Iimpawu zempucuko yaseRoma kunye nentsingiselo

Yaqala kwidolophana encinci yabalobi kunye namafama, okwathi ukutyhubela iinkulungwane kunye nokubulela ukunyamezela kunye nentando yabemi bayo, yaphuhliswa de kwaba Impucuko yaseRoma yaba yenye yezona zibalulekileyo kwihlabathi lamandulo kwaye impembelelo yayo isasebenza kakhulu kwihlabathi lanamhlanje.

IMPUCUKO YAMAROMA

Impucuko yaseRoma

IRoma yamandulo, enye yezona mpucuko zibalulekileyo zehlabathi lakudala, yaqala kwindawo eyayiza kuba sisixeko sayo esiphambili, esibizwa ngokuba nguRomulus, owathi ngokwentsomi yaba ngumseki wayo. Umbindi weRoma waphuhliswa ngaphakathi kwithafa elingumgxobhozo, elisikelwe umda yiCapitoline Hill, iPalatine kunye neQuirinal. Iinkcubeko ze-Etruscans kunye namaGrike amandulo ayenempembelelo ecacileyo ekusekweni kwempucuko yamandulo yaseRoma.

IRoma yamandulo yafikelela kwincopho yamandla ayo ngenkulungwane yesibini yeXesha Eliqhelekileyo ukusuka kummandla weNgilane yanamhlanje emantla ukuya eSudan emazantsi nokusuka e-Iraq empuma ukuya ePortugal entshona. IRoma yashiyelwa kwihlabathi lanamhlanje umthetho waseRoma, ezinye iifom zezakhiwo kunye nezisombululo (umzekelo, i-arch kunye nedome), kunye nezinye izinto ezintsha (umzekelo, i-hydraulic mill). UbuKristu njengenkolo bazalwa kummandla wephondo elalilawulwa buBukhosi baseRoma, abathi emva kweminyaka emithandathu baba yinxalenye yoBukhosi baseRoma.

Ulwimi olusemthethweni lwelizwe lamandulo laseRoma yayisiLatini. Inkolo ngexesha lobukho bayo yayiyizithixo ezininzi, umfuziselo wobukumkani yayiyiGolide Eagle (ngokungekho semthethweni), emva kokwamkelwa kobuKristu, kwavela i-labaros (ibhanile eyamiselwa nguMlawuli uConstantine kwimikhosi yakhe) kunye nechrismon (imonogram kaKristu kunye oonobumba besiGrike Χ “ji” kunye no-Ρ “rho”).

imbali yempucuko yaseRoma

Uhlobo lorhulumente lwatshintsha ngokuhamba kwexesha ukusuka kubukhosi, kwiriphabliki, kwaye ekugqibeleni ubukhosi. Imbali yempucuko yaseRoma ngokwesiko inokwahlulwa ngokwezigaba zibe ziZiqendu eziNtathu, kunye nezahlulo zazo ezihlukeneyo, apho kusetyenziswa la maxesha alandelayo, ayisoloko ichanekile ngokwembali:

Ubukhosi (ukusuka kunyaka wama-754/753 ukuya kunyaka wama-510/509 BC)

IRiphabhliki (ukususela kunyaka wama-510/509 ukuya kunyaka wama-30/27 BC)

  • IRiphabhlikhi yaseRoma yamandulo (509-265 BC)
  • IRiphabhlikhi yaseRoma yamva (265 - 31/27 BC), amaxesha amabini ngamanye amaxesha ahlukaniswa [1]:
  • Ixesha loloyiso olukhulu lweriphabliki (265-133 BC)
  • Iimfazwe zamakhaya kunye nobunzima beRiphabhlikhi yaseRoma (133-31 / 27 BC)

Ubukhosi (31/27 BC - 476 AD)

  • UBukhosi bokuqala baseRoma. Ulawulo (31/27 BC - 235 AD)
  • Ingxaki yenkulungwane yesi-235 (284-XNUMX)
  • emva koBukhosi baseRoma. Ilawulwa (284-476).

IMPUCUKO YAMAROMA

Ixesha loBukhosi kunye neRiphabhlikhi

Ngexesha lolawulo lookumkani, iRoma yayililizwe elincinane elaliphethe kuphela inxalenye yommandla weLatium, ummandla owawuhlala isizwe samaLatini. Ngexesha leRiphabhlikhi yokuqala, impucuko yaseRoma yandisa ummandla wayo kakhulu ngeemfazwe ezininzi. Emva kweMfazwe yasePyrrhic, iRoma yaqalisa ukulawula kuSingasiqithi weItali, nangona inkqubo yokulawula imimandla ethotyiweyo yayingekamiselwa ngelo xesha.

Emva kokoyiswa kwe-Itali, impucuko yamaRoma yaba ngumdlali obalaseleyo kwiMeditera, eyathi kungekudala yangqubana neCarthage, ilizwe elikhulu elasekwa ngamaFenike kuMntla Afrika. Kuluhlu lweeMfazwe ezintathu zePunic ilizwe laseCarthage loyiswa ngokupheleleyo kwaye isixeko ngokwaso satshatyalaliswa. Ngeli xesha, iRoma yaqalisa ukwanda ukusa ngasempuma, isoyisa i-Illyria, iGrisi, yaye kamva iAsia Minor, iSiriya nelakwaYuda.

UBukhosi baseRoma

Ngenkulungwane yokuqala ye-BC, iRoma yagungqiswa luthotho lweemfazwe zamakhaya, ngenxa yoko owaphumelela ekugqibeleni, u-Octavian Augustus, wabeka iziseko zenkqubo yobunqununu waza waseka ubukhosi bukaJulio-Claudian, nangona kunjalo, obungazange buhlale. ixesha elide.

I-heyday yoBukhosi baseRoma yawa ngexesha elizolileyo ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX, kodwa sele i-XNUMXrd inkulungwane yayizaliswe ngumzabalazo wamandla kwaye, ngenxa yoko, ukungazinzi kwezopolitiko, isikhundla somgaqo-nkqubo wangaphandle wobukhosi sasinzima. Ukusekwa kwenkqubo yokulawula nguDiocletian yakwazi ukuzinzisa umyalelo okwexeshana ngokugxininisa amandla kumlawuli kunye nezixhobo zakhe ze-bureaucratic. Ngenkulungwane yesine phantsi kohlaselo lwamaHuns, ukwahlukana kobukhosi bube yimimandla emibini kwaphela, baza ubuKristu baba lunqulo olusemthethweni lwabo bonke ubukhosi.

Ngenkulungwane ye-476, uBukhosi baseNtshona baseRoma baba ngumxholo wokuhlaliswa ngokutsha kwezizwe zamaJamani, okwathi ekugqibeleni kwajongela phantsi umanyano lukarhulumente. Ukubhukuqwa koMlawuli waseRoma waseNtshona uRomulus Augustulus yinkokeli yaseJamani uOdoacer ngoSeptemba XNUMX, XNUMX kugqalwa njengomhla ongokwesithethe wokuwa koBukhosi baseRoma.

IMPUCUKO YAMAROMA

Abaphandi abahlukeneyo baphikisa ukuba impucuko yaseRoma yadalwa ngabemi bayo ngendlela yasekuqaleni, ukuba yavela kwinkqubo ekhethekileyo yemilinganiselo eyaphuhliswa kuluntu lwaseRoma ngokumalunga nezinto ezikhethekileyo zophuhliso lwembali. Ezi mpawu ziquka ukusekwa uhlobo republican karhulumente ngenxa yomzabalazo phakathi patricians kunye plebeians, kwakunye iimfazwe eRoma phantse eqhubekayo, nto leyo wayijika ukusuka kwisixeko esincinane Italian ukuya kwikomkhulu amandla amakhulu.

Phantsi kwempembelelo yale miba, ingcamango kunye nenkqubo yexabiso yabemi baseRoma yasekwa. Kwagqitywa, okokuqala, ngokuthanda izwe, ingcamango yonyulo olukhethekileyo lwabantu baseRoma kunye nesiphelo soloyiso olulungiselelwe bona, malunga nempucuko yaseRoma njengexabiso eliphezulu, malunga nomsebenzi wommi wokukhonza. ngayo yonke imikhosi yakhe.

Ukuze enze oku, ummi kwakufuneka abe nenkalipho, unyamezelo, ukunyaniseka, ukunyaniseka, isidima, ukuphila ubomi obungcathu, ukukwazi ukuthobela uqeqesho emfazweni, umthetho owisiweyo nesiko elisekwe ngookhokho ngamaxesha oxolo, imbeko koothixo abangabaxhasi beentsapho zabo. , abantu basemaphandleni kunye nempucuko yaseRoma ngokwayo. Olona phawu lukhethekileyo kwimpucuko yamandulo yaseRoma yayingumthetho waseRoma, ingcamango yokulingana nokukwazi ukubiza enkundleni nawuphi na ummeli wezidwangube okanye igosa ngaphandle komlawuli.

isakhiwo sikarhulumente

Amagunya owiso-mthetho kwixesha lakudala lembali yamandulo yaseRoma ahlulwa phakathi koomantyi, ibhunga lebhunga, kunye neendibano zaseRoma (comitia).

Oomantyi banokubonisa umthetho oyilwayo (rogatio) kwiNdlu yeeNgwevu, apho kwaxoxwa khona. Ekuqaleni, i-Senate yayinamalungu alikhulu, kuba ininzi yembali yeRiphabhliki kwakukho malunga namalungu angamakhulu amathathu, uSulla waphinda kabini inani lamalungu, ngoko inani labo lahluka. Indawo kwi-Senate yafunyanwa emva kokuvunywa koomantyi abaqhelekileyo, kodwa abahloli babenelungelo lokuhlambulula i-Senate ngokukwazi ukugxotha amalungu e-senate.

IMPUCUKO YAMAROMA

Iikomiti zazinelungelo lokuvotela okanye lokuchasa kuphela kwaye azikwazanga ukuxoxa okanye ukwenza uhlengahlengiso lwazo kumthetho oyilwayo ocetywayo. Umthetho oyilwayo owamkelweyo lunyulo ufumene amandla omthetho. Ngokwemithetho yozwilakhe uQuintus Publilius Philo ngonyaka wama-339 BC, evunywe yindibano edumileyo, umthetho uba ngumqobo kubo bonke abantu.

Elona gunya liphakamileyo lempucuko yamaRoma ngexesha lolawulo lanikezelwa koomantyi abaphezulu. Kwangaxeshanye, umbuzo womxholo wengqikelelo yobukhosi uhlala uphikisana. Oomantyi abaqhelekileyo babekhethwa kwiindibano zaseRoma.

Oozwilakhe ababenyulwe ngezihlandlo ezikhethekileyo yaye kangangeenyanga ezintandathu babenamandla angaqhelekanga yaye, ngokungafaniyo noomantyi abaqhelekileyo, babengaphenduli. Ngaphandle kobumantyi obungaqhelekanga bozwilakhe, zonke izikhundla eRoma zazizezinye.

Ubume bentlalo kwimpucuko yaseRoma

Kwinqanaba lokuqala lophuhliso, uluntu lwaseRoma lwaluneendawo ezimbini eziphambili: iipatricians kunye neeplebeians. Ngokweyona nguqulelo iqhelekileyo yemvelaphi yezi klasi zimbini ziphambili, i-patricians ingabemi bomthonyama baseRoma, kwaye i-plebeians ingabemi basemzini, nangona kunjalo, babenamalungelo oluntu.

Ama-patricians adityaniswa kuqala kwikhulu kwaye emva koko kwiintlobo ezingamakhulu amathathu (intsapho okanye iqela leentsapho). Ekuqaleni, abantu abaqhelekileyo babethintelwa ukuba batshate neepatricians, nto leyo eyayiqinisekisa ukuba bodwa kweklasi ye-patrician. Ukongeza kwezi klasi zimbini, kwakukho nabathengi be-patrician eRoma (amakhoboka afumene inkululeko yawo nawathi emva kokukhululwa kwawo ahlala kwinkonzo yomnini wawo wangaphambili) kunye namakhoboka.

IMPUCUKO YAMAROMA

Ngokuhamba kwexesha, ubume bentlalo buba nzima ngokubonakalayo. Kwavela ama-equites, abantu abasoloko bengabantwana abahloniphekileyo, kodwa besenza imisebenzi yezorhwebo (iingcali zepatrician zazithatha urhwebo njengomsebenzi ongenasidima) abagxininise ubutyebi obubalulekileyo ezandleni zabo. Malunga nenkulungwane yesi-XNUMX BC iipatricians zadityaniswa ne-equites kwizikhulu.

Noko ke, izidwangube azizange zimanyane. Ngokweembono zamaRoma, isidwangube sentsapho umntu akuyo sigqiba umlinganiselo wentlonelo ayifaneleyo. Ngamnye wayefanele ahambelane nemvelaphi yakhe, yaye imisebenzi efanelekileyo (ngokomzekelo, urhwebo) yomntu osisidwangube, kwanabantu nje abaqhelekileyo ababefikelele kwisigxina esiphakamileyo, yayigwetywa ngokulinganayo.

Nabemi baqalisa ukwahlulwa babe ngabemi ngokuzalwa nabemi abafumene amalungelo phantsi komthetho othile. Abantu bezizwe ngezizwe (ingakumbi amaGrike) ababengenamalungelo ezobupolitika, kodwa badlala indima ebalulekileyo kubomi boluntu, nabo baqalisa ukuthontelana ukuya eRoma. Kwavela abantu abakhululekileyo, oko kukuthi, amakhoboka awayenikwe inkululeko.

umtshato kunye nosapho

Ekuqaleni kwempucuko yaseRoma, kwakucingwa ukuba eyona njongo kunye nondoqo wobomi bommi yayikukuba nendlu yakhe nabantwana bakhe, ngoxa ubudlelwane bentsapho babungekho phantsi komthetho, kodwa babulawulwa ngumthetho. Intloko yentsapho yayibizwa ngokuba yi "Pater Familias" kwaye yayilawula abantwana, umfazi, kunye nezinye izalamane (kwiintsapho ezikumgangatho ophezulu, intsapho yayiquka amakhoboka kunye nezicaka).

Amandla kabawo yayikukuba wayenokunikela intombi yakhe emtshatweni okanye iqhawule umtshato ngokuthanda kwakhe, athengise ngabantwana bakhe njengamakhoboka, naye wayenokumqonda okanye angamazi unyana wakhe. Igunya labazali nalo ladluliselwa kubantwana abadala kunye neentsapho zabo: kuphela kukufa kukayise apho abantwana babe ngabemi abapheleleyo kunye neentloko zeentsapho.

Umfazi wayengaphantsi kwendoda kuba, ngokutsho kukaTeodoro Mommsen, "wayengowentsapho kuphela kwaye wayengekho kuluntu." Kwiintsapho ezizizityebi, ibhinqa lanikwa isikhundla esihloniphekileyo, lizixakekise ekulawuleni uqoqosho. Ngokungafaniyo nabafazi bamaGrike, abafazi baseRoma babenokuvela ngokukhululekileyo eluntwini yaye, nangona uyise wayenamandla aphakamileyo entsatsheni, ayekhuselwe kubungqongqo bakhe. Umgaqo osisiseko wokwakhiwa koluntu lwaseRoma kukuxhomekeka kwiseli yokuqala yoluntu: intsapho.

Kuze kube sekupheleni kweRiphabhliki, kwakukho uhlobo lomtshato cum manu, "ngesandla", oko kukuthi, intombi, xa itshatile, idlulele kumandla entloko yentsapho yomyeni. Kamva, le ndlela yomtshato yayeka ukusetyenziswa kwaye sine manu, imitshato "engenazandla" yaqala ukulungiswa, apho umfazi wayengekho phantsi kolawulo lomyeni wakhe kwaye wahlala phantsi kolawulo lukayise okanye umgcini wakhe.

Kwimpucuko yamaRoma, umthetho wawubonelela ngeendlela ezimbini zomtshato: Kwimo yokuqala, umfazi wasuka kwigunya likayise waya kwigunya lendoda yakhe, oko kukuthi, wamkelwa kwintsapho yomyeni wakhe.

Kolunye uhlobo lomtshato, inkosikazi yahlala ililungu lefani yakudala, ngelixa ibango lelifa losapho. Eli tyala lalingelolona liqhelekileyo yaye lalifana neshweshwe kunomtshato, ekubeni umfazi wayenokumshiya umyeni wakhe aze abuyele ekhaya phantse nangaliphi na ixesha.

imfundo

Amakhwenkwe namantombazana aqala ukufundiswa eneminyaka esixhenxe. Abazali abazizityebi bakhetha ukufunda ekhaya. Amahlwempu ayesebenzisa iinkonzo zezikolo. Ngelo xesha, iprototype yemfundo yanamhlanje yazalwa: abantwana bahamba ngezigaba ezintathu zemfundo: iprayimari, isekondari nangaphezulu. Iintloko-ntsapho, ezaziyixhalabele imfundo yabantwana bazo, zazama ukuqesha abafundisi bamaGrike babantwana bazo okanye zifunele ikhoboka elingumGrike ukuba libafundise. Ubudenge babazali babanyanzela ukuba bathumele abantwana babo eGrisi ukuze bafumane imfundo ephakamileyo.

Kumanqanaba okuqala emfundo, ubukhulu becala abantwana babefundiswa ukubhala nokubala, babenikwa ulwazi ngembali, umthetho noncwadi. Kwisikolo samabanga aphakamileyo waqeqeshelwa ukuthetha esidlangalaleni. Ngexesha lezifundo zepraktikhali, abafundi baqhuba imisebenzi equka ukunikezela iintetho ngesihloko esithile sembali, intsomi, uncwadi okanye ubomi boluntu. Ngaphandle kweItali, bafumana imfundo ikakhulu eAthene, kwisiqithi saseRhodes, apho baphinda bayiphucula intetho yabo.

IMPUCUKO YAMAROMA

Kwakhona amaRoma ayenenkxalabo yokuba abafazi bafundiswe ngokunxulumene nendima yabo entsatsheni: abaququzeleli bobomi bentsapho nabafundisi babantwana besebancinane. Kwakukho izikolo apho amantombazana ayefunda namakhwenkwe. Yaye kwakugqalwa njengokubekekileyo ukuba bathi ngenenekazi eliselula liyintombazana efundileyo.

Kwimpucuko yaseRoma, kwangenkulungwane yokuqala ye-AD, baqala ukuqeqesha amakhoboka, njengamakhoboka kunye nabakhululwe baqala ukudlala indima ebonakalayo kuqoqosho lwelizwe. Amakhoboka aba ngabalawuli bemihlaba kwaye abandakanyeka kurhwebo, aba zizikhundla zokongamela amanye amakhoboka. Amakhoboka afundileyo aye atsaleleka kwizixhobo zolawulo lukarhulumente, amakhoboka amaninzi ayengabafundisi-ntsapho kunye nabayili bezakhiwo.

Ikhoboka elifundileyo lalixabiseke ngaphezu komntu ongafundanga kuba lalinokusetyenziselwa imisebenzi ekhethekileyo. Amakhoboka afundileyo ayebizwa ngokuba yeyona nto ibalulekileyo kwisinhanha saseRoma. Abo babesakuba ngamakhoboka, abakhululekileyo, ngokuthe ngcembe baqalisa ukubumba iqela elibalulekileyo eRoma. Bazabalazela ukuthatha indawo yomqeshwa, umphathi kwizixhobo zombuso, bahlanganyele kwimisebenzi yezorhwebo, kwinzala.

Ukulungelwa kwawo ngaphezu kwamaRoma kwaqalisa ukubonakala, nto leyo eyayikukuba ayengawubambi umsebenzi, azigqala njengabantu abahlelelekileyo, yaye abonisa ukuzingisa ekulweleni indawo yawo ekuhlaleni. Ekugqibeleni baye bakwazi ukufikelela ukulingana okusemthethweni.

Umkhosi

Umkhosi wamaRoma wawuyenye yezinto eziphambili zoluntu norhulumente waseRoma. Umkhosi wamaRoma phantse lonke ixesha lobukho bawo wawu, njengoko uqheliselo lubonisile, ngowona uhambele phambili kakhulu phakathi kwamanye amazwe eHlabathi laMandulo, udlule ukusuka kumkhosi odumileyo ukuya kumkhosi oqhelekileyo ohamba ngeenyawo kunye nabakhweli bamahashe kunye neeyunithi ezininzi ezincedisayo kunye namahlakani. iiformations.

Kwangaxeshanye, owona mkhosi uphambili wokulwa usoloko ungowokuhamba ngeenyawo. Ngexesha leeMfazwe zePunic, eqinisweni, i-Marine Corps yabonakala kwaye yaziphatha ngokugqibeleleyo. Iinzuzo eziphambili zomkhosi waseRoma zazihamba, ukuguquguquka kunye nokuqeqeshwa kobuchule, okwavumela ukuba usebenze kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo zomhlaba kunye neemeko zemozulu ezimbi.

U-Octavian Augustus wayehlise umkhosi waba ngamashumi amabini anesibhozo imikhosi ngo 14 AD. C. Ngexesha lokukhula kweRoma yaMandulo, inani elipheleleyo lomkhosi lalidla ngokufikelela kwi-100 lamawaka abantu, kodwa lalinokwanda liye kutsho kuma-250 okanye ama-300 amawaka abantu nangaphezulu.

Emva kohlaziyo lukaDiocletian noConstantine, inani lomkhosi waseRoma lafikelela kwi-600-650 lamawaka abantu, apho i-200 yamawaka yayiyimikhosi ehambayo kunye nezinye iinkampu. Ngokutsho kwezinye iingxelo, ngexesha likaHonorius, umvuzo wemikhosi yawo omabini amacandelo oBukhosi baseRoma wawususela kumawaka asithoba ukuya kwisigidi samajoni (nangona enyanisweni umkhosi wawumncinane).

Ukubunjwa kohlanga lomkhosi wamaRoma kwatshintsha ngokuhamba kwexesha: ngenkulungwane yoku-XNUMX yayiyimikhosi yamaRoma, ekupheleni kwe-XNUMXst nasekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yesi-XNUMX yayingumkhosi we-Italics, kodwa sele iphelile. XNUMXnd kunye nokuqala kwenkulungwane yesi-XNUMX yaguqulwa kumkhosi wama-barbarians aseRoma, ahlala eRoma ngegama kuphela.

Umkhosi wamaRoma wawunezona zixhobo zibalaseleyo ngexesha lawo, abasebenzi abanamava nabaqeqeshwe kakuhle, abahlulwa ngoqeqesho olungqwabalala kunye nobuchule obuphakamileyo bomkhosi wabaphathi ababesebenzisa ezona ndlela ziphambili zokulwa, bephumelela ukoyisa ngokupheleleyo utshaba.

Isebe eliphambili lomkhosi yayiliqela elihamba ngeenyawo. Umkhosi wasemanzini waxhasa izenzo zemikhosi yasemhlabeni kwiindawo eziselunxwemeni kunye nokuthuthwa kwemikhosi ukuya kummandla wotshaba ngolwandle. Ubunjineli bomkhosi, umbutho weenkampu, ukukwazi ukwenza utshintsho olukhawulezayo kwimigama emide, ubugcisa bokungqinga kunye nokukhusela inqaba bafumana uphuhliso olubalulekileyo.

Inkcubeko yamandulo yempucuko yaseRoma

Ezopolitiko, imfazwe, ezolimo, uphuhliso lomthetho (ezoluntu kunye nezingcwele) kunye nembali yaqatshelwa njengezenzo ezifanele umRoma, ngakumbi abantu abahloniphekileyo. Ngesi siseko, inkcubeko yokuqala yaseRoma yavela.

Iimpembelelo zamanye amazwe, ubukhulu becala zamaGrike, ezathi zangena kwizixeko zamaGrike ezikumazantsi eItali yanamhlanje, zaza zavela ngokuthe ngqo eGrisi naseAsia Minor, zavunyelwa kuphela ukusa kumkhamo wokuba zingachasananga nenkqubo yexabiso yamaRoma okanye ziqhubeke ngokungqinelana nenkqubo yexabiso yamaRoma. kunye ne. Kwelinye icala, inkcubeko yaseRoma ekuphakameni kwayo yaba nefuthe elikhulu kubantu abangabamelwane nakuphuhliso olwalandelayo lwaseYurophu.

Imbono yehlabathi yamaRoma yamandulo yayiphawulwa yimvakalelo yokuba ngummi okhululekileyo noziva ungowohlanga lwasekuhlaleni kunye nokubeka phambili izilangazelelo zikarhulumente ngaphezu kwezo zobuqu, kudityaniswe nenkqubo yokulondoloza imvelo, eyayiquka ukulandela amasiko ookhokho. Kwinkulungwane yesibini neyokuqala phambi kukaKristu kwabakho ukutyeka kwezi zimo zengqondo kunye nokuthanda komntu ngamnye kwaqina, ubuntu baqalisa ukuchasa urhulumente, kwanezinye iimbono zesithethe zacingisiswa ngokutsha.

Ngenxa yoko, ngexesha labalawuli, kwazalwa indlela entsha yokulawula uluntu baseRoma: kufuneka kubekho "izonka kunye neesekisi" ezininzi kunye nokuncipha okuthile kokuziphatha phakathi kwenkitha yabemi, ehlala iqondwa. abalawuli abacinezelayo, ngomlinganiselo othile wobabalo.

ULwimi

Ulwimi lwesiLatini, olubonakala ngathi luphakathi kwewaka leminyaka lesithathu ngaphambi kokuzalwa kukaKristu, lwaluyinxalenye yeqela le-Italic yosapho lweelwimi zaseIndo-European. Kwinkqubo yophuhliso lwembali ye-Italiya yakudala, isiLatini sathatha indawo yezinye iilwimi ze-Italic kwaye, ngokuhamba kwexesha, sahlala kwindawo ebalaseleyo kwintshona yeMeditera. Kukho izigaba ezininzi ekuphuhlisweni kwesiLatini: isiLatini samandulo, isiLatini samandulo, isiLatini sePostclassical, kunye nesiLatini sasemva.

Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yokuqala yeXesha Eliqhelekileyo, isiLatini sasithethwa ngabemi bommandla omncinci waseLatium, ombindi wentshona wePeninsula yaseApennine, ecaleni kweendawo ezisezantsi zeTiber. Isizwe esasihlala eLatium sasibizwa ngokuba ngamaLatins, kwaye ulwimi lwabo isiLatini. Umbindi walo mmandla yayisisixeko saseRoma, ekwathi emva koko izizwe ezibhalwe ngolwimi olubhalwe ngolwimi olubhalwe ngolwimi olubhalwe ngoonobumba abakekeleyo zimanyana zisijikeleza zaqalisa ukuzibiza ngokuba ngamaRoma.

Inkolo

Intsomi yamandulo yamaRoma kwiinkalo ezininzi isondele kwisiGrike, ukuya kuthi ga ngokuboleka ngokuthe ngqo kweentsomi zomntu ngamnye. Noko ke, kuqheliselo lonqulo lwamaRoma, iinkolelo ze-animist ezinxulumene nokunqulwa kwemimoya nazo zaba nendima ebalulekileyo: iijinn, iipenates, iilares neelemurs. Kwakhona kwiRoma yamandulo, kwakukho iikholeji ezininzi zabefundisi.

Nangona inkolo yayidlala indima ebalulekileyo kuluntu lwamandulo lwaseRoma, ngenkulungwane yesi-XNUMX BC inxalenye ebalulekileyo yamaRoma yayisele ingakhathali elunqulweni. Ngenkulungwane yokuqala BC izithandi zobulumko zaseRoma (ingakumbi uTitus Lucretius Carus kunye noCicero) zahlaziya kakhulu okanye zithandabuza uninzi lwezikhundla zonqulo zemveli. Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yokuqala uOctavian Augustus wathabatha amanyathelo okuseka unqulo olusemthethweni lobukhosi.

Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-313 kwi-diasporas yamaYuda kwizixeko zoBukhosi baseRoma, kwavela ubuKristu, emva koko abameli babanye abantu bobukumkani bajoyina. Ekuqaleni yavusa kuphela ukukrokrela kunye nobutshaba kumagunya asebukhosini, phakathi kwenkulungwane yesi-XNUMX yavalwa kwaye yaqala ukuxhatshazwa kwamaKristu kubo bonke uBukhosi baseRoma. Noko ke, kwangowama-XNUMX, uMlawuli uConstantine wakhupha iEdict of Milan, eyayivumela amaKristu ukuba avume ngokukhululekileyo elunqulweni lwawo, akhe iitempile, aze abe nezikhundla zikawonke-wonke.

UbuKristu ngokuthe ngcembe baba lunqulo lwaseburhulumenteni. Kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane yesi-XNUMX ukutshatyalaliswa kweetempile zabahedeni kwaqala, iMidlalo yeOlimpiki yavalwa.

Ciencia

Inzululwazi yaseRoma yazuza njengelifa inani lezifundo zamaGrike, kodwa ngokungafaniyo nazo (ingakumbi kwicandelo lemathematika kunye noomatshini), yayisetyenziswa ikakhulu kwindalo. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, yayiziinombolo zesiRoma kunye nekhalenda kaJulius ezasasazwa ehlabathini lonke. Kwangaxeshanye, uphawu lwayo yayilunikezelo lwezihloko zenzululwazi ngendlela yoncwadi nedlalwayo.

I-Jurisprudence kunye nesayensi yezolimo yafikelela ekukhuleni okukhethekileyo, inani elikhulu lemisebenzi yanikezelwa kwizakhiwo kunye nokucwangciswa kwedolophu kunye nobuchwepheshe bezempi. Abameli abakhulu bezesayensi yendalo yayiyinzululwazi ye-encyclopedic uPliny Omkhulu, uMarco Terencio Varrón kunye noSeneca. Intanda-bulumko yamandulo yamaRoma yaphuhliswa ikakhulu kwisiGrike, eyayinxulunyaniswa kakhulu nayo. I-Stoicism yayiyeyona ixhaphake kakhulu kwifilosofi.

Inzululwazi yaseRoma yafumana impumelelo ephawulekayo kwicandelo lezamayeza. Phakathi koogqirha ababalaseleyo beRoma yaMandulo, sinokugqamisa: iDioscorides, isazi senzululwazi yezamayeza kunye nomnye wabasunguli bezityalo, uSoranus wase-Efese, ugqirha wokubelekisa kunye noogqirha babantwana, uGalen wasePergamon, isazi se-anatomist esinetalente esafumanisa imisebenzi yemithambo nengqondo. .Iincwadi zeencyclopedic ezabhalwa ngexesha lamaRoma zahlala zingowona mthombo ubalulekileyo wolwazi lwenzululwazi phantse kumaXesha Aphakathi.

Ilifa lempucuko yaseRoma

Inkcubeko yaseRoma, kunye neengcamango zayo eziphuhlisiwe malunga nokulula kwezinto kunye nezenzo, malunga nomsebenzi womntu kuye kunye nombuso, ngokubaluleka komthetho kunye nobulungisa kubomi boluntu, iphunyezwe inkcubeko yamandulo yesiGrike kunye nomnqweno wayo wokuqonda. Ihlabathi, ingqiqo ephuhlileyo yomlinganiselo, ubuhle, imvisiswano, into ecacileyo yokudlala. Inkcubeko yamandulo, njengendibaniselwano yezi nkcubeko zimbini, yaba sisiseko sempucuko yaseYurophu.

Ilifa lenkcubeko yeRoma yaMandulo linokuqondwa kwisigama esisetyenziswa kwisayensi, ulwakhiwo kunye noncwadi. Kangangeenkulungwane ezininzi, isiLatini yayilulwimi lonxibelelwano olwalusetyenziswa kumazwe ngamazwe ngabo bonke abantu abafundileyo baseYurophu. Isasetyenziswa kwisigama senzululwazi. Ngokwesiseko solwimi lwesiLatini kwizinto zakudala zaseRoma, kwavela iilwimi zesiRomance, ezithethwa ngabantu abaninzi baseYurophu.

Phakathi kwezona mpumelelo zibalaseleyo kwimpucuko yamaRoma ngumthetho wamaRoma, owadlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu ekuphuhliseni ngakumbi ingcamango yomthetho. Kwakukwimimandla yaseRoma apho ubuKristu bavela baza kamva baba yinkolo yelizwe, inkolo eyadibanisa bonke abantu baseYurophu neyayiphembelela kakhulu imbali yoluntu.

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