Ukususela ekudalweni kweRoma kunye nokuphuhlisa iminyaka engaphezu kwewaka Inkcubeko yaseRoma yasasazeka ukusuka eBritannia ukuwela iMeditera ukuya eMesopotamiya, isenza ubukhosi, kodwa impembelelo yayo idlula uBukhosi baseRoma kwaye ngenxa yesiLatini ifikelela kwihlabathi lonke.
Inkcubeko yaseRoma
Inkcubeko yamaRoma yinkcubeko yoBukhosi baseRoma obusekelwe kwinkcubeko yamaGrike kunye nenkcubeko yaseByzantine. Impembelelo yenkcubeko yaseRoma idlulela ngaphaya kwemida yoBukhosi baseRoma, ngakumbi ngenxa yempembelelo yesiLatini kunye nokwanda kwayo kuMbindi Yurophu. Akunakwenzeka ukuthetha ngenkcubeko yaseRoma njengesiganeko sexesha elinye, ekubeni yaphuhliswa ngaphezu kwewaka leminyaka yembali, ukusuka kwiRiphabhlikhi yaseRoma ukuya kuBukhosi baseRoma.
eRoma
Ubomi bentlalo kunye nenkcubeko yoBukhosi baseRoma babujikeleza isixeko saseRoma, kunye neenduli zaso ezidumileyo eziSixhenxe, izakhiwo zaso zesikhumbuzo ezifana neFlavian Amphitheatre, ngoku eyaziwa ngokuba yiColosseum, iForam yeTrajan kunye nePantheon. Esi sixeko sasinamaholo emidlalo yeqonga, iindawo zokwenza umthambo, iithaveni ezininzi, izindlu zoonongogo, neendawo zokuhlambela zikawonke wonke. Kuwo wonke ummandla ophantsi kobukumkani kwakukho izakhiwo zokuhlala ezahlukeneyo, ukusuka kumakhaya aqhelekileyo ukuya kwiVillas de Campo.
Ngaphakathi kwesixeko saseRoma ezona ndawo zokuhlala zaziwayo zazikwiNduli yePalatine, apho lisuka khona igama elithi isigodlo, kodwa uninzi lwabemi baseRoma lwaluhlala embindini wesixeko, kwii-insulas ezithelekiswa nezakhiwo zale mihla. . IRoma yayiyeyona ndawo iphakamileyo ngelo xesha inabemi abaqikelelwa ukuba bangamakhulu amane anamashumi amahlanu amawaka kunye nobuninzi obuqikelelwa kwizigidi ezithathu namakhulu amahlanu amawaka abemi.
Uqikelelo lunika abemi izinga eliphezulu lokufudukela ezidolophini kwixesha langaphambi koshishino ngaphezu kwamashumi amathathu eepesenti, afana nalawo aseNgilani kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba. Kuqikelelwa ukuba malunga namashumi amathathu ekhulwini abemi beendawo eziphantsi kwempembelelo yesixeko bahlala kumbindi wedolophu wabemi abamalunga namawaka alishumi. Uninzi lweedolophu zaseRoma zazinezakhiwo zesikali ezifana nezaseRoma ezineforamu, iitempile kunye nezakhiwo.
Lo mmandla mkhulu wabemi basezidolophini wawufuna ukutya okuninzi, okufuna izinto ezintsonkothileyo nezifuna umsebenzi onzima wokuvelisa, ukuthengwa, ukuthutha, ukugcinwa nokuhanjiswa kokutya eRoma nakwamanye amaziko asezidolophini. Iifama zaseItali zazibonelela ngemifuno neziqhamo, kodwa intlanzi nenyama, ezazizezona zixatyiswe kakhulu, yayizezobunewunewu. Imijelo emikhulu yakhiwe ukuthutha amanzi kumaziko asezidolophini zaseRoma kwaye iwayini kunye neoli zathunyelwa zisuka kwi-Hispania, eGaul nase-Afrika.
Ubugcisa boBukhosi baseRoma bokuthutha iimpahla babusebenza kakuhle, nto leyo eyakhuthaza utshintshiselwano olushushu lwezorhwebo phakathi kwamaphondo alo.
Uninzi lwabemi boBukhosi baseRoma, phantse amashumi asibhozo ekhulwini, babehlala emaphandleni kwiindawo ezihlala abantu abangaphantsi kwamawaka alishumi. Abanini-mhlaba ngokuqhelekileyo babehlala esixekweni, beshiya ukhathalelo lwezakhiwo zabo kuxanduva lwabaphathi bezindlu. Imeko yamakhoboka ezilalini yayisiba mbi ngakumbi kunaleyo yoontanga bawo abasebenza kwiindawo ezihlala izihandiba ezisezidolophini.
Amakhoboka amaninzi aye akhululwa aza afumana umvuzo kubanini bawo ngenjongo yokukhuthaza imveliso, kodwa nangona kunjalo ingxinano nentlupheko yobomi basemaphandleni yaqhubeka ikhula, oku kwavuselela ukufuduka kwabemi besiya kumaziko asezidolophini de kwasekuqaleni kwenkulungwane II a. C. xa abantu kumaziko asezidolophini bayeka ukukhula baza baqalisa ukuhla.
Ukususela phakathi kwinkulungwane yesibini a. C. Inkcubeko yamaGrike yaqhubeka nokwandisa impembelelo yayo kwinkcubeko yaseRoma, nangona uhlaselo lokuziphatha olugcinayo ngokuchasene "nencasa" yenkcubeko yamaGrike. Ngexesha loMlawuli uAgasto, amakhoboka afundileyo asekhaya angamaGrike ayephethe ukufundisa abantu abaselula, ngokufuthi kuquka amantombazana, abapheki, abahombisi, oonobhala, oogqirha, abalungisi beenwele, yaye nabo babephuma ikakhulu kwimimandla yempembelelo yamaGrike.
Imifanekiso eqingqiweyo yamaGrike yayihombisa igadi yamaGrike kwiPalatine okanye kumabhotwe, okanye yayixeliswa kwiintendelezo zemifanekiso eqingqiweyo yamaGrike eyenziwe ngamakhoboka amaGrike. Ababhali baseRoma babekhetha ulwimi lwesiGrike oluphucukileyo kwaye babejongela phantsi isiLatini.
Inkcubeko yamaRoma yayigqwesa kuphela inkcubeko yamaGrike ngokufanelekileyo. Inkcubeko yaseRoma, ngenxa yempembelelo yayo ebanzi kwijografi nakwimbali yayo ende, ishiye, emva kokuwa koBukhosi baseRoma, inkcubeko yelifa lemveli esele iyinxalenye nanamhlanje.
Ubume bentlalo
Ukususela ekuqaleni koluntu lwaseRoma, ulwakhiwo lwentlalo lwaluliziko lalo usapho, olwalungaphawulwa nje kuphela ngobudlelwane begazi kodwa nangobudlelwane obabumiselwe ngokusemthethweni, “obu patria potestas”. I-domain epheleleyo yentsapho isetyenziswe yi "Pater Familias", wayeyinkosi yomfazi, abantwana, abafazi babantwana, abazukulwana, abatshana, amakhoboka kunye nabakhululiwe. Ukuba umfazi wayenikwe indoda sine manu, uyise ugcina amandla phezu kwakhe, kwenzeka okufanayo nakubafazi babantwana.
Ubukhoboka kunye namakhoboka babeyinxalenye yentlalontle, amakhoboka eRoma yamandulo ayengamabanjwa emfazwe. Amakhoboka ayethengwa aza athengiswa kwiMarike yamakhoboka. Umthetho wamaRoma wawuwaphatha amakhoboka njengayo nayiphi na impahla enokususwa. Iinkosi zazidla ngokuwakhulula amakhoboka njengomvuzo wenkonzo esemgangathweni. Amanye amakhoboka ayekwazi ukonga aze ngaloo ndlela ahlawulele inkululeko yawo. Umthetho wawukwalela ukucwiywa nokubulawa kwamakhoboka kodwa wawuvumela ukuphathwa kakubi.
Ngaphandle kwentsapho (gens) kunye namakhoboka (i-mancipia, ebanjwe yinkosi) kwakukho abantu abaqhelekileyo kodwa babengenabo ubuntu obusemthethweni. Ayengenagunya lasemthethweni yaye engakwazi ukwenza izivumelwano, nokuba ayengengawo amakhoboka. Ukusombulula le ngxaki, into ebizwa ngokuba yi "clientele" yenziwa. Ngeli ziko, umntu oqhelekileyo wajoyina usapho lwe-patrician ngokusemthethweni kwaye wayenokuhlala esayina izivumelwano phantsi koqeqesho lwee-paterfamilias zakhe. Zonke izinto zomntu oqhelekileyo zaba yinxalenye yelifa kwaye wayengavumelekanga ukuba enze ezakhe iinzalelwane.
Igunya elisetyenziswe yi-paterfamilias phezu kweendidi lalingenamkhawulo kuwo omabini amalungelo oluntu kunye nomthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho. Phakathi kwemisebenzi kakumkani yayikukuyalela umkhosi, ukujongana nomgaqo-nkqubo wamazwe angaphandle nokusombulula iingxabano phakathi kweentlanga. Ngexesha leRiphabhlikhi yaseRoma abemi babenelungelo lokuvota, oku kubandakanya zombini iipatricians kunye neplebeians kodwa ngaphandle kwabasetyhini, abantwana kunye namakhoboka kweli lungelo.
IForam yayisisazulu sobomi bezixeko zamandulo zaseRoma, uninzi lwabemi baseRoma lwalusiya apho ukuze luqhubele phambili urhwebo nokuze lube nenxaxheba kwimibhiyozo okanye imibhiyozo. Kwiqonga leengxoxo, izithethi zazisa izimvo zazo okanye iimbono zazo kwaye zafuna inkxaso kwizizathu zazo. Ekuseni kakhulu abantwana baye esikolweni okanye ootishala babucala baye kwiindawo zokuhlala.
Abantu abadala badla isidlo sakusasa ngentsimbi yeshumi elinanye emini, baphumle emva kwemini baze baye kwiqonga ebusuku. Inkoliso yabemi baseRoma yayinomkhwa wokuya kwiindawo zokuhlambela zikawonke wonke ubuncinane kanye ngosuku. Izindlu zangasese zabafazi namadoda zazahlukene. Umahluko omkhulu kukuba iibhafu zabasetyhini zazincinci kunezamadoda, kwaye zingenayo i-frigidarium (igumbi elibandayo) okanye i-palestra (indawo yokuzivocavoca).
IRoma yanika abemi iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zokuzonwabisa simahla ngaphandle nangaphakathi. Ngokuxhomekeke kuhlobo lwesiganeko, oku kunokwenzeka kusasa, emva kwemini okanye ebusuku. Izihlwele zazithontelana ukuya eColosseum ukuze zibone umlo ophakathi kwabantu okanye umlo ophakathi kwabantu namarhamncwa. Ugqatso lweenqwelo zokulwa lwalubanjelwe eCircus Maximus.
Impahla
KwiRoma yamandulo, iiklasi zentlalo zazihlukaniswa kwaye zahlulwe ngohlobo lwempahla. Abantu abaqhelekileyo, abelusi kunye namakhoboka banxiba isambatho esenziwe ngezinto ezishinyeneyo kwaye imibala yayo imnyama. I-tunic esetyenziswe ngabafundisi benziwe ngelinen okanye uboya obumhlophe. Oomantyi babenxibe i-angusticlavii tunic, ehonjiswe ngesaphetha kunye nebhanti emxinwa emfusa; iisenenja zazinxibe izambatho ezinomphetho omfusa, obizwa ngokuba yi-tunica laticlavia. Ingubo yomkhosi yayimfutshane kuneyabantu abaqhelekileyo.
Abaselula emva kokuguqula iminyaka engamashumi amabini ananye basebenzisa i-toga, ingubo yoboya ebanzi okanye intambo, isimboli somntu okhululekileyo, phezu kwengubo. Abafazi baseRoma babenxiba i-tunic kunye ne-palla, eyayiyingubo ebanzi kakhulu yoxande. Iipatricians zazinxibe iimbadada ezibomvu kunye neorenji, izihlangu zeSenator zimdaka kunye ne-consuls ezimhlophe. Amajoni asebenzisa iibhutsi ezinzima kwaye abafazi bavala izihlangu ezimhlophe, ezityheli okanye eziluhlaza.
IComidas
Imikhwa yokutya kwiRoma yamandulo yayilula. Isidlo sakusasa sasibizwa ngokuba yi-entaculum, isidlo sasemini sasibizwa ngokuba yi-prandium kwaye isidlo sakusihlwa sigcine igama laso. Izibheno zazibizwa ngokuba yiGustatio kwaye izimuncumuncu zazibizwa ngokuba yi-secunda cantina. Isidlo sangokuhlwa esilula sasidla ngokutyiwa emva kwesidlo sasemini. Isidlo sasemini ngokuqhelekileyo sasityiwa ngentsimbi yeshumi elinanye yaye sasiquka isonka, isaladi, iminquma, isonka samasi, iziqhamo, nenyama ebandayo eyayishiywe kwisidlo sangokuhlwa sangaphambili.
Iintsapho zazisitya kunye zihleli kwizitulo ezijikeleze itafile. Kamva igumbi lokutyela layilwa, linegama le-triclinium, kunye nesofa yegumbi lokutyela abayibiza ngokuba yi-triclini. Ukutya kwalungiswa kwaziswa ngeetreyi kwiindwendwe ezazikuthathe ngezandla, icephe lalisetyenziselwa ukusela isuphu kuphela.
Iwayini yayiselwa zizo zonke iindidi zasekuhlaleni nakuzo zonke izidlo kuba yayingabizi mali ininzi, nangona kunjalo yayihlala ixutywe namanzi. Ngaphandle kwewayini, izidlo bezikhatshwa nezinye iziselo ezifana ne<em>mulsum, yona yayiyiwayini exutywe nobusi, ijusi yayiyincindi yomdiliya, i<em>mulsa yayingamanzi axutywe nobusi.
Ngexesha loBukhosi baseRoma abantu abaqhelekileyo babedla ngokusisiseko i-polenta yemifuno kunye nesonka, ngamanye amaxesha babenokutya inyama, intlanzi, iminquma kunye neziqhamo. Maxa wambi, kwakusabiwa ukutya kwasimahla esixekweni. I-patrician aristocracy yayinesidlo sangokuhlwa esineenkcukacha ezininzi, kunye neentlobo ngeentlobo zewayini kunye nokutya. Ngamanye amaxesha abadanisi babesonwabisa abantu abatyayo. Abasetyhini kunye nabantwana batya ngokwahlukeneyo, kodwa ekupheleni kwexesha lobukhosi, abafazi abakwizinga eliphezulu baye bazimasa ezi zidlo zangokuhlwa.
imfundo
Ukususela kunyaka wamakhulu amabini ngaphambi kukaKristu, imfundo yasesikolweni yaqalisa eRoma. Uphononongo lwaqala malunga neminyaka emithandathu ubudala yaye kwiminyaka emithandathu okanye esixhenxe elandelayo amakhwenkwe namantombazana afundiswa ukufunda, ukubhala nokwenza imisebenzi yokubala.
Ukususela kwiminyaka elishumi elinesibini, abantu abaselula baqala ukufunda isiLatini, isiGrike, igrama kunye noncwadi, ngaphezu kobugcisa bokuthetha. Ukuthetha kwakubalulekile kwinkcubeko yamaRoma yaye eyona njongo iphambili yakhe phantse wonke umfundi, izithethi ezichumileyo zazifanelwe yimbeko.
Abantwana abangathathi ntweni abazange bafumane imfundo kuba bengenako ukuyifikelela. Ngamathuba athile imfundo yayinikelwa ngamakhoboka afundileyo naphucukileyo. Esi sikolo besijoliswe ikakhulu kumakhwenkwe, nangona kunjalo amanye amantombazana aphuma kwiiklasi ezifumileyo afundiswa ngabahlohli bamakhaya kwaye avunyelwa nokuba aye ezikolweni.
ULwimi
Ulwimi lwantlandlolo lwamaRoma yayisiLatini. Iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zesiLatini bezikhona, zivela kwaye zitshintsha kakhulu kwiilwimi zesiRomance esizaziyo namhlanje. Ialfabhethi yesiLatini isekelwe kwialfabhethi yakudala yokukheka, ethi yona ithathwe kwisiGrike.
Ialfabhethi yesiLatini yaqala ukusetyenziswa kwixesha laphakathi ukubhala kungekuphela nje iilwimi ezithathwe kwisiLatini, kodwa phantse zonke iilwimi ezikhoyo eYurophu, ngenxa yenkqubo yokushumayela kwabahedeni, ngaphandle kweSlavic. Iilwimi ezisebenzisa ialfabhethi yesiCyrillic kunye nesiGrike.
Ulwimi olwaluthethwa kuBukhosi baseRoma yayiyiVulgar Latin, neyayahluke kakhulu kwisiLatini samandulo ngegrama, isigama, nendlela yokubiza amagama. Uninzi lweencwadi ezazifundwa ngamaRoma zazibhalwe ngesiGrike kwaye ababhali abaninzi baseRoma basebenzisa isiGrike kwimisebenzi yabo, nesiGrike sasisetyenziswa ngabantu abafundileyo baseRoma kodwa isiLatini sahlala silulwimi oluphambili lokubhalwa kwi-Empire Roman.
Ngokukhula koBukhosi baseRoma, isiLatini sasasazeka kulo lonke elaseYurophu. Ngokuhamba kwexesha, isiLatini savela kwiilwimi zengingqi, sahluka kwiilwimi ezahlukeneyo, sakha iilwimi ezininzi zesiRomance malunga nenkulungwane ye-XNUMX. Iilwimi ezahlukeneyo ziye zaphumelela ngeli xesha, kubandakanya isiFrentshi, isiTaliyane, isiPhuthukezi, isiRomania kunye neSpanish, kunye nomahluko omkhulu phakathi kwazo oye wakhula waba mkhulu ngokuhamba kwexesha.
Ubugcisa
Ubugcisa be-Etruscan baphembelela ukubonakaliswa kokuqala kobugcisa bamaRoma, apho impembelelo yobugcisa bamaGrike yongezwa ngokukhawuleza emva koko, apho yayinoqhagamshelwano emazantsi eItali kwiikoloni zaseMagna Graecia, xa bahlaselwa yiRoma kwinkqubo yayo yokumanyanisa. kwi-peninsula. Impembelelo yamaGrike inkulu kakhulu emva kokuba iRoma ihlasele iGrisi neMakedoni ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX BC
Iincwadi
Ukususela ekuqaleni, uncwadi lwamaRoma lwaluphenjelelwa ngamandla luncwadi lwesiGrike. Imisebenzi yokuqala eyaziwayo zii-epics zembali ezibalisa ngembali yeRoma yamandulo. Njengoko iRiphabliki isanda, ababhali baqala ukubhala imibongo, ama-comedies, amabali kunye neentlekele.
Uncwadi lwembali lwafumana ixesha legolide ngexesha lolawulo lwabalawuli bokuqala. Imisebenzi ebalulekileyo esuka ngelo xesha iyaziwa, njengeeMbali zeTacitus, i-Commentaries of Bello Gallico nguJulius Caesar kunye no-Ab urbe condita nguTito Livio.
Eyona mbongi ibalaseleyo yaseRoma uVirgil kunye neAeneid yakhe ubalisa ukuphuncuka kuka-Aeneas eTroy kunye nokufika kwakhe kwisixeko esasiza kuba yiRoma kamva. ULucretius wachaza isayensi ngombongo wakhe kwiNdawo yezinto. U-Ovid kwi-Metamorphoses wazama ukubhala imbali epheleleyo yeentsomi ukususela ekuqaleni kwexesha ukuya kwixesha lakhe. Uhlobo lwe-satire ngokwesiko luthathwa njengento entsha yaseRoma, kwaye i-satires yabhalwa, phakathi kwabanye, uJuvenal kunye nePersius.
Ngexesha leRiphabhlikhi, ama-comedies ayethandwa kakhulu, ngakumbi lawo kaPublius Terence Aphro, ikhoboka elikhululekileyo elabanjwa ngamaRoma ngexesha leMfazwe yokuQala yePunic. Kwi-rhetoric, uCicero wafumana ukubaluleka okukhulu ngenxa yemithandazo yakhe. Ngapha koko, iileta zabucala zikaCicero zithathwa njengenye yezona bhodi zibalaseleyo zembalelwano ezibhalwe kwakudala.
Ukupeyinta kunye nemifanekiso
Iimpembelelo ze-Etruscan ziyabonakala kwimizobo yokuqala yamaRoma, ngakumbi imizobo yezopolitiko. Imizobo yamaGrike ethatyathwe njengamaxhoba emfazwe ngenkulungwane yesi-XNUMX ngaphambi kweXesha Eliqhelekileyo yaduma kangangokuba iindawo ezininzi zokuhlala ezityebileyo zaseRoma zazihonjiswe yimihlaba epeyintwe ngamagcisa aseGrisi. Phakathi kweendlela zokuqala ezicacileyo zaseRoma yayiyi "Inlay" (Incrotius), apho iindonga zangaphakathi zezindlu zazipeyintwa ukuze zifane nebhastile elinemibala.
Umfanekiso oqingqiweyo waqala ukusebenzisa imilinganiselo yeklasi kunye nolutsha, kamva yavela kwaye yamkela uhlobo lomxube wenyani kunye ne-idealism, de uqhubela phambili kwimizobo apho uloyiso lweRoma lwalumelwe khona.
I-Architecture
Njengabo bonke ubugcisa obukhoyo kwinkcubeko yaseRoma, izakhiwo zokuqala zaseRoma zazibonisa izinto zesitayile soyilo se-Etruscans kunye namaGrike. Esi simbo sasitshintsha njengoko iimfuno zasedolophini zaziyifuna kwaye ngoko ke ubunjineli boluntu kunye neendlela zokwakha zaphuhliswa kwaye zafezekiswa. Ikhonkrithi yaseRoma ukuza kuthi ga ngoku iseyintsokolo enkulu kwaye nasemva kweminyaka engaphezu kwamawaka amabini, ezinye zezakhiwo zamandulo zaseRoma zisamile, njengePantheon.
Inkolo
Njengoko kuboniswa kwezinye iimbonakaliso zenkcubeko yamaRoma, unqulo lweRoma yamandulo lwaluphenjelelwa kakhulu zezinye izithethe. Ingakumbi unqulo lwamaGrike olwalunendima ephambili ekubumbeni izithixo zamaRoma. Ekuqaleni, ngexesha lobukhosi kunye neminyaka yokuqala yeriphabliki, izithixo zazinxulumene ngokuthe ngqo nemisebenzi yezolimo kunye nobomi basekhaya bemihla ngemihla.
AmaRoma ayenqula amanani, imimoya yendalo; kwanemimoya yooyise; kwimizila, imimoya yekhaya nakwizohlwayo, imimoya yobomi. Iintsomi zamaRoma zenziwe ngamabali neentsomi zonqulo loothixo abaninzi olwalukho kwiRoma yamandulo. Uninzi lwezithixo zaseRoma zivela eGrisi kunye noothixo abathathela indawo oothixo basekhaya ngaphandle kwezinye izinto ezinqabileyo.
AmaRoma ayedume ngenani elikhulu loothixo. Ubukho bukaMagna Graecia baqinisekisa ukuba kuqaliswa uqheliselo oluthile lonqulo olwaba sisiseko, njengehlelo lika-Apollo. AmaRoma adibanisa iintsomi zawo neentsomi ezazivela eGrisi.
Ulwazi olugqwesileyo