Kweli nqaku siza kukunika lonke ulwazi oluneenkcukacha malunga nokuba yintoni na impressionism eSpain, eyayithetha kuluntu kunye nabaculi abahlukeneyo ababeyimele. Kunye neempawu zayo kunye nesizathu sokuba yayibalulekile ngelo xesha nanamhlanje. Qhubeka ufunda inqaku kwaye ufumane yonke into!
Impressionism eSpain
Yintshukumo eyenzeka eSpain phakathi kweqela labapeyinti, kodwa i-impressionism eSpain iyenzeka ngokuguquguqukayo kwaye inobuhlanga ngakumbi kunemfundiso, kuba i-impressionism eSpain ichazwa kukunyanzeliswa kwemivimbo enamandla kunye nedlamkileyo kwaye hayi njengamaFrentshi awayesekelwe umgca obuthathaka kunye ne-nuanced.
E-Spain, i-impressionism yayisekelwe ekubambeni umzuzwana ekuhambeni kwexesha elikhululekile, kunokuba ubude bexesha. Ngale ndlela bekukho isisombululo kwiingxaki zokukhanyisa ngombala kwaye bekungasekelwanga kwisisombululo sendawo yomoya. Kunoko, ukukhanya kwathatyathwa yimoto yechromaticism.
Ngale ndlela, i-Impressionism eSpeyin yenza igalelo elikhulu kakhulu kwi-Impressionism eFransi, ekubeni i-intonation engwevu yayibaluleke kakhulu kwimisebenzi eyenziwa ngabazobi u-Diego Rodríguez de Silva y Velázquez (1599-1660), uBartolomé Esteban. UMurillo (1618-1682), uFrancisco de Zurbarán (1598-1664), noFrancisco de Goya (1746-1828), owavusa umdla omkhulu phakathi kwababukeli bemizobo ye-Impressionist eSpeyin.
Bandula ke babangela uchuku kuninzi lwabazobi baseFransi, apho umzobi oyinzalelwane yaseFransi uÉdouard Manet (1832-1883) agqamayo, owayengomnye wabazobi bombutho we-Impressionist oweza ukubonisa ukuba i-Impressionism yaseSpeyin yayikhona. Ixesha legolide apho athatha isigqibo sokundwendwela iSpain ngonyaka we-1865 ekuphela kwexesha ebomini bakhe kwaye afunde yonke into malunga nempressionism eSpain.
Impembelelo enkulu eyanikwa yi-Impressionism eSpain yabangela uguquko olukhulu lwabapeyinti baseSpain ukuba bavele abasebenzisa amaqhinga, iindlela kunye nobuchule be-Impressionism eSpain, kodwa kwakungekho sicelo kwintetho yayo ephezulu, kuba ngokusebenzisa i-brushstrokes ekhululekile ayizange ihlelwe. njengempembelelo ye-impressionism eSpain kuba yayikhona kuyilo lwepeyinti yaseSpain.
Kodwa kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba i-impressionism eSpain yenza abazobi basebenzise iziphumo ezikhanyayo kunye nekhromatic kwimisebenzi eyahlukeneyo yobugcisa eyayiyinto entsha yokwenyani kwi-impressionism eSpain, kodwa ingqwalasela eqhelekileyo yanikwa phakathi kwe-impressionists kunye ne-post-impressionists. Ukuba abapeyinti abaninzi bahlelwa ngolu hlobo kwinxalenye yokugqibela yenkulungwane ye-XNUMX.
Uninzi lwaba bapeyinti baguqukela kwi-Impressionism eSpain ukusuka kwintshukumo eyayibizwa ngokuba yiRealism, eyayinegama eliyingxaki kakhulu ngelo xesha. Nangona i-impressionism yayikwabizwa ngokuba yi-luminists eSpain, eyayingacacanga kangako. Ngokukodwa phakathi kwabapeyinti ababevela kwimvelaphi yaseValencia.
Ukuba bagqiba ukubiza igama emva kwee-luminists zaseValencian, apho abadwebi uJoaquín Sorolla (1863-1923), uTeodoro Andreu (1870-1935) bagqama. Kukho nabanye abadwebi be-Impressionist eSpain abavelele, njengoDarío de Regoyos (1857-1913), u-Ignacio Pinazo (1849-1916), u-Aureliano Beruete (1845-1912).
i-impressionism
I-Impressionism yayiyintshukumo eyenzeka kwihlabathi lobugcisa kwaye yachazwa njengeseti yemizobo ye-impressionist eyazalwa kwinkcazo ekhubekisayo ngumgxeki wezobugcisa uLouis Leroy, phambi komzobo othi "Ilanga eliphumayo" elenziwe ngumzobi uClaude Monet.
Oko kwaboniswa kwi-salon yamagcisa azimeleyo eParis ukususela ngo-Epreli 15 ukuya kuMeyi 15, 1874, eli qela lamagcisa lenziwe ngabazobi beCamille Pissarro, uEdgar Degas, uPierre-Auguste Renoir, uPaul Cézanne, uAlfred Sisley Berthe Morisot.
Iimpawu eziphambili eziza kuchaza i-Impressionism eSpain naseFransi zilula, umbala, i-brushstrokes kunye ne-plenairism, ezenza kube nzima kakhulu ukwandisa nakwizobugcisa beplastiki ezifana nezakhiwo kunye nemifanekiso. Ngale ndlela kunokuchazwa ukuba i-impressionism eSpain naseFransi ngengqiqo engqongqo inokwenzeka kuphela kwipeyinti, ukufota kunye ne-cinema.
Nangona kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba impressionism eSpeyin naseFransi wayeza kuphuhlisa ukususela phakathi kwinkulungwane ye-XNUMX, kwaye wayeza kubonakaliswa ngokubanzi ngokubamba ukukhanya kwimisebenzi yobugcisa, ingakumbi imizobo, ngaphandle ukukhangela imfuneko yokufumana. ukukhanya koko wayekubonisile kumzobo. Eli yayilinqaku elibalulekileyo kuphuhliso lobugcisa bamva obaziwa ngokuba yi-post-impressionism kunye ne-avant-gardes.
Ukuqala kwe-Impressionism eSpain
Intshukumo yemifanekiso eyaziwa ngokuba yi-Impressionism yazalwa kwilizwekazi laseYurophu kwaye yavela eFransi kwaye i-Impressionism inamava ngokwahlukileyo eSpain kwaye, njengayo nayiphi na intshukumo yobugcisa, iya kuba nefuthe kumazwe amaninzi aseYurophu, ilizwe ngalinye lineempawu zalo eziphambili kuba amagcisa amaninzi enika imiba yokubonisa. eSpeyin ezingaqhelekanga kwamanye amazwe.
Intshukumo ye-Impressionism eSpain yaqala xa amagcisa aliqela adityaniswa kunye kwiqela elaziwa ngokuba yiBarbizon, phambi kwamagcisa entshukumo ye-Impressionist ukuze abonise ubuchule bawo ngaphandle. Ezo yayizizizathu ezahluke kakhulu kwiicanon kunye nezigxeko ezaziqhelekile ngabahlalutyi bezobugcisa.
Ngesi sizathu, kwanikwa ukubaluleka okukhulu kwesikolo esibizwa ngokuba yiBarbizon School, kuba yayingesosikolo kodwa amagcisa aliqela adibana ngenxa yokuba enomdla ofanayo kwaye, ngokuvumelana ngeemeko ezahlukeneyo ezilinganayo, oku kwakuthanda ukudibana kwawo ukuze aqhubele phambili. benza imisebenzi yobugcisa kunye namanye amagcisa.aye waya kwisikolo saseBarbizon esenza ikoloni yamagcisa awathi aziwa ngokuba yintshukumo yeImpressionism eSpain.
Iimpawu eziphambili zeMpressionism eSpain
Abapeyinti ababeqonda ubuchule be-impressionism eSpain, baqonda ukuba inyaniso yayiyinto efunekayo kwaye imisebenzi yamagcisa zizinto ezibonakala ngathi zifanele ukuba zibe. Apho amagcisa amaninzi avule imbono yawo yeemvakalelo ngalo mzuzu kwaye abhala ukuba umzuzu womzobo kufuneka urekhodwe ngesantya ngale ndlela izinto eziphambili kunye neempawu ze-Impressionism eSpain zezi:
Ukukhanya njengomdla osisiseko
Abantu ababonisa imizobo abasekela imizobo yabo kwindawo esisiseko yokukhanya yayiluhlolisiso olwalusekelwe kubugcisa bemifanekiso, ekubeni uninzi lwabazobi bemifanekiso eqingqiweyo babeqonda ukuba imibala asiyonto nje yento kodwa ingumphumo wokungqubana kokukhanya. .
Ngaphambi kokuba ukukhanya kufundwe njengophawu lobuthixo kunye nolwazi kubugcisa beGothic, ngendlela efanayo ukukhanya kwafundwa njengento yeplastiki ukuze kuphunyezwe umthamo kwiimpawu zendalo kunye nezingalindelekanga zeRenaissance kunye ne-classicism.
Ekubeni abaculi ababesekelwe kwi-impressionism baxhomekeke ekukhanyeni njengendawo yomdla kwaye ngale ndlela bagxininise ekuboniseni imiphumo eyahlukileyo eyanikelwa ngukukhanya kumsebenzi, yingakho ukukhanya kufundwa njengento eyenzeka ekuziphatheni. Ngelixa isebenzisana nezinto ezahlukeneyo ezifunyenwe kumzobo.
Bonke obu buchule, ubuchule kunye neempawu ezisetyenziswa ngamagcisa ahlukeneyo enza i-Impressionism eSpain ibe yinto yobugcisa.
Uyilo olutsha kunye nembono
Amagcisa amaninzi azinikele ekufundeni ama-engile kwimisebenzi eyahlukeneyo yobugcisa, ayesoloko ejonge eyona mbono igqwesileyo kunye nezakhelo ezigqwesileyo ukuze umbukeli abone umsebenzi wobugcisa kwiimbono ezahlukeneyo.
Ukusukela ngelo xesha ukufota kwahlala kuthe ngqo kwaye kwakudala ukusukela kwiRenaissance, kodwa ii-engile ezintsha kunye neendlela zazisele ziqala ukutshintsha. Kungenxa yoko le nto amagcisa asekelwe kwi-impressionism agqiba ekubeni ahlukane neecanon ezibekwe luluntu lwezobugcisa ngokubona izakhelo eziphambili zomsebenzi wobugcisa kwaye zagqiba ekubeni zenze izakhelo ezingalindelekanga zemisebenzi yobugcisa.
Ukulahlwa komzobo ochanekileyo
KwiAkhademi, umzobo ogqibeleleyo kwakufuneka uthotyelwe ukuthobela imigangatho yobugcisa xa kusenziwa umsebenzi wobugcisa, kodwa amagcisa awayesekwe kwi-impressionism eSpain endaweni yokusebenzisa umgca ochaziweyo kunye nochanekileyo kwaye amagcisa abonisa uluvo abonisa umgca imithamo ifaka umbala ngokuthe ngqo oko kutyhile ulwazi olukhulu kunye nobuchule kula magcisa.
Ngelixa amanye amagcisa aqhubeka nokusebenzisa imigca efana neToulouse-Lautrec okanye uEdgar Degas, kodwa hayi njengoko kuchaziwe njengoko kufanele kube kwiipatheni zomzobo kodwa ngesingqisho esinexhala ngakumbi esinophononongo oluninzi kunye nokubonakala okuninzi ngaphezulu.
Ukwaleka kombala kwiseyile
Kubuchule bokwenza umbono eSpain amagcisa asekelwe kwi-impressionism ayenganyanzelekanga ukuba adibanise imibala yawo kwiphalethi. Yiyo loo nto amagcisa amaninzi agqiba ekubeni azikhulule kweli nyathelo aze aphume ayokuzoba kwindawo evulekileyo efuna iindlela ezintsha zokukhanya kumsebenzi abawenzayo, kuba babefunde ulwazi olutsha malunga nethiyori yamehlo.
Kungenxa yoko le nto amagcisa awayesekelwe kwingcamango ye-impressionists aqalisa ukuxuba imibala kwiseyile enye ukuze afumane owona mbala uchanekileyo kumsebenzi wobugcisa.
Obu buchule buphunyezwe ngeendlela ezimbini, eyokuqala ibikukuxuba umbala omnye phezu komnye kwaye eyesibini ibikukusebenzisa imibala ephambili omnye usondele kakhulu komnye ukuze xa ujongwa umgama, ukungcangcazela abakwenzayo kuvelise umbala oqaqambileyo. umbono wombala abawudingayo kumzobo wobugcisa.
Ibrashi yebrashi, imivumbo yebrashi kunye namachaphaza
Enye yeenjongo kwi-impressionism yaseSpain yayikukubeka imibala ngokukhawuleza kangangoko kunokwenzeka kumsebenzi wobugcisa ukuze kubanjwe umphumo wokukhanya okwakuza kuveliswa kumzobo.
Yiyo loo nto amagcisa e-Impressionist ekhetha ukusebenzisa iibrushstrokes ezithe ngqo, kwaye amaxesha amaninzi benza imisebenzi yobugcisa ngemivumbo engqingqwa okanye ngeebrushstrokes ukunika isiphelo esingcono kwaye ukukhanya kunempembelelo enkulu kumsebenzi wobugcisa. Baphinde basebenzise ukugqithelana ukuze bakwazi ukwenza ubunzima ngomthamo othe kratya kumzobo.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sx6a6y6-puw&t=109s
Ukungabikho kokugqitywa kunye nokucinezelwa kweenkcukacha ezixhasa yonke into
Kwimizobo, imbonakalo yokukhanya yayiyimeko kwaye imfutshane, yiyo loo nto abapeyinti baseSpain be-Impressionist babefuna ukucinezela iinkcukacha ezazithandwa kakhulu kumaxesha adlulileyo kangangokuba bekufanele ukuba zisetyenziswe ngenjongo yokuthanda ukuqwalaselwa ngokubanzi kolwakhiwo. indawo.
Kwi-Impressionism eSpain, abapeyinti bagxininise ekufuneni ukuba umzobo ube nesiphelo esihle kwaye sichanekileyo, kodwa imigca yayishiywe ivulekile kwaye ingagqitywanga, ngelixa i-texture yatshitshiswa ukuba ibe yi-porous kwaye xa kukho imigca kwipeyinti, yahlaziywa okanye ishiywe ingadityaniswanga..
I-Psychology nayo ithatha inxaxheba kancinane kule nto, ekubeni xa ujonga umsebenzi ubuchopho bombukeli buqala ukubhalisa zonke ezi nkcukacha kunye noko aya kukwazi ukukubona kuya kuba ngumfanekiso oqingqiweyo womzobo, nje ukuba umsebenzi ujongwe ngokubanzi. .
Izihloko eziqhelekileyo okanye ezingabalulekanga
Kwizicwangciso ezingaphambi kokuvela kwe-impressionism kunye nezinye iintshukumo zobugcisa, imixholo eyayiza kumelwa kwakufuneka ibe ngamaxesha anokuthi athethelele kwaye anike ixabiso kumsebenzi wobugcisa. Ukususela xa upeyinta umfazi onqunu kufuneka alingane okanye abe ngcono kuneVenus. Angaze abe ngumfazi nje oqhelekileyo. Ukufa akunakuba yinto yobugorha okanye engaphaya kwaye imihlaba yenziwa njengelizwi lamanye amaxesha okanye amanye amazwe.
Nangona amagcisa Impressionist of Spain washiya ngasemva zonke ezi stereotypes imizobo waza waqalisa ukuqaphela inyaniso ukuba babe phambi kwabo ngokupeyinta, ekubeni xa ukupeyinta umfazi ze kwaba ngumfazi nje ze kwaye akukho nto.
Umzekelo ocacileyo wolu phawu lwe-Impressionism eSpeyin kuxa i-Olympia yapeyintwa kumzobo apho umzobi waphefumlelwa ngumzobo owaziwayo weVenus waseUrbino, owenziwe nguTitian ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX. Okwenziwa ngumzobi we-Impressionist kwakutshintsha. iimpawu zeVenus kwezo zomfazi othengisa ngomzimba.
Kwizixeko zalungiswa ukuze zibonise indawo yemizi-mveliso, apho imiboniso yabantu, iindlela ezingaphantsi komhlaba, iimoto kunye noohola bendlela zenziwa. Ukongeza kwezinye iimpawu ezinje ngamaqela, izidlo, ubomi be-bohemian, ipaki, ukuziqhelanisa, i-orchestra pit, imidyarho yamahashe, ukubheja, i-boulevard...
Nangona kufanele kuqatshelwe ukuba oku kwakungenzelwanga ukunika isidima le mixholo, koko yayikukuqinisekisa ukubaluleka kolwimi olusetyenziswayo ukuzisa umbukeli umsebenzi ocacileyo wobugcisa ngaphandle kokuba nesingxengxezo sokwenza umzobo omhle, ekubeni umxholo ungenjalo. kubalulekile kodwa ukuyimela ngeyona ndlela ilungileyo.
Abameli abaphambili be-Impressionism eSpain
Njengoko bekutshiwo ngaphambili, i-impressionism eSpain yenziwe liqela lamagcisa avumelana neengcamango ezahlukeneyo kwaye afuna ukwenza imizobo kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zomhlaba ezazikho, apho umzobi uCarlos de Haes wazinikela ekufundiseni ubuchule bakhe bokupeyinta ngokusekelwe kwimizobo. kwimbonakalo yomhlaba ukuya kumagcisa amaninzi phakathi kwawo agqamileyo:
Umzobi we-Impressionist uCarlos de Haes (1826-1898)
UngowaseBelgium owazalelwa kwisixeko saseBrussels ngoJanuwari 27, 1826 waza wafela eSpain kwisixeko saseMadrid ngomhla we-17 Juni 1898. Ebomini wayengumzobi waseSpain owayeyimvelaphi yaseBelgium kwaye wazinikela kumhlaba. ukupeyinta kwaye wayelilungu leqela le-impressionism eSpain.
Wazinikela ekwenzeni imizobo ngendlela yokwenene kwaye wathembisa ukwabelana ngolwazi lwakhe lokupeyinta namanye amagcisa kwinto ebizwa ngokuba yiLandscape Chair e-Escuela Superior de la Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando eMadrid ukususela ngo-1857.
Wayengowokuqala kubazalwana abasixhenxe abazalelwa kwintsapho yabaxhasi bemali kunye nabarhwebi. Kodwa kwintsapho yakhe kwakukho iingxaki zemali, bagqiba kwelokuba bafudukele eSpeyin ngowe-1835, beza kuhlala kwisixeko saseMalaga kwesi sixeko uCarlos de Haes waqalisa ukuzoba iiklasi ngumfundisi-ntsapho wakhe ongumzobi uLuis de la Cruz y Ríos (1776) Ngo-1853).
Ngonyaka we-1850 wayenotitshala wesibini owaziwa ngokuba nguJoseph Quinaux (1822-1895), umzobi waseBelgium, ngelo xesha watyelela amazwe amaninzi angabamelwane baseMalaga waza waqalisa ukupeyinta imihlaba yakhe yokuqala, ngonyaka we-1855 uCarlos de Haes wathatha inxaxheba. iSalon yaseAntwerp enemizobo eyahlukeneyo.
Kamva uba ngumhlobo kaJuan Federico Muntadas, owayedla ngokubhala imibongo kunye naye uCarlos Haes, wenza umzobo awawubiza ngokuthi. "Umbono kwindawo ekufutshane neMonasterio de Piedra eAragón" Wandula ke loo msebenzi wobugcisa waphumelela imbasa yegolide kumboniso owawungonyaka we-1858.
Ngomnyaka we-1857 waphumelela indawo yokufundisa iklasi yokulungisa umhlaba kwiSikolo esiPhakamileyo se-Academy of Fine Arts yaseSan Fernando, ukususela ngaloo mzuzu wazinikela ukuhlala kwisixeko saseMadrid. Kunyaka kamva waphumelela ibhaso kuMboniso weSizwe waseSpain. Ngonyaka ka-1860 wonyulwa njengomfundisi-ntsapho ophambili kwiAkhademi asebenza kuyo efundisa.
Phakathi kweminyaka ye-1871 kunye ne-1876, wazinikezela ekunikeni iiklasi kumagcisa ahlukeneyo kuhambo oluvulekileyo, ebangela ukuba i-Impressionism eSpain. Le nkosi yeza ukukhuthaza amaphulo kumantla eSpain ukwenza imizobo emininzi yeencopho zaseYurophu kunye nelizwe laseBasque.
Emva koko umbono wakhe we-Impressionism eSpain wanwenwela kumazwe aliqela, kubandakanya nelizwe laseFransi iBasque, iBrittany, iNormandy kunye neFriesland, nakumantla eHolland. Onke la mava awathi umzobi uCarlos de Haes wamenza ukuba acinge nge-impressionism eSpeyin, esenza imizobo esekelwe kubume bendalo obuyi-anthology yakhe enkulu yokupeyinta ngaphandle kwaseSpain.
Umzobi we-impressionist uyafa eneminyaka engama-62 ubudala, ngenxa yenyumoniya, eshiya abenzi ababini kwintando yakhe ukuba bathathe isigqibo malunga nempahla yakhe yonke kunye nemizobo, apho kwalungiselelwa ukuba igumbi elinikezelwe kwi-impressionism eSpeyin lenziwe kwiMyuziyam esanda kuvulwa yanamhlanje. Ubugcisa ukususela kumzobi uCarlos Haes wayenemizobo ye-4000 yamawaka kunye namanqaku kwikhredithi yakhe, uninzi lwawo lwafikelela kwiMyuziyam yaseMalaga, iMyuziyam yaseJaime Morera kwaye ekugqibeleni iMyuziyam yasePrado.
UAurelian Beruete (1845-1912)
Wazalelwa kwisixeko saseMadrid ngoSeptemba 27, 1845 waza wabhubha kwisixeko sase-Ibid nge-5 kaJanuwari 1912, ebomini wayesaziwa njengengqondi, ekwangumzobi kunye nomzobi wendawo kunye nezopolitiko zaseSpain ziphumelele kwiYunivesithi yaseMadrid. ngo-1867 enesihloko esithi Doctor of Law.
Njengomzobi waqeqeshwa kwi-Academy of Fine Arts eyaziwayo yaseSan Fernando eMadrid, ekubeni ngumfundi womzobi uCarlos Haes wayeyinxalenye yeqela le-Impressionism eSpeyin ekubeni imeko yakhe njengomntu wemali yamvumela ukuba azinikezele. ngokwakhe ngokupheleleyo ukupeyinta, phakathi kwemisebenzi yakhe yokuqala kwimihlaba ngumzobo owaziwayo wokuzihlaziya kwe-Orbajosa, apho umzobi we-inpressionist waseSpain waphinda wenza i-villa yentelekelelo nguGaldós kwinoveli yakhe ebizwa ngokuba yi-Doña Perfecta.
Isimbo somsebenzi wakhe sasisekelwe kwi-impressionism yaseSpain, ukuba ngumfundi kunye neqabane lomzobi uCarlos Haes, umzobi u-Aureliano Beruete uphuhlisa umzobo okhululekileyo kwaye wenza imisebenzi emininzi apho abonisa imihlaba emininzi ayibamba ezincwadini zakhe, phakathi kwazo ukuma. ngaphandle kweendawo ze-castile Iibrushstrokes awazinikayo zaba nefuthe elikhulu kwi-impressionism eSpain njengoko imisebenzi yakhe yavula indlela yokuvula imizobo ngokukhanya okukhulu.
Phakathi kweyona misebenzi ibalaseleyo yalo mzobi waseSpeyin owadibanisa i-Impressionism eSpeyin, i-El Tajo (iToledo), ioli kwiseyile, 57 x 85 cm, isayinwe, ngo-1905, ePradera de San Isidro (La casa del deaf), ioli kwiseyile. , 62 x 103 cm, isayinwe, i-1909 kunye ne-Autumn Landscape (iMadrid), ioli kwi-canvas, i-66 x 95 cm, isayinwe, i-1910.
Anselmo Guinea Ugalde (1854-1906)
Umzobi owazalwa kwisixeko saseBilbao ngomhla woku-1 kuTshazimpuzi ka-1854 waze wasweleka kwakweso sixeko ngoJuni 10, 1906, ebomini bakhe wayengumzobi, umzobi wasemanzini kunye nomzobi we-impressionism eSpain, wenza umsebenzi obaluleke kakhulu ISpain njengoko yayiyimisebenzi yobugcisa epeyintwe kwithala leencwadi laseBidebarrieta, kwiBhotwe leForal, kwibhotwe laseChávarri nanjengomzobi weglasi ococekileyo kwibhotwe lase-Ibaigane.
Waqala imfundo yakhe kwisixeko saseMadrid apho waya kwiiklasi zikaNjingalwazi Federico Madrazo waza ngo-1876 wabuyela kwidolophu yakowabo ukuya kufundisa iklasi yokuzoba kwiSikolo soBugcisa kunye neMisebenzi yezandla, ebambe okufanayo de wafa. Ngomnyaka ka 1890 waya eParis wadibana neFrench Impressionism movement eyathi yamnkela eso simbo yaze yazimanya neqela lamagcisa eImpressionism eSpain.Ezona misebenzi yakhe yile:
- I-self-portrait (CP) 1875.
- I-Aurresku-watercolor- (Imyuziyam ye-Álava yoBugcisa obuGcisa)
- UJuan Zuria ufungela ukukhusela ukuzimela kweBizkaia (iNdlu yeNdibano yaseGuernica) ngo-1882.
- I-Tarantella (iMyuziyam yaseBilbao yoBugcisa obuLungileyo) ngo-1884.
- Umlobi (cp) 1888.
- Indlela yokutsala (cp) 1892.
- Ama-Asturian (cp) c. 1896.
- UmKrestu (iForal Palace. Bilbao) ngo-1897.
- Impendulo (MNAC) 1898.
- Umzekeliso weBizkaia (ifestile yeglasi enebala ePalacio Foral de Bilbao) ngo-1900.
- Ibhulorho eRoma (iMyuziyam yaseBilbao yoBugcisa obuLungileyo) ngo-1904.
- Iinkumbulo zeCapri.
- Umtshato kaFaro.
UAdolf Guiard (1860-1916)
Uthathwa njengelinye lawona magcisa anemifuziselo ye-impressionism eSpain, wazalelwa kwisixeko saseBilbao ngoAprili 10, 1860 waza wasweleka ngoMatshi 8, 1916, ukwathathwa njengalowo wazisa iSpanish impressionism kwilizwe laseBasque.
Umzobi wazalelwa kwintsapho enkulu kakhulu kuba unabanye abantakwabo abayi-14, engunyana womfaki-zithombe waseFransi ogama linguAlphonse Guiard kunye nomama nguJuliana Larrauri. Umzobi waqala izifundo zakhe zokupeyinta kunye nomzobi uAntonio Lecuona kwisitudiyo sakhe saseBilbao eCalle de La Cruz.
Njengoko ixesha lihamba, igcisa wagqiba ekubeni aye kuhlala kwisixeko Barcelona, emva koko bafudukela eParis. Apho uthatha isigqibo sokuhlala ukususela ngo-1878. Ungumzobi wokuqala kunye nomzobi oza kutshintsha ummandla wakhe ukusuka eSpeyin ukuya eParis endaweni yaseRoma njengoko bonke abapeyinti baseSpain benza ukuqeqesha njengabazobi abaqeqeshiweyo.
Ekubeni wayelwazi kakuhle ulwimi lwesiFrentshi, umzobi uAdolfo Guiard wayesele enamakhonkco angakumbi omzobo owawusenziwa eParis kunaseRoma. Ngenxa yoko yayisesinye sezizathu ezamkhuthaza ukuba aye eParis. Apho wayefunda kwi-Colarossi Academy. Ngaloo minyaka umzobi wayesele edume kakhulu kwaye wapapasha umsebenzi owaziwa ngokuba yi "La vie moderne" lo msebenzi uneempawu ze-impressionism eSpeyin kwaye wawulawulwa ngu-Edmond Renoir, owayengumninawa omncinci womzobi.
Phakathi kowe-1886 no-1887, umzobi odumileyo wagqiba ekubeni abuyele kwilizwe lakowabo waza wavula istudiyo ukuze azinikele ekufundiseni abanye abafundi ubugcisa bokupeyinta umhlaba kunye namandla okukhanya kwimisebenzi yobugcisa, ekubeni ziyimiba ye-impressionism eSpeyin. Esi iya kuba sisifundo sokuqala eSpain ukufundisa iimpawu zeSpanish Impressionism.
Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba umzobi uAdolfo Guiard, useka indawo yakhe yokuhlala kwisixeko saseBakio, kuba unomnqweno wokupeyinta ngaphandle. Nangona i-landscape yenziwa ngasemva kuba into athanda ukuyipeyinta yimifanekiso yabantu eyenza umsebenzi ebaleni. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, uqhuba imisebenzi kuluhlu oluluhlaza kunye nabantu abasebenza, imizobo yakhe igcwele ukukhanya, enye yeempawu ze-Impressionism eSpain.
Abahlalutyi abaninzi bezobugcisa baye bavakalisa izimvo zabo malunga nomzobo ka-Adolfo Guiard, apho u-Unamuno aphuma khona, owathi ngonyaka we-1918, umzobo owenziwe ngumzobi ulawulwa yi-silhouettes yamanani, ekubeni yintoni ephawulekayo. kwimizobo yakhe yobungakanani obuncinci ngumzobo kunye nokukhanya, okuyinkalo ebalulekileyo yeSpanish Impressionism. Eyona misebenzi ibalulekileyo yomzobi yile ilandelayo:
- Wesithembiso (Isithembiso) (Bilbao Museum of Fine Arts).
- Ummi omncinci welali onekhani ebomvu (iMyuziyam yaseBilbao yoBugcisa obuLungileyo).
- The cho (Bilbao Museum of Fine Arts).
- Ukuvunwa (iMyuziyam yaseBilbao yoBugcisa obuLungileyo).
- Umhlali waseBakio (iMyuziyam yaseBilbao yoBugcisa obuLungileyo).
- Abafazi abahlamba impahla emlanjeni.
- Ichweba leAxpe (uMbutho waseBilbain).
- Kwi-terrace (uMbutho waseBilbaina).
- Abazingeli kwiSikhululo saseMntla (uMbutho waseBilbaina).
UJose Salis Camino (1863-1927)
Umzobi uJosé Salís Camino wazalelwa kwisixeko saseSantoña nge-1 kaDisemba, 1863 kwaye wasweleka nge-30 kaDisemba, 1927, ungomnye wabapeyinti baseSpain abamkelwa njengowona usulungekileyo we-Impressionism eSpain.
Ekubeni wenza inani elikhulu lemizobo esekelwe kwimihlaba eyahlukeneyo kuba imixholo yakhe isekelwe kwinyani. Iimpawu zakhe ezibalaseleyo kukuba imizobo yakhe icacile, ikhanyayo kwaye iibrushstrokes zakhe zikhawuleza kodwa ziqinisekile, iimpawu ze-Impressionism eSpain.
Lo mculi ubalaseleyo wayenethuba lokuqeqesha kwisixeko saseMadrid kwiSikolo seReal Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando, kunye nomnye umzobi obalaseleyo weSpanish Impressionist, uCarlos Haes.
Ngo-1885 uthatha isigqibo sokuya kuhlala kwisixeko saseBrussels ukugqiba uqeqesho lwakhe kunye nomzobi uAntoine Van Hamme. Emva koko uthatha isigqibo sokuya kumazwe amaninzi, kuquka iParis, iRoma, iUnited Kingdom kunye noMntla Afrika. Emva koko ubuyela eSpain. Kwaye ufunde ubuchule bokuKhanyalelwa kukaJoaquín Sorolla kunye nomsebenzi kaJoaquim Mir, imiba esisiseko ye-Impressionism eSpain.
Emva kokufa kwakhe, umzobi uJosé Salina uye wathathwa njengomnye wabaculi ababalaseleyo bexesha lakhe kunye nesalathiso ekusebenziseni ubuchule be-Impressionist eSpain.
UDario Regoyos (1857-1913)
Ungumzobi osebenzisa ubuchule be-impressionism eSpain. Wazalelwa kwisixeko saseRibadesella, ngoNovemba 1, 1857 waza wasweleka nge-29 ka-Okthobha, 1913, engomnye wabapeyinti abaphambili baseSpain abanesitayile sempressionist kade.
Umzobi waqala ukupeyinta kunye noyise uDarío Regoyos Morenillo, injineli kunye nomyili wezakhiwo, inzalelwane yaseValladolid, eyayithanda ukupeyinta. Le iqala kwiRoyal Academy of Fine Arts yaseSan Fernando. Kodwa utata wakhe uyasweleka kwaye umzobi uDarío Regoyos ubhalisa kwintshayelelo yendawo efundiswa ngunjingalwazi kwaye ndipeyinta uCarlo ngomnye wabakhuthazi abaphambili be-Impressionism eSpain.
Ngomnyaka we-1879 wagqiba ekubeni ahambe eBrussels ekhatshwa ngabahlobo bakhe u-Isaac Albéniz kunye no-Enrique Fernández Arbós, ekubeni babeza kufumana ibhaso le-Royal Conservatory yaseBrussels nge "Distinction" kunye ne "Excellence", kwisixeko saseBrussels wadibana noJoseph. I-Quinaux. Kwaye uba ngumfundi wakhe ukuze afunde malunga nobugcisa bale mihla.
Ngokuhamba kwexesha, umzobi uDarío Regoyos wayethathwa ngabahlalutyi bezobugcisa kunye namagcisa ukuba abe yinkosi yokukhanya kunye nevumba elibhekiswa kwimizobo yelo xesha, kuba watyhila ubuchule obuninzi obufundwe kwi-impressionism eSpain ngale nto wakwazi ukushiya ubuchule bobugcisa. pointllism kwaye ungene nzulu kwi-impressionism eyayisenza indlela yayo ngelo xesha.
Umzobi okwangoku unemizobo eliqela kwiimyuziyam ezahlukeneyo kwilizwekazi laseYurophu, phakathi kwazo ezi museum zilandelayo zibalaseleyo: iMyuziyam yeBilbao Fine Arts Museum, iMNAC eBarcelona kunye neCarmen Thyssen Museum eMalaga.
Isigaba semifanekiso yomzobi uDarío Regoyos sinokushwankathelwa kwiingxelo zalo mzobi mnye owathi weza ukuqinisekisa oku kulandelayo kwiphephancwadi lesiFrentshi iMercure de France ngowe-1905.
"Ukuba bendiza kuqala ubomi bam kwakhona, ndiza kusebenzisa i-palette yokukhanya kwakhona, ngaphandle komhlaba, ngaphandle komnyama, kwaye ndiza kwenza i-landscape kuphela, ndizinikele ngokupheleleyo kwimibono endiyifumene kwindalo."
UDarío de Regoyos, Uvavanyo malunga neendlela zangoku kubugcisa beplastiki
Ngale ndlela umzobi wakwazi ukubamba ubuchule bokubonwa kwe-impressionism eSpain kwimizobo yakhe emininzi. Nangona uninzi lwemisebenzi yakhe into eya kuqala kumhlaba kunye nendalo, kodwa ukwazisa amanani omntu ukunika umtsalane wobomi emsebenzini.
UFrancisco Gimeno (1858-1927)
Umzobi ogama linguFrancisco Gimeno Arasa wazalelwa kwisixeko saseTortosa ngoFebruwari 4, 1858 waza wafela eBarcelona ngoNovemba 22, 1927. Wazinikela ekwenzeni imizobo eyahlukeneyo kwaye wayengomnye wabameli be-Impressionism eSpain. Wayethanda ukuzoba kunye nokupeyinta imisebenzi yakhe enemibala kwaye eqaqambileyo, apho wayegqame khona kwimifanekiso kunye nemifanekiso yakhe, ukwanemisebenzi emininzi apho wayipeyinta imbonakalo yomhlaba esebenzisa ubuchule bokubonwa kwe-impressionism eSpain.
Okwangoku kukho imisebenzi emininzi yomzobi kwiimyuziyam ezahlukeneyo, phakathi kwazo ezi zilandelayo zibalaseleyo: iMyuziyam yeSizwe yoBugcisa baseCatalonia (Barcelona), iMyuziyam yeSizwe yasePrado eMadrid, iMyuziyam yaseMontserrat kunye neVictor Balaguer Museum Library.
URamon Casas (1866-1932)
Lo mzobi wazalelwa kwisixeko saseBarcelona ngoJanuwari 04, 1866 waza wasweleka ngoFebruwari 29, 1932, wayengumzobi obalaseleyo nodumileyo waseSpain owenza imisebenzi emininzi kunye nemifanekiso yabantu ababalaseleyo baseSpain, phakathi apho amanani ezopolitiko, ezenkcubeko. , inqanaba lengqondo kunye nezoqoqosho kuluntu lwaseSpain.
Nangona wayesebenza njengomyili wegraphic ngelo xesha, umsebenzi wakhe wamkelwa njengeCatalan modernism. Umzobi omncinci unquma ukuyeka isikolo waza waya kufunda ukupeyinta kunye noJuan Vicens Cots. Ngoxa wayeselula kakhulu, ngowe-1881 waseka iphephancwadi elithi L’Avenç. Ngomhla we-09 ka-Okthobha. Kwiminyaka elandelayo wazinikela ekuhambeni nasekupeyinteni ngaphambi kokuba abuyele eSpeyin.
Ngomnyaka we-1890, umzobi wenza isampulu yemisebenzi yakhe yobugcisa apho imisebenzi yakhe yayiza kufunyanwa embindini wendlela phakathi kwesimbo semfundo kunye ne-impressionism eSpain. Nangona kamva isitayile sakhe sagqama njengesitayile sesimanjemanje esasingekaphuhlisi kakhulu
Ngomnyaka we-1900 udumo lwakhe lwalukhula kwaye ikomiti yaseParis yakhetha imisebenzi yakhe ebaluleke kakhulu emibini, eyayiyimifanekiso emibini, eyokuqala yayingumfanekiso ka-Eric Satie kunye nomnye udade kaCasas, apho wafumana ibhaso elaziwa ngokuba ngu-El Garrote VII. . Nangona isitayile sakhe sahamba ngeendlela ezininzi, wayengummeli we-Impressionism eSpain ixesha elide.
ISantiago Rusiñol Prats (1861-1931)
Umzobi owaziwayo waseSpain uSantiago Rusiñol y Prats wazalelwa kwisixeko saseBarcelona, eSpain, ngoFebruwari 25, 1861 waza wasweleka kuMasipala waseAranjuez ngoJuni 13, 1931. Wayengumntu ozinikele kuMasipala. imisebenzi emininzi zobugcisa, kuquka ezibandakanya umzobi Spanish, umbhali kunye nombhali wemidlalo ngolwimi Catalan.
Wazalelwa kwintsapho ezinikele kumsebenzi wempahla yempahla. Ngelixa umntakwabo wayezinikele ekufundeni ezopolitiko kunye neshishini, igcisa laqala ukufunda ukupeyinta kwiziko le-watercolor lase-Barcelona kwaye waba ngumfundi kaTomás Moragas.
Ngowe-1889 umzobi wagqiba kwelokuba aye eParis apho wayehlala khona nabazobi uRamón Casas no-Ignacio Zuloaga. Ngelo xesha wazinikela kwisifundo kunye noyilo lwemisebenzi yangaphandle. Ngelo xesha ufunda ubuchule beFrentshi Impressionism kwaye asebenzise iinuances ezintsha kwinto ebizwa ngokuba yiSpanish Impressionism.
Ngoxa wayeseSpain, waseka iworkshop yakhe yokufundisa kunye nokuyila imisebenzi yobugcisa eyaziwa ngokuba yiSitges. Ngokuhamba kwexesha, waseka iworkshop yemyuziyam awayibhaptiza eCau Ferrat kwaye waqala ukuya rhoqo kwisixeko saseBarcelona kwaye waqala ukuzibandakanya kwiindibano zoluntu kwindawo edumileyo ye-Els Quatre Gats. Ekubeni isikhundla sakhe sentlalo siphezulu kwaye uqoqosho lwakhe luyamvumela ukuba aphile ngokukhululeka. Kule ndawo uqala ukutshintshiselana ngezimvo malunga ne-Impressionism eSpain.
Ngo-1908, umzobi waphumelela imbasa eyaziwa ngokuba nguMboniso weSizwe woBugcisa obuLungileyo, ekubeni wayephenjelelwe bubuchule be-Impressionism eSpain kunye nomxholo wemihlaba. Zombini ezidolophini nasezilalini. Ukwazinikele ekwenzeni imisebenzi yobugcisa bokuzibonakalisa kunye nemifanekiso. Kunye neengoma ezingokomfuziselo ezisekwe kwiimpembelelo ezintsha zale mihla.
Kubalulekile ukugqamisa ukuba ekuqaleni komsebenzi wobugcisa womzobi wayesekelwe kuphela ekupeyinteni i-self-portraits kunye nemifanekiso yabantu kwaye ekupheleni kwesigaba sakhe wagxila ngakumbi ekupeyinteni imihlaba, ngakumbi kwiindawo zangempela ezifana neendawo ze-Aranjuez. kunye nefama esebenzisa ubuchule bokubonwayo eSpain.
NgoJuni 13, i-2006, intlawulo yahlawulwa kumzobi we-75 iminyaka emva kokufa kwakhe kwizixeko zase-Aranjuez naseSitges kunye neziganeko ezininzi zenkcubeko ezibonisa ezininzi zemisebenzi yakhe egxile kwi-landscaping kunye neendlela ze-Impressionist eSpain.
UMartin Rico (1833-1908)
Umpeyinti uMartín Rico wazalelwa kuMasipala wase-Escorial ngoNovemba 12, 1833 waza wafa ngo-Aprili 13, 1908. Omnye wabapeyinti baseSpain abakhethekileyo ekupeyinteni bagxile kwimixholo ye-landscape, waqeqeshwa kwisikolo esibizwa ngokuba yi-barbizon eFransi. leyo yabanobomi bayo phakathi kweminyaka yee-1830 kunye neyee-1870.
Wazalelwa kwintsapho yamagcisa waza waqala izifundo zakhe kwisikolo saseSan Fernando soBugcisa obuLungileyo, wayengumfundi katitshala kunye nomzobi uJenaro Pérez Villaamil.
Ekunye nomntakwabo, basebenza kunye kummandla wedrowa nomkroli, bafikelela kwisikhundla sokuba ngumalathisi wezobugcisa woMzobo waseSpeyin nowaseMerika.
Ngomnyaka we-1854 sele sele enolwazi oluninzi malunga nokufezekiswa kwemizobo yangaphandle kwaye isimbo sakhe sisekelwe ekusebenziseni ubuchule be-Impressionism eSpain. Kwangaxeshanye, iseti yohambo yaqala kulo lonke ilizwekazi laseYurophu, apho la mazwe alandelayo agqamayo: eParis, eSwitzerland, eNgilani nase-Itali.
Ngomnyaka we-1907 uthatha isigqibo sokupapasha incwadi ebalisa zonke iinkumbulo zakhe awathi wathi "Recuerdos de mi vida" enikezelwe komnye wabahlobo bakhe abasenyongweni, umzobi kunye nomzobi womhlaba uAureliano de Beruete, okwangumzobi kunye nomnye wamagcisa aphambili. impressionism eSpain. Phakathi kwemisebenzi ephambili yombhali ibandakanya:
- Iibhanki ze-Azañón (1858), iMyuziyam yasePrado.
- ISierra del Guadarrama (1869). NewarkMuseum.
- Usuku lweHlobo kwiSeine (1870-1875), iMuseo Carmen Thyssen Málaga
- Umlomo weBidasoa (c. 1865) iMyuziyam yasePrado.
- Ladies Tower (1871-72), iMyuziyam yasePrado.
- I-Riva degli Schiavoni eVenice (1873), iMyuziyam yasePrado.
- Ukungena kuMjelo oMkhulu (1877) ePhiladelphia, ePennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts.
- Intendelezo yeBhotwe leeDoji zaseVenice, ngo-1883, iBanco Santander Foundation.
- I-Alcalá de Guadaira (h. 1890), iMyuziyam yasePrado.
- Umbono weVenice (h. 1900), iMyuziyam yasePrado.
- Umsele eVenice (1906), iMyuziyam yaseBrooklyn yoBugcisa.
- I-Self-portrait (1908) eParis, iqoqo laseMichel Rico.
- San Lorenzo River kunye nenqaba intsimbi San Giorgio dei Greci, Venice (1900), Museo Carmen Thyssen Málaga
- Abalimi (1862), Museo Carmen Thyssen Málaga
- Iimboniselo zeNgcweliso yaseCovadonga (1856), iMyuziyam yoBugcisa obuGcisayo baseAsturias.
Ukuba ulifumene eli nqaku malunga ne-Impressionism eSpain ibalulekile, ndiyakumema ukuba undwendwele la makhonkco alandelayo: