Kwizithixo zamaRoma, kukho isithixo ekuthiwa luthando, ukuchuma nobuhle, kunye namasimi nezitiya; Ukongeza, wayethathwa njengomanduleli wamaRoma ngonyana wakhe u-Aeneas, nguye Uthixokazi uVenus kwaye ngeli nqaku siyakumema ukuba uyazi.
uthixokazi uVenus
Uthixokazi waseRoma uVenus wenza yonke into enxulumene nothando, ingqalelo kunye nokhathalelo lukamama, isizukulwana senzala ngokwabelana ngesondo kunye nothando. Lo thixokazi wayengoyena mhle kunabo bonke ababenamandla onke kwiintsomi zamaRoma, awayenqwenelwa ngenxa yoko ngabantu abafayo noothixo.
Njengothixo wamaGrike uApollo, isithixokazi uVenus wayephawulwa ngokuba neentlobano zesini ezivuleleke kakhulu kwaye ngokuqinisekileyo oku kwamvumela ukuba abe nezithandwa zamadoda nabasetyhini ngokufanayo, kunye nokuba ngumkhuseli wezithandani namahenyukazi, kunye nokuba ngumfanekiso obalulekileyo. kunqulo lwamaRoma. Uthixokazi uVenus wayeziqhelanisa nothixokazi wamaGrike uAphrodite awayebelana naye ngesithethe sasentsomini.
AmaRoma amthabatha lo thixokazi ngenkulungwane yesithathu BC. C. sele phantse ukuba ifikelele incopho epheleleyo yeemfazwe zamaPunic (phakathi kwenkulungwane yesi-XNUMX neyesi-XNUMX B.C.), ngelo xesha amaRoma agqiba kwelokuba adibane noosiyazi awathi ngelo xesha wacebisa ukuba acele uncedo kuthixokazi uVenus ukuze aqinisekise uloyiso lwakhe. Abantu baseCarthage (lo thixokazi wayegqalwa njengomkhuseli wesixeko saseCarthage). Ukunqula kwakhe amaRoma kwafikelela incopho emva kokuzisa uloyiso kuwo, kwaza kwahlala kunjalo de kwavela ubuKristu ngenkulungwane yesi-XNUMX yeXesha Eliqhelekileyo.
Ukongeza, isithixokazi uVenus naye wayebhiyozelwa njengonina ka-Aeneas ukhokho kaRomulus owayengumanduleli weRoma. Kamva, uJulius Caesar wanxulumanisa ekuhleni ilifa lentsapho yakhe nomnombo woomama kathixokazi, nto leyo eyenza uVenus waba ngunozala wobukhosi bokuqala baseRoma.
Uthixokazi uVenus kwiintsomi
Imvelaphi yesithixokazi uVenus yenzeka kwiimeko ezingaqhelekanga. Uyise, uthixo u-Uranus, wayengumlawuli wokuqala we-cosmos kwaye nguye owadala ihlabathi kunye nomhlaba. Ngoko xa uSaturn unyana ka-Uranus wabhukuqa uyise (owathi kamva waphinda waphindwa ngunyana kaSaturn), umrhanelwa wawanqumla amalungu esini kayise waza wawaphosa elwandle. Kanye apho, incanca eqhawulwe kunye namasende axutywe negwebu lolwandle enika ubomi kuthixokazi uVenus. Kubugcisa, lo mboniso wawudla ngokuthatha imo yesithixokazi uVenus ophuma kwimbaza okanye enye imollusk.
I-Etymology yeVenus
Igama elithi "Venus" livela ngokuthe ngqo kwi-classical noun noun venus, ebonisa "uthando." Esi sibizo sasisoloko sisetyenziswa ukubonisa uthando okanye umnqweno ngakumbi ngokwesondo, sasikwayanyaniswa ngokuthe ngqo nesenzi sefom venerari echaza "ukuthanda okanye ukuhlonipha", ikwayingcambu yegama lesiNgesi elithi "venerate".
Abanye abaphandi baye bacinga ukuba "iVenus" yayinenkxalabo yegama lesiLatini elithi venenum, isibizo esichaza "ityhefu", "ipotion", "ikhubalo" okanye mhlawumbi "i-aphrodisiac" ephawula ukulawula okubonakalayo kokunxila kothando.
Iimpawu kunye namandla kathixokazi uVenus
Njengothixokazi obonisa uthando, inkanuko kunye nesondo, uVenus wayenamandla okwenza abantu abafayo kunye noothixo bathandane. Ke ezona mpawu zabo ziphambili kunye nezixhobo zamandla yayiyinto nje enomtsalane kunye nomtsalane ovuselela inkanuko apho abaninzi baye banikezela ekubeni ngamaxhoba abo, ngokwengxelo yasentsomini.
Kwakuyinto eqhelekileyo ukuba umfanekiso wesithixokazi uVenus ufunyanwe emakhayeni. Phakathi kweembonakalo ezahlukeneyo zalo thixokazi, umzobo wakhe wawukhatshwa zizinto ezizezinye ezifana nerozi njengophawu lokuzala, inkanuko yesini kunye nelungu lobufazi. Kwakhona, wayedla ngokunxiba isithsaba semyrtle (isihlahla esinamagqabi ahlala ixesha elide, anzulu aluhlaza aneentyatyambo ezimhlophe), esi sithsaba saba sesinye seempawu zakhe ezibalulekileyo.
Oonokrwece babeyenye into eqhelekileyo enxulunyaniswa nalo thixokazi, njengoko la maqokobhe ayesebenza njengesalathiso ekuzalweni kukaVenus elwandle nanjengenye yemiqondiso emininzi evuselela inkanuko yeVenus. Lo thixo ukwakwazi ukutsala impumelelo namathamsanqa kwabo bamnqulayo. Ukongezelela, ngenxa yolwalamano lwakhe nomhlaba kunye nemiyezo, unokwenza ubomi buhlume ukusuka kumhlaba ongaphantsi ukuya phezulu ngokunyathela nje kwawo, nto leyo ebangela ukuba kuvele izityalo neentyatyambo kumzila wakhe.
Abathandi kunye nabantwana baseVenus
Uthixokazi uVenus wayenabathandi ababini abaphambili ababekwangoothixo: umyeni wakhe uVulcan noMars (ngokulandelelana uHephaestus noAres kwintsomi yamaGrike). Kukho intsomi malunga nebali lothando likaVenus kunye noMars, apho ukuba phakathi kwesenzo sesondo ebhedini babanjwe ngomnatha ngobuqhetseba yiVulcan.
Ngenxa yokunganeliseki kukaVenus kunye nokungathembeki kwakhe, yena noVulcan babengenawo umtshato ogcwele uthando kwaye ngenxa yeso sizathu kwakungekho nzala kubo njengesibini. Nangona kunjalo, lo thixokazi akazange abe yinyumba, kwaye ngenxa yemicimbi yakhe yothando wakwazi ukuba nabantwana abaninzi kunye nezithixo ezahlukeneyo. NgoMars umzekelo, wanika ubomi:
- UTimor (Phobos) umboniso woloyiko owayezimase ukhuphiswano noyise, kunye newele lakhe uMetus (Deimos) umfanekiso woloyiko.
- Concordia (Harmony) uthixokazi uthethathethwano, ucinezelo kunye nemvisiswano.
- I-Cupids (i-Erotes) eyayiyisethi yezithixo zothando ezinamaphiko ezifanekisela iimbonakalo ezahlukeneyo zothando.
Imbongi yaseRoma uOvid ubalisa ukuba uAphrodite (uVenus) wazala uHermaphrodites kuHermes (iMercury), owayengumzobo wobuchule kunye ne-androgyny; kunye nakuFortuna (uTyche), owayenguthixokazi wethamsanqa kunye nekamva kwinkolo yamaRoma. UVenus uchazwa nguBacchus njengonina wesithixo esincinci uPriapus (uthixo wenzala uhlala ebonakaliswa yi-phallus enkulu ngokungenangqondo).
NgokukaPausanias iiGraces zazicingelwa ukuba ziyinzala kaVenus kunye noBacchus, kodwa ngokuqhelekileyo ukuzalwa kwabo kubangelwa nguJupiter noEurynome. Nangona kunjalo, iiGraces zaziyinxalenye yeVenus's retinue kunye neCupids kunye noSuadela isithixokazi sokukholisa kwiindawo zothando, uthando kunye nokuhenda.
UVenus wayenabathanda abantu abaliqela, abona babini badumileyo bengoo-Anchises no-Adonis, kodwa wayekwayinkosikazi yenkosi yaseSicily uButes awafumana kuyo unyana ogama linguErice. Waphinda wanxulumana noPhathon awazala naye uSandocus, owaziwa ngokuba nguyise kaCinyras waseSipro.
I-Ovid's Metamorphoses (iNcwadi X) ichaza indlela uVenus athandana ngayo no-Adonis ofayo (mhlawumbi ngenxa yobuhle bakhe okanye ngenxa yotolo lukaCupid), apho wabongoza uProserpina (Persephone) ukuba amnyamekele ade eze kuye. Aba thixokazi babini baxwilwa ngumntu ofayo, ngoko balwa de uJupiter wagqiba kwelokuba uAdonis wayeya kuchitha isahlulo sesithathu sonyaka ngamnye kubo nesinye kwisithathu apho wayefuna khona; ekugqibeleni, wachitha ixesha lakhe kunye Venus de wabulawa yihagu.
Ngokutsho kweHomeric Hymn ku-Aphrodite, u-Anchises, inkosana yaseDardania kunye nomhlobo waseTroy, wakhohliswa nguVenus. Waziguqula njengenkosazana yaseFrigiya waza wambamba, apho kwiinyanga ezisithoba kamva watyhila isazisi sakhe sasezulwini ngokubonisa u-Anchises kunye nonyana wakhe u-Aeneas. UVenus walumkisa uAnchises ukuba angaze aqhayise malunga nohambo lwakhe hleze abethwe nguJupiter; ngelishwa, uAnchises wagcoba waza wafelwa ngumbane kaJupiter.
I-Trojan Aeneas, ngokutsho kukaVirgil's Aeneid, yayimiselwe ukudala iRoma ekhokelwa ngukhokho wakhe, uthixokazi uVenus. Unyana ka-Aeneas, u-Ascanio wayengukumkani wase-Alba Longa apho waqatshelwa nguVirgil njengokhokho wabanduleli baseRoma: uRomulus noRemus kunye noGens (intsapho) uJulia; iGen Julia yayiyintsapho eyayiquka uJulius Caesar, uAgasto (Octavian) Caesar, nenzala yabo.
IVenus kunye nenkwenkwezi yangokuhlwa
Kwisiko lentsomi likaVirgil's Aeneid, uVenus wakhethwa njengenkosikazi ka-Anchises, ilungu lentsapho yasebukhosini yaseTrojan. Ngokwale sithethe, uVenus waziguqula njengentombi enyulu kwaye wamkhohlisa uAnchises, etyhila ukuba ungubani ngokwenene emva kokukhulelwa. Kungekudala wazala uAeneas, owaba ligorha elinamandla leTrojan. Emva kokuwa kweTroy, u-Eneya wangena kwiMeditera ukuze azalisekise isiprofeto sokuba ngenye imini uya kufumana ubukhosi obukhulu baseItali.
Kwi-Aeneid uthixokazi uVenus wasebenza njengoyena mqhubi weziganeko, kunye nomkhuseli ongapheliyo wonyana wakhe edabini. UVenus weza kuncedo luka-Aeneas emva kokufumanisa ukuba uJuno uthumele isaqhwithi esikhulu sokuthintela iinqanawa zakhe ukuba zifike eItali. UVenus uphinde wabhenela kuJupiter, owangenelela ukuphelisa isaqhwithi ngaphambi kokuba akhokele unyana wakhe ngokukhuselekileyo eCarthage. Eguqulwe njengebhinqa elidala, wakhokelela u-Aeneas kunye nabalandeli bakhe kwi-Queen Dido ethandekayo, ngoko ke ngelo xesha kuKumkanikazi uVenus wakhusela iqela lonyana wakhe emehlweni anobutshaba:
"Wabafihla, uthixokazi waba yingubo eshinyeneyo yamafu ukuze kungabikho bani unokubonwa okanye uwachukumise, ukuze kungabikho bani waziyo, kwaye abayi kufuna isizathu sokufika kwabo."
Kamva xa uAeneas wahamba ngomkhumbi esuka eCarthage esiya eItali, uthixokazi uVenus wambongoza uNeptune ukuba amvumele awele iMeditera ngokukhuselekileyo; UNeptune wavuma ngezizathu zokuba uKapteni Palinuro onelishwa uza kunikelwa.
Ekufikeni kuka-Aeneas eRoma, uVenus wamnika izixhobo kunye nezixhobo ezenziwe nguVulcan. Ezi zixhobo ziya kusetyenziswa kwimfazwe elandelayo ngokuchasene namaLatins. Kwikhaka lika-Aeneas, uVulcan wayemele uloyiso lwexesha elizayo lamaRoma, njengoloyiso luka-Augustus phezu kweentshaba zakhe kwi- Battle of Actium ngo-31 BC. C. (Njengomntu owayephila ngelo xesha nowasinda kwimfazwe yamakhaya eyayiphalaz’ igazi eninzi eyaphela eActium, uVirgil wayenesizathu esivakalayo sokuxolisa uAgasto aze abonise uloyiso lwakhe njengolona mzuzu ubalulekileyo kwimbali yamaRoma.)
Ekugqibeleni, kwixesha elidlulileyo le-Aeneid, uthixokazi uVenus wangenelela njengomama waza waphilisa unyana wakhe u-Aeneas emva kokuba ebethelwe lutolo.
Inkolo kunye neetempile zesithixokazi uVenus
Itempile yokuqala eyaziwayo kaVenus yanikezelwa kwiVenus Obsequens (iVenus ethobelayo) kwiNduli yeAventine eRoma, malunga nowama-295 BC. Noko ke, unqulo lwakhe lwaluzinze kwisixeko saseLavinium, yaye itempile yakhe apho yaba likhaya lombhiyozo owaziwa ngokuba yiVinalia Rustica (le tempile yasasazwa ngeenkalo zamaGrike (amahlelo ka-Aphrodite) yaye yayingeyonto intsha ).
Ngo-217 BC C., izihlabo zikaSibylline zacebisa ukuba ukuba iRoma (ngeli xesha yayiphulukene neMfazwe yesiBini yePunic) yayinokuphembelela uVenus Eyrcina (uVenus waseEryx) ukuba atshintshe ukuthembeka kwakhe kumahlakani eCarthaginian Sillegos ukuya kumaRoma, imfazwe yayiza koyiswa. IRoma yarhangqa iEryx (inqaba yaseCarthage), inika lo thixokazi itempile ebalaseleyo yaza yathwala umfanekiso walo thixokazi ukusuka kule ndawo ukuya eRoma.
Ngulo mfanekiso uqingqiweyo wasemzini owathi kamva waba nguVenus Genetrix waseRoma (uVenus onguMama). Ihlelo elasekwa malunga neVenus Genetrix kwiCapitoline Hill lathintelwa kumaRoma aphuma kwiintsapho zamagunya, kodwa ngo-181 a. C. kunye ne-114 a. C. iitempile nonqulo lukaVenus Eycina noVenus Verticordia (uVenus umguquleli weentliziyo) zamiselwa kubantu abaqhelekileyo.
Inyanga kaVenus yayinguAprili (ukuqala kwentwasahlobo nokuchuma) kwaye kungelo xesha apho uninzi lwemibhiyozo yakhe yayibhiyozelwa. Ngoko rhoqo ngenyanga ka-Epreli kwakubanjwa umnyhadala wokuhlonipha uVenus Verticordia obizwa ngokuba yiVeneralia, ngomhla wama-23 uVinalia Urbana wawubhiyozelwa, owawungumthendeleko wewayini yazo zombini uVenus (uthixokazi wewayini engcolileyo) kunye noJupiter.
Ngoxa i-Vinalia Rustica yayibanjwe ngo-Agasti 10, yayingumthendeleko omdala weVenus kwaye yayidibaniswe nendlela yayo yeVenus Obsequens. Ekugqibeleni, rhoqo ngoSeptemba wama-26 yayingumhla wombhiyozo kaVenus Genetrix, umama nomkhuseli waseRoma.
Epithets yesithixokazi uVenus
Uthixokazi uVenus wahlulwa ngothotho lweepithets, nganye kuzo ityhila ubuntu obahlukileyo bothixokazi, kuquka:
- Venus Caelestis okanye "iVenus yamazulu".
- UVenus Erycina, okanye "iVenus yase-Eryx", enxulumene nokumelwa kwakhe kwesixeko saseCarthage.
- UVenus Felix okanye "uVenus onethamsanqa", ngendima yakhe ekuguquleni idabi, njengoko wenzayo ngexesha leMfazwe yesiBini yePunic.
- UVenus Genetrix, okanye “uVenus umdali”, isibizo esaphakanyiswa nguJulius Caesar esasisekelwe kwindima yesithixokazi ekusekweni korhulumente waseRoma.
- Venus Murcia okanye "Venus of the Arrayanes", ngokuba ngumkhuseli onothando waseRoma.
- IVenus Obsequens okanye "iVenus enqulayo".
- Venus Victrix okanye "uVenus ozisa uloyiso".
Venus kubugcisa kunye noncwadi
Ngexesha lePaleolithic yokuqala, abantu bakrola imifanekiso encinci yabasetyhini abathi kamva abembi bezinto zakudala babiza amanani eVenus. Zihlala zigobile kwaye zingqukuva kunye nenqanaba elithile lobunzima embindini, kwaye zihlala zingenabuso, nje ukumelwa kwemizimba yabasetyhini ene-voluptuous.
Mhlawumbi owaziwa kakhulu ngumfanekiso omncinci owabizwa ngokuba yiVenus yaseWillendorf, ngoku eyaziwa ngokuba yiWillendorf Woman okanye iWillendorf Woman. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, abaphengululi baye bayeka ukuthiya ezi ziqwenga ngoVenus, kuba azinxibelelani nesithixokazi uVenus; eneneni, bayilandulela ngamawaka amaninzi eminyaka.
Kubugcisa bexesha langoku, iVenus isoloko iboniswa njengentsha kwaye intle. Ebudeni bexesha lakudala, amagcisa ahlukeneyo avelisa inani lemifanekiso eqingqiweyo kaVenus, enjengomfanekiso oqingqiweyo ka-Aphrodite kaMilos odumileyo (owaziwa ngcono ngokuba nguVenus de Milo), obonisa lo thixokazi njengowasetyhini owayeyinzwakazi yaseklasini enegophe lobufazi noncumo olukwaziyo. Lo mfanekiso uqingqiweyo kukholelwa ukuba wenziwa nguAlexandro wase-Antiyokwe, malunga ne-100 BC
Ngexesha le-European Renaissance nangaphaya, kuye kwaba sefashonini kumanenekazi akudidi oluphezulu ukuba afane neVenus kwimizobo okanye kwimifanekiso eqingqiweyo. Enye yezona zinto zaziwa kakhulu yile kaPauline Bonaparte Borghese udadewabo omncinci kaNapoleon, apho uAntonio Canova wamqingqa njengoVenus Victrix, ehleli kwisaluni, kwaye nangona uCanova wayefuna ukumkrola igawuni, kubonakala ukuba uPauline wanyanzelisa ukuba aboniswe ehamba ze.
Kuncwadi, umbhali u-Chaucer uhlala ebhala malunga noVenus ukongeza kubukho bakhe obucacileyo kwimibongo yakhe emininzi, kunye nakwi-Knight's Tale apho uPalamon ethelekisa isithandwa sakhe uEmily kuthixokazi. Ngapha koko, u-Chaucer usebenzisa ubudlelwane obunzima phakathi kweMars kunye neVenus ukumela iPalamon njengegorha kunye no-Emily njengentombazana entle kwigadi yeentyatyambo.
iVenus kunye nezopolitiko
Ekupheleni kweRiphabhlikhi yaseRoma, abanye abantu abadumileyo baseRoma bathi bathanda iVenus kwaye bakhuphisana ngayo, njengale:
- Sulla (esamkela umntu ofanelekela isiLatini uFeliksi ukuba abe nethamsanqa nokuzukisa uVenus Feliks ngokukholeka kwakhe kobuthixo).
- I-Pompey (eyanikezelwa ngo-55 BC, itempile yeVenus Victrix - iVenus yoloyiso).
- UJulius Caesar (wamangalela uVenus Victrix kunye noVenus Genetrix).
- UHadrian (ngowe-139 CE, wakha itempile kaVenus noRoman Aeterna, iRoma kanaphakade, esenza uVenus umama ongumgcini welizwe laseRoma).
Abanye oothixokazi bothando
Nangona uVenus engasanqulwa ngokubanzi, uyaqhubeka nokuqonda kwaseNtshona njengenye ikhonkco elibalulekileyo lembali yabantu ababhinqileyo abavuselela inkanuko kwintsomi yamandulo, kuquka izithixokazi zamaNorse uFrigg noFreyja, uIshtar waseMesopotamiya, uAstarte waseSiriya-wasePalestina noAphrodite wamaGrike. iqabane likaVenus.
Njengombonakaliso wobuhle, uVenus uye waphefumlela inani lemifanekiso edumileyo kwimbali yonke, kunye nentabalala yemifanekiso yangoku, kwaye ngenxa yoko iye yaba ngomnye weyona mifanekiso ibonakalayo yesithixokazi kwilizwe laseNtshona.
Venus kwinkcubeko yanamhlanje
I-Venus ihlale ifanelekile kwinkcubeko ye-pop yanamhlanje njengophawu lothando kunye ne-eroticism. Ngombulelo kubudlelwane bayo nobuhle kunye nokuziphatha ngokwesondo, iVenus iye yabelwa ziimpawu ezininzi zokuthambisa eziphawulekayo, kubandakanya iinkampani:
- UGillette wenza umgca weemveliso zokucheba kubafazi ababizwa ngegama likathixokazi.
- IVenus Skin Care, ekwasebenzisa igama likathixokazi njengecebo lokuthengisa.
Igama likaVenus likwasetyenziswa kwizihloko ezininzi zeemuvi, njengoko kunjalo kwimveliso yefilimu ekhankanywe ngezantsi:
- I-Venus (1984), ifilimu yesiFrentshi egxile kwiihambo zamashishini amabini aseMelika njengoko babehamba befuna imodeli yomgca wabo wokuthambisa (okuthiwa, ngokuqinisekileyo, "iVenus").
- Ezinye iifilimu ezintathu zisebenzise isihloko esithi Venus, enye yezi bhanyabhanya zamva nje zigxile kubomi bomfazi otshintshe isini ophuma ecocekile ngobuni bakhe ngokwesondo.
UVenus uphinde wavela kwiingoma ezininzi zeemveliso zomculo, phakathi kwazo eziphumayo zilandelayo:
- "Venus de Milo" nguMiles Davis ngowe-1957.
- I-Shocking Blue's "Venus" ngo-1969 eyaba yingoma.
- "Venus" kaLady Gaga ngo-2013 amazwi akhe abiza ngokuthe ngqo uthixokazi kunye nokukwazi kwakhe ukukhuthaza ukuziphatha okubi ngokwesini: "Andikwazi ukuyinceda into endivakalelwa ngayo / uThixokazi wothando, nceda undise kwinkokeli yakho / andinakuyinceda. Qhubeka udanisa / Thixokazi wothando! Uthixokazi wothando."
Ekugqibeleni, iVenus nayo yanika igama layo kwiplanethi yesibini ukusuka elangeni; Njengoko ifanele igama layo, iVenus yeyona planethi iqaqambileyo kwisixokelelwano selanga.
Ukuba ufumene eli nqaku malunga nothixokazi uVenus wentsomi yaseRoma enomdla, siyakumema ukuba wonwabele ezi ezinye: