimizobo ehambelana ne-landscape, eyayibizwa ngokuba ngamazwe kwi-Spanish baroque umzobo, baphathwa ngempembelelo encinci ngenxa yokuba umzobo womntu wawusencotsheni yobugcisa.
Ngokutsho kokugxekwa kukaCarducho, iindawo zokuhlala zazifanelekile kwiindawo zokuhlala ezisemaphandleni okanye kwiindawo zokuthatha umhlala-phantsi kwaye ubukhulu becala ziya kutyetyiswa ngomfanekiso othile wesakramente okanye ongcolileyo, awawuveza kwingxelo yakhe ebizwa ngokuba yiDialogues of Painting.
Lo mbono ungqamana namagama abhengezwe nguPacheco malunga nophando lwakhe olubizwa ngokuba yi-Art of Painting apho athi iindawo ezenziwe ngamagcisa angaphandle.
Phakathi kwabo, uCesare Arbasia, uMuziano kunye noBrill bavelele, abafunde obu buchule kwigcisa elidumileyo laseSpain u-Antonio Mohedano, echaza oku kulandelayo:
"... yinxalenye yomdwebo ongafanele ujongelwe phantsi ... kodwa yimiba yozuko oluncinci kunye nozuko phakathi kwabantu bakudala ..."
Ngokutsho kophando oluye lwenziwa, lubonisa ukuba olu hlobo lubaluleke kakhulu kubaqokeleli kwaye, ngokungafani neHolland, kwisizwe saseSpain akukho bameli bokwenene, nangona oku kulandelayo kunokukhankanywa:
U-Ignacio de Iriarte, owayesebenza eSeville, kunye noFrancisco Collantes kunye noBenito Manuel Agüero kwisixeko saseMadrid, baqatshelwa ngemizobo yabo yomhlaba kunye okanye ngaphandle kwamanani, ukongeza kuAntonio del Castillo waseCordoba.
Izikolo zomzobo weBaroque yaseSpain
Kwisiqingatha sokuqala senkulungwane ye-XNUMX, amaziko amakhulu emveliso abonwa malunga nentshukumo yokupeyinta iBaroque yaseSpain, eyona nto iphambili ikwidolophu yaseToledo, eSeville, eValencia naseMadrid.
Kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane ye-XNUMX, izikolo zaseToledo naseValencia ziye zahla kwi-hierarchy, zandisa ixabiso lemisebenzi ye-Spanish Baroque yokupeyinta kwisixeko saseMadrid naseSeville, kodwa kwakukho amagcisa okubaluleka okuthile. kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zesizwe saseSpain.
Isikolo esikwisixeko saseMadrid
Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-1575, zombini kwisixeko saseMadrid naseToledo, uluhlu lwamagcisa aphenjelelwa ngamagcisa angaphandle asuka kwisizwe samaTaliyane abeza kwisizwe saseSpain ukuza kusebenza kwiMonastery enkulu yase-El Escorial, phakathi kwabo kukho uEugenio Cajes. ibalasele phakathi kweminyaka ye-1634 kunye ne-XNUMX.
Ukongezelela kumzobi uVicente Carducho, phakathi kowe-1576 nowe-1638, ngenxa yokwakhiwa kwale tempile yonqulo ibalaseleyo, kwaqeqeshwa amagcisa abalaseleyo emizobo yeBaroque yaseSpeyin.
Njengoko kunjalo imeko kaSánchez Cotán kunye noFrancisco Ribalta ababezixakekise ngomsebenzi wobugcisa ka-Orazio Borgianni.
Ukongeza kwimisebenzi yemifanekiso kaCarlo Saraceni eyaphunyelelwa iCathedral yaseToledo enkosi kuKhadinali uBernardo de Sandoval y Rojas owayengumqokeleli kwaye enikel' ingqalelo kakhulu kuzo zonke iindlela zobugcisa ezivela kwisizwe samaTaliyane.
Ukubhekisa kwimixholo yenkolo enokwenyani okukhulu kwipeyinti yeBaroque yaseSpain ngaphandle kokuphelisa isihombiso abathi abaninzi kwisixeko saseRoma bangcikiva igcisa elikhulu uCaravaggio.
Phakathi kwabo bagqamayo nguJuan van der Hamen phakathi kweminyaka ka-1596 kunye no-1631 owayephethe ukubamba abantu abasaphilayo kunye neengqungquthela zonqulo.
Ukongeza kwimizobo eqhelekileyo yomzobo weBaroque yaseSpain, ulandelwa ngumzobi omkhulu ogama linguPedro Núñez del Valle, owazibiza ngokuba yi-Roman Academician.
Ngubani owaphenjelelwa yi-classicism yomculi waseBolognese uGuido Reni owaphefumlelwa yiCaravaggism kwaye wayephethe ukubamba imihlaba kunye nezihloko zenkolo.
Singakwazi kwakhona ukubiza uJuan Bautista Maino phakathi kweminyaka ye-1578 kunye ne-1649 owathi, xa wayehamba eItali, wachukunyiswa yimisebenzi yobugcisa yeCaravaggio kunye nomzobi u-Annibale Carracci, owabonakaliswa ngokusebenzisa imibala ekhanyayo kunye nemifanekiso eqingqiweyo.
Isikolo saseToledo City
Ufanele ukwazi ukuba kwisixeko saseToledo isikolo sobugcisa sokupeyinta iBaroque yaseSpain saqala, apho uJuan Sánchez Cotán (1560-1627) agqama khona, owayeligcisa elinobuchule kunye nabantu abahlukahlukeneyo, obalaselisa ubomi bakhe obusekho apho kukho iziqhamo nemifuno. kuyabonakala.
Wayengazi umsebenzi weCaravaggio njengoJuan van der Hamen obonakaliswe ngoluhlobo olufana nolo lwabadwebi baseDutch abafana noClara Peeters kunye no-Osias Bert.
Kunye namagcisa emvelaphi yase-Italiya afana noFede Galizia ababephila ngoku kwaye umdla wabo wawukukukhanya kwe-tenebrist.
Babengenamdla kwimifanekiso entsonkothileyo esaphila yamanye amagcisa amaDatshi okanye amaFlemish. Ke ngoko, iingoma zikaSánchez Cotán ngokunxulumene nobomi obusekhona zilula, ezinye iziqwenga zibekwe ngokwejometri kwindawo yecanvas.
Kuthiwa iSánchez Cotán iyalela izinto zayo ngokomlinganiselo nemvisiswano ngokweNeoplatonism, nangona kungekho mibhalo ifunyenweyo ibhekisela kuyo.
Kuphela yindalo esetyenziswayo ukubamba njengoko kungqinwa kwincwadi ethi Still Life with Fruits apho athimba ubomi obusahleliyo obuqulathe iquince, imelon, cucumber kunye nekhaphetshu Lo msebenzi ungoweFine Arts Gallery eSan Diego.
Kulo msebenzi, ukulula kweziqhamo ezine kubonwa kwisakhelo sejometri kwindawo engezantsi yecala lasekhohlo, ukugqamisa umbala omnyama kumbindi we-canvas kunye nakwisiqingatha sokunene, ukugqamisa iinkcukacha.
Ngumsebenzi we-Spanish Baroque umzobo otsala ingqalelo yababukeli ngokubonga kwisakhelo sokwakha apho iziqhamo zifanelekile.
Njengamaqhekeza abhekiselele ekuzingeleni, ngokubhekisele kwiikhabhathi eziqhelekileyo zommandla waseSpain welo xesha lembali, ikwagqama kumbono wenkohliso awunikayo emsebenzini.
Omnye wegcisa lomzobo webharoque waseSpain nguPedro Orrente noLuis Tristán, owayengumfundi wegcisa lamaGrike xa wayefudukela kwilizwe laseItali phakathi ko-1606 no-1611.
Iphawulwa ngokusekwa kwendlela ye-tenebrist yenkundla yomntu kunye ne-eclectic, iqaqambisa phakathi kwemisebenzi yayo eyona sibingelelo siphambili secawe yaseYepes ngonyaka we-1616.
Ngokuphathelele umzobi, u-Orrente naye wayehlala kwisizwe sase-Italiya phakathi kwe-1604 kunye ne-1612, apho wayephethe umsebenzi wokusebenzela kwi-workshop yase-Bassano kwisixeko saseVenice.
Umsebenzi wakhe owenziwe kwizixeko zaseMurcia, iValencia kunye neToledo yagqama kwimixholo yonqulo, ibalaselisa ubunyani bamanani, izinto kunye nezilwanyana.
Njengoko kwakunjalo ngeSaint Sebastian kwiCathedral yaseValencia ngonyaka we-1616 kunye neSaint Leocadia kwiCathedral yaseToledo ngonyaka we-1617.
Isikolo somzobo weBaroque waseSpain eValencia
Amagcisa akwinqanaba eliphezulu uFrancisco Ribalta (1565-1628) noJosé de Ribera (1591-1652) babalasele kwesi sikolo.Bahlelwa kwesi sikolo saseValencia ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-XNUMX.
Umzobi uRibalta wayehlala kwisixeko saseValencia ukususela ngo-1599 kwaye kule ndawo umzobo wawuneempawu zomculi uJuan de Juanes.
Isitayile sikaRibalta sasiluncedo kwi-counter-reform kuba kwimisebenzi yakhe ukwakheka okulula okugxile kubalinganiswa ababonisa uvakalelo olucacileyo oluqhelekileyo lwepeyinti yeBaroque yaseSpain yabonwa.
Phakathi kwemifanekiso yakhe kugqame Ukuwola Ebethelelwe esiphambanweni uBernard kunye noSaint Francis Wathuthuzelwa yiNgelosi ekwiMyuziyam yasePrado.
Omnye wemisebenzi yakhe siSidlo esiNgcwele sesibingelelo seColegio del Patriarca kwakunye nesibingelelo sasePortacoeli esikwiMyuziyam yaseValencia apho iSan Bruno igqame khona.
Phakathi kwabafundi bakhe abakhulu, unyana wakhe uJuan Ribalta ubalaseleyo, owafa emncinci kakhulu, kunye noJerónimo Jacinto Espinosa.
Imisebenzi yakhe igqamile njengoMmangaliso kaKristu woHlangulo wonyaka we-1623 kunye noKufa kukaSan Luis Beltrán ngonyaka we-1653 ukuvela kukaKristu kuSan Ignacio wonyaka we-1658.
Kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba uJosé de Ribera, nangona efakwe kwisikolo saseValencian, wayesoloko esebenza kwisizwe saseNtaliyane ukususela ngo-1611, wayengekho eValencia kwaye ngoxa eRoma wayenempembelelo yomculi uCaravaggio, ethatha i-tenebrist. indalo.
Imizobo yakhe ibalaselisa ukulula kwabapostile nezithandi zobulumko apho wayexelisa amazwi aquka imibimbi.Wahlala kwisixeko saseNaples waza wanxibelelana noVelázquez ngokuphathelele i<em>chiaroscuro, eyathinjwa yimpembelelo yamandulo yaseVenice.
Phakathi kwemisebenzi ephuma kulo mculi omkhulu we-baroque yaseSpain yiLa Magdalena Penitente, egcinwe kwiMyuziyam yasePrado.
Njengokufa kukaSan Felipe, El Sueño de Jacob, Santísima Trinidad, San Andrés kunye ne-Inmaculada Concepción, le misebenzi yeye-Agustinas de Monterrey kwisixeko saseSalamanca.
Omnye wemisebenzi yommeli weSpanish Baroque umzobo yiLa Cartuja de San Martino kwisixeko saseNaples, uMthendeleko wabaPostile nawo wabamba ezinye iiseyile ezibhekiselele kwimihlaba yengqokelela yeeNkosana zaseAlba kwiBhotwe laseMonterrey.
Wayekwaphethe ukubamba imixholo yezenkolo eyagunyaziswa ngamasekela aseSpain kwisixeko saseNaples kunye nemixholo yasentsomini efana neVenus kunye noAdonis, uApollo noMarsyas, uTyelelo lwezithixo emadodeni, uSilenus Drunk ngaphandle kokulibala uthotho lwemifanekiso. .
Njengoko kunjalo nge-equestrian kaDon Juan José wase-Austria kunye nomfanekiso owaziwayo u-El pie varo ophendula ngokuthe ngqo kwincasa yexesha kwi-Spanish baroque yokupeyinta, kunye neLa Mujer Barbuda ye-III Duke yase-Alcalá.
Ngokuphathelele kwiSikolo saseAndalusi
Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-1564 kwisixeko saseSeville, umzobo wenkundla yemveli onempembelelo yamaDatshi wawusesidlangalaleni, ingummeli wawo obalaseleyo umzobi waseMannerist uFrancisco Pacheco owayenguyisezala kunye nomfundisi-ntsapho weVelázquez enkulu (1654- XNUMX).
Wayengumzobi we-erudite owayephethe ukwenza isivumelwano phantsi kwesihloko esithi UbuGcisa bePainting eyapapashwa emva kokungabikho kwakhe ngokomzimba.Kubalulekile ukuba wazi ukuba umfundisi ogama linguJuan de Roelas (1570-1625) wayengumzobi owathi. iquke umbala kwisitayile sobugcisa saseVenice kwisixeko saseSeville.
Ngenxa yale nyaniso, uthathwa ngokuba nguyise womzobo weSpanish Baroque eLower Andalusia.Imisebenzi yakhe ibalasele kwisitayile esiqaqambileyo nesinemibala yeBaroque ene-antecedent yaso kwisitayile seMannerist.
Phakathi kwemisebenzi eveleleyo kulo mmeli womzobo weBaroque yaseSpain, iMartyrdom kaSaint Andrew ivelele, ekwiMyuziyam yaseSeville.
Ufanele ukwazi ukuba esi sizukulwana sokuqala samagcisa amele umzobo weSpanish Baroque uphela kunye noFrancisco Herrera owaziwa ngokuba ngu-El Viejo (1590-1656) njengomfundisi wobugcisa bonyana wakhe uHerrera El Mozo.
Ngokophando olwenziwayo, eli gcisa elinefani ethi Herrera liya kuba yinxalenye yenguqu ukusuka kwindlela yokuya kwintshukumo yeBaroque.
Apho wayengumxhasi wombulelo kwiimpawu zakhe zobugcisa ezifana nebrashi ye-vertiginous kunye nenyani eqhelekileyo kwipeyinti yeBaroque yaseSpain.
Kubalulekile ukuba uqonde ukuba isixeko saseSeville sasikwimeko entle kakhulu yezoqoqosho ngenxa yokurhweba neMelika apho amagcisa abalaseleyo epeyinti yeSpanish Baroque ayeqeqeshwa, anjenge Zurbarán, Velázquez kunye noAlonso Cano.
Ngokumalunga noFrancisco de Zurbarán (1598-1664), ungoyena mmeli uphezulu womzobo weBaroque yaseSpain kwinqanaba lenkolo, awayesaziwa ngalo ngexesha lakhe njengomzobi weefeki.
Ubomi bakhe obusezayo nabo bubalasele, nangona wayezinikele kubo ngamaxesha athile. Olunye lweempawu zakhe sisitayile se-tenebrist apho abandakanya ukubunjwa okulula kunye nokwenyani kwezinto kunye nabantu awababamba kwiiseyile zakhe.
Babalaselisa uthotho lwemisebenzi yobugcisa ebhekiselele kwiinkonzo ezahlukeneyo zemfundiso yamaKatolika, ekuthi phakathi kwazo iiCarthusians zesixeko saseSeville zigqame, kunye neeHieronymites zeSacristy yeMonastery yaseGuadalupe. Phakathi kwemisebenzi yakhe kuyabonakala:
- UFriar Gonzalo de Illescas
- Bumsulwa
- UFrar Pedro Machado
- IMisa kaBawo Cabañuelas
- I-Saint Hugo kwindawo yokuphumla yeeCarthusians
- Umbono kaBawo Salmerón
- Ukuhendwa kweSanta Jerome
- USanta Catalina
Ngokubhekiselele komnye ummeli omkhulu we-Spanish Baroque umzobo, uAlonso Cano (1601-1667) uthathwa njengomsunguli wesikolo saseGranada Baroque.
Ewe, wayazi umzobo waseVenetian kwiingqokelela zasebukhosini xa wayetyunjwa umzobi wegumbi enkosi kwi-Count-Duke yaseOlivares. Kubalulekile ukuba wazi ukuba u-Alonso Cano kunye noVelázquez yayingabahlobo kunye nabo wayefunda nabo.
Kwindibano yocweyo yenkosi uFrancisco Pacheco, apho wamkela khona iifom ezifanelekileyo kunye nezakudala, akazange ayithande inyani yabantu bexesha lakhe.
Phakathi kweyona misebenzi imele kakhulu yeli gcisa lomzobo weBaroque yaseSpain kukho iiseyile ezibhekiselele kuBomi beNtombi enyulu okwangoku kwiCathedral yaseGranada.
UVelázquez kunye nefuthe lakhe kwipeyinti yeBaroque yaseSpain
Kule nkulungwane ngowona mfanekiso uphezulu ka-Diego Velázquez ungomnye weengqondi ezinkulu zoyilo lomzobi weBaroque waseSpain. Lo mculi ubalaseleyo wazalelwa kwisixeko saseSeville ngonyaka we-1599 waza wafa kwisixeko saseMadrid ngonyaka we-1660.
Wabonisa ubuchule obukhulu bokukhanya nobumnyama, wayengumzobi omkhulu womzobo we-baroque waseSpain, ngokubhekiselele kwimifanekiso yakhe, akazange abambe ookumkani kunye neentsapho zabo kwi-canvas, kodwa kunye neminye imizobo efana ne-court jesters.
Ngokubhekisele kwaba balinganiswa, ubaqaqambisa ngokundilisekileyo nangokusesikweni kumsebenzi wakhe, wazibonakalisa ngexesha lakhe eligcisa elaqatshelwa ngamanye amagcisa adumileyo.
Injalo imeko kaVicente Carducho, nangona wayezibandakanye kwi-classicism, wayichitha i-naturalism njengobugcisa obuncinci.
Ekuqaleni kwayo kwisixeko saseSeville, umzobi u-Diego Velázquez wayejongene nokuthatha imifanekiso ebhekiselele kuhlobo lwemiboniso apho abanye abapeyinti abanjengoFrancisco Pacheco kunye no-Antonio Palomino babiza okanye badweliswe njenge-Still Lifes.
Apho benza iimodeli zemizobo yasekhitshini eyenziwe ngabazobi bemvelaphi yaseFlemish efana neBeuckelaer kunye ne-Aertsen evela kumazantsi eNetherlands.
Ukuba yayiphantsi kolawulo lwama-Austrians, ngoko kwakukho i-boom enkulu yezoqoqosho zorhwebo phakathi kwemimandla yaseFlanders naseSeville.
Ukuba le mifanekiso i-initials ekunikeni udumo kulo mculi ngenxa yokuba akazange enze imisebenzi elula kodwa imiboniso yohlobo olunobungqina kwiimyuziyam ezahlukeneyo zesizwe saseSpain.
Ibalaselisa indlela ebenomtsalane ngayo ezi ngoma zobuchule kuluntu lwaseYurophu, phakathi kwazo ezibalaseleyo:
- Isidlo sasemini senziwa ngo-1617 kwiMyuziyam yaseHermitage
- Ixhegokazi liqhotsa amaqanda ngonyaka we-1618 kwiGalari yeSizwe yaseScotland
- UKrestu kwindlu kaMarta ukusuka ngonyaka we-1618 ekwiNational Gallery yaseLondon
- I-Aguador de Sevilla yenziwe ngonyaka we-1620 kwaye ibekwe kwiNdlu yase-Apsley
Kule miboniso, iinkcukacha ezibhekiselele kubomi obahlukileyo obusekhoyo zinokubonwa apho iijagi ezenziwe ngezinto ezifana neeseramiki kunye neentlanzi zibonakaliswa.
Ukongeza kumaqanda anenyani enkulu kwiseyile ephawulwa ngumoya omnyama apho asebenzise ipalethi enemibala embalwa.
Kuya kufuneka uyazi ukuba eli gcisa u-Diego Velázquez akenzanga kuphela imisebenzi yobugcisa enxulumene nenkolo, wayekwaphethe ukuthathwa kwemifanekiso yasenkundleni kunye nemixholo yembali, apho i-Surrender yeBreda igqamile.
Ukwabonise umsebenzi ogqwesileyo kwipeyinti yeBaroque yaseSpain ebhekiselele kwimixholo yasentsomini, apho iThe Triumph of Bacchus, Intsomi yeArachne, iForge yeVulcano, phakathi kwabanye, igqamile.
Phakathi kobuchule bakhe obubalaseleyo kusekho ubomi kunye neendawo zomhlaba kunye neenqunu zabasetyhini eziqhelekileyo kobu bugcisa, njengeVenus yeMirror.
Eli gcisa libalaseleyo lomzobo weBaroque waseSpain liphenjelelwa yi-tenebrism yeCaravaggio kunye neRubens enkulu, ivumela ukudityaniswa kwale misinga evelele kulo msebenzi wophawu olukhulu oluyinyani oluqhelekileyo lweVelázquez.
Wabonisa ubuchule obukhulu bobuchule bokuyila ekuphatheni ukukhanya kunye nendawo kwimizobo yeBaroque yaseSpain, ngenxa yoko uthathwa njengomfanekiso ofanelekileyo we-tenebrism wesiqingatha sokuqala senkulungwane ye-XNUMX kunye nentshukumo yeBaroque kwinxalenye yesibini ye inkulungwane efanayo.
Enye yeempawu zayo eziphambili yimpembelelo yokwenyani yobunzulu obukhulu, ebonisa kwi-canvases yayo umoya apho uthuli ludada phakathi kwamanani.
Ukuba ubamba kwiiseyile zakhe ebonisa umyalelo omkhulu wembono eguquguqukayo njengoko kugxininiswe komnye wemisebenzi yakhe emikhulu iLas Meninas.
Phakathi kwemisebenzi kaVelázquez kukho amanye amagcisa abalaseleyo, afana nomzobi uJuan de Pareja (1610-1667).
Kwaye loo mkhwenyana wakhe uJuan Bautista Martínez del Mazo (1605-1667) owayengumncedisi wakhe emva kokufunda isimbo waza waba ngumzobi ozimeleyo.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=macuJDysm0k
Ngokuphathelele kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane XVII
Ngeli nqanaba le-Spanish Baroque yokupeyinta, ayisekho phantsi kwe-domain yeCaravaggio, kodwa kunokuba impembelelo ye-Rubensian-style Flemish Baroque movement, kunye ne-Italian Baroque, ibonakala.
Ezinye iintlobo zemizobo ziyabonakala apho ukukhanya kunye nezithunzi zingagqamanga kodwa ikhromatism engena ngaphakathi ithathelwe ingqalelo ebhekisa kwisikolo semvelaphi yaseVenetian.
Ukongeza, i-theatre ifakwe kwi-baroque yaseSpain umzobo, into ebaluleke kakhulu kulo mzobo we-baroque waseSpain.
Olu hlobo lwepeyinti ye-baroque yaseSpain isetyenziselwa ukubonakalisa uloyiso lweCawa ngokubonga kwi-counter-reformation kwaye kwangaxeshanye isetyenziselwa ukujamelana nokuhla kobukumkani baseSpain.
Ukongezelela kobu bugcisa ngumzobo ohonjisiweyo osezindongeni nakwiindonga zetempile zonqulo nakwiinkundla zakomkhulu.
Iziphumo zemiboniso kunye neengcamango ezibonakalayo zibonwa, imixholo ebhekiselele kwi-vanitas ingena ngenjongo yokubonisa ababukeli.
Amampunge ezinto zasemhlabeni abhekisa kubuthathaka bobomi nokuba bufutshane kangakanani na, kungoko kubalulekile ukuzonwabela.
Ngokungafaniyo ne-vanitas yamaDatshi, kwi-Spanish Baroque ukupeyinta inkolo yonqulo yomelezwa ngokusebenzisa izihloko ezingaphezu kwendalo ukuze kuqwalaselwe abathembekileyo beCawa yamaKatolika.
Isikolo saseMadrid
Utshintsho lubonwa kwipeyinti ye-baroque yaseSpain ukusuka kwi-tenebrism ukuya kwi-baroque epheleleyo kunye naphakathi kwabameli ababalaseleyo kwesi sikolo saseMadrid.
UJuan Andrés Rizi (1600-1681) umi phakathi kwabaculi, kunye noFrancisco de Herrera, owaziwa ngokuba ngu-El Mozo (1627-1685), unyana kaHerrera El Viejo.
Ngokubhekiselele kuFrancisco Herrera el Mozo, wafunda ukususela emncinci kakhulu kwiworkshop kayise, owayephethe imfundiso yokuqala yokudweba kweBaroque yaseSpain, emva kweminyaka emininzi wafudukela eItali wabuyela eSpain kwakhona. 1654.
Ekubuyeni kwakhe, wasasaza oko wayekufundile malunga ne-baroque yokuhombisa yemvelaphi yaseNtaliyane, njengoko kugxininiswe kumsebenzi wobugcisa waseSan Hermenegildo okwiMyuziyam yasePrado, impembelelo yakhe yayinjalo kangangokuba wafumana isikhundla sikamongameli weSeville Academy.
Kubalulekile ukuba wazi ukuba umongameli wesi sikolo wonganyelwe nguMurillo, nangona wayethabatheke ngumsebenzi wakhe wobugcisa kwisixeko saseMadrid ngokubhekiselele kwipeyinti yeBaroque yaseSpain.
Omnye wabaculi ababemele umzobo weBaroque waseSpain ngeli xesha nguAntonio Pereda (1611-1678) owayegxile kwinkalo yenkolo kwiicawa ezahlukeneyo kunye neengqungquthela kwisixeko saseMadrid.
Wayephethe ukubamba ama-vanitas ambalwa apho ebonisa isantya apho ulonwabo lwasemhlabeni luphela, ebonisa iimpawu ezimsondeza ngakumbi kuhlobo lobomi obusahleliyo, buguqulele kwi-subgenre yayo.
Khumbula ukuba ubomi busekhona bubhekiselele kubomi obusekhona kwaye enye yolu hlobo lomzobo weBaroque yaseSpain ngulo mculi ubalaseleyo nguEl Sueño del Caballero ekwiReal Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando.
Apho indoda iboniswa ilele ngoxa kwindawo yayo kubonwa uluhlu lwezinto ezililize zeli hlabathi, kubalaseliswa insignia enika amandla anjengeglowubhu yomhlaba nezithsaba, kunye nezinto ezixatyiswa kakhulu ezinje ngamatye anqabileyo, imali kunye nezinto ezixabisekileyo. iincwadi.
Yonke le nto ijikeleze ukhakhayi kunye neentyantyambo ezikhawuleza zilahlekelwe bubuhle bazo kwaye zibune, unokuphinda ubone ukukhanya kwekhandlela elichithe isiqingatha, libonisa ukuba ixesha lobomi liyadlula kwaye ingelosi iyaliqinisekisa ngenxa yokuba inxibe iribhoni enayo. malunga nemizobo kunye nombhalo:
“…AETERNE PUNGIT; NDICULA I-VOLAT ET OCCIDIT… Ixesha lihlala lilimaza, libhabha ngokukhawuleza kwaye libulala…”
Oku kufana nesilumkiso kubabukeli bomzobo we-baroque waseSpain apho umzobi u-Antonio Pereda enqwenela ukuvakalisa ngobugcisa obulandelayo:
"... Udumo lwezenzo ezikhulu luya kunyamalala njengephupha ..."
Omnye umzekelo onokubonakaliswa ngumsebenzi wobugcisa I-Allegory ye-Vanity of Life e-Kunsthistorisches kwisixeko saseVienna.
Umsebenzi ubonisa umzobo onamaphiko kwaye ujikeleze izihloko zomsebenzi wangaphambili ziphindaphindiwe, njengehlabathi, i-skulls, iwashi, kunye nemali.
Nangona kweminye imisebenzi emele umzobo weBaroque yaseSpain ngokweevanitas zinokuqulatha izinto ezimbalwa ezinje ngokakayi kunye newotshi.
Njengoko kunokubonwa kwiMyuziyam yaseZaragoza apho aya kubahlalisa khona ngokobuchule bakhe bokuyila, evumela iingoma ezintsonkothileyo.
Ipeyinti yeBaroque yaseSpain yesi siqingatha sesibini senkulungwane imelwe ngamagcisa amaninzi, apho sinokukhankanya oku kulandelayo:
- UFrancisco Rizi (1614-1685) owayengumzalwana kaJuan Ricci
- UJuan Carreño de Miranda (1614-1685) engowesibini umzobi obalaseleyo
- UDiego Velázquez ngoyena mzobi wepeyinti yebaroque yaseSpain, imizobo yakhe yokumkanikazi ongumhlolokazi uMariana waseOstriya kunye noCharles II edume kakhulu.
- UMateo Cerezo (1637-1666) ungumfundi kaVelázquez kunye nomthandi weTitian kunye noVan Dyck
Singakhankanya abanye abaculi abamele umzobo weSpanish Baroque, njengoJosé Antolínez, owayengumfundi womculi uFrancisco Rizi.
Ngubani owayenempembelelo enkulu yemvelaphi yaseVenetian kunye neDatshi wayengumbhali wemisebenzi eyahlukeneyo kwintsimi yenkolo, egxininisa imisebenzi yakhe yobugcisa ebhekiselele kwi-Immaculate Conception.
Impembelelo yeVelázquez ibonwa ngokubhekiselele kumbala wombala osetyenziswayo apho imibala yesilivere ikhethiweyo. Singakuxelela kwakhona ngoSebastián Herrera Barnuevo owayengumfundi wegcisa uAlonso Cano.
Ngaphandle kokuba ngumzobi wezakhiwo, wayengumzobi nomkroli.Imisebenzi yakhe yobugcisa enxulumene nemifanekiso yayigqamile, ibonisa isimbo esifana nesesikolo saseVenice, njengoko kunjalo ngeVeronese neTintoretto.
Ukugqiba ngesikolo saseMadrid, omnye wabameli bakhe bokugqibela be-Spanish Baroque umzobo uhambelana nomculi ozelwe eMadrid uClaudio Coello (1642-1693) okhethekileyo njengomzobi wenkundla.
Nangona imisebenzi yakhe yobugcisa egqwesileyo inxulumene nenqanaba lenkolo kunye nokuzoba kunye nombono ophenjelelwa nguVelázquez.
Kunye nemidlalo yeqonga enkulu ebhekiselele kwimisebenzi yobugcisa kaRubens enjengomsebenzi othi The Adoration of the Sacred Form kwakunye noloyiso luka-Saint Augustine.
Isikolo saseAndalusi
Isikolo saseSeville sibonisa umzobo we-baroque waseSpain omelwe ngumzobi uMurillo kunye nomnye umzobi omkhulu ogama linguValdés Leal ababengabasunguli ngonyaka we-1660 we-Academy yaseSeville apho inani elikhulu labapeyinti bajoyina.
Igama elipheleleyo lalo mmeli mkhulu womzobo weBaroque waseSpain nguBartolomé Esteban Murillo (1618-1682) Uthandwa kakhulu ngomsebenzi wakhe obhekiselele kwi-Immaculate Conception kunye nokubonakaliswa ngemvakalelo enkulu yoMntwana uYesu.
Nangona ngexesha lakhe lembali uMurillo wayexatyiswa kakhulu ngenxa yemifanekiso yodidi, injalo imeko yamakhwenkwe abonisa indlela yokuhlala emdeni, imizekelo yabo yile: Abantwana abatya iziqhamo kunye noMntwana ojonge ngefestile.
Ubonisa ukuguqulwa komzobo we-baroque waseSpain, ukushiya emva kwesitayela se-tenebrist malunga nexesha layo lokuqala, le misebenzi ilandelayo iyaqatshelwa: La Sagrada Familia del Pajarito kunye neCycle yeConvent yaseSan Francisco kwisixeko saseSeville.
Emva koko, ngemisebenzi yakhe yobugcisa, kuyacaca ukuba i-brushstroke iba khaphukhaphu kwaye ityetyiswe ngephalethi yombala, ivumela ukukhululeka kakhulu kunye nebrushstroke ekhawulezayo.
Kuyaphawuleka ukuba uMurillo wathatha imifanekiso elungelelaniswe kwincasa yoluntu lwamanxila apho ii-canvases zimele imisebenzi yobugcisa kunye nemixholo ethambileyo ngaphandle kwedrama, isusa imiba emibi yobomi bemihla ngemihla.
Ngokubhekiselele kwinqanaba lenkolo yepeyinti yeBaroque yaseSpain, uMurillo wenza inani elikhulu lemisebenzi yobugcisa, kubandakanya iMartyrdom kaSaint Andrew, uMalusi olungileyo, uRebeca noEliezer, uSaint Justa kunye noRufina, Isibhengezo, kunye neenguqulelo ezahlukeneyo ezibhekiselele kuzo. Ukukhawulwa Okumsulwa.
Lo mfanekiso wokugqibela waba ngumzekelo oye waqhubeka ukukhutshelwa kwinkulungwane yonke ngaphandle kokulibala isiqingatha samanqaku awawenzela icawa yaseSevillian egama linguSanta María La Blanca con el Sueño del Patricio ngaphandle kokulibala imifanekiso emihle kakhulu efana naleyo yomzobi uVan Dyck. .
Sinokukhankanya nomzobi wemvelaphi yaseCordovan uJuan de Valdés Leal (1622-1690) Imisebenzi yakhe emibini iyaziwa namhlanje, njengoko kunjalo nge-Decadences awayidala kwiSibhedlele sase-Caridad kwisixeko saseSeville.
Ziingoma ezintsonkothileyo ezibalaseleyo apho uloyiso lokufa phezu kobomi lubonwa. Ukufa kufanekiselwa ngokhakhayi kunye namathambo ngelixa izinto ezingento zimelwe ngeencwadi kunye nezixhobo.
Apho kubonisa ukuba ukufa akukwenzi kuyacalulana ngokweendidi njengoko kuchaziwe kumsebenzi weMidaniso Yokufa. Kuyaqatshelwa ukuba isitayile sikaValdés Leal siyaguquka kwaye sinobundlobongela apho aphetheyo ngokubeka kuqala umbala ngaphezu komsebenzi owenziweyo.
Ngokunxulumene nenkulungwane yeshumi elinesibhozo
Ngokumalunga neminyaka yokuqala yenkulungwane ye-XNUMX, kuphawulwa ukuba umzobo weBaroque waseSpain wagcinwa de kwasungulwa intshukumo entsha yobugcisa eyaziwa ngokuba yiRococo, eyayinempembelelo enkulu kwisizwe samaFrentshi.
Embindini wenkulungwane yeshumi elinesibhozo, iiBourbons zafika kwisizwe saseSpain kwaye zazinoxanduva lokuzisa inani elikhulu lamagcisa angaphandle kwinkundla yaseSpain, kubandakanya uLouis-Michel Van Loo, uMichel-Ange Houasse kunye noJean Ranc.
Nangona kunjalo, kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo yesizwe saseSpain, umsebenzi weSikole saseSeville waqhubeka, njengoko kunjalo ngabafundi bomculi uMurillo de kwaba ngunyaka we-1750 kwaye nangona inkundla yavelisa utshintsho ngokubhekiselele kwipeyinti.
Kwiitempile zonqulo kunye nobuhandiba bengingqi bahlala bethembekile kwipeyinti yeBaroque yaseSpain, yiyo loo nto ukuqhubeka kobu bugcisa kubonwa kude kube yinkulungwane ye-XNUMX.
Phakathi kwamanani obugcisa amele utshintsho oluvela kwi-Spanish Baroque umzobo ngu-Acisclo Antonio Palomino (1655-1726) owayephethe umsebenzi omkhulu wobugcisa ngexesha le-XNUMX kunye ne-XNUMX leminyaka.
Waqala waqala umsebenzi wenkolo kodwa washiywa ngenxa yokuthanda kwakhe umzobo weBaroque yaseSpain. Wasuka kwidolophu yakowabo yaseCórdoba waya kwisixeko saseMadrid ngo-1678 apho wafumana iiklasi ezivela kubaculi uClaudio Coello kunye noCarreño.
Emva kweminyaka elishumi yokufunda kunye nokuziqhelanisa ngonyaka we-1688 lo mzobi mkhulu unyukela kwisikhundla somzobi wenkosi ngenxa yeso sizathu ufumana phakathi kwezabelo zakhe zokupeyinta amagumbi eChapel yeHolo yeSixeko yesixeko saseMadrid umsebenzi awawufumanayo. olwenziwa phakathi konyaka we-1693 nowe-1699.
Wasebenza kunye nomnye umzobi omkhulu onjengoLuca Giordano owamfundisa yonke into enxulumene neBaroque yemvelaphi yaseTaliyane.
Kwiminyaka ye-1697 kunye ne-1701 uphethe i-frescoes yeCawa yaseSantos Juanes ehlala kwisixeko saseValencia emva koko kwelinye ixesha le-1705 kunye ne-1707 uthunywe ukuhombisa iConvent yaseSan Esteban kwisixeko sase-Valencia. Salamanca.
Ngokumalunga nokuqala kwalo mzobi, kufakwe kwisitayile seSikole saseMadrid ngempembelelo yomculi uClaudio Coello kodwa emva kokudibana noGordano wacacisa umbala wombala owawusebenzisa kwi-Spanish Baroque yokudweba.
Emva koko, wayephethe iingoma ezintsonkothileyo apho wayebonakalisa ubuchule obubalaseleyo bomzobo.
Singakhankanya omnye umzobo obaluleke kakhulu kumzobo weBaroque waseSpain walo mzuzu wembali, njengoMiguel Jacinto Meléndez, owayehlala kwisixeko saseMadrid nowazi uPalomino.
Kwakhona wonyuselwa kwisikhundla sokuba ngumzobi wokumkani ngowe-1712 waza wanikwa umsebenzi wokuba enze imifanekiso kaFelipe V nentsapho yakhe kwakunye necandelo lonqulo ngenxa yempembelelo kaClaudio Coello noFrancisco Rizi.
Ukongeza kwi-Spanish Baroque umzobo wakhe ngononophelo olukhulu kunye nombala ochaphazela impembelelo yeRococo, ukuba ngumzekelo wale misebenzi yobugcisa ilandelayo I-Annunciation eyenziwe ngonyaka we-1718 ukongeza kwiNtsapho eNgcwele ngonyaka we-1722.
Ngokubhekiselele kwisixeko saseValencia, umzobi uJosé Vergara Gimeno (1726-1799) wayenembopheleleko yokuthatha impembelelo yePalomino ngokubhekiselele kwipeyinti yeBaroque yaseSpain.
Ngokukodwa kwiingqungquthela zayo ezibanzi kunye neziyinkimbinkimbi ezenziwe ngobuchule befresco, yahlaziywa ngeefomula ezisetyenziswe ngomnye umzobi obaluleke kakhulu, njengoJuan de Juanes y los Ribalta.
Wayejongene nokudala ezinye iindlela zobugcisa ezitsha ezamvumela ukuba azingenise kwi-neoclassical kwaye wayephethe ukuseka ngo-1768 iRoyal Academy of Fine Arts yaseSan Carlos.
Kwinkampani yomntakwabo u-Ignacio kunye neli ziko liya kumvumela ukuba anike isidima kunye nentlonipho kwizifundo eziqhelekileyo ze-Spanish Baroque yokudweba.
Ukuphelisa le nkulungwane enkulu yomzobo we-baroque waseSpain ngumculi ozelwe eCatalan u-Antoni Viladomat oye wasebenzisana nomzobi omkhulu wemvelaphi yase-Italiya.
Ukuba nguFerdinando Galli Bibbiena ngexesha apho isixeko saseBarcelona sasisihlalo senkundla ye-Archduke Carlos yase-Austria.
Ngubani owayengumgqatswa wesithsaba saseSpain ngenxa yempembelelo yakhe kwisizwe saseSpain, ukunyuka kwesitayile somculi u-Antoni Viladomat wabonwa, apho wadibanisa ukudibanisa kunye nendalo yeSikole saseSeville kunye neSpanish Baroque yokudweba.
Phakathi kwemizobo egqamayo leli gcisa yileyo yenziwa ngaphakathi kwecawa yaseLos Dolores de Mataró ngo-1722, imifanekiso elandelelanayo ebhekiselele kubomi baseSan Francisco ekhoyo namhlanje kwiMyuziyam yeSizwe yoBugcisa baseCatalonia ngonyaka we-1727.
Omnye wemisebenzi yobugcisa apho eli gcisa libalaseleyo lagqamayo libhekiselele kubomi obusaphilayo kunye nemiboniso yohlobo, apho sinokukhankanya amaXesha amaNe afumaneka kwiMyuziyam yeSizwe yobuGcisa yaseCatalonia.
Ipeyinti ye-baroque yaseSpain kwi-viceroyalties yaseMelika
Njengoko kungqinwe kwi-viceroyalties yaseSpain kwilizwekazi laseMelika, impembelelo yokuqala eyabonwa kwipeyinti ye-baroque yaseSpain yayinxulumene ne-tenebrism yesikolo saseSeville.
Phakathi kwezo zivelayo yimpembelelo yomzobi uZurbarán, inxalenye yemisebenzi yakhe yobugcisa ebhekiselele kumzobo weSpanish Baroque kwizizwe zaseMexico nasePeru isabonakala.
Enokubonwa kwimisebenzi yobugcisa yabapeyinti bobuzwe baseMexico, njengoSebastián López de Arteaga noJosé Juárez.
Unokuwuxabisa umsebenzi wegcisa laseBolivia uMelchor Pérez de Holguín. Ngokubhekiselele kwisizwe sasePeruvia, ngokukodwa kwisixeko saseCuzco apho impembelelo yeSikolo saseSeville ibonwa khona, yatolikwa ngendlela ekhethekileyo ngokusetyenziswa kwezinto ezixabiswa kakhulu ezifana negolide.
Ukongeza kwisitayile esingaqhelekanga sabemi bomthonyama belizwekazi laseMelika esatyebisa umzobo webharoque yaseSpain ngokubhekiselele kwiSikolo sokupeyinta saseCuzco, kwavela umbulelo kumzobi owazalelwa e-Italiya uBernardo Bitti ngo-1853.
Apho wazisa indlela eMelika phakathi kwemisebenzi yemifanekiso ephuma kulo mzuzu wembali nguLuis de Riaño wayengumfundi ka-Angelino Medoro owayephethe ukwenza imizobo eseludongeni yetempile yaseAndahuaylillas.
Amanye amagcisa emveli aphuma phandle kwipeyinti yeBaroque yaseSpain aquka uBasilio Santa Cruz Puma Callao, uDiego Quispe Tito.
NjengoMarcos Zapata owayenoxanduva lokwenza imizobo emashumi mahlanu yomthamo omkhulu onoxanduva lokunxiba ii-arches eziphakamileyo eziboniswa yiCathedral yaseCuzco.
Ngokubhekiselele kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesibhozo ngokunxulumene nezixhobo zesibingelelo ezenziwe kwimizobo eqingqiweyo, zithatyathelw’ indawo yimisebenzi yobugcisa yokupeyinta iBaroque yaseSpain kwilizwekazi laseMelika, kwaye ngalo mzuzu wembali kwakukho imbuyekezo kwiimfuno zemisebenzi yobugcisa ngokubhekiselele kwimbali. icandelo loluntu.
Ngokukodwa kuhlobo lomfanekiso woluntu lwezihandiba zelo xesha kwilizwekazi laseMelika, kunye neCawa yamaKatolika, wayengumxhasi ogqwesileyo kubaculi bepeyinti yeBaroque yaseSpain.
Ufanele ukwazi ukuba impembelelo ephambili yokudweba kwe-baroque yaseSpain ivela ku-Murillo kwaye kwezinye iimeko impembelelo yabanye abaculi inokubonwa, kunjalo kwimeko kaCristóbal de Villalpando ofumana impembelelo yakhe ngokubonga kumculi waseValdés Leal.
Ngokumalunga nolu hlobo lwepeyinti ye-baroque yaseSpain yalo mzuzu wembali kwilizwekazi laseMelika, igxininiswe ngemvakalelo, iifom zayo zimnandi kwaye phakathi kwamagcisa, uGregorio Vázquez de Arce, umthonyama wesizwe saseColombia, uvelele.
Ngokunxulumene nesizwe saseMexico, amagcisa abalaseleyo epeyinti yeBaroque yaseSpain agqamile, njengoMiguel Cabrera kunye noJuan Rodríguez Juárez. Kubalulekile ukuba uqonde ukuba owona mzuzu mkhulu wobu bugcisa wenzeke phakathi kweminyaka ye-1650 kunye ne-1750.
Amagcisa aliqela abalaseleyo kwipeyinti yeBaroque yaseSpain ayenzeka ngaxeshanye kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo yelizwekazi laseMelika, apho iBolivia, iColombia, i-Ecuador, iMexico kunye nePeru zibalaseleyo.
Ukongeza, umzobo we-baroque waseSpain kweli zwekazi laseMelika ufakwe yi-mythological sphere apho ii-arches zoloyiso ezakhiwe ekungeneni kweendawo zokuhlala ze-viceroys kunye nabanye abalinganiswa boluntu oluhle kakhulu.
Ngaphandle kokulibala ukunyanzeliswa kokuthathwa kwemiboniso eseBhayibhileni apho kukhuthazwa ukuchasana nohlaziyo, umzekelo woku yayisisixeko saseQuito phantsi komyalelo weenkokeli zamaDominican kwakunye namaJesuit.
Ilifa lePainting yeBaroque yaseSpain
Kubalulekile ukuba uthathele ingqalelo ukuba umzobo weSpanish Baroque uphawula inqaku elinomdla kwimbali yobugcisa enkosi kwimpembelelo yayo enkulu kwingingqi yaseSpain.
Lo msinga wawubaluleke kakhulu kulo lonke ilizwekazi laseYurophu ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX kunye nenxalenye yenkulungwane ye-XNUMX, kunye nomzobo weBaroque waseSpain uyindlela entsha yokubonakalisa ubugcisa.
Ngexesha lembali apho isibetho sibangela inani elikhulu lokufa kwaye iCawa yamaKatolika ijongene nengxaki yayo yokuqala.
Ukuba uzama ukusombulula umbulelo kwi-counter-reformation kunye nombulelo kwi-Spanish baroque yokupeyinta, ukuthanda ukholo, uxolo kunye neenkonzo ezifana nenceba ziyabanjwa, zibonisa ubumoya obukhulu kwinkalo yenkolo.
Ngoko iCawa yamaKatolika yazama ukufumana ngeSpanish Baroque ukupeyinta indlela yokwenza abathembekileyo bakholelwe kwiimfundiso zamaKristu ngokwenza ukufana okusengqiqweni koko kwakubonakaliswa kwimisebenzi yobugcisa.
Nangona ukugqithisa kwabonwa kwimilinganiselo yemifanekiso eyenziwe kwi-Spanish Baroque yokupeyinta, eyakhonza ukunika injongo yokunyakaza ngokubonga kwi-optical illusion, eyathi kamva ijongelwa phantsi ngenani elikhulu lamagcisa.
Ukusetyenziswa kwe-chiaroscuro kuvelele kwi-baroque yaseSpain yokudweba, ukuba ngumahluko obonwa kwimisebenzi yakhe yobugcisa, evumela ukudibanisa.
Phakathi kweendawo ezimnyama kunye neendawo ezikhanyiswe ngokupheleleyo, khumbula ukuba ngumsebenzi onobunewunewu obukhulu ekusebenziseni umbala wombala.
Imibala esetyenzisiweyo inamandla kwaye igxininisa ukusetyenziswa kwegolide kunye nesilivere kwindawo ebanjwe kwi-canvas kunye nokufakwa kwemibala eyahlukileyo.
Injalo imeko ye-burgundy, i-violet kunye nebomvu ebonisa ukugqithisa ngokugqithiseleyo kunye nokukholisa iliso lombukeli, ubukho bomnyama buqhelekile ngokungafaniyo kwe-Spanish Baroque yokudweba.
Isiphelo
Embindini wenkulungwane yeshumi elinesixhenxe kunye nenxalenye yokuqala yenkulungwane yeshumi elinesibhozo, umzobo weBaroque waseSpain wafikelela kumzuzu kwimbali ezaliswe bubuchule kunye nobuchule, yiyo loo nto yaziwa ngokuba yiGolden Age.
Ngombulelo kwiindidi zezifundo zobugcisa, nangona isizwe saseSpain sikwintlekele enkulu yezoqoqosho kunye nempilo, izikolo ezinkulu ze-Spanish Baroque zokupenda ziphuhliswa kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo yelizwe, njengeValencia, iMadrid, iSeville neToledo.
Olunye lweempawu eziphambili zomzobo weBaroque yaseSpain yinyani ebulela kumdlalo wokukhanya kunye nesithunzi esidityaniswe neengoma ezintsonkothileyo ezivumela inkohliso yamehlo eyenza intshukumo kwimisebenzi ebanjwe kwiiseyile ezahlukeneyo.
ICawa yamaKatolika, ibulela intshukumo echasene nohlaziyo, isebenzisa umzobo weBaroque yaseSpain ukwandisa ukholo lwamakholwa ale mfundiso, ivumela ukukhula kwabathembekileyo ngokunxulumene necawa yamaProtestanti.
Kubalulekile ukuba amagcisa amaninzi esizwe saseSpain athathe impembelelo yeCaravaggio kunye ne-tenebrism ukubamba imisebenzi emihle yobugcisa kwiiseyile zabo.
Ufanele ukwazi ukuba u-Diego Velázquez ngoyena ummeli omkhulu wepeyinti ye-baroque yaseSpain, phakathi kwemisebenzi evelele kakhulu kumsebenzi wakhe onzima yi-Triumph of Bacchus ngonyaka we-1628, uVenus kunye neMirror echazwe ngonyaka we-1647.
Imisebenzi yakhe ebalulekileyo ilandelwa nguLas Meninas, awayivelisa ngo-1656, singasathethi ke ngentsomi ebalaseleyo, njengeNtsomi yaseArachne, awayivelisa ngowe-1657.
Emva kokupeyinta kweBaroque yaseSpain, kwavela intshukumo entsha kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane ye-XNUMX ukusuka kwisizwe saseFransi, esasasazeka kulo lonke ilizwekazi laseYurophu, njengeRococo.
Ukuba ulifumene eli nqaku linomdla, ndiyakumema ukuba undwendwele amakhonkco alandelayo: