IRoma yamandulo kunye nembali yayo yonke igcwele iintsomi. Ilitye ngalinye libalisa ibali elitsha, isiqendu esitsha siqala kuzo zonke iikona zezitrato. Elinye lawona mabali anomdla kakhulu, ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo, yimbali kunye nentsomi malunga ne Imvelaphi yaseRoma.
Imvelaphi yaseRoma
Imvelaphi yaseRoma ayikacaci ngokupheleleyo: iingcamango zembali esinazo zisekelwe kwidatha ehanjiswa ngababhali beklasi kunye nolwazi oluvela kuphando lwezinto zakudala. Izigaba zesiseko sesixeko zasasazwa phantsi komfanekiso wentsomi, zikhanyela, kwezinye iimeko, ubunyani bexesha lobukhosi bekomkhulu.
Izazi-mlando ze-XIX kunye ne-XX yeenkulungwane zavavanya ixabiso lokwenene lentsomi kunye nembali yookumkani bokuqala (i-Romulus, i-Numa Pompilio, i-Tulo Hostilio), kunye nesiseko se "Urbs", emiselwe ngomhla we-21 ka-Apreli. ukusuka kwi-753 BC (Unyaka wokuzalwa kweRoma) ngumbhali-mbali uVarrón, ngokusekelwe kwizibalo zesazi seenkwenkwezi uLucio Tarzio. Ukususela kwinkulungwane yama-XNUMX, ngenxa yohlolisiso lwezinye iintsalela zenzululwazi yezinto zakudala, kwaba nokwenzeka ukuhluza iinkcukacha zembali ezinikelwe lintsomi ngemvelaphi yeRoma.
Ngokuqinisekileyo abemi bokuqala baseRoma bavela kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo kwaye babengenalo uphuhliso lwezoqoqosho kunye nenkcubeko yabamelwane babo ukuya emantla, ama-Etruscans, okanye abo basezantsi, iSabines kunye neLatins. Kwindawo yasePalatine, abembi bezinto zakudala bafumana iintsalela zokuhlala ukusuka kwinkulungwane yesi-XNUMX BC. C. kwaye kusenokwenzeka ukuba abemi balo mmandla kamva bahlala kwiindawo ezingabamelwane zenduli kunye nentlambo.
URomulus noRemus: isiseko semvelaphi yaseRoma
Ngokutsho kombhali-mbali waseRoma uVarro, uRomulus waseka isixeko saseRoma ngoAprili 21, 753 BC. C. Imvelaphi yeRoma ingumthombo wentsomi nobumnyama. Eyona ntsomi eyaziwa kakhulu yile kaRomulus noRemus, ekuthiwa babeyinzala yeqhawe leTrojan uAeneas.
Eneya inxalenye yeTroy
Ngelo xesha amaGrike ahlasela iTroy ngehashe lomthi, u-Aeneas wayelele. Ephupheni lakhe, uHector, igorha eliphambili laseTroy, weza kumxelela ukuba asishiye isixeko sakhe asithandayo aye kufuna indawo yokusabela kwenye indawo.
Emva kokuvuka uTroy wayesemlilweni kwaye u-Aeneas walwa. Ngokukhawuleza waqonda ukuba isixeko silahlekile waza wabaleka neenqwelo zakhe. Emva kokubhadula izihlandlo ezininzi, baphelela kwiCarthage yaseMntla Afrika. Baphazanyiswa ikakhulu ngumoya, owahlulahlula iinqanawa zabo kunxweme lwePunic.
UNeptune, uthixo weelwandle, wayecinga ukuba uAeneya wayesentlungwini eyaneleyo. Emva kohambo oluyimpumelelo lokujikeleza iMeditera, baphelela eCumae, eItali. Emva kokutyelela kwelabafileyo (apho uAeneya wabona imiphefumlo eyayiya kuthi kamva ibe yekaKesare noAgasto), watshata noLavinia, intombi yokumkani wommandla waseItali eLazio.
Noko ke, uLavinia wayesele eganelwe nenkosi yomthonyama, eyathi yavakalisa imfazwe noAeneas. IiTrojans zaphumelela. UAeneas wahlala eLatium waza waba nabantwana abalishumi elinambini. Ekugqibeleni, umzukulwana wakhe, uRea Silvia, wayeza kuba ngumama kaRómulo noRemo.
URomulus kunye noRemus
Inkolelo kaRomulus noRemus ithetha ngobukumkani buka-Alba Longa kunye nokumkani wayo uAmulius, unyana ka-Aeneas. U-Amulius wamchasa umntakwabo Numitor kwaye wamgxotha ebukumkanini bakhe. Emva koko wanyanzela intombi yomntakwabo, uRea Silva, ukuba ajoyine iiVestal Virgins. Njengoko igama labo libonisa, eli qela labafazi lalingavunyelwa ukuba litshate kwaye libe nabantwana. Nangona kunjalo, uAmulius akazange alithathele ngqalelo ihlabathi loothixo.
Uthixo wemfazwe waseRoma, uMars, waphambana ngokuthanda uRhea Silva waza wamnika amawele uRomulus noRemus. Ukumkani wase-Alba Longa wayala amakhoboka akhe ukuba agxumeke amawele, kodwa ngenxa yokuba i-Tiber yakhukula, ayizange ikwazi ukufikelela kwiindonga zomlambo. Bazishiya iintsana kunxweme lweTiber. Xa ingcuka yakuva ukubhomboloza kwabantwana, yabahlangula yaza yabaphakamisa de bafunyanwa ngumalusi owabathabatha ebakhusela.
Abantwana bafunyanwa kamva ngumalusi oyintloko womhlambi wasebukhosini, uFaustulus. Wabathabatha ekhaya, apho uRomulus noRemus bakhula baba ngabalusi njengoFaustulus. Ngesinye isikhathi, iRoot yabanjwa emva kokulwa nabanye abalusi kwaye yasiwa eNumitor. U-Numitor waqonda uRemus waza, kunye nabazukulwana bakhe, babulala umntakwabo ukuba abe ngukumkani ngokwakhe.
Ngoyisemkhulu ethatha ulawulo lobukumkani, amawele aceba ukusekwa kwedolophu engasemlanjeni apho bobabini babehlala khona. Ukulambela kwakhe igunya kwabangela umlo phakathi kwabazalwana; bobabini babezibona bekufanelekele ukukhokela isixeko esitsha. Kumlo owawuphalaza igazi owalandelayo, uRoot wabulawa. Ngomhla wama-21 kuTshazimpuzi ka-753 BC, uRomulus waseka iRoma, isixeko esathiywa ngegama lendoda eyabulala umntakwabo ngenxa yokunqwenela igunya. Le yimvelaphi yasentsomini yaseRoma
Imbali yemvelaphi yeRoma
Ibali elilandelwa ngabembi bezinto zakudala malunga nemvelaphi yeRoma lahluke kakhulu. Ngokutsho kwabo, kwakukho iindawo zokuhlala ezincinci kwiPalatine kunye ne-Esquiline ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-XNUMX. Ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX, induli yesithathu, i-Celio, yasungulwa. Ebudeni belo xesha, uhlobo lodonga olukhuselayo lwaluza kwakhiwa okokuqala kwiPalatine. Ngenkulungwane yesithandathu a. C., ezi ndawo zoyiswa ngabantu base-Etruria, abathi bahlanganisana kwiinduli ezintathu ezahlukeneyo kwisixeko esincinane.
Umgxobhozo osemazantsi eNduli yePalatine wakhutshwa kwaye wabekwa njengeziko, ngelixa uhlobo lwenqaba lwakhiwe kwiCapitol. Iinduli ezineempawu zesi sixeko, ukusuka kwimvelaphi iRoma yayiyinxalenye yesi sixeko ngenkulungwane yesine BC. C. Kwakhiwa udonga olujikeleze isixeko yaye ngokuthe ngcembe isixeko sakhula ngobukhulu nodumo.
iRoma yokuqala
Xa i-Italiya yavela ekukhanyeni kwembali malunga nowama-700 B.C.E. C., ngaphambi kokuvela kweRoma, yayisele imiwe ngabantu abahlukahlukeneyo bezithethe neelwimi ezahlukahlukeneyo. Uninzi lwabantu bomthonyama beli lizwe babehlala ezilalini okanye kwiidolophu ezincinci, bezixhasa ngokulima okanye ngokufuya (i-Italiya ithetha "uMhlaba wamathole"), kwaye bathetha ulwimi lwe-Italic oluphuma kwintsapho yolwimi lwase-Indo-European.
I-Oscan kunye ne-Umbrian yayiziilwimi ezisondeleleneyo ezikekeleyo ezithethwa ngabantu base-Apennine. Ezinye iziyelelane ezibini ezibhalwe nge-Italic, isiLatini kunye neVenetic, zazisondelelene ngokulinganayo enye kwenye kwaye zazithethwa, ngokulandelelana, ngamaLatins aseLazio (ithafa elikwintshona-mbindi ye-Itali) kunye nabantu bakumantla-mpuma e-Italiya (kufutshane neVenice yanamhlanje). Iapigios kunye neMesapios zazihlala kunxweme olusemzantsi-mpuma. Ulwimi lwabo lwalufana nentetho yama-Illyrians kulo lonke elaseAdriatic.
Ngexesha lenkulungwane ye-700 BC, intlambo yasePo ekumantla e-Italiya (iCisalpine Gaul) yayihlalwa zizizwe ezithetha isiGallic Celtic ezazifudukele kwiiAlps zisuka kwilizwekazi laseYurophu. Ama-Etruscans yayingabantu bokuqala abaphucuke kakhulu eItali kwaye yayingabo kuphela abemi ababengathethi ulwimi lwase-Indo-European. Malunga no XNUMX BC C. amathanga aliqela amaGrike asekwa kunxweme olusemazantsi. AmaGrike namaFenike athabatha inxaxheba ngokukhutheleyo kurhwebo namaTaliyane omthonyama.
Umntla-ntshona wePeninsula yaseApennine wawumiwe zizizwe zamaEtruscan. I-Etruscans ifanele ukuba ifikile e-Italiya ukusuka e-Asia Minor ekupheleni kwesibini kunye nokuqala kwenkulungwane yokuqala ye-BC. Ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane yesi-616 BC izixeko ezilishumi elinambini zikhulu zase-Etruscan zenza umanyano olukhokelwe ngukumkani onyulwe minyaka le kunye nombingeleli omkhulu. Olu manyano lwandisa impembelelo yalo kuninzi lwamantla kunye nombindi we-Itali. Ngokutsho kwentsomi, ookumkani base-Etruscan bendlu yaseTarquin balawula phakathi kwe-509 kunye ne-XNUMX BC eRoma.
Iinqanawa zase-Etruscan zafikelela imigama emide. Phantsi kwempembelelo yamaGrike, abemi base-Etruria bavelisa inkcubeko eyahlukileyo. Ngenkulungwane yesixhenxe BC babebhala kwaye basebenzisa ialfabhethi yesiGrike. Impembelelo yama-Etruscans yayiphawuleka kakhulu kwixesha lokuqala lembali yamaRoma.
Izixeko zase-Etruscan zazingumzekelo kumaRoma ngokubhekiselele kwisakhiwo sikarhulumente kunye nokulungelelaniswa komkhosi, ekusebenziseni ubugcisa kunye nokwakha. AmaRoma afumana intaphane yemibutho yezopolitiko neyonqulo kuma-Etruscans.
AmaGrike ayengabanye abantu ababephembelela imvelaphi yeRoma. Iikoloni zabo zavela kumazantsi e-Apennine peninsula phakathi kwe-XNUMXth kunye ne-XNUMXth inkulungwane ye-BC.Izithethe eziphuhlisiwe zenkcubeko kunye nezopolitiko zamaGrike zaba ngumzekelo kubantu bomthonyama be-peninsula ukuba balandele.
Ummandla ombindi weItali wawumiwe zizizwe zamaLatini. Kwinkulungwane IX kunye VIII. I-AC phakathi kweLatinos iqala ukuchithwa kwenkqubo yezizwe, izixeko zokuqala zibonakala. Embindini wenkulungwane ye-XNUMX BC, uluntu oluninzi lwezizwe ezibekwe elunxwemeni lomlambo iTiber lwadityaniswa lwaba yinto enye: eyabangela imvelaphi yaseRoma. Inene, olu manyano lwaphawula ukuqala kokusekwa koluntu lwaseRoma (civitas), ulwakhiwo lwezopolitiko olufana nqwa nesixeko saseGrisi.
Ixesha lobukhosi, 753-509 BC. c.
Ngokutsho kwentsomi, imvelaphi yaseRoma yayingumbulelo kubazalwana bakaRomulus noRemus, owokuqala owaba ngukumkani waseRoma. Ngokwesithethe, emva kukaRomulus, iRoma yayilawulwa ngookumkani abathandathu: Numa Pompilius, Tullius Hostilius, Ancus Marcius, Lucius Tarquinius Priscus, Servius Tullius, Tarquinius Superbus. Ookumkani abathathu bokugqibela babengabameli bomnombo wase-Etruscan, nto leyo ebonisa ukuba ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX BC iRoma yawela phantsi kwempembelelo ye-Etruscan confederation.
Amandla okumkani ekuqaleni ayesondele kumandla enkokeli yesizwe: ukumkani wayesenza imisebenzi yomphathi kunye nombingeleli omkhulu, kodwa impembelelo yakhe yokwenyani kubomi bangaphakathi bezopolitiko baseRoma yayibotshelelwe ubukhulu becala kulawulo lwezihandiba. Kuphela ebudeni bolawulo lwabalawuli, ukususela kwimvelaphi yaseRoma, ookumkani base-Etruria baqalisa ukubanga igunya elingasikelwanga mda.
Ngexesha lolawulo lwasebukhosini, bonke abemi baseRoma, "abantu baseRoma" (populus romanus), bahlulahlulwe baba ngamakhulu amathathu eendidi, ishumi leecuriae (izizukulwana ezingamashumi amathathu nganye), kunye nezizwe ezithathu (iicuriae ezilishumi ngasinye). Iqumrhu eliphakamileyo elilawulayo yayiyindibano ethandwayo (comitia), apho bonke abahlali abapheleleyo basekuhlaleni babenokuthatha inxaxheba. Ekuqaleni, kuphela i-patricians, inzala yabemi bomthonyama baseRoma, i-plebeians, inzala yeentsapho ezifudukela eRoma, abazange bafanele ukuthatha inxaxheba kwi-comitia.
Elinye iqumrhu elilawulayo yayilibhunga labadala, iinkosi zezizwe ezingamakhulu amathathu, indlu yeengwevu (isuka kwiLatin, senex = umdala). Kuphela ebudeni bolawulo lukaServius Tullius (phakathi kwinkulungwane yesi-XNUMX) abathi abantu abaqhelekileyo baba ngamalungu aseRoma. Ulawulo lwendlu luthatyathelw’ indawo lubalo-bantu: lonke uluntu lwaseRoma lwahlulwa lwaziindidi ezintlanu, ngokwemeko yepropathi.
Ukwahlulwa kobalo lwamalungu oluntu kwaba sisiseko sombutho womkhosi wamaRoma, kunye nesakhiwo sezopolitiko saseRoma: ivoti kwindibano edumileyo, eyayifudula iqhutywa yicuriae yezizwe. endaweni yokuvota ngamayunithi obalo bantu: inkulungwane.
IRiphabliki yaseRoma (509-30 BC)
Kwi-509, uKumkani uTarquin the Proud, owasebenzisa kakubi amandla akhe, waxoshwa eRoma, emva koko uhlobo lorhulumente we-republic (ukusuka kwiLatin Res Publica - isizathu esiqhelekileyo) sasungulwa. Amandla aphathiswe amagosa anyulwe yiSenethi: oomantyi. Amalungelo olawulo lwasebukhosini adluliselwe kuma-consuls amabini, akhethwe yiSenethi phakathi kwama-patricians.
Kamva, kwavela i-judiciary ye-quaestors, ejongene neenkqubo zomthetho kunye nezemali, kunye namabhunga, imisebenzi yabo iquka ukulawulwa koqoqosho lwesixeko. Kwiimeko ezikhethekileyo, amagunya angenamkhawulo anokunikezelwa kuzwilakhe kangangeenyanga ezintandathu. Oomantyi bakhethwa yiNdlu yeeNgwevu phakathi kwabameli beentsapho zabazali, ngaloo ndlela bemisela ulawulo lwezihandiba eRoma.
Ngexesha le-494 kunye ne-XNUMX yenkulungwane umxholo ophambili wembali yangaphakathi yeRiphabhliki yayingumzabalazo we-plebeians ukunciphisa amandla e-patrician kunye ne-senate. Ngenxa yoko, abantu abaqhelekileyo bakwazi ukuphumeza inani leempumelelo ezinkulu. Ngo-XNUMX BC C. Phantsi koxinzelelo oluvela kubahlali, iNdlu yeeNgwevu yaseka iofisi yeenkundla zabantu, abakhuseli bezilangazelelo zabantu abaqhelekileyo, ababenelungelo lokuvala nasiphi na isigqibo seSenethi.
Kungekudala, abantu abaqhelekileyo bamkelwa ukuba bawusebenzise kawonke wonke umhlaba. Impembelelo yendibano edumileyo yaqiniswa. Malunga no 367 BC. C. abantu abaqhelekileyo bamkelwa kwi-consulate. Enyanisweni, ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yesithathu umahluko phakathi kwe-plebeians kunye ne-patricians waqala ukucima. I-elite ye-plebeian kunye ne-patrician clans, abayigcinayo impembelelo yabo, ngokuthe ngcembe benza i-stratum entsha yokulawula - amanene.
Umgaqo-nkqubo wezangaphandle weRiphabhlikhi yaseRoma
Umgaqo-nkqubo welizwe langaphandle weRiphabliki yaseRoma wawuphawulwe ngeemfazwe eziqhubekayo. Umkhosi wamaRoma welo xesha wawungumkhosi odumileyo, odityaniswe luhlobo oluthile lomkhosi, kuxhomekeka kwimeko yobunini. Iyunithi yomkhosi ephambili yayiyi-legion (amadoda angama-6.000), ahlulahlulwe abe ngamaqela angamashumi amathathu anobuchule obunamandla okuzimela ngexesha ledabi.
Kwiminyaka yokuqala yeRiphabhlikhi, iRoma yaxhathisa imfazwe enzima kunye ne-Etruscan confederation. Ngenkulungwane yesi-390, emva kokuba oyise abona bamelwane bawo basondeleyo, amaRoma azingisa amandla awo kumazantsi oMlambo iTiber. Ekuqaleni kuka-IV, ukwandiswa kweRoma kwanqunyanyiswa luhlaselo olutshabalalisayo lwezizwe zamaCelt, amaGauls, awayitshabalalisa iRoma ngowama-XNUMX a. c.
Ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane yesine, ekugqibeleni iRoma yamisela igunya layo kuManyano lwesiLatini, umanyano lwezixeko olwasekwa zizizwe zesiLatini. Ngexesha leeMfazwe zaseSamnite (343 ukuya kowama-290 BC) iRoma yawoyisa wonke umbindi we-Itali yaza yaqalisa ukugrogrisa amathanga aseGrike kumazantsi epeninsula. Ukungenelela kukaKumkani uPyrrhus, umlawuli welizwe elincinane lamaGrike e-Epirus, kumzabalazo phakathi kweRoma kunye nekoloni yamaGrike yaseTarentum, kwaphawula ukuqala kweMfazwe yasePyrrhic (280 ukuya kwi-275 BC).
Nangona uPyrrhus, esebenzisa iindlovu zemfazwe, wabangela uthotho lokoyisa imikhosi yamaRoma, amaRoma ayesakwazi ukukhupha imikhosi yawo eItali. Emva kokoyisa iPyrrhus, iRoma ekugqibeleni yayandisa impembelelo yayo kulo lonke elaseItali.
Emva kokoyiswa kweItali, ukwanda kwamaRoma kwadlulela ngaphaya kweApennine peninsula. Apha amaRoma kwafuneka ajongane nelinye lawona mazwe makhulu kwintshona yeMeditera - iCarthage. Iimfazwe phakathi kweRoma kunye neCarthage (ebizwa ngokuba ziiMfazwe zePunic) zaqhubeka (ziqhubeka kwaye zivaliwe) ngaphezu kweminyaka eyi-100. Ngenxa yeMfazwe yokuQala yePunic (264-241 BC), iRiphabhlikhi yaseRoma yafumana izinto zaphesheya-iziqithi zaseCorsica, eSardinia kunye nenxalenye yeSicily. Le mimandla yaba ngamaphondo aseRoma.
Ngexesha leMfazwe yesiBini yePunic (218-201 BC) umthetheli odumileyo waseCarthaginian uHannibal wahlasela i-Itali waza woyisa uthotho loloyiso kumaRoma (eTrebia ngo-218, eLake Trasimeno ngo-217, kwidabi eliqhelekileyo eCannes ngo-216). Ngaphandle kwento yokuba uHannibal wasongela iRoma ngokuthe ngqo iminyaka elishumi elinesithandathu, imikhosi yeRiphabhlikhi, phantsi komyalelo kaScipio Africanus (uMdala), yakwazi ukudlulisela ubutshaba kwindawo yeentshaba kwaye, ngenxa yoko, yamoyisa uHannibal kwidabi laseZama. Ngowama-202 BC).
Ngenxa yeMfazwe yesiBini yePunic, iRoma yafumana imimandla eSpeyin kwaye eneneni yaba yi-hegemon yeNtshona yeMeditera. Ekupheleni kwe-III, iRoma iqalisa ukwanda ukuya kwimpuma yeMeditera. Ebudeni beemfazwe ezintathu zaseMakedoniya (215‒205, 200‒197, 171‒168 BC), amaRoma andisa ulawulo lwawo kuSingasiqithi weBalkan.
Emva kwemfazwe yaseSiriya (192-188 BC) nxamnye nokumkani ongumSeleucus uAntiochus III, amazwe obuGrike aseAsia Minor angena kummandla weRoma. Ekugqibeleni, ngexesha le-III yeMfazwe yasePunic (149-146 BC), iCarthage yatshatyalaliswa ekugqibeleni. IRoma iye yaba lelona gunya likhulu kwiMeditera.
Ingxaki yeRiphabhlikhi yaseRoma
Iimfazwe zoloyiso zaba negalelo kwinguqulelo ephawulekayo yenkqubo yezentlalo nezoqoqosho kuluntu lwaseRoma. Iimfazwe zoloyiso zabangela ukuthontelana kwamakhoboka angabizi mali ininzi eItali. Ubukhoboka ngokuthe ngcembe baba sisiseko sobudlelwane boshishino eItali. Amakhulu amawaka amakhoboka athontelana ukuya eItali kwaye imvukelo yamakhoboka iba yinto eqhelekileyo.
Emva koko ngo-138 BC amakhoboka aseSicily avukela. Abavukeli bathatha ulawulo lwaso sonke isiqithi bada bazama nokwakha ilizwe labo. Kuphela kwi-132 a. C. umkhosi wamaRoma wakwazi ukuyicinezela le ntshukumo. Phakathi kwe-104 ukuya kwi-99 BC kwabakho imvukelo yamakhoboka eSicilian. Ngowama-74 BC C. Eyona mvukelo inkulu kwimbali yamandulo yabakho phantsi kokhokelo lukaSpartacus. Kwaba ngumbulelo kuphela kwiinzame ezigqithisileyo zemikhosi yeRiphabhlikhi yaseRoma eyathi yathintelwa imvukelo ngo-71 BC. c.
Uphuhliso loqoqosho olukhulu lwe-latifundist, olusekelwe kuphela ekusetyenzisweni kwamakhoboka aphantsi, kwabangela intshabalalo enkulu yamafama aphakathi kunye namancinci abalimi abangakwazi ukumelana nokhuphiswano kunye nokunqongophala komhlaba westrata ebanzi yabemi baseRoma. AmaRoma ahlwempuzekileyo (iiplebs) awayehlanganisana ezixekweni aba ngumthombo wesiphithiphithi kunye nemfazwe yamakhaya eqhubekayo.
Kwiminyaka ye-30, i-XNUMX yenkulungwane ye-BC, amalungelo e-plebs aqala ukukhuselwa ngummeli wentsapho ye-aristocratic, i-tribune yabantu uTiberius Gracchus. Ukusombulula ingxaki yomhlaba, wacebisa ukubeka esona sixa siphezulu sobunini bomhlaba esivumelekileyo kwaye kwahlulwe intsalela phakathi kwamahlwempu aseRoma. Ukoyisa ukuchasana okunamandla kwabahloniphekileyo, uGracchus waphumelela ekugqithiseni umthetho, kodwa ngokukhawuleza wabulawa. Enyanisweni, uhlaziyo aluzange luphunyezwe.
Imisebenzi kaTibheriyo yohlaziyo yaqhutyelwa phambili ngumntakwabo uGayo Gracchus. Ukucombulula ingxaki yomhlaba, wacebisa ukuba kuqaliswe ukusasazwa kwengxowa-mali yomhlaba yamaphondo athinjiweyo kubemi abangamahlwempu baseRoma. La manyathelo kaGracchus abangela udushe eRoma. Ngo-122 BC C. umhlaziyi wagwintwa. Ukufa kwabazalwana bakaGracchus kwandisa ukuphikisana kwezentlalo.
Ukongezelela, ukwanda kwempembelelo yamaRoma kwimimandla ekwanti kwakhuthaza uphuhliso lwezorhwebo nolwalamano phakathi kwezorhwebo nemali. Ubutyebi baphumela eRoma buphuma kumaphondo awayephanziswe yimikhosi yamaRoma kunye neerhuluneli. ERoma, kubonakala umrhwebi ohloniphekileyo, ongena kumzabalazo wolawulo lwezopolitiko kunye ne-senatorial aristocracy (izihandiba).
Isikhundla se-strata ephezulu ye-Italic yoluntu nayo yomelezwa, ilwela ukulingana okupheleleyo kwamalungelo kunye namaRoma. UGaius Gracchus wacebisa ukuba amaTaliyane anikwe amalungelo okuba ngabemi baseRoma. Esi siphakamiso yayisesinye sezizathu eziphambili zokubulawa kwakhe. Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yokuqala ye-BC umzabalazo wamaTaliyane wamalungelo awo waqina.
Ngo-91 a. C. umthetheli wesizwe samaDruze wasiphinda isindululo sikaGraco sokukhulula amaTaliyane. Ukungaphumeleli komthetho oyilwayo kwiNdlu yeeNgwevu kwaba sisingxengxezo sokuqalisa kweMfazwe eManyeneyo (90-88 BC), imvukelo jikelele yabahlali baseItaliya ngokuchasene neRoma. Ngaphandle kwesibakala sokuba amaTaliyane oyiswayo, iNdlu yeeNgwevu kwanyanzeleka ukuba yenze iminyinyiva kwaye ibandakanye bonke abemi be-Apennine Peninsula kuluntu lwaseRoma. Oku, kwakhokelela ekubeni indibano edumileyo yaba yintsomi esemthethweni.
Kumxholo wokukhula kokuchasana kwezentlalo noqoqosho, intlekele ye-civitas yaseRoma ibonakala ngokucacileyo. Amaziko ezopolitiko eriphabliki awathi avela njengabasemagunyeni kwindawo encinane yasemaphandleni asilela ukuyilawula ngokufanelekileyo imimandla emikhulu eyaba yinxalenye yelizwe laseRoma. Ngaloo ndlela, amaphondo atshintshelwa ngokufanelekileyo kulawulo olupheleleyo lweerhuluneli ezinyulwe kwiNdlu yeeNgwevu, ezawabhuqa amaphondo ngobuqhetseba obungenasiphelo, ngokwenene, obungalawulekiyo.
Kumaphondo, kwabakho imvukelo eqhubekayo nxamnye nolawulo lwaseRoma. Eyona nzame yayinebhongo yokulahla idyokhwe yamaRoma yayiluthotho lweemfazwe kunye neRoma nguKumkani uMithridates VI, umlawuli welizwe elincinci lamaGrike lasePonto eliseAsia Minor (89-85; 84-82; 74-63 BC).
Ixesha leemfazwe zamakhaya
Inkulungwane yokugqibela yobukho beRiphabhlikhi yaseRoma ibingumzabalazo othe gqolo phakathi koluhlu olwahlukeneyo loluntu lwaseRoma, ngamaxesha athile luguqukela kwimfazwe yamakhaya. Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane yesibini ye-BC eRoma, amaqela amabini aphikisanayo ekugqibeleni avela: abaxhasi (abaxhasa ukugcinwa kwamandla ezikhulu) kunye nethandwayo (eyayikhusela imfuno yohlaziyo). Incopho yomzabalazo phakathi kwale mibutho yayilixesha lomsebenzi kaGaius Marius noLucius Cornelius Sulla.
UMarius wenyuka waya phezulu kubomi bezopolitiko eRoma ngexesha lemfazwe echasene nokumkani waseNumidian uJugurtha (111-105 BC). Emva kokuphela kongquzulwano lwasemkhosini, uMario wenza utshintsho lwasemkhosini. Inkonzo yasemkhosini yamalungu afanelekileyo yathatyathelwa indawo ngumkhosi wobuchwephesha. Awona manqanaba ahlwempuzekileyo ebutho laseRoma ayemkelwa kwinkonzo yasemkhosini, indawo yawo yomhlaba yawo yayixhomekeke ngokuthe ngqo kwimpumelelo yomphathi wawo.
Umkhosi kunye neenkokeli zawo zaba ngumbutho wezopolitiko phantse ozimeleyo kwi-Senate. Ngombulelo kuhlaziyo lomkhosi, iRoma yakwazi ukurhoxisa ngempumelelo uhlaselo lwezizwe zamaJamani zamaCimbri kunye namaTeutons (102-101 BC).
Ngowama-89 B.C.E. C. yaqala iMfazwe yokuQala yeMithridates. I-Senate yanikezela ukuziphatha kwemfazwe kwi-aristocrat Sulla, kodwa indibano eyaziwayo yamisela uManius Aquillius. Ukulwa kulo mbandela kwakhokelela ekubeni uSulla wathumela umkhosi owawulungiselela ukuya eMpuma ukuya eRoma. Okwesihlandlo sokuqala kwimbali yesi sixeko, iRoma yathinjwa yimikhosi yamaRoma. Emva kokumka kukaSulla nomkhosi wakhe eMpuma, ummandla waseRoma wadlulela ezandleni zabaxhasi bakaManius Aquilius.
Emva kokubuyela kukaSulla eItali, umzabalazo wezopolitiko phakathi kwamaqela wajika waba yimfazwe yamakhaya evulekileyo. Ukuthatha iRoma kwakhona emfazweni, uSulla waseka (ngowama-82 BC) ulawulo lobuzwilakhe oluxhaswa yintlupheko yezopolitiko (inkqubo yokumisela). Enyanisweni, ubuzwilakhe bukaSulla (i-82-79 BC) yayiyinzame yokugqibela yokugcina ubukhosi bezopolitiko bobukhosi kunye namandla e-Senate.
Kwiminyaka ye-70 ukuya kuma-60 BC kukunyuka kukaPompey Omkhulu. Wathatha inxaxheba ukucinezela imvukelo Spartacus, waduma emfazweni Mithridates, amaphulo akhe eAsia Minor kunye Transcaucasia, ekulweni abaphangi baseMeditera. Ngo-60 BC uPompey, kunye ne-oligarch uMarcus Crassus kunye ne-aristocrat uGaius Julius Caesar, benza umanyano lwezopolitiko (I Triumvirate), amalungu abo, ethembele emkhosini, ahlula amandla phezu kwamaphondo.
UKesare wanikwa ulawulo lwe-Illyria neGaul, eninzi eyayingekho phantsi kolawulo lwamaRoma. Ngexesha leeMfazwe zeGallic 58-51 BC ilizwe lonke laliphantsi kukaKesare. Imfazwe yoloyiso yazisa umthetheli amaxhoba amaninzi, awathi uKesare wasebenzisa ukuqinisa izikhundla zakhe kwezopolitiko kunye nokuthandwa kwakhe phakathi kweeplebs zaseRoma.
Isisongelo sokuqiniswa kukaKesare sanyanzela uPompey ukuba enze iyelenqe neNdlu yeeNgwevu aze ayalele uKesare ukuba awuchithe umkhosi aze avele eRoma ukuze agwetywe. UKesare akazange athobele kwaye wawela umda waseItali. Enyanisweni, wavakalisa imfazwe kwi-Senate. Ebudeni bemfazwe yamakhaya (49-45 BC), uKesare woyisa izihlandlo eziliqela uPompey nabalandeli bakhe eGrisi, eMntla Afrika naseSpeyin.
Kwiminyaka engama-45 ubudala, uKesare wabhengezwa "nguyise welizwe" kunye nozwilakhe ubomi bonke, umlawuli ongenamkhawulo weRiphabhliki. Ngokucacileyo ngakumbi nangakumbi, imo yobukhosi yamandla kaKesare yavuselela ukungoneliseki kwenkcaso yezobuhandiba. NgoMatshi 15, 44 B.C. C., uKesare wagwintwa liqela lamayelenqe elalikhokelwa nguBrutus noCassius.
Ukufa kukaKesare kwabangela ukuba kuqalise iimfazwe zamakhaya. Abantu baseKesareya babechaswa ngabaxhasi beRiphabliki: iqabane likaJulius Caesar, uMark Antony, kunye nomtshana kaKesare uOctavian, owathi, naye, wakhuphisana ngelifa likazwilakhe. Ngo-43 BC uAntonio, u-Octavio kunye noLepidus, abathe bajoyina, bangena kwi-alliance (II triumvirate). I-Triumvirs yajongana ngokukrakra kunye nenkcaso, emva koko bachasa amaRiphabhlikhi.
Kwidabi laseFilipi (42 BC), umkhosi weriphabliki woyiswa kwaye iinkokeli zawo uBrutus noCassius bazibulala. Emva kokoyisa iiriphabliki, kwaqalisa umlo phakathi kwe-triumvirs uOctavian no-Antony, exhaswa yiPtolemaic Egypt. Imfazwe phakathi kwabo yaphela ngoloyiso lwenqanawa zika-Octavian kwidabi laseCape Stock ngowama-31 BC. C. nokuthinjwa kweYiputa kwiRoma.
Ngo-30 BC u-Octavian waba ngumbusi yedwa, kwaye ngo-27 BC. C. iNdlu yeeNgwevu eyayinenzondelelo yempambano yamnika isibizo esithi “Agasto” (Ongcwele). Urhulumente, ngaphandle kokuphelisa ngokusesikweni amaziko eriphabliki, eneneni, waba yinkosi - uBukhosi baseRoma.
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