Tsakanin ƙarshen karni na XNUMX zuwa farkon ƙarni na XNUMX, ƙungiyar masu fasaha ta fito a Kudancin Netherlands, mai suna. Flamingos na farko, wanda ya ba da tarihin ɗan adam gudunmawar al'adu marar iyaka. Don haka mahimmancin samun ilimi game da shi, don haka ku kasance tare da mu kuma ku ji daɗin wannan labarin mai fa'ida.
Menene Farkon Flamingos?
Hotunan da gungun masu fasaha daga kudancin Netherlands suka yi tsakanin ƙarni na XNUMX zuwa XNUMX da aka fi sani da Flemish Primitives. Ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da suka wuce gona da iri a cikin tarihin fasaha ana danganta shi da irin wannan lokacin.
A wasu kalmomi, yayin da muke magana kan wannan ɗarika, muna magana ne ta tarihi game da masanan makarantar Flemish na zane-zane a ƙarni na farko, tun daga Jan van Eyck a farkon rabin karni na sha biyar, zuwa Pieter Brueghel dattijo a tsakiyar karni na XNUMX. karni na sha biyar. na karni na XNUMX.
A cikin wannan rukunin, wanda ya ƙunshi Dieric Bouts, Hans Memling, Rogier van der Weyden, Jan van Eyck da kansa, da sauransu, masu fafutuka sun rayu kuma suna aiki galibi a cikin birane masu wadata da ke cikin yankin, kamar: Antwerp, Bruges, Brussels. , Ghent da Leuven.
An kafa zane-zanen Flemish ta makarantu daban-daban: Italiyanci da mai amsawa a cikin ƙarni na XNUMXth da XNUMXth, da masu launin launi ko masanin halitta na Makarantar Antwerp, na ƙarni na XNUMX. Biyu na farko wani ɓangare ne na fasaha na Netherlands, wanda ya fito a lokacin Renaissance na Turai.
A cikin sharuddan gabaɗaya, ƙungiyar masu fasaha ne waɗanda suka ɗan bambanta da abin da shine juyin juya halin Renaissance kuma, ga wasu, kamar waɗanda ke cikin makarantar amsawa, a kan tasirin fasahar Italiyanci mai zuwa.
Godiya ga gwanintar da aka haifa a sakamakon sabon tsarin zanen mai, da kuma hangen nesansa ta fuskar dalla-dalla, zane-zane na iya motsawa zuwa wani wuri da ba a taba ganin irinsa ba, inda tarihin fasaha ya canza har abada.
Lokaci ne kawai da kwamitocin ba wai kawai sun fito ne daga manyan kungiyoyin al’umma da kungiyoyin addini na lokacin ba, har ma daga talakawa da garuruwa masu nisa daga manyan birane. A karon farko a cikin shekaru da yawa, an ba masu zanen kaya matsayi mai mahimmanci a cikin al'umma.
A wancan lokacin, masu fasahar har yanzu suna riƙe da ƴan asali na asali na salon Gothic, duka na fasaha, kamar amfani da panel maimakon zane, ko jigo, gabaɗaya na addini da na ruhaniya. Duk da haka, an kuma sami karuwar ƙwarewa daki-daki, kamar yadda aka riga aka ambata.
Wadannan sha'awar sun inganta bincike mai zurfi da gano hangen nesa, da kuma tabbatar da shimfidar wuri a matsayin batu na hoto, da kuma inganta fasahar hoto, wanda ya ba da zurfin tunani mai ban sha'awa da kuma tabbatar da shimfidar wuri a matsayin jigo.
A yau, har yanzu kuna iya sha'awar kyawawan kayan fasaha na Flemish Primitives. A cikin yankin Flanders, alal misali, mun sami mahimman kayan tarihi na Royal Museums a Antwerp da Brussels, da Groeninge Museum a Bruges. Hakanan, Ghent Museum of Fine Arts, M na Leuven, Mayer van den Bergh da Sint-Janshospitaal suna can.
Hakazalika, a Spain ma muna samun ayyuka marasa adadi, tun da sarakunanta sun kasance masu sha'awar irin wannan zane. Adadin da aka ajiye na Museo Nacional del Prado yana da nisa, inda aka kiyaye zanen da ƙwararren Rogier van der Weyden, "Descent from the Cross" (1438).
Halin tarihi-yanayin yanki na tsohuwar Flemish
Sau da yawa, ana kiran irin wannan nau'in zane tare da furcin Flemish Primitives, yana ba da ra'ayi cewa ɗanyen aiki ne mai sauƙi kuma mai sauƙi na fasaha, wanda bai taɓa samun cikakkiyar damarsa ba. Wannan kalma ta samo asali ne lokacin da aka ɗauki fasahar Renaissance gabaɗaya a matsayin ma'ana, ban da gaskiyar cewa an ɗauki tsakiyar zamanai na dogon lokaci a matsayin lokacin duhu.
Tabbas, babu abin da zai iya zama gaba daga gaskiya, saboda lokacin da wannan kyakkyawar makaranta ta fito, zanen a cikin Netherlands ya riga ya sami babban tarihi mai ƙarfi a baya, wanda ya haɗa da lokuta na musamman tare da salo irin su Romanesque da Gothic na Duniya.
A gefe guda, har yanzu ana kiransa "Flemish", duk da cewa yankin Flemish na Belgium, wanda aka fi sani da Flanders, shine kawai, ƙaramin yanki na Netherlands. Wannan ya faru ne saboda gaskiyar cewa, a cikin karni na XNUMX, an sami kyawawan yanayi waɗanda suka yi tasiri wajen ƙirƙirar makarantar zane-zane mai girma a wannan yanki na arewa maso yammacin Turai.
Ci gaban tattalin arziki ya kasance sananne a Flanders, wannan yana da alaƙa da masana'antu da kasuwancin tufafi kuma, saboda haka, ya haifar da ci gaban birni na musamman daga haɓakar haɓakar bourgeoisie.
Zamanin dukkan al'umma da dabi'un bourgeois sun kasance abin da ke tabbatar da haɓakar haɓakar sabon tunani da basirar fasaha. Ido, amma wanda bai yi watsi da shi ba, ga sauran, zurfafan ibadarsa na addini.
A lokacin, manyan biranen da suka fi shahara a cikin yankin sune Ghent, Bruges da Ypres, kowannensu yana samar da nodes tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa na kasuwanci da ke da alhakin haɗa Arewacin Turai tare da sauran sanannun Yammacin Turai. Yankin da aka ce wani yanki ne na Duchy na Burgundy, tare da sarakuna waɗanda suka taka rawar majibincin fasahar Gothic.
Ban da wannan kuma, tana da yawan jama'a, daya daga cikin mafi girma a duk nahiyar Turai, wanda matsugunin biranensa ya zarce na Turai. A cikinta akwai fitattun garuruwa masu tarin dukiya, manyan ƴan kasuwa da masu sana'a da yawa.
A gaskiya ma, irin wannan shine haɗin kai na cikin gida na al'umma, wanda aka tsara shi da sauri zuwa cikin zaman lafiya da tsari. Azuzuwan farar hula ne suka mamaye al'umma: 'yan kasuwa, masana'anta, masu banki, da sauransu.
Ƙari ga haka, shi ne cewa, a kusan shekara ta 1380, sakamakon yaƙin shekaru ɗari, an daina ɗaukar Paris a matsayin babban birnin fasaha na duniya, kamar yadda ya kasance har zuwa lokacin. Don haka, ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa waɗanda suka yi hijira sun fara zama a ƙasarsu kuma suna aiki ga ƙwararrun 'yan kasuwa da manyan 'yan kasuwa na nahiyar.
An ga wannan fiye da kowane abu a cikin Mutanen Espanya da Italiyanci waɗanda suka ƙara godiya ga fasahar nasu. Duk ayyukan sun kasance a sabis na jama'a na bourgeois, masu hankali da wadata a al'adu, tare da Cocin Katolika da daruruwan masu fasaha.
Abokan ciniki sun fi damuwa don su iya lura da yanayin fuskokinsu da duniya a cikin zane-zanen da suka ba da umarnin a yi. Bugu da kari, ci gaban birane ya ba da damar kafa jami'o'i na farko wadanda tare da kirkirar injinan buga littattafai, suka zama tushen yada al'adu mai mahimmanci.
A wannan lokacin, ana ƙara darajar aiki da amfani, har ma addini ya sami ma'ana ta zahiri. Shi ya sa aka san shi a matsayin lokaci na gaske. Tun daga shekara ta 1420, tunanin cewa ruhun Allah ya ƙunshi kowane ɗan ƙaramin abu, ya sa wakilcin ya sami ɗaukaka mafi girma.
Dukansu haƙiƙanin gaskiya da na zahiri sun fi shahara. Abubuwan sun daina zama abubuwa na biyu da zasu zo kan gaba a matsayin manyan jarumai. Lokacin da wannan ya faru, a cikin birnin Tournai ya rayu da tsohon mai zanen Flemish, Robert Campin.
A lokaci guda kuma, babban birnin lardin Gabashin Flanders, Ghent, ya ga Hubert van Eyck ya girma tare da ƙanensa, kuma tare da ƙarin amincewa, Jan van Eyck. Nazarin tarihi sun tabbatar da cewa ukun sune manyan wakilan juyin juya halin zane.
Kowa a cikin hanyarsa ya cika amfani da man fetur tare da sakamako mai ban sha'awa akan sakamakon ƙarshe, ta amfani da launuka masu kyau, samun sakamako mai ban mamaki tare da glazes, da dai sauransu. Tare da nuna karni, daga XV zuwa XVI, duk masu fasaha sun fara tunanin abubuwan da suka faru na Renaissance na Italiya.
A cikin wannan karni, musamman a cikin 1477, duchy wanda ke da cikakkiyar darajar tattalin arzikinsa, ya zama kambi na Habsburg Austrian. Gidan Habsburg yana da reshen Mutanen Espanya tun lokacin Carlos I na Spain, daular Habsburg.
Saboda wannan, Renaissance na Mutanen Espanya da fasahar Baroque suna da dangantaka ta kud da kud da siffofin Flemish. Duk da haka, duk da karɓar Renaissance na ci gaba, masu zane-zane sun kasance masu aminci ga wadatar al'ada, tun da yake wani abu ne mai rai kuma tare da yiwuwar halitta.
Akwai 'yan kaɗan waɗanda ba su yi watsi da kyakkyawar sana'a ba, waɗanda suka ɗanɗana daki-daki, haƙiƙanin hoto da shimfidar wuri waɗanda suka fi shahara a cikin ayyukansa. Hotuna, zane-zane na rukuni da yanayin costumbrista suna tare da jigogi na addini ba tare da wata matsala ba.
Halayen fasaha akan flamingos na farko
Gabaɗaya, zanen Flemish yana da ƙarancin abubuwan da suka gabata a cikin manyan tsare-tsare, ban da gilashin tabo. Duk da haka, yana yin a cikin ƙananan ƙananan, wanda a kan shi yana da al'ada mai yawa na ingantacciyar inganci.
A sakamakon haka, an ƙaddara ƴan halaye na fasahar Flemish, kamar yin amfani da launuka masu ban sha'awa waɗanda ke ba da tunatarwa ga abubuwan da aka yi amfani da su a cikin hasken ƙananan ƙananan. Ana kuma ƙara aikace-aikacen dalla-dalla ga ƙananan ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun kuma, waɗanda suke watsawa zuwa manyan zane-zane daban-daban.
Wannan fasalin ya fi fifita ci gaban fasaha akan mai, wanda aka riga aka gano shi, amma har yanzu yana da saurin bushewa wanda bai samar da fa'ida sosai ba.
Don haka, yana da mahimmanci a nanata cewa manyan masu zanen Flemish na ƙarni na goma sha biyar ba su ƙirƙira fasahar man fetur ba, kawai cewa su ne ke da alhakin aiwatar da shi bisa tsari, wanda ya ba da gudummawa ga ƙarfafawa da yaduwarsa a wannan karni da na gaba.
Don wannan, an yi amfani da ruwa da tawada masu haske, ana amfani da su ta hanyar glazes don samun fitilu, inuwa mai laushi da kuma yanayin launi na bango. Masu zane-zane na yankin sun yi amfani da dabarar da aka haɗa tsakanin yanayi da mai.
Layer na farko ya kasance yana da zafi, don ma'anar zane da ƙirar ƙira tare da fitilunsa, da kuma ɗan alamar launi. Layer na gaba, na man fetur, yana da babban aikinsa wanda mai zane ya sadaukar da kansa kawai ga wakilcin tasirin chromatic.
Duk da cewa a wasu yankuna kamar Venice, yin amfani da zane a hankali ya zama sananne, ana kiyaye panel koyaushe a matsayin goyon baya na farko, wanda, a lokacin tsakiyar zamanai, shine mafi mahimmanci ga kowa. Bayyanar alamar haɗin gwiwa cewa har yanzu tunanin masu fasaha da masu sana'a suna da su a lokacin.
Dangantaka tsakanin Makarantar Flemish da Renaissance
Makarantar zane-zane ta Flemish Renaissance sau da yawa ana kiranta da malamai da masu sukar fasaha a matsayin "Ars Nova", wanda aka fassara a cikin Mutanen Espanya azaman Arte Nueva. Duk da haka, irin wannan sunan bai kamata a ruɗe shi da sunan kiɗansa ba.
Sunansa ya fito ne daga ci gaban fasaha da fasaha wanda ba shi da dangantaka da hankali da kuma halin tunani na farkon hanyoyin zuwa Renaissance, wanda ya faru a layi daya a cikin yankin Tuscany.
Masu zane-zane na Makarantar Flemish ba su ɗauki Antiquity Classical a matsayin samfurin farfadowa ba, babu wani lokaci da aka sanya ma'anar sana'a na cinikayya a kan tebur. Waɗannan, ban da yin aikin kotun, kuma suna da abokan ciniki waɗanda ke cikin ɓangaren bourgeoisie da ƴan kasuwa mazauna birane masu tasiri.
Manyan magabatansa ba su yi la'akari da abubuwan da suka gano daban-daban ba, ko kuma game da halayensu, kamar yadda mutanen Italiya suka taɓa yi. Hakazalika, aikin ya ci gaba a cikin wasu sigogi na ƙarshen zamani, ban da ƴan zane-zane kamar Jan van Eyck.
van Eyck, tare da sauran abokan aiki, sun fara fahimtar fasaha ta musamman kuma sun haifar da ra'ayin sanya hannu kan ayyukan. A lokacin, babu wasu rubuce-rubucen zane-zane na Flemish, ko tarihin rayuwar manyan abubuwan da suka bayyana.
Rashin bayanin ka'idar da aka ambata na iya zuwa daga sana'a ta ruhaniya zalla. Yayin da mawallafin Italiyanci suka yi ƙoƙari su sabunta duk ilimin duniya ta hanyar auna mutum, yin amfani da ilimin kimiyya da dalili, don Flemish na farko ya isa ya rayu a gaban wani gwaji na addini na ban mamaki na bayyane.
Yana ɗaukar hangen zaman gaba na flamingos
A cikin wannan tsari iri ɗaya na ra'ayoyin, yin kwatancen kan lokaci tsakanin Italiyanci da Flemish, yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa duka a lokaci guda sun gano mahangar linzamin kwamfuta da hangen nesa, kawai na ƙarshe ta hanya mai ma'ana kuma ba bin ci gaban ilimin lissafi ko na gani ba. takamaiman.
A cikin sharuddan gabaɗaya, tsarin jujjuyawar tsari daga tsarin tsari zuwa hangen nesa na Quattrocento ya kasance a hankali sosai, kasancewar ƙarni na ƙarshe na Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Zamani lokacin da aka gudanar da gwaje-gwaje da yawa, gropes da gwaje-gwajen da ba daidai ba, tare da babban makasudin warware matsalar. hoton jirgin sama kuma komawa zuwa girma na uku.
Daga cikin waɗannan yunƙuri daban-daban akwai tsarin wakilci wanda ke amfani da tsinkayar tsinkayar da ba a taɓa gani ba, wanda ake kira "Hanyar Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙaƙwalwar Ƙaƙwalwar Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙadda tọn ne na Ƙaƙa ) ya yi, wanda ya ƙunshi nau'i-nau'i masu mahimmanci. daukaka, kamar mai hawa doki.
Ta wannan hanyar, abubuwan da ake zaton sun fi kusa da mai kallo ana sanya su a cikin ƙananan ɓangaren abun da ke cikin gaba, daga nan kuma duk abin da aka sanya shi a tsaye kamar yadda ya kamata ya kasance mafi nisa, don haka ya daidaita zanen zuwa matsayi mafi girma inda. Ana yawan jan layin sararin sama.
Daga wannan, shawarar girma ta uku ta fara da tsoro sosai, tare da dawo da zanen zuwa duniyar halitta. Wadannan kasidu na "hangen nesa" sun zama gama gari a lokacin zanen Gothic, wanda aka danganta sunan Gothic na kasa da kasa ko Courtly.
Kowane ɗayan waɗannan fasahohin yana ba da bayyananniyar wakilci na dabi'a na duniya, cike da alamomin ruhaniya. A karni na goma sha biyar, Flemish da masu zane-zane na Jamus sun yi amfani da kowane nau'i na tsarin hangen nesa, tare da hanyoyi masu mahimmanci irin su madubi mai ma'ana, wanda van Eyck ya yi amfani da shi a cikin aikinsa na "The Arnolfini Marriage".
Don haka an wakilta su a matsayin kusurwa mai faɗi wanda ke rufe wuri mai girma. Daya daga cikin ka'idodin ka'idojin da suka tattara tsarin hangen nesa na Nordic shine Jean Pelegrin's "De artificiali hangen zaman gaba", wanda aka sani da Viator kuma ana ɗaukarsa daidai da yarjejeniyar Alberti akan zanen Renaissance.
Bugu da kari, akwai tarin wasu tsare-tsare irin su “hangen nesa na cornuta”, wanda aka fi sani da angular ko hangen nesa, wanda aikinsa shi ne tsarin da masu zanen Flemish na farko suka yi amfani da shi tsawon karni na sha biyar.
Duk da haka, wakilcin da ya fi dacewa da sha'awar wannan rubutun shi ne wanda ke kula da tsarin tare da wani wuri mai nisa, mai kama da ma'anar layi na Albertian, sai dai, tare da ma'auni mafi sauƙi tare da aiwatarwa mai sauƙi da bayyananne, da kuma cewa shi. ci gaba ta hanyar zato na ayyukan bitar zanen Nordic.
Ba kamar zane-zane na Renaissance na Italiya ba, inda haske ke da alhakin sanya abubuwa da gine-gine a bayyane a yunƙurin haskaka ƙimar girma, a cikin zanen Flemish ya fi kusa da hangen nesa na halitta.
A cikinsa, iskar tana iya haɗe-haɗe, kamar dai gaskiyar mutum ce da ƙarin wani abu da ke cikin abun da ke ciki. Hakazalika, masu fasaha sun zaɓi yin amfani da gradation launi zuwa ɗan ƙaramin launin toka mai launin shuɗi don abubuwa masu nisa, kamar yadda Leonardo da Vinci ya yi a cikin karatunsa na hangen nesa.
Mai taken
Kamar yadda yake a lokutan baya, jigogi na addini suna da yawa a wannan matakin, waɗanda za a iya ambata wasanni marasa iyaka na nassosi na Littafi Mai Tsarki ko nassoshi game da rayuwar waliyai ko arfafa.
Wasu masu fasaha irin su Bosch ko Brueghel dattijo, sun kasance masu kula da yin zane-zanen da ke misalta zunubai da menene sakamakonsu. Hakazalika, waɗannan kuma ana iya la'akari da su azaman ra'ayi mai sauƙi na falsafa na duniya bisa ga imani da yawa ko sanannun maganganu.
Domin fahimtar waɗannan fitattun halittun, an taimaka musu ta hanyar fantasy na abubuwa da abubuwan ƙirƙira waɗanda ke sarrafa isar da saƙo ta hanyar alama mai ƙima da ƙwarewa. Duk da haka, amfani da shi ya dace sosai, idan mutum yayi la'akari da cewa masu sauraronsa na ƙarshe shine bourgeoisie na yankin da cibiyoyin addini.
fili mai faɗi gaskiya
A cikin zane-zane na Flemish za ku iya ganin sha'awa a cikin komai, saboda tare da daidaitattun daidaito da kulawa da aka zana siffar mutum, an fentin dabba, abu har ma da shuka. Yana da ban mamaki sosai yadda yanayin ke samun babban mahimmanci a lokacin.
Ta wannan hanyar, masu fasaha na Flemish na farko da aminci sun nuna yanayin da ke cikin abubuwan da ke kewaye da su, kawai yana ba da wani yanayi na alama ga irin wannan gaskiyar. Saboda haka, yana ba da gudummawa ga ma'anar ma'anar launukan da aka yi amfani da su da abubuwa na biyu da yawa da aka kwatanta.
Abin da ya kasance al'ada a cikin Gothic style, zinariya da tsaka tsaki, bace gaba ɗaya kuma ana maye gurbinsu da kowane nau'i na shimfidar yanayi. Hasken ya daina zama mai ɗaukar hankali kuma kowane abu ya fara samun takamaiman inuwarsa, kamar yadda kowane ɗaki yana da firam ɗin haskensa, kowane wuri yana da amintaccen sautinsa kuma kowane nau'in ingancin sa akan lokaci.
A takaice dai, kowane zanen Flemish koyaushe yana nufin shimfidar wuri ta hanya ɗaya ko wata, ko dai ta taga ko kuma saboda tabbas yana faruwa a waje. An yi waɗannan shimfidar wurare ba tare da alamu na yanayi ba, don haka abubuwan su sun kasance masu ra'ayi sosai.
Da wannan za mu iya ambaton surar duwatsunta, jakunkuna da ciyayi, garuruwan da ke can nesa, masu hasumiya da launuka, itatuwan da siffarsu ta kasance kamar gashin tsuntsu, masu sirara da dogayen kututtuka, da sauransu. An rarraba haruffa a cikin daidaitaccen hanya, a cikin tsakiya idan akwai daya kawai kuma idan akwai da yawa.
Sau da yawa an yi niyya don a takura ayyukan kuma ba safai ake barin motsi ba. Ko da yake mahalarta zasu iya raba tare da juna, ba a taɓa barin su su sata haske daga babban hali, wuri mai faɗi ba.
Gabaɗaya, an yi ayyukan a cikin ƙaramin tsari ta yin amfani da allon a matsayin tallafi, tunda an yi la'akari da su a cikin babban bourgeois da wuraren zama na aristocratic, cikin gida na cikin gida wanda tare da sauƙi mai sauƙi ya sanya zanen ya nuna kusancin ibada da bourgeois.
Bugu da ƙari, allunan sau da yawa sun ƙunshi zanen gado guda uku, saboda haka sunansu Triptych, bangarorin biyu suna jingina kuma suna kusa da saman tsakiya. A nata bangare, fuskar waje yawanci ana fentin su da launin toka da kuma fasahar grisaille don samar da jin daɗin zama taimako na sassaka.
Hoton hoto
Ya kamata a lura cewa Flanders ana yaba da taken ɗayan yankuna na gaba dangane da yin hotuna tare da shigar da hankali na ƙirar. Hotunan gargajiya na Flemish, waɗanda daga baya aka ɗauke su tare da gagarumin nasara a Spain da yawa, sune waɗanda ke kama jaruman su a cikin matsakaiciyar harbi.
Duk da haka, ba kamar yadda aka sani a halin yanzu a gaba ba, amma tare da ɗan lanƙwasa yana juya kanta, koyaushe akan tsaka tsaki na launi mai duhu da haɗa fuska da hannaye tare da wani abu na alama.
Kasancewar an kwatanta halin da aka ɗanɗana jujjuyawa yana ba da damar shiga sararin samaniya gabaɗaya, ta yadda ba a yin wakilci ta hanyar dabaru na kayan daki ko tsarin gine-gine. Sai kawai tare da kasancewar wani adadi mai mahimmanci, a saman bangon da aka rasa, kasancewar ƙarar da sararin da ke ciki.
Tare da wucewar lokaci, a cikin karni na XNUMX, a cikin makarantar Antwerp, lokacin da birnin ya zama sansanin soja na Flemish Baroque, irin wannan hoton ya sami damar haɓaka zuwa mafi girman ɗaukaka a cikin yanayin yanayi mai ban sha'awa.
Babban jigogi
Kafin kafa Flemish Primitives, akwai wasu magabata kamar ƙwararren malami Melchior Broederlam, da Limbourg Brothers, Brothers, Paul, da Johan. Koyaya, masu fasaha na farko da suka kama waɗannan sabbin abubuwa a cikin zane sune Robert Campin, da Jan da Hubert van Eyck.
Ana ɗaukar waɗannan a matsayin waɗanda suka kafa makarantar Flemish na farko a farkon ƙarni na XNUMX. Za mu iya ambaci daga cikin mafi muhimmanci ayyukansa "Triptych na Annunciation", "The Mass na Saint Gregory", "Seilern Triptych", "Virgin na Canon Van der Paele da kuma Virgin na Chancellor Rolin", "Portrait na Arnolfini Aure" , da sauransu.
Kamar yadda ya riga ya ambata, a cikin su an yi watsi da asalin zinariya kuma an fara amfani da fasaha da zanen mai a matsayin babban kayan hoto. Hakanan, tsarin zanen easel an ƙirƙira shi a cikin tunaninsa na zamani, ta yadda aka yi tunanin a gan shi kusa.
Daftarin daftarin sa ya kasance mai zurfi sosai kuma dalla-dalla, tare da halayen da suka ba da gudummawa sosai ga ci gaban da ƙaramin kundin codes ya samu a kotun Dukes na Burgundy, don ba da misali, wanda waɗannan jihohin ke cikin wannan ƙarni.
Yana da mahimmanci a jaddada cewa, a cikin sabis na irin wannan fasaha mai mahimmanci, an nuna kyakkyawar ma'anar kallo kuma, sabili da haka, dabi'un dabi'a na dabi'a, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa aka samu kamala da ke da wuyar samun nasara dangane da fassarar. daga cikin halaye na yadudduka, guda maƙerin zinariya (karfe, gilashi, fata, da dai sauransu) kuma a cikin nau'o'i irin su hoto da wuri mai faɗi.
Bugu da ƙari, a cikin masu zanen da suka yi aiki a kashi na biyu na uku na karni na goma sha biyar, kuma suka taimaka wajen daidaita yawancin fasalulluka na Makarantar Flemish, mun sami fitaccen Rogier van der Weyden, wanda aka fi sani da Rogier de la Pasture.
Wannan dan Beljiyam ya yi zane-zane masu mahimmanci da maɗaukaki irin su "Tsarin gicciye", "Diptych na Felipe de Croÿ tare da Budurwa da Yaro", "Makoki da binne Almasihu", "Madonna Medici", "Polyptych na hukunci na ƙarshe". ", "San Lucas zana Budurwa" da yawa.
Tuni a ƙarshen karni da farkon XNUMXth, wasu masu fasaha na Flemish na farko sun fito waje waɗanda suka gudanar da kimantawa da kuma jaddada wasu siffofi na ayyukansu, irin su shimfidar wuri. A sakamakon haka, ta wata hanya ce ta wasu siffofi da abubuwan da aka riga aka ƙirƙira a baya.
Ana iya lura da wannan batu a cikin fasahar Hans Memling da Gerard David, ko da yake akwai wasu 'yan da suka guje wa wannan yanayin tare da sha'awar bayyana ainihin asali, kamar yadda Bosch ya yi. A cikin wannan karni, a tsawo na Renaissance, aikin Pieter Bruegel da Elder da Joachim Patinir ya tsaya a waje.
Hugo van der Goes, Petrus Christus, Dieric Bouts, Ambrosius Benson da Pieter Coecke ne suka bayar da gudunmawa sosai ga zanen Flemish. Ga Faransa, Jean Fouquet, Enguerand Quarton, Nicolas Froment da Jagora na Moulins. Ga Jamus, Konrad Witz, Martin Schongauer, Hans Holbein dattijo da Michael Wolgemut. Portugal kawai tana da gudummawar Nuno Gonçalves.
A cikin yanayin Spain, an raba masu fasaha bisa ga kambinsu. Daya daga Aragon tare da Luis Dalmau, Jaume Huguet, Jaume Vergós, Rafael Vergós, Pau Vergós, Jacomart, Joan Reixach, Bertomeu Baro, Pere Nisart da Bartolomé Bermejo. Kuma na Castile tare da Jorge Inglés, Jagora na Sopetrán, Juan Rodríguez de Segovia, Sancho de Zamora, Jagoran Sarakunan Katolika, da sauransu.
Idan wannan labarin ya kasance ga sha'awar ku, kar ku bar ba tare da karanta farko ba: