Yintoni ubuGcisa bamaHindu kunye neempawu zabo

Ngale post uya kufunda ngakumbi malunga umzobo wamaHindu, izinto ezisisiseko, ubugcisa beplastiki kunye nokunye okuninzi kolu luntu luntsonkothileyo lweenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo ezinikezelwe kwinkalo yenkolo kunye nokunxibelelana kwayo nendalo njengenxalenye yolungelelwaniso lwendalo iphela. Ngeli nqaku linika umdla. Ungayeki ukuyifunda!

UBUGCISA BAMAHINDU

Bumalunga nantoni ubuGcisa bamaHindu?

Kwimeko yokuqala kufuneka wazi ukuba ubuGcisa bamaHindu buyilwe kwizinto ezinomdla kuzo, amasiko kunye neengcinga zoluntu oluneenkcubeko ezininzi ngokobukho apho iinkalo ezinje ngokugqibeleleyo, inguqu edityaniswe nobunaphakade kunye nexesha.

Iinkonzo ezahlukeneyo ezidityanisiweyo kubuGcisa bamaHindu, kunjalo kwimeko yamaHindu, amaSilamsi, amaBuddha kunye nobuKristu, ukusebenzisana nendalo ukufuna umyalelo ongcwele ngokubandakanya iintaba, imithi kunye nemilambo.

Kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba ubuGcisa bamaHindu buvela kwinkcubeko ecebileyo yabantu abahlukahlukeneyo abangena kwintsimi, ngokuqala kunye nabemi bomthonyama abanolusu olumnyama, babe ngookhokho baseDravidians kunye nezinye iinkcubeko.

Phakathi kwabo baseOstreliya, iMesolithic Mediterranean, Armenians, Mongols, Aryan ababekwesi sizwe ngo 1500 BC kwakunye namaGrike namaPersi phakathi 600 kunye 300 BC.

Singasathethi ngamaParthi kunye namaMongol angena phakathi kwe-50 kunye ne-300 BC, ke kukho amaHuns angena kwintsimi yamaHindu kwi-XNUMXth kunye ne-XNUMXth inkulungwane, kunye nama-Arabhu phakathi kwe-XNUMX kunye ne-XNUMX yenkulungwane ngaphandle kokulibala iTurko. -Afghans phakathi kweXNUMXth kunye neXNUMXth inkulungwane.

UBUGCISA BAMAHINDU

Kukwayimfuneko ukugqamisa ukungenelela okwenziwa yiTurko-Mongols phakathi kwe-XNUMX kunye ne-XNUMXth inkulungwane, kunye neBhritane phakathi kwe-XNUMX kunye ne-XNUMXth inkulungwane, yiyo loo nto le yantlukwano enkulu yeenkcubeko ibangele ukuba ubuGcisa bamaHindu bube nobutyebi kwaye. ezahlukeneyo ngokwemimandla yayo nganye.

Ubugcisa bamaHindu bukwazile ukusasaza umbulelo kuBuddhism, ngakumbi kuMzantsi-mpuma nakuMbindi weAsia, obunempembelelo kwiinkcubeko ezifana neJapan kunye neTshayina, kwaye eNtshona kuyaziwa ngobu bugcisa bubulela kwiExpedition ka-Alexander Omkhulu.

Apho baye bakwazi ukuxabisa ukuqhubela phambili kobugcisa, ubugcisa kunye nenkcubeko yale mpucuko evakalisa umlinganiswa obalisayo kuBugcisa bamaHindu apho imifanekiso eshukumayo enkulu ibonwa, ebonisa ukucokiswa kobuhle.

Iimpawu eziphambili zobuGcisa bamaHindu

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba iimpawu ezibalulekileyo zobuGcisa bamaHindu ezazahlula kwezinye izitayile ezavela kwesi sizwe kwimbali yaso zezi zilandelayo:

  • Babenobuchule obukhulu bokuzoba
  • inkululeko enkulu yokuthetha
  • Ubugcisa buhlanganiswe kwiimfuno zobuhle ngokukodwa kwizithethe zabemi
  • Ngokubhekiselele kukuzidla kunye nokuziphatha okubi, zazicwangciswe kwangaphambili ngokupheleleyo
  • Kwimisebenzi yakhe ungquzulwano kabini phakathi kobomi nokufa kubonwa ukongezelela kwiphakade kunye nexesha
  • Imixholo ephambili ebalaseleyo kubuGcisa bamaHindu yayinxulumene nenkolo kunye nezinto ezenza indalo ibe yinto engcwele.

Isiseko soBugcisa bamaHindu

Njengoko ubona, ubugcisa bamaHindu bufakwe kwiimbonakaliso zonqulo, ezivumela abantu ukuba badibanise nezithixo, njengoko kunokubonwa kwizakhiwo zokwakha.

Apho umdla ungelophawu lomzobi kodwa ukudityaniswa kwendawo engqongileyo yendalo kunye nezithixo ezibalaseleyo kubugcisa obuhle, njengoko kunjalo ngemifanekiso eqingqiweyo kunye nokupeyinta kunye, njengoko sikhankanyile, ulwakhiwo.

Ukuyila izitayile zakho zobuGcisa bamaHindu kwimizobo ngokusebenzisa ubuchule kunye nezimbo ezazivela zidibanisa indalo kwimisebenzi yakhe, ngokungafaniyo nomntu waseNtshona obephethe uhlengahlengiso lwendalo kuyilo lwakhe.

UbuGcisa bamaHindu bujongene nokuyila imisebenzi yabo ngokwendalo eyingqongileyo, njengoko kunokubonwa kwiindawo ezingcwele zemiqolomba apho bemba khona iliwa kunye nasemiqolombeni, bebonisa ubuchule obukhulu kuyilo lwabo.

Ngoko ke, kuBugcisa bamaHindu, indalo iyisihloko esingcwele, ngoko ke izigcawu apho iintaba, imithi kunye nemilambo idibanisa, kunye neLanga elibizwa ngokuba yiSurya, iNyanga yeChandra, imvula ye-Indra kunye nomlilo we-Agni.

UBUGCISA BAMAHINDU

Ukongeza, imozulu yemonsoon yayiyinxalenye yoBugcisa bamaHindu ngenxa yomjikelo wayo kunye nobunye, obubonakaliswe kubuntu bomntu ngamnye kubemi balo mmandla, okubavumela ukuba bahlale kunye neendlela ezichasayo neziphikisanayo.

Phakathi kwezi ndlela kukho indalo, inyani, i-abstract kunye ne-idealism ekhoyo kwimisebenzi yobuGcisa bamaHindu, evumela ukusetyenziswa kobugcisa be-eclectic phakathi kwabahlali bokuqala bomnombo we-Negroid abenza iqela lobuhlanga okanye abantu bomthonyama ababizwa ngokuba yi-Dravidians.

Ayebekwe emazantsi esizwe saseIndiya, nangona ama-Aryan afika emva koko amaSilamsi, ahlala ephinda ibala lawo elimnyama ngenxa yesimboli esifana ne-indigo eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka eluswini lwezithixo.

Njengokusetyenziswa kwelitye lesanti kwizakhiwo ngenjongo yokudala umphumo obumnyama obonakalayo ngokumalunga nelitye kunye ne-marble.

Nditsho nesinye sezona zigaba zomdla kakhulu kwihlabathi laseNtshona ngokubhekiselele kubuGcisa bamaHindu kukubonakaliswa kwenkanuko ngaphandle kolunye uhlobo lwe-taboo, ebonisa ukuba kule mpucuko ubudlelwane bezesondo luhlobo lomthandazo phakathi kwabantu kunye nezithixo.

UBUGCISA BAMAHINDU

Umoya Ngoothixo

Ukuba yindlela yokukwazi ukugqithisa ngokubhekiselele kwizinto zokomoya, inkolo ye-lingam ibonisa, nto leyo emele isini sendoda ngaphezu kwe-ion ebonisa isini sesini.

Ukuba yinto eqhelekileyo kwizithethe zexesha leNeolithic malunga nokuchuma kwaye ziyafana nobuGcisa bamaHindu, iLingam ingamandla okudala isithixo uShiva, eyona iphambili enqulwa kwiitempile zonqulo.

Apho intsika ibonakala igqiba ukuyila kwayo ngendlela ye-glans ukusuka kwindalo yendalo ukuya kwifom engabonakaliyo ebhekisela kwi-cylinder ebhekisela kwi-phallus.

Le phallus inamehlo afanisa ubuso okanye ukuya kuthi ga kubuso obune ngokubhekiselele kwisithethe senkcubeko ye-Dravidian, eyona nto indala yoBugcisa bobuHindu, idibaniswa nezinto ezine eziphambili zendalo ezifana namanzi, umoya, umhlaba, uMlilo kunye nomoya. . .

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-ion ifanekisela uMamakazikazi ogama linguSakti, kuquka uParvati, onguthixo omele ukuzala kwendalo kwaye ungumfazi kaShiva, ekubeni ukubonakaliswa kwakhe kwejometri yendalo ngunxantathu, okwenza ukufana kunye nesondo.

Kuloo nto ibonwa kubuGcisa bamaHindu, ilingam kunye ne-ioni yenza umzobo we-concave apho i-lingam iphuma khona, ibonisa umanyano phakathi kobumbini obubonwa kwindalo iphela.

Umthombo wokudala oguqula amandla ezesondo abe ngamandla engqondo ukusuka kwimvakalelo ukuya kumoya. Oku kuphunyezwa kwinkcubeko yobuGcisa bamaHindu ukusuka kwindlela eqhelekileyo yeyoga.

Ke ngoko, ezi zithethe zadityaniswa nothotho lwe-tantra olufuna nje inyaniso ngamandla ahanjiswa ngumzimba womntu.

Ukuba ngumzimba wabantu uphuculo lokomoya ngokusebenzisa amandla ezesondo aziwa kule nkcubeko njenge-kundalini, kukho amabali okanye amabali e-Kama Sutra, eyincwadi ezinikele ekuthandeni emelwe bubuGcisa bamaHindu.

Ngokukodwa ngoqeqesho lwemifanekiso eqingqiweyo apho kukho ubungqina benani elikhulu le-mithuna okanye imiboniso yokubaluleka kwenkanuko enokubonwa kwiindawo ezingcwele zaseKhajuräho naseKonärak.

UBUGCISA BAMAHINDU

Ke i-aesthetics yoBugcisa bobuHindu yafezekiswa ukusuka kwixesha leGupta apho babenoxanduva lokuhlalutya, ukufunda, ukuhlela inani elikhulu lemibhalo.

Iifowuni zeVedic ezihambelana neetekisi ezingcwele zale nkcubeko ezadluliselwa ngomlomo ukusuka ngonyaka we-1500 ngaphambi kwexesha likaKristu.

Ezi zibhalo ezingcwele zazibaluleke kakhulu ekuphuhliseni ubuGcisa bamaHindu, ngokukodwa abo baziwa phantsi kwegama likaVastu - Sastras, eziyimiqulu ehambelana nokwakhiwa kwezakhiwo zezithixo.

Imigaqo yeAesthetics ngokwePainting

Kukho nezinye iincwadana ezibizwa ngokuba nguSilpa - Sastras ezinxulumene nezifundo zokupeyinta kunye nemifanekiso eqingqiweyo ukuze ikwazi ukubhala ngokwasemzimbeni ulwimi lwezithixo.

UBUGCISA BAMAHINDU

Ngoko ke, i-Gupta yayijongene nokufunda ubuchule kunye nemimiselo elawula ubuGcisa bamaHindu, kubandakanywa izinto, izitayela kunye nemifanekiso ebonisa imifanekiso yabo yemifanekiso, phakathi kwabo iSadanga inokukhankanywa. Apho imigaqo emithandathu yobuhle ngokunxulumene nokupeyinta isekiwe:

  • URüpa – bheda ophathiswe inzululwazi yeefom
  • I-Pramani enika intsingiselo kubudlelwane ofuna ukubamba
  • I-Bhava eyinzululwazi enxulumene nemvakalelo
  • I-Lavanna vojanam ehambelana nengqiqo yobabalo
  • Sadrisyam malunga nenzululwazi yokuthelekisa
  • I-Varnika - bhanga ebhekisela kwisayensi yemibala ekuhambeni kwexesha imigaqo emibini eyongezelelweyo yaziswa njengeRace ebhekisela kwi-quintessence eyaziwa ngokuba yincasa kunye ne-Chanda ehambelana nesingqisho kwimisebenzi yobugcisa.

Ngokubhekiselele kuhlanga, lukhona kwiimvakalelo zabemi bobuGcisa bamaHindu ngenjongo yokubamba ubugcisa obukwazi ukuhambisa obuvuselela iimvakalelo phambi kombukeli.

Ke ngoko, iimpawu ezisithoba ezinxulumene neemvakalelo zahlulwa kubuGcisa bamaHindu kwaye zimelwe ngombala ngendlela ethile, ezi zilandelayo:

  1. I-Sringara ngumbala omnyama kwaye imele Uthando kwinkalo evuselelayo
  2. IVira emelwe ngumbala obomvu kwaye lugqatso lobuqhawe lufuzisela iXabiso
  3. I-Raudra imelwe ngumbala obomvu kwaye idibanisa i-rasa enomsindo efuzisela uMsindo.
  4. I-Hasya ngumbala omhlophe yi-cosmic rasa kwaye ifanekisela uvuyo
  5. I-Adbhuta imele umbala otyheli, yi-rasa ethandekayo kwaye ifanekisela uMmangaliso.
  6. I-Karuna imelwe ngumbala ongwevu kwaye i-rasa enyanyekayo ehambelana nentlungu
  7. I-Bibhasta yale mvakalelo umbala oluhlaza usetyenzisiwe kwaye ube yi-rasa ecekisayo efuzisela ukunyanyiswa
  8. I-Bhayanaka imelwe ngombala omnyama yi-rasa eyoyikayo ibonisa ukwesaba
  9. I-Sänta isetyenziselwa ukubonakaliswa kwayo kombala omhlophe kwaye ifanekisela i-rasa epholileyo enguXolo.

Uya kuba nakho ukujonga kubuGcisa bamaHindu ukuba ezi mvakalelo zisithoba zivelisa izimo zengqondo ezahlukeneyo kunye nokuma okubizwa ngokuba yi-asana kwimifanekiso eqingqiweyo kunye nemifanekiso eyenziwe ngokupeyinta.

Ukuba yi-Samabhanga i-posture ebonakala ingqongqo kodwa kwangaxeshanye ilungelelene, amagcisa ayenza ngokuma kwaye ehleli, ifanekisela ubumoya obuzolileyo kwaye unokubona kwimifanekiso eyenziwe nguBuddha kunye nezinye izithixo ezifana noVishnu.

Esinye sezimo ngu-Äbhanga yinkangeleko ethambekele kancinane eguqulela njengomntu ocamngcayo kwaye luphawu lokuma kweBodhisattvas kunye nezinye izithixo ezikwinqanaba elisezantsi.

I-Tribhanga yi-posture ebhekisela kwi-triple flexion ebonisa i-sensuality kunye neyomoya, ixhaphake kakhulu ukuba ibonakaliswe kwimifanekiso ye-Apsaras kunye ne-Yaksis.

Okokugqibela, kukho ukuma kweTribhanga apho utyekelo olugqithisileyo lubonakala, olubonisa ugonyamelo kwimifanekiso kunye nomdlalo othile weqonga.

Isetyenziselwa ngokubanzi ukumela uThixo uShiva kunye neLokapäla abakhonza uxanduva lokuba ngabagcini behlabathi bajongene nokugada nokukhusela amanqaku amane ekhadinali.

UBUGCISA BAMAHINDU

Ukuzivelela koBugcisa bePlastiki

Kweli candelo uya kufumana inguquko yoBugcisa bobuHindu kwasekuqaleni Qhubeka ufunda eli nqaku linomdla ukuze wazi ngokweenkcukacha ukuba lifumene njani ubuchule kunye nezakhono ezixatyisiweyo.

Imbali yoBugcisa bamaHindu

Iintsalela ziye zangqinwa ezifana nempahla evela kwi ixesha paleolithic yenziwe nge-quartzite kunye ne-flint, iqingqwe ngokucokisekileyo okanye iphuculwe kwaye ihambelana nexesha elifanayo lempahla efunyenwe kummandla waseYurophu, ophantsi komgangatho.

Kwingingqi yaseBhimbetka, kufutshane kakhulu nedolophu yaseBhopal, malunga newaka lemiqolomba ifunyenwe, equlethe iintlobo ezininzi zemizobo yomqolomba iminyaka engama-7000 ngaphambi kwexesha lobuKristu.

Imifanekiso ibonisa indlela eqhelekileyo yabantu ababehlala emiqolombeni apho kubonakala khona umngqungqo, amasiko, ukuzalwa nemingcwabo.

Ukongeza, izilwanyana ezinjengeendlovu, iinyathi, iiturkeys, amahlosi kunye nemikhombe zichaziwe ukususela ngo-2003 lo mmandla wabhengezwa njengeNdawo yeLifa leMveli yiUNESCO.

UBUGCISA BAMAHINDU

Sele ikwixesha le-Mesolithic, inani elikhulu lezixhobo ezifana kakhulu neencakuba ezimilise okwe crescent ziye zaqokelelwa kwimimandla yeMpuma Ekufuphi naseMpuma Yurophu kunye naseMntla Afrika.

Omnye ummandla obaluleke kakhulu ukugqamisa yi-Deccan apho kufunyenwe inani elikhulu lamangcwaba emodeli ye-megalithic.

Kwidolophu yaseBaluchistan, ekumantla eIndiya, iingqayi zomdongwe ezipeyintiweyo kunye nezinto ezenziwe ngentsimbi ziye zafunyanwa zibuyela kwixesha le-IV ngaphambi kwexesha lobuKristu.

Kodwa ayisiyiyo loo nto kuphela, kukho imizobo kweminye imimandla efana neRaigarh efana nezo zifumaneka kwidolophu yaseCogul eSpain apho izilwanyana ezinjengeenyamakazi, iindlovu, iinkomo zibonakala.

Ukongezelela, kwi-archaeological excumba kwidolophu yaseKarnataka, indawo yamangcwaba yafunyanwa apho iibhokisi zenziwe ngamatye.

Singaphinda siphawule ngamaziko e-archaeological ahambelana nemimandla yase-Adichanallur kunye neBrahmagiri ixesha neolithic Uhlobo lwe-ceramic olunemibala ebomvu neyomnyama lufunyenwe, kunye ne-dolmens.

Ngenxa yesi sizathu, ulwahlulo lwee-ceramics ezifunyenweyo zenziwe, ezifana nebomvu ye-hematite yenkcubeko yaseBanas, enye imbala engwevu malunga ne-Ganges River Basin kunye nomnyama ophucukileyo ovela eJariana. kummandla kunye Delhi.

Inkcubeko ye-Indus

Malunga nomnyaka we-2500 ngaphambi kwexesha lobuKristu, impucuko yokuqala yoBugcisa bamaHindu yenziwa ngexesha le-Neolithic.Kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuba le nxalenye yesizwe sase-India Zagros yayiyeyendlela yorhwebo edibanisa iMeditera kunye neMpuma Ekude.

Iidolophana ezininzi zixhamle njengoko kubonisiwe kwiindawo zezinto zakudala ezenziwe nguJohn Marshall ngo-1920 kwingingqi yaseMohenjo-Daro kwindawo eyaziwa ngokuba yiPakistan.

Ngenxa yeziphumo ezenziweyo, unxibelelwano neMesopotamiya kwangqinwa, kuphuhliswa inkqubo yokubhala engekaqondwa okwangoku.

UBUGCISA BAMAHINDU

Kweso siza kwakukho malunga nezixeko ezisithoba ezazibekwe phezulu, zibonisa ucwangciso lwazo lwedolophu olugqwesileyo, kuquka nenguqu yobugcisa malunga nokwakhiwa kogutyulo lwezakhiwo.

Ukongeza kwizitrato ezihambelanayo, yonke into ilungelelaniswe ngeplanimetry eqhelekileyo ye-symmetric. Ezi zakhiwo zenziwe ngodongwe olutshisiweyo kunye nezitena, zonke izindlu zaziyonwabele into ebalulekileyo njengamanzi.

Kwafunyanwa imikhondo yamagumbi angaphantsi komhlaba awenziwe ngezitena, yaye isixeko sasibiyelwe ngodonga yaye senziwa ngamathafa.

Apho kwasasazwa khona izakhiwo zikawonke-wonke, ezinje ngeebhafu, ii-cloister kunye neepalaestra, kodwa ngaphandle kokujonga iintsalela zeendawo ezingcwele okanye iinqaba.

Kubalulekile ukugxininisa ukuba kwezi ndawo zakudala iintlobo ezininzi zezitampu ezenziwe nge-steatite zifunyenwe apho imifanekiso yezilwanyana kunye nezilo ezimangalisayo zibonwa ngokunyaniseka okukhulu kunye ngokuchanekileyo okukhulu.

Kuthiwa baya kubulela kwimpembelelo yenkcubeko yaseMesopotamiya, imifanekiso eqingqiweyo kunye neeseramikhi zafunyanwa, ukongeza kwimpahla eyenziwe ngegolide, ubhedu, ubhedu kunye nesilivere, iimela zobhedu ezinamacangci agobileyo kakhulu, ezibaluleke kakhulu. uphawu lwale nkcubeko. .

Ngokubhekiselele kwi-ceramics, yenziwe ngokusetyenziswa kwee-lathes ezihlotshiswe ngamanani ejometri, ngaphezu koko, ikhono lobugcisa be-textile ngokukodwa kwikotoni eprintiweyo yafunyanwa.

Ngoko ke, ukurhweba kuvelele ngenxa yobukho bezinto ezenziwe nge-lapis lazuli ezivela e-Afghanistan, igolide kunye nesilivere evela ePersi naseJade evela kwisizwe saseTshayina.

Nakwiindawo zakudala kwingingqi yaseMesopotamiya, amaso e-chalcedony abomvu afunyenwe evela kwinkcubeko ye-Indo.

Ngokumalunga nomfanekiso oqingqiweyo, uluhlu olubanzi lwemifanekiso eyenziwe kwi-terracotta ifunyenwe apho izilwanyana, iimoto kunye nabantu zifanekiselwa, ezininzi zazo ngaphandle kweengubo kunye neempawu ezinxulumene nesondo ezifana ne-lingam kunye ne-ioni ebhekiselele kwizithethe zokuzala.

Kwanemifanekiso eqingqiweyo eyenziwe ngobhedu, efana nomdanisi weMohenjo-Daro, apho umfanekiso we-anatomical ongqukuva uchazwa ngokweenkcukacha, nakwilitye likalikalika, njengoMbingeleli-Kumkani wakuloo mmandla, apho imilebe eshinyeneyo, iindevu ezinomsila kunye namehlo agqatswa. kuyafana nobuhlanga baseAsia.

Inqanaba leVedic

Kulo mzuzu wembali, abantu base-Aryan bangena kwisizwe saseIndiya, kungenxa yoko baphembelela izithethe zonqulo, aba bantu nguye owazisa ulwimi lwesiSanskrit kunye nokukwazi ukusebenza ngentsimbi.

Ikwabonisa ihashe lesilwanyana esingaziwayo yinkcubeko yamaHindu kwaye babephethe ekudaleni izikumkani ezincinci ezahlulwe ngama-castes kwaye ababingeleli bahlala kwindawo ebalulekileyo eyaziwa ngegama elithi Brahmans.

Ngenxa yolwimi lwesiSanskrit, kwavela imibongo emikhulu efana neMahabharata neRamayana, kunye nababhali beentanda-bulumko abaziwa ngokuba ziiUpanishad.

Okwavumela ukuphuhliswa kobuHindu ibe yinkolo yesihloko sentsomi apho izenzo ezinxulumene ne-esotericism zadityaniswa.

UBUGCISA BAMAHINDU

Obona thixo baphambili bobuHindu nguSiva noVishnu kwanezinye iimbono ezingento yanto enjengoBrahman, ongumphefumlo wehlabathi.

Ukongeza kwi-atman ehambelana nomphefumlo womntu ngaphandle kokulibala i-Maia, amandla akhohlisa imiphefumlo yabantu kwaye abenze baphile kwihlabathi lezinto ezibonakalayo.

Injongo yonqulo lwamaHindu kukusondeza iatma kufutshane neBrahman ukuze kukhululwe iKarma nokuphepha ukulandelelana kokuvela ngokutsha okuchazwe zizenzo zomntu ebomini bakhe yaye ziqalisa inkqubo yokucalulana ngokweendidi kummandla wamaHindu.

Ukuba yi iibrahmins umgangatho wababingeleli nabezopolitiko, i chatrias Ludidi oluhambelana nomkhosi kunye nabalawuli, emva koko balandela i-caste vaisias enxulumene nabarhwebi kunye namafama.

Emva koko balandelwa ngu uya kubila ukuba ngamakhoboka kwaye ekugqibeleni iidalits elibhekisa kwabagxothiweyo kwakunye nabangaphandle abangachukumisekiyo.

UBUGCISA BAMAHINDU

Ngokweentsalela eziye zabonakaliswa kwiindawo ze-archaeological ngokweli xesha, zimbalwa izinto ezifunyenweyo kwaye i-bronze isetyenziswe kuzo.

Ezinye ii-ceramics, ezinolwazi oluncinci phakathi kwesi sigaba kwaye zihambelana nobugcisa beMauryan, ekubeni izinto ezitshabalalayo zisetyenzisiwe, ezifana nomthi kunye nodongwe olubhakiweyo, ukushiya kungashiyi i-vestiges enkulu yeli xesha.

Malunga nenkulungwane yesi-XNUMX ngaphambi kwexesha lobuKristu, ubuBhuda bavela ukongezelela kubuJainism, zombini iinkolo zanika abantu usindiso lwemiphefumlo yabo zaza zaphelisa ukuvela ngokutsha.

Ngokwenxalenye yabo, ubuBhuda buvumela ngokucamngca kwaye uqheliselo lokuzincama lukhokelela abantu kwiparadesi eyinirvana.

Kule nkcubeko, ngelixa i-Jainism isenza izinto ezintlanu ezifana ne-jina - kalpa elithetha ukungabulali, i-ahimsa ibhekisela ekungaxoki, i-sattva ithetha ukungebi.

I-Asteya ibhekisela ekusebenziseni kakubi isondo kunye ne-brahmacharya enxulumene nokunganqweneli kwaye ekupheleni kweli nqanaba uhambo oludumileyo luka-Alexander Omkhulu ukuya eIndiya lwenziwa malunga nomnyaka we-326 ngaphambi kwexesha lobuKristu.

Ukuvumela ukunxibelelana nenkcubeko yamaGrike, imizobo yamaHindu yafakwa kubugcisa bamaGrike kwanobugcisa bamaPersi, nto leyo ebonisa ukudityaniswa okumangalisayo kwemifanekiso yawo yonqulo.

UbuGcisa bamaHindu kunye nobuBhuda

Lo mzi wobukhosi wawuphethe ukugxotha kummandla waseIndiya abo babethandwa nguAleksandire Omkhulu ababebambe umbindi walo mmandla nosingasiqithi weDeccan.

Inkcubeko yamaBuddha njengoko sele uqonda ukuba ubuGcisa bamaHindu butyhileke kwiimfundiso zikaBuddha njengoko zivunyiwe kwi-dharma kunye naphakathi kotshintshiselwano oluvela phakathi kwezizwe zasePersi, eYiputa, eSri Lanka, eGrisi nase-Asia-mpuma ye-Asia.

Ilitye lithatha indawo yesitena kulwakhiwo olubonisa ulwakhiwo olunqatyisiweyo ngakumbi njengoko kunjalo ngeendawo zokugcina zamatye kwingingqi yeBaräbar kunye nebhotwe laseAsoka kwidolophu yasePätaliputra.

UBUGCISA BAMAHINDU

Ibonisa njengeempawu iintsika ze-monolithic ezibizwa ngokuba yi-stambha apho ilitye elikhazimlisiweyo lasetyenziswa kunye nenkunzi emile okwentsimbi ilinganisa intyatyambo yelotus.

Isilwanyana esiqingqwe kwisiqabu senziwe kwakhona, injalo imeko yeNkunzi yeeNgonyama kwingingqi yaseSärnäth ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX ngaphambi kwexesha lobuKristu.

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba lo mfanekiso wenziwe ngelitye lentlabathi kwaye namhlanje uyinxalenye yembasa yesizwe yesi sizwe.Ezi kholamu ezaziwayo zamiswa kurhulumente kaKumkani uAsoka kulo lonke ixesha lolawulo lwakhe kwaye imibhalo yavakalisa ukuzinikela kwakhe kuBuddha. .

Ukuyeka nasiphi na isenzo sobundlobongela, iintsika zazimalunga neemitha ezilishumi ukuphakama kwaye imifanekiso yayikrolwe ngokuyintloko ziingonyama.

Enye yezona zikhumbuzo zibalaseleyo kweli nqanaba sisitupa, induli yomngcwabo eyayisetyenziswa njengendawo yokulondoloza ubomi.” Kuso, kwafunyanwa iinkumbulo zikaBuddha ngokwakhe.

UBUGCISA BAMAHINDU

UKumkani omkhulu uAsoka wayephethe ukusasaza phakathi kwezixeko eziphambili zobukumkani bakhe obukhulu, ekubeni wayemele iNdalo.

Ngoko ke, kwisakhiwo esikhulu esibizwa ngokuba yi-maedhi emele uMhlaba, kwakukho idome kwaye imilo yayo yayikwi-hemispherical, ifanekisela idome yesibhakabhaka.

Kwindawo engasentla yayisicaba yaze yavelisa i-quadrangular palisade kunye nesakhiwo esimile okwemasti esimele umgca wehlabathi.

Ngaphandle kokulibala iidiski ezintathu ekuhlalweni komelo ezilinganisa iambrela amatye anqabileyo amathathu eBuddhism abhekisa kuBuddha, umthetho kunye neemonki okanye ababingeleli.

Ngombulelo kwimilo yesetyhula, yavumela abathembekileyo ukuba bakwazi ukuzulazula kuyo njengoko belandela ikhondo lenkosi yeenkwenkwezi, yayibiyelwe nge-palisade equlethe iingcango ezine ngokumalunga neengongoma ezine zekhadinali.

Zihonjiswe ngemizobo apho imifanekiso yezilwanyana inokubonwa ukongeza kwizithixo kunye nemiboniso evela kubomi bukaBuddha.

Apho umfanekiso wakhe ungazange uvele khona kodwa okufanayo kwakungokomfuziselo apho iingonyama zazisetyenziselwa ukumela umnombo wamaSakya aphuma kuwo uBuddha.

Njenge-conch eyayizenza ilizwi likaBuddha, ukongeza kwi-Buddhi eyayingumthi wokukhanya, ezinye iimpawu ezisetyenzisiweyo yi-dharma - chakra.

Ngokubhekiselele kwivili lomthetho kunye noBuddha Pada, ongunyawo lukaBuddha kunye nomqondiso wobunyulu obumelwe yintyatyambo yelotus, egxininisa i-stupas ngomgangatho wabo.

Ngoko ke, unokubona ukuba i-architecture yayidibaniswe nendalo ngokumalunga neendawo ezingcwele ze-Chaitva kunye neemonki.

UBUGCISA BAMAHINDU

Eyaziwa ngokuba yiVihara, ngokuqhelekileyo kubuGcisa bamaHindu, ukucaciswa kweendawo ezingcwele zemiqolomba kubonakaliswe, eziye zagrunjwa ematyeni nasezintabeni zeentaba.

I-Architecture yayinendima enkulu kubuGcisa bamaHindu, kuba i-chaitva yayenziwe ngeplani yomgangatho we-apsidal eyayenziwe ngama-nave amathathu kunye ne-vault ye-barrel eyenziwe ngothotho lwee-arches ezibizwa ngokuba yi-kudu.

Ezi ntlabathi zaziqhelekile zobuGcisa bamaHindu kwaye zigqame kwimilo yazo etsolo kancinane eyayixhaswa ziintsika ngelixa i-vihara yayiyindawo yokuhlangana.

Iplani yalo yomgangatho osisikweri yaye emacaleni ayo yayinamagumbi eemonki, adityaniswe yinkqubo esecaleni eyayisenza uphahla olusicaba.

Phakathi kwezakhiwo zalo mzuzu wembali, i-Karli chaitya igqamile, eyayimbiwe kwilitye kwaye ine-facade apho i-ogee arch ibonakala khona.

UBUGCISA BAMAHINDU

Ngaphakathi ibonisa i-nave eneendlela ezininzi kunye nenani elikhulu leekholomu ezinokwakheka kwentsimbi kunye nemifanekiso yabantu kunye nezilwanyana ezinjengeendlovu kunye ne-stupa encinci ngaphakathi njenge-hemicycle.

Kukweli nqanaba apho umzobo wobuGcisa bamaHindu waphuhliswa ngokusekwe ekucacisweni kwee-capitals ngenxa yempembelelo yasePersi kuquka nokumelwa kwezilwanyana ezibonisa ukulingana kwiifom eziza kumelwa.

Ngokubhekiselele kwi-high-relief, yayimile ngelixa i-low-relief ichaza izigcawu, iintsimbi ezaziwa kulo mmandla njenge-védika nazo zazihonjisiwe, ngaphandle kokulibala iingcango ze-stupas.

Ngeli xesha iinguqulelo zokuqala ze-iconography yoBugcisa bobuHindu zivela ngokubonakaliswa kwe-vaksis eyimimoya yendalo.

Khumbula ukuba obu bugcisa bunxulumene nengcwele kwaye bufanekiselwa ngabafazi beze ababehonjiswe ngokulula ngokusebenzisa ubucwebe.

Umzekelo woku unokubonwa kumnyango osempuma we-stupa ye-Sanchi kwaye zenziwe ngokubonga ngokugoba kathathu okubonisa intshukumo ebulela kwiigophe ezintathu ezixhaphake kakhulu ngeli xesha lobuGcisa bamaHindu.

Ngale nto, imiboniso evuselela inkanuko eyayiyinxalenye yomthandazo yaqala ukwenziwa kubuGcisa bamaHindu kunye nokomoya okudityaniswa nenkanuko yesini kwakucwangcisiwe kubo.

Ubugcisa beGandhara

Ngokunxulumene neenkulungwane zokuqala ngaphambi kwexesha lobuKristu kunye nenkulungwane yokuqala emva kukaKristu, xa ubukhosi baseMaurya bafa, into eyaziwa ngokuba yiIndiya.

Yaqala ukwahlukana yaba zizikumkani ezincinci apho amaHindu afunyanwa kunye nama-Indo-Greek aphantsi kweAndhra kunye neSunga dynasties.

Ezinye izikumkani zaziyi-Indo-Scythian, eyayiyindlu kaKusana, kwaye ngenxa yobugcisa be-Indo-Greek, ubugcisa beGandhara baphuhliswa ngesithethe esikhulu samaGrico-Buddhist, apho ukubonakaliswa ngokuthe ngqo komfanekiso kaBuddha kwaqala, ngokungafaniyo. amanye amanqanaba apho yayifuziselwa kuphela.

UBUGCISA BAMAHINDU

Olu tshintsho lukhuthazwa kuBuddhism baseMahayana obaqala ukuhlonelwa kukaBuddha njengothixo kwaye umzobo wakhe wangena kwi-pantheon ye-bodhisattvas eyagqiba ekubeni bayilahle i-nirvana ukuze bakhanyisele amadoda ngendlela yokuhlamba imiphefumlo yabo.

Ngaloo nto, i-iconography entsha ehambelana noBuddha ebizwa ngokuthi i-lakshana iqala kwi-Hindu Art, eyayifanekiselwa yi-mandala eyayibhekisela kwi-halo okanye ukukhanya okubonisa ubungcwele bakhe.

Ukongeza, i-ushnisha isaphetha okanye i-protuberance ye-skull ukubonisa ulwazi oluphezulu malunga nalo mfanekiso xa kuthelekiswa nabantu kwaye i-urn ibekwe phakathi kwamashiya, emele ukukhanya kwesi sithixo.

Ngokubhekiselele kwi-lobes yeendlebe zesi thixo, kubonwa ukuba zinde, ezimele ubulumko kunye nemigoqo ebonwa entanyeni yalo mfanekiso imele ulonwabo, ukongeza, ingubo ifanekisela ubungqongqo kwaye ngesandla sakhe sokunene unikezela. Iintsikelelo kubo bonke ababukeli.

Ukuze wenze le mifanekiso kuBugcisa bamaHindu, kwafuneka ukuba ukhuthazwe zezinye iinkcubeko ezifana nesiGrike kunye neRoma, usebenzisa i-counterpoint ethambileyo kwaye uxolo kunye nokuzola kubonwa ebusweni bayo, kubhekiselele kwisithixo sika-Apollo. Impucuko yaseRoma.

UBUGCISA BAMAHINDU

Ngokubhekiselele kuyilo lwezakhiwo kulo mxholo woBugcisa bamaHindu, ukwakhiwa kweemonki zenziwa ziingcwele, amagumbi kunye namagumbi okuhlangana.

Njengoko kunjalo kwimeko ye-vihara kwingingqi yaseTakht-i-Bahi, kufuphi kakhulu nePeshawar, apho ukuguquka kwe-stupas kubonakala khona, ngoko idome ifakwe kwi-drum ende efana ne-cylinder.

Oko kwakubekwe phezulu kwisiseko ngendlela yesikwere, eyona nto ibalaseleyo kubo iKaniska kwingingqi yePeshawar, umsebenzi ogqwesileyo we-mercantile ubonwa ngeli xesha ngenxa yendlela yesilika.

Into exabiseke kakhulu njengeziqholo yathunyelwa eIndiya kuba ngelo xesha kwakungekho ndlela zokukhenkceza ukongezelela kurhwebo olunxulumene namatye anqabileyo kunye neentsimbi.

Isilika, amanqaku angaziwayo kunye nejeyidi zathunyelwa zisuka kwisizwe samaTshayina, njengoko kunokubonwa kwiziko lezinto zakudala zaseKapisa kumntla wedolophu yaseKabul.

Apho sasimi khona esi sixeko ukuze kuchithelwe kuyo ihlobo lobukhosi bakwaKusana, kwafunyanwa iimpondo zendlovu ezikrolwe eIndiya. Njengama-lacquers emvelaphi yaseTshayina kunye ne-bronzes evela eRoma, kunye neglasi ebonisa ubudlelwane obukhulu bezorhwebo phakathi kwezi nkcubeko.

Mathura Art

Esi simbo soBugcisa bamaHindu saveliswa phakathi kwenkulungwane yoku-XNUMX neyesine yexesha lobuKristu kwaye yayikwidolophu yaseGanges phakathi kwemimandla yaseAgra neDelhi, eyayisesona sixeko siphambili kunye nekomkhulu lobukhosi bukaKusana.

Kukho ubungqina besikolo esikhulu sobugcisa esiya kusasazeka kulo lonke ilizwe laseIndiya, kubandakanywa nobugcisa beGupta, kodwa ngenxa yokuhlaselwa kwempucuko yamaSilamsi kukho ukubonakaliswa okumbalwa ngenxa yokutshatyalaliswa kwabo.

Kodwa ngokophando olwenziweyo, olu hlobo lobugcisa lwenze ukudibanisa izinto zemveli zaseIndiya nezo zempucuko yamaGrike namaRoma.

Phakathi kwabo kuvele ingqokelela kunye neendlovu ze-trousseau yenkosazana efunyenwe kwidolophu yaseBegram ngokubhekiselele kumfanekiso kaBuddha.

UBUGCISA BAMAHINDU

Wayekwindawo ehleliyo enqumle imilenze, ifana kakhulu neyoga, kwaye amavili abonwa ezandleni zakhe zombini nasezinyaweni zakhe.

Ukuba uBuddha wayebekwe ecaleni kwamanye amanani, ubukhulu beli likhulu ngokumalunga nabanye, bubonisa kwi-Hindu Art degree of hierarchy phakathi kwezithixo.

Ubugcisa be-Amaravati

Phakathi kweXNUMXnd kunye ne-XNUMX yenkulungwane yexesha lamaKristu, isixeko sase-Amaravati sasisentlanjeni kufuphi nomlambo waseKrishna, sinesitayela esifana neso sikaMathura.

Ngokuphathelele impembelelo yamaGrike namaRoma ngenxa yeziphumo eziye zabonwa kumabhodlo aseVirapatnam kufuphi kakhulu nePondicherry.

Njengakwizigaba zangaphambili, ukwakhiwa kwayo okubalaseleyo zii-stupas kunye neemonki, enye yazo igqame ngokuphakama kwayo kweemitha ezingama-30.

UBUGCISA BAMAHINDU

Ukuba yile ye-Amaravati kwaye ngokunxulumene nobuGcisa bamaHindu, umfanekiso oqingqiweyo ugqamile apho iingoma ezisembindini zenziwa apho iqela liyimfuneko kwimiboniso ekufuneka iqingqwe.

Bonke aba balinganiswa babonisa uncumo olukhethekileyo, ingakumbi abo babhinqileyo, kwaye basebenzisa izitayile zangaphambili zenza umboniso we-eclectic.

Kaloku, uBuddha ufuziselwa njengomntu kwaye kwezinye iindawo ufuziselwa njengomntu ophakamileyo ofuna ezinye iimbonakaliso zokumazi.

Ewe, kwakuxhaphakile ukufuzisela uBuddha ngevili elenza ukufana neNkwenkwezi kunye nomfanekiso wehashe nawo wasetyenziswa.

Loo nto wayisebenzisa xa egqiba ukubaleka kubomi behlabathi nkqu nakumthi womkhiwane, umthi omela ubulumko, kuba phantsi kwalo mthi wayejongene nokushumayela ilizwi.

Ubugcisa beGupta

Obu bugcisa bavela phakathi kwenkulungwane yesi-XNUMX neyesi-XNUMX yexesha lobuKristu kwaye yenye yezona ndawo ziqhelekileyo zobugcisa bamaHindu, ibe lixesha lakudala apho ubuBhuda basasazeka khona. Kuyo yonke imimandla yaseAsia ivumela ukudalwa kwefilosofi ebizwa ngokuba yiVedanta, ngaphandle koncwadi olumangalisayo luyachuma.

UbuGcisa bamaHindu buguquka bubulela kwi-purism esesikweni kunye nemvisiswano phakathi kwamanani adaliweyo abonisa ukufezekiswa komzobo womntu kwaye i-stupas ibekwe ngokuthe nkqo ebonisa ukubaluleka okukhulu kwihombiso lomzobo oqingqiweyo.

Yenziwe kwi-bas-relief kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamatye kunye neengubo ze-stucco zenziwe phakathi kwazo, ezo ze-Rayagrija, i-Nalanda kunye ne-Sarnath zivelele.

Owona msebenzi mkhulu wokwakha owenziwe ngeli xesha lobuGcisa bamaHindu ziindawo ezingcwele zemiqolomba okanye ekwabizwa ngokuba yivihara.

Phakathi kwabo i-Aurangabad, i-Elephanta, i-Ajanta kunye ne-Ellora. Ngokuphathelele iitempile ezakhiwe kwindawo evulekileyo, iBhitargaon, iBodh Gaya, iSanchi, iDeogarh Sirpur kunye neChezarla zivelele.

UBUGCISA BAMAHINDU

Enye yeetempile okanye iindawo ezingcwele ezibalaseleyo kubuGcisa bamaHindu yi-Ajanta eyenziwe phakathi kweXNUMXnd kunye ne-XNUMX yeenkulungwane zexesha lobuKristu, yenziwe ngemiqolomba engamashumi amathathu.

Aye agrunjwa edwaleni ngokukodwa kwi-basalt ye-volcanic kwaye kuzo iindawo ezingcwele, amagumbi eemonki kunye namagumbi okuhlangana ahlanjululwa, ahlala kuzo zonke izibonakaliso zobuGcisa bamaHindu ezifana nemifanekiso, izakhiwo kunye nepeyinti.

Ishumi elinesithandathu lale miqolomba ihonjiswe ngemizobo eseludongeni emangalisayo apho inani elikhulu lemibala yezityalo kunye nemvelaphi yezimbiwa zazisetyenziswa kumaleko wodongwe oludityaniswe neendiza emva koko kongezwa ikalika.

Isihloko esibhekiselele kule mifanekiso nguBuddha kwaye imiboniso ihambelana neentsomi ezidumileyo zamaBhuda ezaziwa ngokuba yi-jataka kunye nemiboniso yocwangco oluqhelekileyo kunye nendalo ebaluleke kakhulu kuBugcisa bobuHindu bunobungqina.

Ezi frescoes ezivela kwiindawo ezingcwele ze-Ajanta zibonisa i-naturalism kunye ne-mythology ye-Mahayana Buddhism apho i-Bodhisattva ye-blue lotus ibonwa apho inikwe ubukhulu obukhulu, kunye nenani elikhulu lezilwanyana ezijikelezayo ngaphandle komyalelo okanye umbono.

UBUGCISA BAMAHINDU

I-posture i-flexion ephindwe kabini kwaye ubuhle beli xesha bubonakala kwiimpawu zakhe kunye nokumila kwamehlo akhe afana kakhulu ne-lotus flower petal kunye namashiya akhe abonisa ijika elifana kakhulu ne-Indian arch.

Enye itempile apho ubugcisa bamaHindu bubonakala kubo bonke ubukhazikhazi bayo yi-Ellora phakathi kweminyaka engama-750 no-850. Inikezelwe kwiSivá.Yayakhiwe ngamatye entaba-mlilo kwaye inepatio enkulu emalunga nekhulu leemitha ubude.

Isakhiwo senziwe ngezakhiwo ezimbini ezinemigangatho emibini kwaye zineentsika ezinkulu, zombini ingaphandle kunye nengaphakathi layo lihlotshiswe ngamanani abantu kwizikhundla ezininzi kunye neendlela ezahlukeneyo zengqondo.

Iintlobano zesini, imilo, ukucamngca, imidaniso, imifanekiso yabantu efanekisela ukubhabha ibonwa, kunye neendlovu ezinobukhulu obuphilileyo ezihombise iindonga zetempile.

Ngokubhekiselele kwindawo ephambili, emalunga neemitha ezine ukuphakama, oothixo uSivá kunye neParvati bavezwa phezulu kwentaba kwaye phezulu kwayo, idemoni eneengalo ezininzi kunye neentloko ezibizwa ngokuba yiRavana zibonwa.

Itempile enkulu yenziwe ngembeko ye-lingam kwaye isembindini wengcwele kule ndawo ingcwele ehlala iimonki zamaBhuda kunye namaBrahmin amaHindu abonisa ukunyamezelana kunye nokuhlalisana ngoxolo phakathi kweenkolo zombini.

Ngokumalunga netempile ye-Elephanta, ikwisiqithi saseBombay Bay, xa ufikelela etempileni, unokubona umfanekiso oqingqiweyo wendlovu enkulu, kungoko igama elinikezwe ngamaPhuthukezi ngo-1712.

Ivelele ngenxa yokumangalisa kwayo okumangalisayo, phakathi kwayo i-bust ye-Sivá Majadeva eyenziwe ngekhulu le-XNUMX. Le bust ikwimitha emithandathu ukuphakama kwaye imelwe zintloko ezintathu, indoda enye, imazi enye kunye nehermaphrodite enye.

Emele imigaqo ebhekiselele kububini obakhayo nobutshabalalisayo ukongezelela kumongo wobuthixo obonakaliswe ngokupheleleyo.

Ngokubhekiselele kwi-chapel ephambili yale tempile, iphinda inikezelwe kwilungu le-lingam lendoda, eyona nto iphambili yeSivá kwaye ibonakaliswe yi-monolithic cylinder.

UBUGCISA BAMAHINDU

Olunye lweempawu zoBugcisa bamaHindu beli xesha kukuzola kunye nolungelelwano olumelwe kumfanekiso kaBuddha apho afanekiselwa khona ngokufanelekileyo kwaye abonise ubumnandi kunye nobumoya obuqhelekileyo kwisitayile sikaMathura.

Umfanekiso oqingqiweyo ophambili owenziwe nguBuddha ehleli etroneni yakhe ngokungathi uyacamngca, imilenze yakhe iwele ngokufana nendawo yeyoga kwaye izandla zakhe zikwizikhundla ezahlukahlukeneyo ngokodaka alwenzayo, oluyinxalenye yolwimi lwe-esoteric. .

Omnye umzekelo wobuGcisa bamaHindu yi-Master Buddha evela eSamath ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX apho ukuguda kwemigca eyenziweyo kubonwa.

Ingqibelelo enkulu iboniswa ekufezekisweni kobuso obubonisa ubuhle obufanelekileyo kodwa kwangaxeshanye intsomi kunye nentshukumo egudileyo ebonisa inkanuko kunye nomoya oqhelekileyo wobuGcisa bamaHindu.

Ngokufanayo, i-torso ye-Bodhisattva ivelele, evela kwingingqi ye-Sanchi, ebuyela kwi-XNUMX yekhulu leminyaka, kwaye inesikhumba esithambileyo ngaphezu kweengubo ezinxibayo kunye namatye ahlobisayo.

UBUGCISA BAMAHINDU

Ikwabalaselisa isiqabu sikaVishnu apho alele khona phezu kwenyoka egama linguAnanta ecaleni kwabanye oothixo bamaHindu.

Lo mzobo weGupta usasazeke kuwo wonke ummandla waseDeccan, ukhuthaza iintlobo ngeentlobo zezitayile ezaziwa ngokuba yi-post-Gupta kwaye, njengoko bekukho izikumkani ezininzi kwingingqi yaseIndiya, idolophu nganye yayisebenzisa ngeyona ndlela ilungileyo phakathi kwezo zibalaseleyo.

Ubume bezakhiwo kunye nomfanekiso oqingqiweyo wesixeko saseMahabalipuran ukuba ukususela ngo-1984 yiNdawo yeLifa leMveli yeHlabathi.

Uncedo oluhle olubizwa ngokuba yi-Descent of the Ganges lubonakaliswe kwaye lunobude beemitha ezingamashumi amabini anesixhenxe kwaye ngokumalunga nokuphakama kwale tempile iimitha ezilithoba, yakhiwe ngegranite.

Ngaphakathi kukho imizobo engaphezu kwekhulu phakathi kwezithixo zamaHindu, abantu kunye nezilwanyana njengoko kungqinwa ziindlovu ukuba zenziwe ngokomlinganiselo wendalo kwindawo ezingqonge amatye amathathu amakhulu ayeqingqwe ebanika imilo yengonyama, indlovu kunye nenkunzi yenkomo ngokulandelelanayo.

Ngokukwanjalo, kuyabonakala iindawo ezintlanu zelitye lelitye lenyengane lemonolithic, ezimile okweemoto kwaye zinemizobo apho kubonwa khona imizobo nezilwanyana zeguamna.

Kwingingqi yaseBengal, iPala kunye neSena dynasties nazo zazahlula kwisitayile sakwaGupta, zibonisa ubungangamsha obukhulu.

Kunye neZibonakaliso eziZingemntu

Umzobo wamaHindu phakathi kwe-XNUMX kunye ne-XNUMXth inkulungwane

Emva kohlaselo lweeWhite Huns, ummandla waseIndiya waphinda wabunjwa waba zizikumkani ezincinci ezijongeneyo.

Kuba amandla ngokubhekiselele kumantla nakwintshona ye-Indiya ayephethwe yi-raiput eyaziwa ngokuba nguNyana kaKumkani yayizizizwe zamagorha.

UBUGCISA BAMAHINDU

Aba babephethe ukwenza ii-dynasties ezininzi ezifana ne-Solanki, i-Rastrakuta, i-Chandella kunye ne-Pratihara, eyathi yenza izitayela ezintsha zobugcisa eziye zaphucula ngakumbi ubuGcisa bamaHindu kude kube lixesha lokuhlasela kweMongol.

Ngokuphathelele unqulo lobuBhuda, laphulukana nenxalenye yamandla alo nxamnye namaHindu, awaba lunqulo lwesizwe.

Inani elikhulu leendawo ezingcwele zonqulo zakhiwa ngenxa yeminikelo yabanini-mhlaba ababenemihlaba ebanzi, nto leyo eyavumela inkqubo yobufeudal.

Ngokubhekiselele kuyilo lweli xesha lobuGcisa bamaHindu, iindlela ezimbini ziyabonwa, njengoko kunjalo kwisakhiwo esigqunyiweyo kwaye esinye isakhiwo sasiyiphiramidi, eqhelekileyo kakhulu yobugcisa beDravidian.

Iitempile zamaHindu ezibizwa ngokuba zii<em>nagara zazakhiwe zijikeleze iindawo ezingcwele zamandulo apho kwakugcinwa khona imifanekiso yezithixo.

UBUGCISA BAMAHINDU

Ngokuphathelele ukuzala, njengoko kunjalo nge-lingam kunye ne-ioni, uyilo lwesetyhula lwenziwa ukukhusela ezi zakhiwo zakudala.

Ngoko ke, phambi kwesakhiwo, i-terrace yadalwa apho amagumbi ahlukeneyo abonwa ngaphakathi kwinqaba kwaye isakhiwo sasiqikelelwa phezulu njengento yamadoda kwisakhiwo esibhekiselele kwi-feminine element ioni.

Isicwangciso sesakhiwo senziwe kwicala lempuma-ntshona lilandela uKumkani weNkwenkwezi, ngoko ukuyila kwayo kwakufanelekile kwizifundo zeenkwenkwezi.

Ukwenza imilinganiselo, umlinganiselo ongqongqo wasetyenziselwa ukwenza imilinganiselo efanelekileyo ngenjongo yokwenza ukufana kweNdalo yonke.

Ukwenza oku basebenzise inkqubo ye-lintel kwaye nangona beyazi idome kunye ne-arches, abazange bacinge ukuba kuyimfuneko ukuyisebenzisa. Zisetyenziswa xa kufika amaSilamsi.

Umhlobiso owawusetyenziselwa ubuGcisa bamaHindu ngeli xesha wawungaphandle kwetempile ukuze ugweme ukuphazamiseka ngaphakathi okwakumele kube mnyama ngenjongo yokukwazi ukwenza inkolo engcwele.

Ngokubhekiselele kwi-nagara kule nqanaba loBugcisa bamaHindu, izitayela ezine zenziwa, ezifana ne-Orissa, eyenzelwe ngokusetyenziswa kwelitye elibomvu.

Kwezi zakhiwo, ukusetyenziswa komthamo ogqithisiweyo kubonwa, ezidityaniswe ngumgaqo oqinileyo, njengoko kunokubonwa kwitempile yaseLingaraja kwidolophu yaseBhubaneswar.

UbuGcisa bamaHindu phakathi kwenkulungwane ye-XNUMX neye-XNUMX bubonakalise isimbo esitsha esibizwa ngokuba yiKhajuraho kwikomkhulu lezenkolo laseChandella, enye yeenkosi ezazibambe amandla kwintsimi yaseIndiya phakathi kwenkulungwane ye-XNUMX neye-XNUMX.

Ebonisa ubungangamsha obukhulu ekuhonjweni kweetempile zabo nakwimifanekiso eqingqiweyo eyayiphethe ukuhombisa.

UBUGCISA BAMAHINDU

Kuthiwa kweli nqanaba kwakhiwe iitempile ezingamashumi asibhozo, ezingamashumi amabini anesibini kuphela ezisele zikwimo encomekayo yolondolozo.

Phakathi kwezi tempile, uKhandariya Majadeva uvelele, owenziwe malunga nomnyaka we-1000. Yenziwe kwiqonga apho ingcwele iphantsi kwesakhiwo kunye nemifanekiso eqingqiweyo yomgangatho omkhulu.

Apho imiboniso ibonisa iintsomi, i-tantric evuselela inkanuko kunye nezihloko zentsomi ezibonakala kwiindonga zesakhiwo kwaye ukusukela ngo-1986 esi siza sabhengezwa njengeNdawo yeLifa leMveli yeHlabathi.

Itempile yeLingaraja ebekwe kummandla weBhuvaneswari ngonyaka we-1100 wenziwa ngokuhlonipha isithixo sikaSivá. Iseti yezakhiwo kwaye phakathi kwazo i-sikara igqame njengenqaba egobileyo njengoko ukuphakama kuhambela phambili kwaye njengoko isiphelo lilitye. idiskhi ebizwa ngamalaka.

Iindonga zangaphandle zale ngcwele yenkolo zihonjiswe ngemifanekiso eqingqiweyo, ngelixa ngaphakathi kukho i-lingam ngendlela yebhloko yegranite kwi-ion echaphazelekayo njengentlawulo yokuzala.

UBUGCISA BAMAHINDU

Olunye lweempawu zale tempile kukuba iindonga zangaphandle zihonjiswe ngoyilo oluncinane oluvela kwitempile ngokwayo, ebonisa umdla wabo ngokuphindaphinda izinto kunye nenani lazo.

Enye yeetempile ezibaluleke kakhulu ngobugcisa yileyo yakhiwe ngokuhlonela uThixo weLanga kwingingqi yaseKonarak phakathi kwe-1240 kunye ne-1258, ibe ngumzekelo omkhulu woyilo lweli xesha lobuGcisa bamaHindu.

Kodwa kuphela kwesi sakhiwo esaseleyo yi<em>mandapa emile okwenqwelo yokulwa enamahashe ayo aqingqwe kakuhle namavili asezantsi kweso sakhiwo. Esi sakhiwo sabhengezwa njengeNdawo yeLifa leMveli ngowe-1984.

Singakuxelela kwakhona ngetempile yaseKesava ekwingingqi yaseSomnathpur, eyakhiwa ngo-1268, ephume phandle phakathi kwezinye izakhiwo zoyilo oluthe tye kwaye yenziwe ziindawo ezingcwele ezimilise okweenkwenkwezi ezintathu kunye nemandapa enoxande.

Ibonisa inani elikhulu lemifanekiso eqingqiweyo yokuhombisa eqhelekileyo yobuGcisa bamaHindu, kukwakho neetempile ezinkulu zokuhlala ezikummandla weChola, ezakhiwa phakathi kweminyaka ye-XI neye-XII.

Ngokuphathelele umfanekiso oqingqiweyo woBugcisa bamaHindu, imizobo isenziwa kwiindawo ezingcwele ezahlukahlukeneyo kwakunye nemifanekiso ekwanti nemiboniso ebonisa isibakala esibaliswayo ngokungqalileyo ngomjikelo wamaHindu onxulumene neentsomi.

Uninzi lwemiboniso ecacileyo ye-tantras ibonisa ukuba ngesondo umntu unokufikelela kwindawo ephakamileyo yokomoya yabantu.

Imifanekiso eqingqiweyo ngoku yenziwe kusetyenziswa enye into efana nobhedu, esetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwingingqi yaseBengal kunye neBihar ehambelana nezihloko zeBuddha.

Ngokunjalo, ubhedu lwalusetyenziselwa ukwenza imifanekiso eqingqiweyo evela kwiTamil Nadu, umxholo wenkolo yamaHindu nezinye izithixo, ezinjengoSivá Nataraja, owayengukumkani womdaniso.

Kwi-Chola Dynasty Tamil Nadu imelwe ngeengalo ezine ngaphezu kweenwele ezinde kunye nesinye sezandla zakhe igubhu ukubonisa isandi ngobuchule boBugcisa bobuHindu.

UBUGCISA BAMAHINDU

Inokubonwa kwezinye izandla zakhe ilangatye kujongwa ukuba umlilo njengento intshabalalo lo mfanekiso ujikelezwe umsesane amadangatye emele inkqubo umjikelo we Universe.

Okufanayo kumile ngeli xesha lobuGcisa bamaHindu umfanekiso oqingqiweyo weGomatesvara owenziwe ngonyaka we-978 kunye no-993 olinganisa malunga neemitha ezilishumi elinesixhenxe eziphakamileyo ezimele inkosi yaseJaini egama linguBahubali.

Ixesha lobugcisa bobuSilamsi

Oku kuqale phakathi kwenkulungwane ye-XNUMX neye-XNUMX xa kwavela uhlaselo lwamaSilamsi, olwathi lwazisa uqhushululu kubuGcisa bamaHindu njengoko babephethe ukutshabalalisa inani elikhulu leetempile kwaye ngaloo ndlela babhangisa ubuBhuda kwisizwe saseIndiya.

Emva kolandelelwano olukhulu lwezikumkani ngeli xesha, ezinje ngeGhuries, Gaznawies, Tuglukies, Khilji dynasty kunye nobukhosi bamakhoboka, kwasekwa uBukhosi baseMongol, obabuphethe ukumanyanisa yonke imimandla yesi sizwe kwindawo enye. .

Ke ngoko, ubugcisa bamaHindu batyetyiswa ngezinto zenkcubeko yamaSilamsi, ngokukodwa ngokubhekiselele kulwakhiwo, izinto ezifana ne-arch, i-vault, i-dome yasetyenziswa, ngaphezu kokusetyenziswa kwe-lime mortar.

UBUGCISA BAMAHINDU

Kwada kwakwakhelwa izakhiwo ezitsha zezithethe zamaHindu, njengezindlu zonqulo zamaSilamsi, yaye ngokunxibelelene nokuhombisa, bafunda ukuhombisa ngemizobo eyenziwe ngemifanekiso eqingqiweyo nokusebenzisa ii<em>calligraphy, kwakunye nobuchule bokuhombisa izinto kunye nee<em>tesserae zokuhombisa.

Ngempembelelo yamaSilamsi, ubugcisa bamaHindu bufumene umbono omtsha womgca kunye nokusetyenziswa kwendawo yezinto esele zaziwa njengebhastile elimhlophe kunye nelitye lentlabathi ebomvu.

Ke ngoko, iimosque zamaHindu zenziwe ngeenave ezintathu ezenzelwe ngokukodwa umthandazo kwaye udonga lujonge eMecca apho iMihrab kunye neminbar zikhoyo.

Ngokubhekiselele kwi-nave esembindini, yenziwe ngamagumbi amathathu ukuya kwantlanu abekwe ngobude kwaye kwihombiso yawo asebenzisa uyilo lwe-stalactites ebizwa ngokuba yi-murkana.

Yayinevaranda enkulu kunye nesitya sezindlu zangasese, esidla ngokuba neplanga ukuze sisetyenziswe njengezoxolelo.

Phakathi kwezona mosque zibalaseleyo kuBugcisa bamaHindu sinokubonisa iSultanate yaseDelhi eyenziwe ngonyaka we-1210 kunye ne-Oila - i - Kohna Masjid.

Ifumaneka kwi-Purana Qila yengingqi ye-Humayun ngonyaka we-1541 nakwi-sultanates yephondo, i-Atala Masjid ivelele kwidolophu yaseJaunpur eyenziwe ngonyaka we-1408.

Kwingingqi yaseDehli, iNqaba yoNqopho ivelele, iyona minaret ende kunazo zonke emhlabeni, ukuphakama kwayo ngamashumi asixhenxe anesibini eemitha, yakhiwe phakathi kwe-1194 kunye ne-1199 phantsi komyalelo we-Outb ad-Din Avbak owaseka ikhoboka. ubukhosi.

Esi sakhiwo sinoyilo lwe-frustoconical kwaye isityalo senziwe kwimilo yepoly engapheliyo kunye nemigca eyahlukeneyo, yenziwe ngemigangatho emihlanu.

Nganye inethafa ezisonga iimuqarnas, ezokuqala zintathu zenziwe ngelitye lentlabathi ebomvu kwaye ezinye zenziwe ngebhastile elimhlophe kunye nesihombiso se-epigraphic esenziwe ngemigca.

Lonke olu lwakhiwo lwenziwe ngentsika eyenziwe ngentsimbi enomlinganiselo omalunga neemitha ezisixhenxe kwaye yenziwa ngexesha lolawulo lukaChandragupta II owayehlala phakathi kweminyaka engama-375 no-413.

Enye yezinto ezizodwa zesi sakhiwo kukuba nangona umhla wokwakhiwa awubonakali naluphi na uhlobo lokubola kwaye ngo-1993 yayiyinxalenye ye-UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Uyilo lweMughal

Yayiyeyona nto ichulumancisayo kwaye yabonisa ubukhazikhazi obubalaseleyo kubugcisa bobuSilamsi eIndiya.Enye yemiboniso yayo yokuqala yi-mosque yaseBabri Masjid eyalelwe ukuba yakhiwe nguMughal wokuqala umlawuli ogama linguBabur.

Ngokumalunga neFatehpur Sikri, ngokungafaniyo nezinye izakhiwo ezineenkolelo zonqulo, le nto yayiyibhotwe eyakhiwe phakathi kwe-1571 kunye ne-1585 kufuphi nedolophu yase-Agra phantsi komyalelo ka-Emperor Akbar ukuba abe yisihlalo senkundla.

Sisakhiwo esibiyelwe ngodonga kwaye silinganisa malunga neekhilomitha ezintandathu kwisithuba, kwakhiwe izakhiwo ezininzi. Ngokusekwe kwilitye lentlabathi ebomvu, phakathi kwabo kugqame iDiwan - i-khas, eyayisakhiwo esimilise okwetyhubhu apho umlawuli wafumana iindwendwe.

Kwakhona iqulethe ichibi eligama lingu-Anup Talao kunye nezitiya eziphenjelelwa yi-Art yasePersi eyayiphindwe kane kwaye ngaphakathi kwayo kwakukho indlu yomthandazo ebizwa ngokuba yi-Ibadat Khana ngaphandle kokulibala indawo ye-harem.

Apho kwakuyilwa khona izakhiwo ezininzi, ezifana nePanch Mahal, eyayiyinkundla yokuzonwabisa, iBirbal Mahal, eyayiligumbi eliphindwe kabini likaKumkanikazi.

Ibhotwe lomoya kunye nenkundla kakumkanikazi kunye nendlu yonqulo yamaSilamsi ebalaseleyo ngenxa yokuba ingcwaba layo lenziwe ngelitye lebhastile elimhlophe nezihonjiswe ngamatye.

I-Mausoleum yedolophu yase-Agra ebizwa ngokuba yi-Itimad-Ud-Daulah eyadalwa phakathi kwe-1622 kunye ne-1628 ibonisa ukuguqulwa kwe-architecture yokuqala ye-Mughal apho ilitye lentlabathi ebomvu lalisetyenziswa njengempahla ekrwada kwaye kamva i-marble emhlophe yayisetyenziswa.

Phakathi kwazo, iTai Mahal ibalaseleyo, eyakhiwa phantsi komyalelo kaNur Jahan, umfazi kaJahangir, ukuba angcwabe uyise ogama linguMirza Ghiyas Beg, owafumana isibizo sikaItimad-ud-Daulá, gama elo elithetha intsika yelizwe.

Iindonga zesi sakhiwo zazenziwe ngelitye elimhlophe lebhastile elihonjiswe ngamatye anqabileyo anjengeanikis, ilapis lazuli netopazi.

Ngokuphathelele imizobo, impembelelo yasePersi ibonwa kwaye ifanekiselwa ngamanani ejometri kunye ne-vases yeentyantyambo okanye izityalo ezinemihlobiso yokuhlobisa.

Ngoko i-Tai Mahal ngumsebenzi owenziwe ngobuhle owenziwe eMughal Art phakathi kweminyaka ye-1632 kunye ne-1654 ukuba umlawuli uSah Yahan wayalela ukuba kwakhiwe.

Ukunika imbeko kwinkosikazi yakhe engasekhoyo uMumtaz Mahal yimausoleum eyenziwe ngebhastile elimhlophe, iqonga lokwakha lijiwuzisa iimitha ezisixhenxe lijikelezwe ziinqaba ezine.

Umphambili wesi sakhiwo unearch yohlobo lwe-iwan yasePersi nezinye ezincinci emacaleni.Igumbi langaphakathi limile okwe-octagonal kwaye liphakame ngedome elikhulu, elikwajikelezwe zezinye iidomes ezimbini ezincinci ezimile okwebhalbhu.

Ukuba sesinye sezona zakhiwo zaziwayo kwihlabathi namhlanje sibulela ukuhambelana kwemilinganiselo yayo kunye nokuhlobisa okuthambileyo apho i-inlays eneentyantyambo eziphefumlelweyo kunye neemilo zejometri zibonakala.

Ukongezelela, phambi kwesi sakhiwo sihle kukho umyezo omhle wasePersi ojikelezwe yimijelo yamanzi emine enqumlanayo.

Abhekisela kwimilambo emine yeParadesi apho kuqukuqela amanzi, iwayini, ubisi nobusi. Yabhengezwa njengenye yeMimangaliso eSixhenxe yeHlabathi lanamhlanje ngo-2007.

UbuGcisa boMveli bamaHindu

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba ubuGcisa bendabuko bamaHindu babubonakaliswe kwingingqi esemazantsi yendawo yaseDeccan ngokukodwa kubukumkani baseVijayanagar phakathi kwe-XNUMX kunye ne-XNUMXth inkulungwane.

Apho ingcwele yaseTiruvengalanatha ivelele eyenziwe ngonyaka we-1534 eyenziwa ngokuhlonipha isithixo uVishnu kunye neLotus Palace.

Iingcango zezi zakhiwo zenziwe ngeearches ezilobed, ebonisa ukudityaniswa kweendlela zamaHindu kunye nezamaSilamsi.

Ngoko ke, ukusetyenziswa kwezinto ezinje ngee-vaults, i-arches kunye ne-domes, ngaphandle kokulibala iikholomu kunye neebhalkhoni, zisetyenziswe kubugcisa bamaHindu.

Izakhiwo zonqulo zalo mmandla zazinkulu kwaye zintsonkothile apho kwakubonwa inani elikhulu leenqaba zokungena, ezinde kwaye zinemilo yephiramidi.

Emele iMount Meru, eyiOlympus yamaHindu apho kubonwa khona iifriezes ezigqwesileyo kunye nemihombiso yemifanekiso eqingqiweyo eyenziwe ngestucco kunye nemibala eqaqambileyo.

Esinye sezixeko ezingcwele kubalulekile ukugqamisa kweli nqaku malunga noBugcisa bobuHindu buhambelana noMadurai, owadalwa kwi-Nayvak Dynasty ngekhulu le-XNUMX.

Le tempile ingcwaliswe ngokuhlonipha uMinaksi uthixokazi onamehlo afana nentlanzi kunye noSivá Sundaresvara oyiNkosi Enhle.

Iqulethe imifanekiso eqingqiweyo yezithixo zamaHindu ezinepolychrome kwaye ingcwele ijikelezwe luthotho lweepaseji kunye neeholo ze-hypostyle ezineentsika eziqingqwe kakuhle.

Phakathi kweholo yeekholomu eziliwaka ezihonjiswe ngemifanekiso yezilwanyana ezoyikekayo, namhlanje yimyuziyam apho ingqokelela yobhedu evela eChola naseVijayanagar ihlala khona.

Ngokuphathelele ukupeyinta kuBugcisa bamaHindu, kwagqitywa kwintsimi encinci, uhlobo olwamkelwa kubugcisa bamaSilamsi, ngokukodwa kwichromatism.

Ngokwembono, ukuqala kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesihlanu, imibala ecacileyo kodwa engahlukanga yasetyenziswa kumanani ngaphandle kokukhululeka kunye nobuso obunesitayile obunamehlo ahlabayo.

Izikolo ezibini eziphambili zenziwa kule ndawo, yiRajasthani eso saphuhliswa kwimimandla yaseMalwa, Mewar, Jaipur, Kishangarh kunye neBundi apho iimpawu zembonakalo yomhlaba, ukwakheka okungatshintshiyo kunye nabalinganiswa abazotyiweyo baboniswa ngaphambili.

Esinye isikolo yiPahari eyaqala ngenkulungwane yeshumi elinesibhozo kwidolophu yasePanvab kwizikumkani ezincinci zaseGuler naseKangra.Isitayile sinovakalelo kakhulu kwaye sinemibala kwimidlalo yenkundla kunye ne-chivalrous, ngakumbi kwintsomi yaseKrishna.

Kukweli nqanaba apho ubugcisa be-textile buphumelela kwizinto ezifana nesilika kunye nomqhaphu, ukulawula ukusebenza kwikhulu elinamashumi amahlanu eentlobo ezahlukeneyo zomqhaphu.

Apho iindlela ezininzi zijongwa ngokommandla, injalo imeko yelaphu elipeyintiweyo le-Deccan kunye nelaphu elixutywe nomqhaphu elenziwe eGujarat.

Ezi zindwangu zenziwe ngepeyinti, ziprintwe, zidayiwe kwaye zihlotshiswe ngezicelo ezininzi, ezibonisa ubuchule babadali bazo.

Kwanobugcisa beJain baphuhliswa ngokuhambelana okukhulu, okwakuyindlela enomdla kakhulu kwihlabathi laseNtshona eyayibonakaliswa kwiitempile kunye nemifanekiso eyenziwe ngemarble emhlophe.

Apho amatye anqabileyo anemibala eyahlukeneyo ayenziwe kwaye avumela ukuhlobisa okukhulu kwiindawo ezingcwele phakathi kwabo, itempile yaseRanakpur ivelele kunye netempile yaseNeminath kwiNtaba ye-Abu.

Ubugcisa obuncinci bubuye buvelele, njengoko kunjalo kwimifanekiso ye-Kalpa-sutra, isicatshulwa esingcwele saseJaini esibalisa izenzo zikaMahavira, owayengumsunguli weli qela lenkolo.

Lo mbhalo wawukwifomathi ethe tyaba eyenziwe ngamagqabi esundu apho kwakusetyenziswa imibala emibini ephambili, njengobomvu kunye ne-indigo, kunye nemifanekiso engashukumiyo enomphambili oqinileyo.

Ukongezelela, kweli nqanaba kwaveliswa imisebenzi ephambili yamagorha angamaSikh yaye unqulo lwawo lwasekwa ngowe-1469 ngusolusapho uNanak, olusekelwe kwinkolelo yoThixo ongenakubizwa ngegama nasekunquleni incwadi yakhe engcwele.

Ebizwa ngokuba nguGuru Granth Sahib phakathi kwezona zikhumbuzo zikhulu zalo mzobo zikwisixeko sase-Amritsar kwidolophu yasePavab eyakhiwa ngo-1574 apho iTempile yeGolide ebizwa ngokuba yiGurdwara Har Mandir igqame.

ubugcisa bobukoloniyali

Oku kwenziwa phakathi kwenkulungwane ye-1757 neye-XNUMX xa iGreat Britain yoyisa iFransi yaza yathimba ilizwe laseIndiya ngowe-XNUMX eyayibizwa ngokuba yiMfazwe Yeminyaka Esixhenxe.

Xa kwavela umsebenzi wesiNgesi, isitayile sobukoloniyali sasasazeka esinegalelo kubuGcisa bamaHindu iilwimi ezinxulumene nesitayile saseYurophu.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ngexesha lokujongana ngezikhondo zamehlo phakathi kwamajoni amaFrentshi namaNgesi, abahlali bakhetha zombini izitayile zobugcisa, njengoko kunokubonwa kwimimandla yesiFrentshi efana neBaroda, iHiderabad kunye neNagpur.

Ngendlela efanayo, isitayile soyilo lwesiPhuthukezi seefom zebaroque ezabethwa ngobugcisa bamaHindu zabonwa kuBugcisa bamaHindu kwaye zigqama kwiCathedral yaseGoa eyadalwa phakathi kweminyaka ye-1562 kunye ne-1619.

Kwakunye nakwi-Basilica ka-Yesu Olungileyo waseGoa eyakhiwa phakathi kwe-1594 kunye ne-1605 apho iintsalela zengcwaba laseSan Francisco Javier zihlala khona.

Unjalo umdla wolu lwakhiwo lwesiPhuthukezi kunye nobuGcisa bamaHindu ukuba babe yinxalenye yeNdawo yeLifa leMveli yeHlabathi ukususela ngo-1986.

Ngoloyiso lwamaNgesi, kwadalwa isitayile se-neoclassical esasifana kakhulu neso sasisenziwa eUnited States ngaxeshanye.

Injalo ke imeko yeFort of Saint George eMadras, eyakhiwa phakathi ko-1644 no-1714, kunye neCathedral yaseSaint Thomas eBombay, eyakhiwa ngo-1718.

Kufanele kuphawulwe ukuba ngowe-1690 kwasekwa isixeko saseCalcutta, apho lasekwa khona ikomkhulu leBritish East India Company.

Ke ngoko, ukusukela ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX ibe sisihlalo solawulo lwesizwe samaNgesi kwingingqi yamaHindu kunye naphakathi kolwakhiwo lokuqala lomkhosi olwathi lwalwenza.

IFort Williams yafunyanwa phakathi konyaka we-1700 nowe-1716 emva koku, itempile yonqulo njengoko kwakunjalo kwiCathedral yaseSan Juan eyakhiwa ngowe-1787.

Ukongeza kwisihlalo sobukhosi, iRaj Bhayan Palace yakhiwa phakathi kwe-1798 kunye ne-1805, idala isixeko esineendawo ezinkulu ezineegadi, ezifana ne-Maidan Park, i-Government Plaze, i-Zoo, i-Botanical Garden kunye ne-Dalhousie Square.

Ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX, isitayile seVictorian neo-Gothic sasetyenziswa ngokukodwa kwizakhiwo ezisemthethweni zohlaselo lwesiNgesi kwaye esinye sezixeko ezibonise ubukhazikhazi ngolu hlobo yayiyiBombay, apho kwenziwa khona ulwakhiwo olukhulu lwezakhiwo.

Phakathi kwazo yiHolo yeDolophu ngonyaka we-1855 kunye netempile yonqulo efana neCawa yase-Afghan Memorial ngonyaka we-1857.

IMarike yaseCrawford ngonyaka we-1867 emva koko iRajabai Tower ngonyaka ka-1874 kunye nokususa iSikhululo saseVictoria Terminus phakathi kweminyaka ye-1840 kunye ne-1847.

Kwisixeko saseCalcutta, isibhedlele sakhiwa ngo-1835, kunye netempile yonqulo, iCathedral yaseSt. Imyuziyam.

Phakathi kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba

Ubugcisa bemveli bamaHindu babugqame kwisixeko saseJaipur, ikomkhulu laseRavastan, ngo-1728 kwaye kwabizwa ngokuba sisixeko esipinki ngenxa yokusetyenziswa kweterracotta.

Ukupeyinta izakhiwo phakathi kolu luhlu lwezakhiwo, iMaharaja Palace ukusuka ngonyaka we-1728 ivelele, emva koko i-Ishvarlat Tower eyadalwa ngonyaka we-1743.

Ukongeza kwiBhotwe leWinds ukusuka ngonyaka we-1799, ine-façade entle eyakhiwe ngezivalo zamatye apho kwakusetyenziswa imibala epinki namhlophe.

Omnye wemisebenzi evelele yiJantar Mnatar eyenziwe ngo-1728, kunye ne-astronomical observatory eyenziwe nge-marble kunye ne-sandstone, ine-sundials, i-astrolabes kunye ne-chandeliers.

Ngenxa yeNkampani yaseBritish East India, ejongene nokuthunyelwa kwemveliso yezolimo njengeti, iziqholo, irayisi, ikofu kunye noshukela, kunye neemveliso ezivela kwindawo ye-textile, yavumela ukutshintshiselana kobugcisa.

Inkampani yamaNgesi yayinomdla wokuqhuba izifundo ezinxulumene ne-cartography kunye ne-ethnography yale ngingqi, ngenxa yoku, yayijongene nokuzisa amagcisa aseYurophu.

Ngenjongo yokukwazi ukubhala izikhumbuzo eziphambili zobuGcisa bamaHindu kunye neendawo ezintle zommandla wamaHindu. Ngombulelo kubugcisa baseNtshona, iinguqu zenziwa kubuGcisa bamaHindu njengoko bafunda ubuchule bokupenda kweoli kunye nokusetyenziswa kwembono kunye ne-chiaroscuro.

Ukudala isimbo esaziwa ngokuba bubugcisa benkampani apho ubuchwephesha basentshona babusetyenzisiwe ukumela ubuGcisa bamaHindu ikakhulu kwimiboniso ebukekayo emangalisa kakhulu koohlohlesakhe abangamaNgesi.

Kwangaxeshanye, ngenxa yokudityaniswa kobugcisa besiNgesi kunye nobugcisa bamaHindu, isitayile esibizwa ngokuba yiKalighat pat senziwe eCalcutta, eyayinoxanduva lokuxuba iingcambu zamaHindu kunye nenyani echazwa bubugcisa baseNtshona.

ubugcisa bale mihla

Emva kokuhlanganiswa okukhulu, i-Indiya yafumana ukuzimela kwayo kwi-1947 kwaye ukwakhiwa olutsha lwenziwa ngokubonga kulamlo lwabakhi bezakhiwo bangaphandle.

Injalo imeko kaLe Corbusier kwidolophu yaseChandigarh, esi sixeko senziwa ngumakhi wemvelaphi yaseSwitzerland ngo-1953 ngurhulumente omtsha ngokubonga kwintshukumo yokuzimela.

Lo mzobi wayejongene nokuyila isicwangciso sedolophu ukongeza ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo ezininzi ezisemthethweni ezifana nePalamente, iMinistries, iiNkundla kunye neBhotwe likaRhulumente.

Apho ukusetyenziswa komthamo wejometri ngendlela ecocekileyo kubonwa ngaphezu kokusetyenziswa kwezinto ezintsha kunye nobuchule obufana nekhonkrithi kunye neglasi.

Ukongezelela, kwasebenza omnye umyili wemvelaphi yasentshona, njengo-Otto Königsberger, yaye ngowe-1939 wamiselwa njengentloko yelizwe laseMysore.

Kulo mmandla i-Hindu Institute of Science yakhiwa phakathi kwe-1943 kunye ne-1944 kunye ne-Victoria Hall ngo-1946 kwisixeko sase-Bangalore ngaphandle kokulibala isicwangciso sesixeko saseBhubanesvara.

Kwinkulungwane yama-XNUMX, isixeko saseCalcutta sasiliziko lobuGcisa bamaHindu eIndiya, sisenza isikolo saseBengal, esavumela ukuvuselelwa kobugcisa bemveli bamaHindu ukuba buphumelele ngenkxaso yosapho lakwaTagore.

Ngokukodwa uRabindranath Tagore owawongwa ngeBhaso leNobel kuNcwadi ngo-1913 kwaye phakathi kweempawu zakhe kwabonakala ukuba ngumzobi obonisa umbala omnyama.

Ngowe-1920, waseka iFaculty of Fine Arts yaseSantiniketan, kufuphi kakhulu nesixeko saseCalcutta.Kubalulekile ukugqamisa impembelelo yale ntsapho ekuphuhliseni ubugcisa bamaHindu.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba intsapho yaseTagore yafumana ifilosofi yaseJapan kunye nomculi u-Okakura Kakuzö e-Indiya ngo-1902, ngoko le ntsapho yakhulelwa ngenani elikhulu leengqondo kunye namagcisa.

Emva kokuzimela kolu hlanga, ubuGcisa bamaHindu bufakwe ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo zobuchule baseNtshona ngenxa yokudityaniswa kwehlabathi.

Njengoko kunokubonwa, ngowe-1946 uFrancis Newton Souza waseka iqela elibizwa ngokuba yiBombay Progressives owathi, ukongezelela kwiingcamango eziqinileyo zobunxele, wayexhasa ubuGcisa bamaHindu.

Phakathi kweminyaka ye-1050 kunye ne-1970, i-neotantrism iqala, intshukumo yobugcisa ebonisa ubugcisa bamaHindu kwimbono yanamhlanje ukusuka kwimbono engabonakaliyo, emva koko i-cubism ibonakala.

Namhlanje ubuGcisa bamaHindu bufumaneka kwinkalo yobugcisa beplastiki bexesha langoku kwaye ngo-2007 bekukho malunga nama-500 amaHindu phakathi koluhlu lwawona magcisa afunwa kakhulu emhlabeni.

Siyakuxelela kweli nqaku malunga nobuGcisa bamaHindu okwangoku oyena mculi ufunwa kakhulu ngokwemifanekiso eqingqiweyo ngu-Anish Kapoor, oye wakwazi ukuthengisa amaqashiso angama-24 ngenani le-6.440.150 ye-euro.

Ezinye iintetho zobugcisa zale nkcubeko

Okunye ukubonakaliswa kobugcisa obugqwesileyo kwinkcubeko yamaHindu kubonwa, kubonisa ukuhlukahluka okukhulu ngenxa yeempembelelo zeenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo ezazilawula ummandla wamaHindu.

Kuncwadi

Kwinkalo yoncwadi, oku kuqalisa ngonyaka we-1500 ngaphambi kwexesha lamaKristu ngombhalo wesiSanskrit owawudluliselwa ngomlomo ngabemi bawo.

Sele kumaxesha aphakathi, ngenxa yeempembelelo zezinye impucuko, ukubhala kuye kwaqaliswa kulo mmandla kwaye kujongwa iindlela ezininzi, phakathi kwazo idrama igqamile, ebhekiselele kumabali asentsomini apho umlinganiswa othelekelelwayo ubonwa.

Phakathi kwezi zibhalo kugqama uBhavabhuti owayengumbhali weMalatimadhaya ibali lothando elifana nelikaRomeo noJuliet.

Ngokubhekiselele kwimbongo ye-epic, eyona nto ifanelekileyo yiRamayana, ephuma kuhlobo olutsha kunye negama elithi mahakavva libhekiselele kwizihloko zeentsomi kunye nezembali.

Izibongo zeLyrical zimelelwe kwisicatshulwa esibizwa ngokuba nguSataka ochazwe nguBhartrihari kwimpilo yemihla ngemihla yamaHindu kunye nendlela yokubona ubomi ngokubhekiselele kwimibongo ehambelana nomxholo wothando yiGitagovinda eyenziwe nguJavadeva.

Iintsomi apho amabali amafutshane anomfanekiso-ngqondweni omkhulu ajongwayo kwaye aqhelekile kwiintsomi zamaHindu ezibonisa umlinganiswa wazo wemfundo phakathi kwababhali ababalaseleyo kwesi sihloko nguNaravana kunye noSivadasa.

Enye incwadi edumileyo yoncwadi lobuGcisa bamaHindu yiKamasutra eyabhalwa ngenkulungwane yesi-XNUMX eyabhalwa nguVatsyavana apho kujongwa inani elikhulu lemigaqo neengcebiso ezinxulumene nothando, kuba kwinkcubeko yamaHindu isini luhlobo lomthandazo oluvumela ukufikelela ekukhanyeni.

Ngombulelo kuhlaselo lwenkcubeko yamaSilamsi, ukuchuma kweelwimi zengingqi kubonwa kwingingqi yaseIndiya, yiyo loo nto kusenziwa inani elikhulu loncwadi ngesiHindi, isiTamil, isiBangali, iMahratta, iRavastani, isiGirati kunye nesiTelugu.

Uhlobo oluphawulekayo lwabonisa inkqubela phambili enkulu kwaye lwasasazeka kuwo wonke ummandla wamaHindu, enye yezona zibalaseleyo nguAnanda Raya Makhin.

Ngubani umbhali womsebenzi uYiva-nandana, wacaciswa ngonyaka we-1700 apho idrama yomphefumlo womntu wokumkani ovalelwe kwibhotwe lakhe, ongumzimba ngokwawo.

Ngokunjalo, uncwadi lwangoku loBugcisa bamaHindu luphenjelelwa yimisinga yamazwe ngamazwe enkosi kumanyano lwamazwe ngamazwe, apho isizinda sesiNgesi sigqama.

Maninzi amanani amaHindu kwihlabathi loncwadi anje ngeMadhusudan Datta, Sri Aurobindo, Rabindranath Tagore, Bankim Chandra Chattopadhvav, Jaishankar Prasad, Munshi Premchand, Mirza Galib phakathi kwabanye abaphengululi abakhulu balo mmandla ubalaseleyo.

Kwinkalo yoMculo

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba ngenxa yeenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo ezidityaniswe kubuGcisa bamaHindu, umculo ubonisa isitampu se-eclectic ukususela ekuqaleni kwenkcubeko yama-Aryan eyayineengoma ezenziwe ngamanqaku omculo amabini kuphela.

Ngelixa i-Dravidians yayinomculo othe kratya, kunye nemidaniso yolu hlanga oluyinzala yabemi baseIndiya, ubukhulu becala yayinxulumene nokuzala.

Ngokubhekiselele kwi-proto-Meditera, basivumela ukuba sifumane izixhobo zomculo ezitsha ezifana ne-magudhi kwaye zaziwa kwihlabathi lonke kuba iinyoka zifakwe kulo fluti.

Ngamaxesha aphakathi umculo wawukhatshwa zizixhobo zomculo ezinjengeehapu zamaGrike neehadi. Kunyanzelekile ukugqamisa iingoma zomculo ezenziweyo, ezifana neBrijad-deshi ebhalwe nguMatamga ngenkulungwane yesi-XNUMX.

Ukongeza kwiNarada yeNaradiva-siksa ngekhulu le-XNUMX kwaye ungalibali iSamgita-Ratnakara yaseSarnga Deva ngekhulu le-XNUMX. Amanqaku omculo ayenziwe ngasixhenxe athi sa, ri, ga, ma, pa, dha, kunye ni.

Ukwenza iingoma, zenziwe ngezakhiwo ezahlukahlukeneyo zemijikelezo yetoni ezinemihlobiso emininzi edibaniswe nomlinganiselo othile wexesha elivumela ukumakisha isigqi esicothayo, esiphakathi okanye esikhawulezayo.

Kamva umculo wafumana impembelelo yamaSilamsi ebangela ukwahlukana kwezithethe ezibini emculweni ezaziwa ngokuba ngowasemantla owagcina impembelelo yamaSilamsi ethandana, ehombisa kunye neyokumazantsi ebambelele ngakumbi kubuGcisa bamaHindu bubonakala bungqongqo nobukrelekrele.

ubugcisa beqonga

UbuGcisa bamaHindu buxhamle kwithiyetha, ingoma, umdaniso kunye ne-mime kwaye yayijoliswe kwimixholo yasentsomini yezithixo zamaHindu namaqhawe esi sizwe.

Kuphela zizinxibo kunye nokwakheka kwabadlali beqonga ngamnye kwabagqamayo kwaye yenziwa ngokweendlela zilandelayo: iintshukumo ezisixhenxe ezingqamana negama elithi Sakuntala kunye nelemidlalo elishumi kaMricchakatika.

Ngokubhekiselele kumaxesha aphakathi, i-mahanataka igqamile, eyayingumboniso omkhulu obhekiselele kwii-epics zamaHindu, i-dutangada apho umdlali we-actor acengceleza isicatshulwa kunye nabanye abadlali abajongene nokucwangcisa iploti kunye nomdaniso.

Emva koko kubonakala enye indlela ebizwa ngokuba yi-kathakali apho ugxininiso lwezijekulo ezihamba nomculo lubonakala. Umdaniso uyinxalenye yethiyetha kwaye kuyo imbonakalo yecorporal kunye nentshukumo yomzimba ijongwa kwintshukumo yomculo.

Ifilimu yaseIndiya

Enkosi kubuchwephesha kwesi sizwe, kwenziwe ifilim enkulu efana naleyo yase-United States, kodwa bayibiza ngokuba yi-Bollywood kuba yakhiwe kwisixeko sase-Bombay, izihloko ezisetyenziswa kakhulu zezentsomi. ukongeza kwimidaniso yesintu.

Omnye wemiba ekufuneka ithathelwe ingqalelo yeyokuba uluntu lwamaHindu ngabona bantu bakhetha ukuya kwimiboniso bhanyabhanya kwaye irekhodi lingaphezulu kwebhiliyoni yabasebenzisi kwiinyanga nje ezintathu.

Njengeedatha zembali, umboniso bhanyabhanya wabazalwana baseLumiere wafika kwesi sizwe ngo-1896 kwaye ngo-1913 ifilimu yokuqala yolwimi lwalo mmandla ebizwa ngokuba yiHarishandra nguDadeseheb Phalke yenziwa.

Ngokumalunga nesihloko sokuqala esibandakanya i-audio, yayingu-Alam Ara ngonyaka we-1931 eveliswe ngu-Ardeshir Irani ngelo xesha babesele benze iifilimu ezilikhulu ngonyaka ngokukodwa ngesiHindi, isiBengali kunye nesiTamil.

Kakade kwiminyaka yee-1940 kunye nee-1950, indlela entsha yokwenza iifilimu yavela kwimbono yentlalo, ibonisa uluntu lwamaHindu ngendlela yokwenene.

Phakathi kwabalawuli ababalaseleyo ngaba balandelayo: Mehboob Khan, Bimal Roy, Pather Panchali, Farah Khan, Satvajit Ray, phakathi kwabanye abenzi befilimu abakhulu.

Ukuba ulifumene eli nqaku linomdla, ndiyakumema ukuba undwendwele amakhonkco alandelayo:


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