Don koyo kadan mafi kyau a cikin wannan labarin game da Hotunan Murillo, Za mu yi magana game da rayuwarsa, horar da fasaha na wannan babban wakilin Mutanen Espanya zanen baroque da yawa, muna gayyatar ku ziyarci wannan kyakkyawan matsayi. Kar a daina karantawa!
Game da Mai zane Bartolomé Esteban Murillo
Ya kasance daya daga cikin manyan wakilan zane-zane na Baroque na Mutanen Espanya a cikin abin da aka sani a tarihin fasaha a matsayin Golden Age na Spain.
Bisa ga binciken da aka yi, an ce ya yi baftisma a ranar 01 ga Janairu, 1618 kuma ya mutu a ranar 03 ga Afrilu, 1682 yana ɗan shekara sittin da huɗu.
An horar da wannan babban mai zane a ƙarshen dabi'a, don haka mahimmancin zane-zanen Murillo inda ya canza zanensa dangane da zanen baroque na Mutanen Espanya wanda ke cike da jin dadi, har ma da kasancewa farkon wani motsi wanda daga baya za su san shi mai suna Rococo.
Hakanan za'a iya tabbatar da haka a cikin ɗayan manyan zane-zane na Murillo irin su Immaculate Conception da kuma Makiyayi Mai Kyau a cikin wakilcin yara wanda wannan mai zane ya yi karin bayani.
Yana da mahimmanci ku san cewa wannan babban mai zane ya kasance mutum ne mai mahimmanci a Makarantar Seville, wanda ya ajiye adadi mai yawa na ɗalibai a ƙarƙashin kulawar sa.
Baya ga masu sha'awar da suka san yadda ake ɗauka tare da bambanta tasirin zane-zanen Murillo har zuwa tsakiyar karni na sha takwas.
Ya kasance daya daga cikin fitattun masu zane-zane a ciki da wajen kasar Sipaniya, irin wannan tasirin mai zanen ya kasance daya daga cikin fitattun marubutan tarihin zamanin.
Mai suna Sandra, ta yi ɗan gajeren tarihin rayuwa a cikin sigar tatsuniya wacce za a iya samu a cikin Academia Pinturae Erudite daga shekara ta 1683.
Wanda ke tare da hoton kansa na wannan babban mai zane wanda Richard Collin ya rubuta yana mai zuwa:
"… Bartolomé Murillo seipsum depin/gens pro filiorum votis acpreci/bus explendis..."
Za mu iya kwatanta wannan hoton kansa na mai zanen da ya yi a shekara ta 1670 don sha'awar 'ya'yansa inda ya ajiye hannunsa a waje da gyare-gyaren don ba da tasirin gani mai girma tare da dabi'a, yana ɗauke da kayan aikinsa na kasuwanci yana nuna nasa. tashi a cikin al'umma saboda zane-zanensa.
Ya kamata ku sani cewa zane-zanen Murillo an yi shi ne bisa ga abokan ciniki, babban majiɓincinsa shi ne Cocin Katolika saboda sauye-sauyen da aka yi, duk da wannan ya sadaukar da kansa don yin zanen kansa a cikin aikinsa.
Haihuwar wannan mawakin
Ya biyo bayan haihuwar wannan babban mawallafin a ƙarshen Disamba 1617, dalilin da ya sa ya yi baftisma a ranar 01 ga Janairu, 1618 a cocin Santa María Magdalena da ke birnin Seville, shi ne ƙarami cikin yara goma sha huɗu.
Iyayensa sune aski, likitan fiɗa kuma mai zubar da jini Gaspar Esteban da María Pérez Murillo. Wannan iyali daga masu fasaha da ake kira silversmiths don yin aikin maƙerin zinariya ta amfani da azurfa a matsayin wani abu.
Ana kiran mahaifinsa Bachiller don sana'arsa kuma yana cikin dangi masu hannu da shuni ta fuskar tattalin arziki, an yi tsokaci a cikin wata takarda da aka rubuta tun daga shekara ta 1607 cewa shi mutum ne mai arziki da wahala, ya zama mai gidaje da dama kusa da shi. Church of San Pablo.
Yana da mahimmanci a san cewa waɗannan lamunin na haya, ɗan ƙaramin ɗansa ne ya gaji shi, wanda ya ba shi fa'idodin tattalin arziki a lokacin rayuwarsa. Yana da shekaru tara, kamar yadda tarihinsa ya nuna, mahaifinsa ya rasu kuma bayan watanni shida mahaifiyarsa.
Don haka wannan jariri yana karkashin kulawar daya daga cikin ’yan’uwansa maza mai suna Ana wadda ta auri wani mutum mai sana’a da mahaifinsa mai suna Juan Agustín de Lagares.
Ya zauna a wurin har zuwa shekarar da ya yanke shawarar yin aure a shekara ta 1645, sa’ad da surukinsa ya zama gwauruwa a shekara ta 1656, ya naɗa shi mai kula da dukiyarsa.
Shekarun farko da horon fasaharsa
Ba a san komai ba game da yarinta na wannan babban mawaƙin ta fuskar horar da ilimi, an ce a shekara ta 1633, yana ɗan shekara goma sha biyar, ya riga ya horar da shi a taron bitar Juan del Castillo, wanda ya auri ɗaya daga cikin 'ya'ya mata. Kawun ubangidan mai zanen mu mai suna Antonio Pérez.
An ce wannan Juan del Castillo ya kasance mai zane mai hankali, daya daga cikin halayensa shine busassun fenti da bayyanawa a cikin fuska, an ce ana iya tabbatar da wannan tasirin a cikin zane-zane na farko na Murillo, wanda ya kasance tsakanin 1638 zuwa 1640.
Wadannan zane-zane na Murillo sune Budurwa tana ba da rosary zuwa Santo Domingo wanda yake a yau a cikin Fadar Archbishop kuma yana cikin tarin masu zaman kansu na Count of Toreno a cikin birnin Seville.
Baya ga Budurwa tare da Fray Lauterio, Saint Francis na Assisi da Saint Thomas Aquinas, wanda ke cikin Gidan Tarihi na Fitzwilliam a cikin birnin Cambridge, inda ya gabatar da busasshiyar zane mai launi a cikin waɗannan zane-zane na farko na Murillo.
Yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa wannan ɗan wasan mai suna Esteban ya karɓi sunan mahaifiyarsa Murillo na biyu don aikinsa na fasaha.
Birnin Seville a karni na XNUMX
Godiya ga bunkasuwar tattalin arziki tsakanin Turai da sabuwar nahiyar Amurka, birnin Seville ya zama cibiyar kasuwanci da zamantakewa saboda Inquisition, da kuma Casa de la Moneda, Archbishopric da Casa de Contratación.
Ya kamata ku sani cewa yawan jama'a ya ragu sosai saboda annobar 1599 da kuma korar Moors, don haka a lokacin haihuwar Murillo da ƙuruciyarsa wannan birni ya kasance mai girma a cikin al'ummar Spain.
Duk da cewa a cikin 1627 al'amuran farko na rikicin kuɗi sun fara bayyana a fili lokacin da kasuwanci ya koma birnin Cádiz kuma Yaƙin Shekaru Talatin ya yi tasiri tare da rabuwar al'umma daga Portugal.
Ko da yake yana da mahimmanci a haskaka cewa Babban Bala'in Seville mai zuwa wanda ya faru a cikin 1649 ya kasance mara kyau, yana raguwa kusan kashi 46% na yawan mutanen wannan birni, yana rage ingancin rayuwar mutane, iyalai masu tawali'u ne suka fi shafa.
Waɗanda ’yan’uwantaka na Sadaƙa suka taimaka godiya ga asibitinta da kuma mafaka ta sake farfado da ita a shekara ta 1663 ta Miguel Mañara wanda a cikin shekaru 1650 da 1651 ya kasance uban baftisma na ’ya’ya biyu na Murillo.
Babu shakka, mai zanen mu mumini ne mai aminci kuma ya shiga Ƙungiyar Brotherhood of the Rosary a shekara ta 1644. Ƙari ga haka, ya buɗe wa ayyukan Ƙirar Ƙarfafa na Uku na Saint Francis a 1662.
Baya ga kasancewarsa wani bangare na rabon abinci da majami'u ke yi akai-akai, ya shiga kungiyar Brotherhood of Charity a shekara ta 1665.
Majami’ar Katolika kuma ta fuskanci matsalar tattalin arziki da ta mamaye al’ummar Spain, tun bayan shekara ta 1649 an ƙirƙiri sababbin gidajen zuhudu uku kawai har zuwa ƙarni na XNUMX.
To, tun lokacin da aka haifi Murillo, an samar da gidajen zuhudu guda tara na maza, daya na mata, wanda ya kai adadin gine-ginen addini saba’in.
Amma wurare masu tsarki da majami’ar Katolika sun fara wadatar ganuwarsu da rumfunansu da gudummawa daga mutane daga manyan jama’a, kamar yadda yake a Mañara.
Ciniki tsakanin sabuwar nahiya ta samar da hanyoyin samar da ayyukan yi ga masaka, masu fasaha da masu sayar da littattafai. Amma ga maƙeran azurfa waɗanda ke da alhakin sassaƙa ingots a cikin Casa de la Moneda, ƙwararru ne daga birnin Seville.
Ga abin da aka ce, wannan birni, duk da isowar rikicin, yana da wuraren kasuwanci a koyaushe, domin a shekara ta 1665 kusan baƙi dubu bakwai ne ke zama.
Ko da yake ba duka aka sadaukar da su ga fannin kasuwanci ba, a cikinsu akwai Justino de Neve wanda shi ne mai kare Cocin Santa María La Blanca da kuma Asibitin de Venerables.
Ga duka gine-ginen, wannan hali ya ba wa mawaƙinmu amana don aiwatar da ayyukan fasaha da yawa.Yana da mahimmanci ku sani cewa Neve zuriyar tsohuwar ƴan kasuwan Flemish ne waɗanda suka zauna a birnin Seville tun ƙarni na XNUMX.
Akwai kuma wasu ’yan kasuwa da suka isa birnin Seville daga baya a shekara ta 1660. Daga cikin su akwai Josua van Belle ɗan ƙasar Holland da kuma Flemish Nicolás de Omazur, waɗanda dukansu aka zana a cikin zanen Murillo.
Sun kasance masu al'ada sosai, ban da kasancewa cikin cikakkiyar wadata na tattalin arziki, sun kawo wa Spain zane-zane na Bartholomeus van der Helst wanda mawallafinmu ya gani, saboda haka tasiri a kan ayyukansa.
Kamar dai yadda suka shiga cikin karramawar shaharar zanen Murillo fiye da al'ummar Spain, musamman Nicolás de Omazur.
Wanda ya haɗu da abokantaka da mai zanen ya jagoranci shi ya ƙaddamar da zanen Hoton Kai da ke da kariya a cikin National Gallery a London.
Yana ɗauke da rubutun tunani a cikin yaren Latin wanda wataƙila ya rubuta shi domin, ban da kasancewarsa ƙwararren ɗan kasuwa, babban mawaƙi ne.
Kwamitocin farko na zane-zanen Murillo sun fara
An sani bisa ga tarihi cewa a cikin shekara ta 1645 Murillo ya auri wata mace mai suna Beatriz Cabrera Villalobos wanda ya kasance zuriyar iyali mai wadata kuma mai kula da sassaƙa.
Matashiyar 'yar yayan Tomás Villalobos ce, maƙerin azurfa da zinariya, kuma tana cikin ikilisiyar Ofishin Mai Tsarki da ke ba ta kariya yayin da suke wucewa ta cikin birnin Seville.
An haifi 'ya'ya goma daga wannan aure, wanda biyar ne kawai suka tsira kuma a ranar 31 ga Disamba, 1663, matarsa ta mutu.
An san cewa daya daga cikin 'ya'yansa mai suna Jibril (1655-1700) ya koma sabuwar nahiyar a shekara ta 1678 yana da shekaru ashirin, inda ya sami matsayin Corregidor de Naturales a garin Ubaque.
A cikin abin da ke Colombia a yanzu, kula da zama haɗin kai tsakanin ikon yankuna da sarki ne ke kula da yankin yanki daga lardin zuwa na birni.
Amma da yake magana game da mawaƙinmu, a shekarar da ya auri matarsa, ya karɓi kwamitocinsa na farko. Waɗannan su ne zane-zane guda goma sha ɗaya don ƙaramin ɗaki na San Francisco Convent a Seville, suna aiki akan su daga 1645 zuwa 1648.
Waɗannan zane-zane goma sha ɗaya na Murillo sun tarwatse bayan Yaƙin 'Yancin kai, amma don dalilai na ilimi an ba da labarin labaran da suka shafi waliyyai na odar Francisca tare da mai da hankali kan kulawar Katolika da ke da alaƙa da wannan Wuri Mai Tsarki.
Game da jigogin da aka yi a cikin zane-zanen Murillo, an tabbatar da rayuwa ta tunani da addu'a, kamar yadda za a iya shaida a cikin aikin fasaha mai suna San Francisco wanda Mala'ika ya ƙarfafa shi wanda a halin yanzu yana cikin Royal Academy of Fine Arts na San Fernando.
Kamar wani zane-zane na Murillo da ake kira The Kitchen of the Angels, wanda ke cikin Louvre, ba za mu iya kasa nuna farin cikin Franciscan a cikin zanensa ba.
Wannan yana ɗaukaka a cikin zanen San Francisco Solano da Bull wanda aka kiyaye shi a cikin Al'adun gargajiya na Royal Alcázar na Seville.
Bugu da ƙari, wani zane-zane na Murillo inda aka lura da halayensa na hoto shine ƙauna ga wasu da ya nuna a San Diego de Alcalá ciyar da Talakawa, wanda ke cikin Royal Academy of San Fernando.
Hotunan Murillo suna nuna babban ra'ayi da ke nufin dabi'a tare da fasahar tenebrism na babban mai zane Zurbarán.
Sabili da haka, a cikin wannan zane na ƙarshe, ana iya lura da repertoire na hotuna waɗanda aka shirya tare da taka tsantsan a cikin tsaka-tsaki mai sauƙi na jiragen sama waɗanda aka yanke a kan baƙar fata.
Ana iya ganin kasko a tsakiyar zane tare da gungun yara masu tawali'u suna jiran kofin miya kuma a bayyane yake cewa jigon yaran zai kasance cikin zanen Murillo a lokacin aikinsa na fasaha.
A cikin wannan jerin zane-zane na Murillo, an lura da fasahar chiaroscuro, wanda aka yi watsi da shi a wancan lokacin a cikin tarihin fasaha saboda zane-zane na Velázquez da Alonso Cano kansa.
Amma wannan sha'awar da mawaƙinmu ke ji tana bayyana a cikin zane-zane da yawa na Murillo, kamar Jibin Ƙarshe da ke cikin Cocin Santa María la Blanca daga shekara ta 1650, kodayake ana iya ganin wasu a cikin wasu zane-zane na wannan haikalin addini. a cikin ayyukansa na fasaha.
Ana lura da hasken sararin samaniya wanda ke da alhakin rufe jerin gwanon tsarkaka da ke tare da Budurwa a cikin zane inda aka wakilta Mutuwar Santa Clara.
Wanda yake a yau a birnin Dresden a Gemäldegalerie kuma ya kasance tun daga shekara ta 1646 A cikin wannan zane an lura da kyawun tsarkaka.
Ingancin da ke wakiltar zane-zanen Murillo dangane da halin mace da kuma kuzari da kuzarin da mata ke wakilta a cikin Kitchen na Mala'iku.
Kuna iya ganin hoton Fray Francisco de Alcalá akan wannan zane a cikin levitation kuma mala'iku suna shagaltu da sana'arsu a cikin dafa abinci.
Fom da aka yi amfani da shi don magance rashin jin daɗi ta fuskar hangen nesa, yana ba da hotuna da ke nuni ga fasahar flamenco azaman abin ƙarfafawa.
Godiya ga irin wannan nau'in aikin, ana iya lura a cikin zane-zanen Murillo irin ƙarfin da ya mamaye taurarin sama da na mala'iku waɗanda ya ɗauko daga wasu hanyoyin fasaha, kamar Rinaldo da Armida.
Zane-zane da Pieter de Jode II ya yi a cikin wani abun da mai zane Anton van Dyck ya yi shekaru biyu kafin hukumar da aka nema daga Murillo, wanda ya nuna cewa mai zanen mu ya dace da yanayin fasahar zamani.
Tasirin Annoba tsakanin shekarun 1649 da 1655
Babban hawan ja da Babban annoba ya kawo Seville ba asiri ga kowa ba, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa Cocin Katolika ya nemi masu zane-zane don adadi mai yawa na zane-zane inda ake nuna sadaukarwar masu aminci.
Game da wannan, zane-zanen Murillo sun kasance kyawawan ayyuka akan wannan batu inda ya nuna fasaha maras kyau kuma Cocin Katolika na ɗaya daga cikin manyan abokan cinikinsa.
Ya nuna babban motsi a cikin fasaharsa da kuma jin lokacin da yake fassara batutuwan addini tare da babban ɗan adam, tun da a cikin zane-zane na Murillo ya yi nau'i daban-daban na Budurwa tare da Yaro.
Yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa wannan hoton addini kuma ana san shi da sunan Virgen Del Rosario, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa yawancin waɗannan zane-zane na Murillo ana samun su a wurare daban-daban a yau, kamar gidan kayan tarihi na Castro ban da fadar Pitti da kuma gidan kayan gargajiya. Gidan kayan tarihi na Prado..
Sauran zane-zane na Murillo sun haɗa da Adoration of the Shepherds da kuma Sagrada Familia del Pajarito, waɗannan manyan ayyukan fasaha guda biyu suna cikin Gidan Tarihi na Prado.
Game da zane na matashiyar Magdalena inda ta tuba, ana kiyaye ta a cikin National Gallery na Ireland da kuma wani sigar a cikin birnin Madrid.
Akwai wasu zane-zane na Murillo da suka shahara, irin su The Flight into Egypt, wanda yake a Detroit, wanda wani bangare ne na wannan lokaci na tarihi inda ya sabunta hoton hoton, irin su The Immaculate Conception a cikin Museum of Fine Arts a cikin birnin. da Seville.
Ba za mu iya kasa ambaton wasu zane-zane na Murillo waɗanda ke cikin wannan lokacin tarihi kuma sun dace da nau'in zanen duniya, daga cikinsu muna iya ambaton El Niño espulgando ko maroƙi da ke cikin Gidan Tarihi na Louvre.
Wadannan zane-zane na Murillo sun nuna sha'awarsa ga ayyukan fasaha ta hanyar ba wa jarirai jarumai kuma ya nuna a cikin wannan zane yaron yaron yana tsaftace kansa daga cututtuka yayin da yake shi kadai. Wannan aikin yana cike da melancholy.
Ko da yake daga baya zai nuna ayyuka a cikin wannan nau'in tare da karin kuzari da farin ciki, sauran sanannun zane-zane na Murillo sune tsohuwar mace mai kaza da kwandon ƙwai, wanda ke cikin birnin Munich a cikin Alte Pinakothek, wanda ya kasance. wani ɓangare na tarin Nicolás de Omazur. .
Ana iya lura da wani tasiri na Flemish a cikin waɗannan zane-zane na Murillo, kama da hotunan da Cornelis Bloemaert ya yi, kuma don kammalawa da wannan nau'in, hoton da aka rubuta na Don Juan de Saavedra wanda ke samuwa a cikin birnin Cordoba, wanda ke cikin wani yanki. tarin masu zaman kansu da kwanan wata daga shekara ta 1650.
Ka tuna cewa a cikin wannan karni na XNUMX babban majiɓincin zanen Murillo shine Cocin Katolika kuma a cikin birnin Seville akwai kusan majami'u sittin.
Baya ga gidajen ibada na addini, wannan birni cibiyar al'adu ne a fagen addini, wanda ke kara imani da imani sosai.
Yana da muhimmanci mu yi tsokaci cewa annoba ta shekara ta 1649 ta ƙara sadaukar da kai ga ayyukan ibada ban da sabuntawa ko ƙirƙirar ’yan’uwantaka, irin wannan lamarin na Mutuwa ne kuma manufarsu ita ce ta ba wa marasa galihu binne Kirista.
Ba tare da manta da sake gyarawa ba, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa abokan ciniki waɗanda suka nemi zane-zane na Murillo na nau'in addini ya fi girma, tun da abokin ciniki ba coci ne kawai ba.
Amma kuma abokan ciniki masu zaman kansu waɗanda ya ke kula da maimaita abubuwan da ya riga ya yi, irin wannan shine batun Saint Catherine na Alexandria rabin tsawon.
A gefe guda, ya kamata ku sani cewa farkon wanda ya fara yin waɗannan sigogin yana cikin Focus-Abengoa a cikin birnin Seville.
Godiya ga mutanen da ke da karfin tattalin arziki don samar da haikalin addini tare da ayyukan fasaha, sun zama masu kare waɗannan gine-gine.
Bugu da ƙari, iyalai a cikin gidajensu kuma suna da wasu zane-zane da Murillo ya yi a bangonsu ko kuma na wasu masu fasaha, tun da bisa ga binciken da aka gudanar tsakanin shekarun 1600 zuwa 1670, aƙalla kashi ɗaya bisa uku na yawan jama'a suna samun aikin fasaha mai daraja. kadari.
Dangane da manyan mutane da malamai, an lura da zane-zanen Murillo da ke nuni da nau'ikan ɓatanci a cikin tarin su na sirri kuma yayin da matakan zamantakewa ya ragu, ƙididdiga dangane da zane-zane daga fagen addini ya karu.
Saboda haka, a cikin iyalai masu tawali’u ko kuma a cikin waɗanda suke noma, zane-zane ne kawai aka gani a bangon su.
Herrera el Mozo ya isa birnin Seville
Babu shakka, lokacin da wasu masu fasaha suka isa birnin Seville, an ga tasirinsu a kan fasaha, kuma ɗaya daga cikinsu shi ne Francisco de Herrera, wanda aka fi sani da El Mozo, saboda mahaifinsa El Viejo ne.
Wannan matashin mai zane ya fito ne daga birnin Madrid bayan ya zauna a kasar Italiya yana karatu, ya isa birnin Seville.
Inda aka umurce shi da ya aiwatar da El Triunfo del Sacramento a cikin Cathedral na Seville, manyan alkaluman sa na baya da ke a gaba bidi'a ne.
Har ila yau, ya kara da mala'iku da dama masu kamanni na yara waɗanda suka yi rawar jiki a cikin aikin, waɗanda aka yi su da ruwa mai yawa da buroshi na gaskiya saboda nisa, ana nuna wannan tasirin fasaha a San Antonio de Padua.
Yana daya daga cikin zane-zanen da Murillo ya yi a dakin bautar baftisma na wannan babban coci a shekara mai zuwa.Ya nuna wata sabuwar dabara ta hanyar aiwatar da aikin a kaikaice kuma ya karya kamar yadda aka saba, yaron Yesu ya keɓe a bango wanda ke haskakawa. .
Yayin da waliyyi yana cikin duhun duhu wanda ke buɗewa yana ba da haske na biyu yana ba da damar faɗaɗa sararin samaniya don guje wa bambanci tsakanin sama da ƙasa.
Da kyau, yana haɗa duka wurare biyu godiya ga haske mai bazuwa da kuma jerin mala'iku a gaba waɗanda ke taimakawa hasken baya godiya ga zurfafan koyonsa a cikin sabbin dabaru, an ga canji a cikin zane-zanen Murillo.
Saboda sababbin abubuwan Herrerian da kuma a cikin shekara ta 1655, a cikin watan Agusta, an sanya wasu tsarkakan Sevillian, San Leandro da San Isidoro a cikin sacristy na Cathedral.
Wadannan zane-zanen da Murillo ya yi, wani mai kare coci ne ya biya su, irin su Juan Federighi, hotuna ne da suka fi girma fiye da wadanda ya saba yi.
Kamar yadda wannan mai zane na Sevillian ya lura cewa an yi musu ciki tare da hasken azurfa kuma ya nuna a cikin fararen riguna wani tasirin gani wanda ke sa su haskaka.
Hakazalika, sauran zane-zane na Murillo na wannan kwanan wata, kamar Lactation na Saint Bernard da Imposition of the Chasuble on Saint Ildefonso, duka ayyukan fasaha suna cikin gidan kayan tarihi na Prado.
Ana kiyaye zane ta hanyar fasahar chiaroscuro a cikin su, tare da yin amfani da hasken da zai zama alama a cikin zane-zane na Murillo.
Har ila yau, suna alfahari da kasancewa zane-zane ta Murillo, manyan zane-zane guda uku waɗanda aka yi wahayi zuwa ga rayuwa da aikin Juan El Bautista, an san su daga bayanin da aka bayyana a cikin 1781 kuma a yau kowane aikin yana samuwa a cikin gidan kayan gargajiya daban-daban.
Kasancewar Cambridge, Berlin da Chicago ban da jerin gwanayen da suka dace da Prodigal Son wanda ke cikin National Gallery na Ireland a Dublin.
Ko da yake akwai zanen wannan aikin a cikin Gidan Tarihi na Prado, wannan jeri na zane ya kasance abin kwazo ga zane-zanen da Jacques Callot ya yi.
A cikin zane-zane na Murillo ya ba da nasa asali kuma ya kara da yanayin Sevillian ta hanyar tufafi da fuskokin masu gwagwarmaya. Kasancewa misali na wannan, Ɗan Prodigal yana yin Rayuwa Mai Rarraba.
Yana da yanayin yanayinsa na tarihin tarihin birnin Seville godiya ga amfani da abubuwan da ke cikin nau'in rayuwa.
Wasu abubuwa sun bayyana a cikin daya daga cikin zanen Murillo, kamar Los Músicos, inda adadi ya tsaya a gaban haske, wanda ya sa bikin ya fi daɗi.
Zamanin cikawa a cikin zane-zanen Murillo
An yi sharhi a cikin tarihin wannan babban mawaƙin cewa a shekara ta 1658 ya yi ’yan watanni a birnin Madrid, wataƙila don ya koyi sababbin dabarun da Herrera el Mozo ya motsa.
Sannan ya koma birnin Seville, inda yake kula da kafa wata makarantar koyon zane mai alaka da zane kuma ya fara a ranar 02 ga Janairu, 1660 a kasuwar kifi.
Da nufin malamai da dalibai duka sun inganta wajen zana halittar dan Adam dangane da tsiraici.
Da wannan makarantar mawaƙinmu zai iya kammala aikinsa da salon rayuwa kuma tare da jarin kuɗi da ɗalibai suka ba da gudummawar an rufe biyan kuɗin malamai da isasshen kuɗin kuɗin itace da kyandir tun lokacin da ake yin darasi da daddare.
Murillo da Herrera el Mozo sun kasance shugaban kasa da shugaban kasa tun lokacin da wannan mai zane ya tafi Madrid a waccan shekarar don zama mai zanen kotu.
An yi tsokaci bisa ga binciken da aka gudanar cewa a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 1663 an amince da furci na kundin tsarin mulkin makarantar amma a ranar ne mawaƙinmu ya bar shugabancin makarantar.
Tun da yake a cikin takardun an ce shi ne shugaban kasa Sebastián de Llanos y Valdés, saboda haka ya kasance mai kula da gudanar da wata karamar makaranta a gidansa.
Domin kada a yi hulɗa da girman kai na wani mai fasaha irin su Juan de Valdés Leal wanda shi ne shugaban kasa na gaba.
A shekara ta 1660 ya yi daya daga cikin zane-zanen Murillo mai matukar muhimmanci da kuma sha'awa sosai kamar yadda al'amarin Haihuwar Budurwa ke da kariya a cikin gidan kayan tarihi na Louvre wanda aka zana don zama a matsayin waje a cikin Chapel na Babban Ra'ayi na Cathedral na Seville.
A cikin wannan katafaren zane, a tsakiya, za mu iya ganin gungun mata masu ungozoma da kuma mala'iku da suke haskaka nasu hasken bisa ga ruhin gani da mai zane ya yi kuma suka tsaya kusa da jarirai wanda shi ma yana haskawa a gaba da kuma a baya. haske yana raguwa zuwa kasan zane.
Sabili da haka, ana haifar da tasirin gani a cikin sassan gefe inda hasken ke aiki da kansa kuma a gefen hagu akwai Santa Ana a cikin gado mai haske da kuma matasa biyu a gefen dama waɗanda ke da alhakin bushewa diapers a kan wutar da ke haskakawa. murhu.
A nan binciken fitilun da Murillo ya yi ya yi kama da zanen Dutch musamman a cikin salon Rembrandt wanda watakila ya sani.
Godiya ga kasancewar wasu ayyukansa a cikin tarin wasu hamshakan attajirai ko masu daraja irin su Melchor de Guzmán wanda shine Marquis na Villamanrique.
Wanda yake da wani zane na Rembrandt wanda ya nuna a bainar jama'a a shekara ta 1665 lokacin da aka kaddamar da cocin Santa María la Blanca.
Game da mafi kyawun zane-zane na Murillo dangane da shimfidar wurare, ya dace da zane-zane guda huɗu waɗanda ke cikin labarin da aka ruwaito na Yakubu.
Cewa ya zana a matsayin kwamiti daga Marquis na Villamanrique kuma daga baya an nuna shi a facade na fadarsa a matsayin wani ɓangare na tunawa da Cocin Santa María la Blanca.
An ce, wannan jerin zane-zanen zane-zane ne na Murillo na asali guda biyar amma hudu ne kawai aka sani kuma a karni na XNUMX suna karkashin ikon Marquis na Santiago amma a farkon karni na XNUMX sun yada zuwa wasu yankuna.
A yau biyu daga cikin waɗannan zane-zane na Murillo suna cikin Gidan Tarihi na Hermitage kuma suna wakiltar Yakubu da Ishaku ya albarkace shi da kuma Tsani na Yakubu na gaba. Sauran biyun a cikin wannan jerin suna cikin Amurka.
Da yake ɗaya daga cikinsu Yakubu Ya nemi gumaka na gida a cikin shagon Raquel da ke cikin Cleveland Museum of Art da kuma na huɗu na waɗannan zane-zane na Murillo mai suna Yakubu ya sanya sanduna ga garken Laban na cikin gidan kayan tarihi na Meadows a birnin Dallas.
A cikin wadannan zane-zane na Murillo, an nuna faffadan shimfidarsa, musamman a cikin wadannan ayyuka biyu na karshe da ke cikin Amurka, wadanda aka sanya su a kusa da wani tsari wanda ke da muhimmanci a cikin aikin, wanda bango mai haske wanda ke haskaka hotunan ya buɗe. aiki da datsa tsaunuka.
Don haka ya bayyana cewa mai zanen mu na Sevillian ya san dabarun Flemish na masu fasaha irin su Jan Wildens da Joos de Momper da kuma masu fasaha na asalin Italiyanci irin su Gaspard Dughet wanda ya kasance a wannan zamani.
Wani abin da ke jan hankali a cikin wannan zanen shi ne shanu kuma yana nufin ayyukan Orrente inda aka sake fassara yalwa bisa ga yaren Seville.
Tare da dabi'a mai girma, Murillo kuma yana amfani da ma'auratan tumaki kamar yadda aka kwatanta a cikin rubutun Littafi Mai Tsarki Farawa 31,31. Amma an ɓoye shi don kayan ado godiya ga yin fenti a cikin karni na XNUMX kuma wannan zane ya dawo haske a cikin karni na XNUMX.
Shahararrun kwamitocin da Murillo ya yi
Ɗaya daga cikin manyan kwamitocin da ke da mahimmanci a cikin zane-zane na Murillo na nufin jerin zane-zanen da ya yi wa cocin Santa María la Blanca kwanaki kadan kafin asarar jiki na Paparoma Urban VIII a 1644.
Domin dokar da ikilisiyar Romawa ta Ofishin Mai Tsarki da ke ƙarƙashin ikon Dominicans suka ba da izini, an hana a sanya kalmar Immaculate a lokacin da Maryamu ta haifi ɗa, saboda haka dole ne a canja yadda ake furta addu’ar.
Ba a bayyana wannan dokar ba kuma ta zama sananne lokacin da Ofishin Mai Tsarki ya tantance wasu nassosi don yin addu'a. Cabildo ya amsa wannan gaskiyar ta wurin sanya ɗaya daga cikin zane-zanen Murillo inda za a iya ganin rubutu mai zuwa:
"...An yi ciki ba tare da Zunubi ba..."
Bugu da kari, wakilan birnin sun je kotunan Castile a shekara ta 1649 don neman sa hannun sarki. Amma babu abin da za a iya yi a lokacin Fafaroma Innocent X.
Amma sa’ad da Alexander VII ya shiga sabon Paparoma a shekara ta 1655, Sarki Felipe na VI ne ke kula da sake maimaita duk ƙoƙarin da aka yi na ɗaukaka wannan doka da kuma aiwatar da amincewar ƙa’idar da ba ta dace ba kamar yadda aka yi bikin shekaru da yawa a ƙasar Spain.
Ƙasar Spain ta ɗauki matakai da yawa kuma a ranar 08 ga Disamba, 1661, Paparoma Alexander na VII ya amince da aiwatar da shelar manzanni da ta yi shelar kasancewar tsarkaka.
Saboda haka amincewar jam'iyyar wadda ta yi kyau ga al'ummar Spain kuma an yi bukukuwa masu yawa saboda wannan, zane-zanen Murillo sun kasance a matsayin takardar shaida.
Godiya ga wannan sabon tsarin mulkin manzanni, limamin cocin da ke kula da cocin Santa María la Blanca, mai suna Domingo Velázquez Soriano, ya amince ya sake gyara wannan wuri mai tsarki, wanda a da ya zama majami’a.
Ya kamata a lura cewa mai tsaron wannan coci Justino de Neve ne ya soke waɗannan ayyukan kuma saboda wannan dalili shi ne ke kula da ba da izini ga zane-zanen Murillo don ƙawata bangon wannan haikalin addini.
Wadannan zane-zanen da Murillo ya yi su ne ke da alhakin ba da sabon hangen nesa ga wannan tsarin na zamanin da, inda suka mai da shi babban haikalin baroque, sun fara a shekara ta 1662.
Sun gama a shekara ta 1665 bayan haka an gudanar da bikin ƙaddamar da liyafa don girmama su, an kwatanta cocin a lokacin da aka buɗe ta.
Inda aka yi sharhi cewa an sami zane-zanen Murillo a bangon wannan kayan aikin ban da kayan ado a dandalin da ke gaban haikalin addini.
Bugu da ƙari, an yi ƙarin bagadi don nuna zane-zane guda uku na Murillo waɗanda mallakar Neve, Immaculate Conception yana girma a cikin tsakiyar tsakiyar da The Good Shepherd da Saint John Mai Baftisma a cikin sigar yara a gefe.
Sauran zane-zane na Murillo sun wakilci labarun da suka shafi kafuwar Basilica na Santa María la Mayor da ke birnin Roma.
An sanya waɗannan manyan zane-zane a cikin tsakiyar tsakiyar Wuri Mai Tsarki waɗanda aka haskaka godiya ga kurbin cocin.
Dangane da bangarorin haikalin akwai wasu zane-zane guda biyu na Murillo irin su Immaculate Conception da Nasarar Eucharist.
Amma waɗannan zane-zane sun bar al'ummar Spain a lokacin yakin 'yancin kai kuma game da ayyukan biyu na farko an dawo da su a cikin 1816 kuma an ajiye su a cikin gidan kayan gargajiya na Prado.
Sauran zane-zane guda biyu da Murillo ya rage, an mika su daga mai shi zuwa mai shi bisa ga masu tattarawa har sai da suka zama wani ɓangare na Gidan Tarihi na Louvre, kasancewar na Immaculate Conception da kuma tarin keɓantacce wanda ke nufin cin nasarar Eucharist.
Amma ga na farko biyu zane-zane da Murillo, su ne m ayyuka tare da babban gwaninta da kuma koma ga Dream of Patricio Juan da matarsa inda artist wakiltar lokacin da Budurwa bayyana a gare shi a cikin watan Agusta don neman haikali a wurin da suke kallon dusar ƙanƙara a kan dutsen Esquiline.
Wannan wakilcin Murillo ya nuna yadda barci ya mamaye su inda mutumin ke kwance a kan teburi wanda aka lullube shi da jar darduma.
Inda akwai wani littafi mai kauri da yake karantawa yayin da matarsa ke kan matashin kai bisa ga al'adar lokacin da kansa ya zube daga barci a cikin aikinsa.
Bugu da kari, za ka iya gani a cikin wannan aikin wani farin kwikwiyo yana barci yana yin tudu da jikinsa kuma saboda abubuwan da ya yi.
Yana bayyana jin daɗin shakatawa kuma duhu yana cikin ɓangaren yanayin da ya karye lokacin kallon hoton Budurwa tare da Yaro.
Dukansu biyu an naɗe su da haske wanda ya sa aikin ya zama bayyananne, an ba da wannan labarin a cikin gabatarwar da aka gabatar a gaban Paparoma Liberio, don haka an raba wurin a hagu zuwa patrician da matarsa a gaban Paparoma wanda ya yi mafarki kamar .
Yayin da a gefen dama, jerin gwanon zuwa dutsen ya bayyana a nesa don amincewa da mafarkin kuma Paparoma ya bayyana a cikin aikin a cikin alfarwa.
An sanya wannan babban wurin a kan wani katon mataki da aka yi da gine-gine na gargajiya kuma an haskaka shi daga gefen hagu ta yadda hasken ya fadi kai tsaye a kan siffar mace.
Firist wanda ke tare da shi, don haka akwai wani haske na baya a kan siffar Paparoma wanda ke ɗauke da fuskar Alexander VII a fuskarsa, wannan saitin hasken baya na halayen Murillo.
Ana iya gani a cikin jerin gwanon, wanda aka yi masa fentin da goga mai haske, kusan zayyana, kuma alkaluman ’yan kallon da ke gaban gaba sun yi kama da irin surar da ke cikin inuwar kuma hasken da ke cikin jerin gwanon ya fito fili.
Hotunan Murillo na Cocin Capuchins
Wasu zane-zane na Murillo an yi su ne a cikin 1644 don sanya su a bangon Convent na San Agustín da kuma cikin ayyukan fasaha da suka yi fice.
Zamu iya ambaci Saint Augustine yana tunanin Budurwa da kuma Almasihu Gicciye, duka ayyukan biyun na Prado Museum ne kuma an yi su tsakanin 1665 da 1669.
An umurce shi ya yi zane-zane goma sha shida a matakai biyu don Cocin Capuchin Convent a cikin birnin Seville, wanda aka yi nufin yin ado da babban bagadi.
Bugu da ƙari ga bagadi a ɗakin ɗakin karatu na gefe da kuma a cikin ƙungiyar mawaƙa na wannan ginin, ya ba da umarnin zanen da ke nufin Ƙaunar Ƙirarriya.
Yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa waɗannan zane-zane na Murillo a 1836 sun zama wani ɓangare na Gidan Tarihi na Fine Arts a cikin birnin Seville, ban da Jubilee na Portiuncula, wanda ke cikin Wallraf-Richartz Museum a Cologne.
Dangane da tsarkakan da Murillo ya haɗa a cikin waɗannan zane-zane inda za a iya ganin adadi bi-biyu, irin su San Leandro da San Buenaventura.
Kamar na Waliyai Justa da Rufina waɗanda ke da halayen wannan mai zane saboda launuka masu haske da dabi'ar dabi'ar da ya mamaye adadi a kan zane.
Dukansu alkaluma sun nuna babban motsin zuciyar da ake tuhuma da rashin tausayi game da aikin fasaha na Santas Sevillanas tare da wasu abubuwa na yumbu da ke nuna kasuwancin su a matsayin masu tukwane.
Hakanan zamu iya magana game da Giralda a matsayin alamar girgizar ƙasa ta 1504 inda, bisa ga al'ada, sun hana faɗuwarta ta hanyar rungumar hoton.
To, kasancewar bagadi a cikin haikalin addini yana nufin tsohuwar wasan amphitheater inda saint ya yi shahada, yana nuni da San Leandro kuma an yi shi.
Inda canvas ɗinsa ya kasance a baya an gina wani gidan zuhudu kafin yaƙin musulmi a cikin ƙasar Sipaniya kuma yanzu ya koma San Buenaventura.
Don haka mai zanen ya kwatanta shi a matsayin mutum mai gemu domin aikin yana cikin gidan zuhudu na Capuchin tare da samfurin Gothic don nuna tsohuwar labarin da aka ba da labari a kan zane.
Akwai zane-zane da Murillo ya keɓe ga tsarkaka na Franciscan, ciki har da San Antonio de Padua da kuma San Cantalicio, amma za mu yi nuni ga San Francisco rungumar Kristi a kan Gicciye, kasancewar ɗayan manyan ayyukan wakilci na wannan babban mai zanen Sevillian.
Ana gabatar da taushin haske da cakuda launuka akan wannan zane wanda ya dace da al'adar Franciscan tare da koren bangon aikin.
Bugu da ƙari, jikin Kristi tsirara, don ƙarfafa wahayin tatsuniya na wannan tsarkaka ba tare da wasan kwaikwayo a cikin aikin ba.
Saboda haka, ana iya ganin canjin fasaha na mai zane a cikin wani zane mai suna The Adoration of the Shepherds, wanda aka zana don a ajiye shi a kan bagadin ɗakin sujada na gefe.
Lokacin kwatanta shi da wasu nau'ikan jigo iri ɗaya, irin wannan shine yanayin wanda aka samu a gidan tarihi na Prado tun daga shekara ta 1650.
Ana tabbatar da buroshi mai haske ban da amfani da haske don ba da damar sararin sarari tare da amfani da hasken baya da ke fuskantar chiaroscuro da ma'anar sauƙi na zanen farko na Murillo.
Wani babban zanen Murillo wanda mai zanen ya kira Canvas naku kuma inda ya nuna babban gwaninta a cikin zanen baroque na Mutanen Espanya yana cikin jerin sadaukarwa ga Tomás de Villanueva wanda ya kasance dan Augustinian kuma kwanan nan Paparoma Alexander VII ya ba da izini.
Kamar Archbishop na Valencia, daya daga cikin halayensa shine ruhun bara, wanda aka haskaka a kan zane ta hanyar kewaye da shi da adadi mai yawa na bara.
Wadanda suke taimakawa a kusa da tebur da wani budadden littafi wanda yake karantawa amma ya bar wurin don taimaka wa wadannan mutane saboda ilimin tauhidi ba shi da wani taimako ba tare da sadaka ba.
An gabatar da wannan yanayin a cikin ɗaki mai natsuwa tare da gine-gine na gargajiya da kuma zurfin zurfi godiya ga wuraren da aka haskaka da kuma wasan kwaikwayon da ya yi na amfani da inuwa.
Ana iya ganin wani katon ginshiƙi cewa fitulun baya a tsakiyar jirgin sama suna samar da haske mai haske a kusa da kan waliyyi kuma tsayinsa ya fi girma saboda gurguwar maroƙi da ke durƙusa a gaban siffar waliyyi.
An yi nazari kan bayansa ba komai, ya kuma nuna yadda fuskokin mabaratan da aka kubutar, suka fara da dattijon da ya lankwashe wanda ya matso da hannunsa.
A ido da alamar kafirci akwai kuma tsohuwa wacce take kallo tare da rarrashinta tare da yaron mai hakuri a cikin roko.
Ba tare da manta da yaron da ke cikin ƙananan hagu na wannan aikin fasaha ba kuma ya fito ne saboda godiyar baya da mai zanen ya yi wanda ya nuna wa mahaifiyarsa tsabar kuɗin da ya samu daga waliyyi da farin ciki a fuskarsa.
Muna gaya muku cewa Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru, bisa ga hadisai na baka, an kafa shi ne a karni na 1578 ta dan kasa Pedro Martínez wanda ya kasance prebendary na babban coci kuma a can aka binne wadanda aka kashe, wanda ya fara a shekara ta XNUMX.
Sa’ad da ’yan’uwa suke kula da hayar Chapel na Saint George zuwa Crown, wanda yake a cikin Sarautar Sarautar, an sanya ƙa’idar farko ta wannan ’yan’uwantaka, wato binne matattu a wurin.
Yana da mahimmanci ku sani cewa ya zuwa shekara ta 1640 wannan ɗakin ibada ya ruguje kuma 'yan uwa suka yanke shawarar rusa shi don fara ginin sabon gini wanda ya ɗauki kimanin shekaru ashirin da biyar a kammala.
Annobar ta 1649 ta ba da damar sake farfado da wannan aikin kuma godiya ga samun kudin shiga na mai karewa tare da babban adadin kuɗi wanda ya ba da damar ci gaba da aikin.
Kamar yadda attajirin nan Miguel Mañara wanda zuriyar ’yan kasuwa ne na asalin Corsica kuma aka zaɓe shi a matsayin ɗan’uwa ga tsari a 1663 ya ba da izinin kammala ginin.
An kuma haɗu da Atarazanas na Atarazanas a cikin asibitin da aka haɗa da wannan tsarin ban da sake fasalin 'yan uwanda sadaka wanda ke da maƙasudin bauta wa gida.
A ba su abinci a mafaka wanda yanzu za a rikide zuwa asibiti domin a yi musu magani da kuma daukar marasa lafiya da aka yasar a kan tituna kamar yadda aka dauke su a kafadar ’yan uwa.
Godiya ga gudunmawar kuɗi da Mañara ya bayar da kuma sha'awar aiwatar da shirin da ya dace da jawabin 'yan'uwancin sadaka, shi ne alhakin zabar masu fasaha da za su ba da rai ga bangon waɗannan gine-gine, irin su masu fasaha Murillo da Valdés. Leal.
Dangane da gine-gine, ya zaɓi Bernardo Simón de Pineda da kuma zane-zane, mai zane Pedro Roldán. Don haka, an yi rikodin taron da 'yan uwantaka na sadaka suka yi a ranar 13 ga Yuli, 1670, wanda za a iya samu a cikin littafin Cabildos. ba da bayanai game da abin da ake yi.
Magajin garin Nro Hermano Miguel de Mañara ya ba da shawara yayin da ya gama aikin nra. Coci da sanya girma da kyau a cikinta wanda za a iya gani shida hieroglyphs. ”…
«... cewa bayyana shida daga cikin ayyukan rahama, da barin shi don binne matattu, wanda shi ne babban daya daga babu. Cibiyar Babban Chapel…”
Dangane da hieroglyphics da aka ambata a cikin bayanin da ya gabata, yana nufin ayyukan jinƙai kuma yana gano zane-zane shida na Murillo waɗanda suka rataye a bangon Cocin a ƙarƙashin cornice.
Yana da matukar mahimmanci ku san cewa Marshal Soult ne ya sace hudu daga cikin wadannan zane-zane a lokacin yakin 'yancin kai.
Kowane ɗayan waɗannan zane-zane da Murillo ya yi yana yin nuni ga ayyukan jinƙai, irin wannan shi ne batun The Healing of the Paralytic da ke cikin National Gallery a birnin Landan kuma yana nufin ziyartar marasa lafiya.
Sauran zanen Saint Peter da Mala'ikan ya 'yanta yana cikin Saint Petersburg a cikin Gidan Tarihi na Hermitage kuma yayi daidai da fansar fursunoni.
Yana biye da wani aikin fasaha mai suna Multiplication of Loaves and Fishes wanda ke nufin ciyar da mayunwata kuma yana cikin gidan kayan gargajiya guda a Saint Petersburg.
Wani zane-zane na Murillo mai suna The Return of the Prodigal Son, wanda ke nufin wani aikin jinkai na tufatar tsirara, yana cikin babban gidan wasan kwaikwayo na kasa a Washington.
A cikin wannan ƙasa akwai ƙarin ayyuka biyu a cikin birnin Ottawa daga National Gallery, suna nufin Dar Posada al Peregrino mai suna Ibrahim da Mala'iku uku.
Wani aikin kuma shi ne Musa ya sa ruwa ya gudana daga dutsen Horeb, wanda ke nufin wani aikin jinƙai kamar ba da ruwa ga masu ƙishirwa. Wani mai bincike Ceán Bermúdez yayi sharhi akan waɗannan kyawawan zane-zane na Murillo:
“… Za ku iya lura da bayan mai shanyayyen a cikin tafkin yadda ya fahimci yanayin jikin mutum. Game da Mala'iku uku da suka bayyana ga Ibrahim, adadin mutum….
"...mafi girman haruffa, bayyanar ruhu a cikin sifofin ɗan ɓarna… za ku ga a cikin waɗannan kyawawan zane-zane ƙa'idodin abubuwan da aka yi…
"... na hangen nesa da na gani ... ya nuna kyawawan halaye da sha'awar zuciyar ɗan adam..."
Yana da mahimmanci ku fahimta game da jerin zane-zanen Murillo dangane da Rahamar da aka yi mu'amala da gungun sassaka na Kungiya na Almasihu.
Wanda Pedro Roldán ya yi wanda ke wakiltar babban aikin agaji na 'yan uwantakar sadaka na binne matattu ya mamaye babban bagadi.
Bayan wadannan ayyukan fasaha, 'yan uwantaka na Sadaka sun soke wasu zane-zane na Murillo da Valdés Leal a shekara ta 1672, kuma sun kammala jigon da ya gabata daidai da sha'awar babban mai kare 'yan uwantaka, Miguel de Mañara.
Game da zane-zane guda biyu na Murillo, ya ba da shawarar ayyuka ga Brothers of Charity don bayyana kanka a matsayin aikin fasaha na Saint John of God da Saint Elizabeth na Hungary yana warkar da tiñosos, dukansu ayyuka a yau suna cikin haikalin addini.
Suna nuna aikin sadaka. Idan ya zama dole a ɗora wa marasa ƙarfi a kan mutanensa kamar yadda Saint John na Allah ya yi ko tsaftace raunuka ba tare da juya fuskarsa ba.
Misali na tsarkakan Hungarian kuma a cikin zane-zane na Murillo an kwatanta ainihin fassarar raunuka a jikin marasa lafiya tare da cikakkiyar dabi'a.
Wanda saboda haka aka soki shi da sanin yadda ake hada maɗaukaki tare da ɓatanci lokacin da sojojin Faransa suka tura wannan zanen zuwa Paris a yakin da aka yi tsakanin kasashen biyu.
Hotunan Filin Addini
Akwai wasu zane-zane da Murillo ya yi dangane da hotunan addini waɗanda ke da matukar muhimmanci a ambata a cikin wannan labarin mai ban sha'awa, don haka muna gayyatar ku ku koyi game da kowannensu.
Game da Mummunan Tunani
A cikin zane-zane na Murillo akwai kusan ayyukan fasaha ashirin da ke da alaƙa da wannan batu na Immaculate Conception, adadin da José Antolínez kawai ya wuce shi, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa aka san shi da mai zanen Immaculate Conception.
An yi sharhi cewa farkon waɗannan zane-zanen da Murillo ya yi game da wannan hoton hoton yana nufin Babban Tunanin da ke cikin Gidan Tarihi na Fine Arts a cikin birnin Seville.
An yi masa fentin don odar Franciscan kuma an sanya shi a cikin baka na babban ɗakin sujada, saboda haka an bayyana tsayin da ya kamata a lura da shi kuma saboda haka ainihin siffar wannan aikin. An yi la'akari da kwanan wata daga shekara ta 1650 saboda fasaha na goga mai fasaha.
A cikin wannan aikin, shi ne mai kula da karya da ƙididdiga, ya ba wa Immaculate Conception da dynamism da jin hawan hawan ta hanyar motsin da ake gani a cikin cape na Budurwa, tana sanye da farar riga da rigar shuɗi bisa ga zane. zuwa hangen nesa. na Portuguese Beatriz de Silva.
Wanne ya tuna da Pacheco a cikin umarnin iconography amma Murillo ya yi sababbin abubuwa ne kawai ya bar wata a ƙarƙashin ƙafafunsa kuma a kan gajimare ana iya ganin mala'iku na yara game da bangon shimfidar wuri yana da gajeren gajere da m tsiri.
An kuma yi wani zane na biyu na wannan wakilci don odar Franciscan, waɗanda sune manyan masu kare asirin, suna yin hoton Fray Juan de Quirós a shekara ta 1652.
Anan friar ya bayyana a gaban hoton tsattsauran ra'ayi wanda mala'iku ke kewaye da su suna kawo alamomin litattafai, don haka ya katse rubutun nasa don samun damar kallon masu kallon aikin.
Yana zaune a gaban wani teburi inda ake iya ganin littattafai guda biyu masu kauri waɗanda ya rubuta don girmama Budurwa Maryamu, ban da haka kuma, bayan kujerun limamin da aka lulluɓe da kan iyaka na zinariya da ke nuna hoton yana gabansa. hoton Immaculate.
Kasancewar zanen a cikin wani zanen wanda aka tsara godiya ga amfani da ginshiƙai da festoons na garland, Budurwa kuma tana haye hannayenta akan ƙirjinta.
Kallonsa yayi sama, wannan hoton shine wanda zai sake yi a yawancin zane-zanen Murillo dangane da nau'ikan wannan aikin fasaha.
Game da Immaculate Conception wanda ya zana wa Cocin Santa María la Blanca, yana da alaƙa da Eucharist, wanda shine muhimmin abu a cikin koyaswar Cocin Katolika na kiyaye Maryamu daga zunubi.
Ya kamata ku sani cewa kafin samun damar shiga Kwalejin Zana, masu zane-zane na Sevillian dole ne su yi rantsuwar aminci ga Sacrament Mai Tsarki da kuma Koyarwar Mutuwar Ra'ayi.
A cikin wannan wakilcin Murillo an lura da halayensa musamman a cikin shekara ta 1660 inda aka yi Immaculate Conception of El Escorial, wanda yake a yau a cikin Gidan Tarihi na Prado, kasancewar ɗayan mafi kyawun abin da mai zanen ya yi.
Don yin wannan kyakkyawan zane, ya yi amfani da samfurin samari wanda ke nuna matasa fiye da sauran nau'ikansa da kuma bayanin martabar Budurwa tare da cape wanda ba za a iya cire shi daga jiki ba.
Baya ga daidaituwar launuka masu launin shuɗi da fari da aka saba da kuma amfani da gizagizai na azurfa a ƙarƙashin ɗan ƙaramin haske na zinare wanda ke kewaye da yanayin siffar Immaculate.
Za su zama siffofin da za su zama ruwan dare a cikin sauran nau'ikan wannan budurwa, na ƙarshe daga cikin waɗannan nau'ikan shi ne wanda aka yi wa lakabi da Immaculate Conception of Venerables.
An san shi da sunan Inmaculada Soult a cikin Gidan Tarihi na Prado, wanda mai kare Justino de Neve ya yi a cikin 1678 don ɗayan manyan bagadai na Asibitin de los Venerables.
An lura cewa zanen yana da girma yayin da Budurwa ta kasance karami saboda tana kewaye da yawancin ƙananan mala'iku masu farin ciki suna yawo a kusa da ita, kasancewar mafarin sabon motsi na rococo.
Wannan aikin fasaha na Murillo, Marshal Soult ya sace shi daga Spain, sannan Louvre Museum ya saya a 1852 akan darajar 586.000 na zinariya, yana daya daga cikin mafi girman adadi da aka biya don aikin fasaha.
Sannan ta koma kasar Spain kuma tana samun kariya a gidan adana kayan tarihi na Prado saboda wata yarjejeniya tsakanin gwamnatocin Faransa da Spain a shekara ta 1940.
Don wannan, an yi musayar Lady of Elche da sauran ayyukan fasaha don zanen hoton Mariana na Austria wanda Velázquez ya yi, wanda mallakar gidan kayan tarihi na Prado ne kuma an dauke shi asalin sigar wannan zane.
Baby Yesu da Saint John
Wani zane-zane na Murillo wanda ya saba yi yana nufin Budurwa tare da Yaro a keɓe ko a cikin jiki, sun kasance ƙananan girman tun lokacin da aka keɓe su don yin ibada na sirri da kuma game da ayyukan da aka kiyaye shi, kwanan wata daga shekaru 1650 zuwa 1660.
Ana lura da fasaha na chiaroscuro kuma duk da sadaukarwarsa yana nuna sha'awar kyawun mata a cikin ma'anar dabi'a tare da alheri mai kusan yara saboda tasirin wani ɗan Italiyanci mai suna Raphael wanda ya gana da godiya ga zane-zane.
Inda siriri siriri na samari na Budurwa suka bayyana baya ga lallausan kalamai a fuskokin iyayensu na uwa wanda ke sa yin amfani da wasu alamomin bai zama dole ba baya ga tasirin zanen Flemish.
An lura da wannan a cikin tufafi kuma daga cikin waɗanda za a iya nunawa akwai Budurwa na Rosary tare da Yaron da ke cikin Gidan Tarihi na Prado.
Baya ga Budurwa tare da Child na Fadar Pitti wanda aka lura da yanayin magana mai tausayi na Budurwa da kuma murmushi mai ban sha'awa na yaron inda nau'i-nau'i iri-iri na ruwan hoda da blue suna haɗuwa a matsayin tsinkaya na sabon motsi na fasaha. , rococo.
Kamar waɗannan zane-zane na Murillo, an lura da sha'awarsa ga wasu ayyukan fasaha waɗanda suka dace da zagayowar jariri na Kristi, kamar Jirgin sama zuwa Masar wanda ke cikin birnin Detroit a Cibiyar Fasaha.
Hakanan zamu iya ambaton Sagrada Familia da ke cikin Gidan Tarihi na Prado da wasu nau'ikansa guda biyu a cikin Derbyshire da Gidan Chatsworth.
Murillo ya kasance mai sha'awar al'amuran yara na Kristi da kuma tunanin tunanin Baroque na Mutanen Espanya yana bayyana a cikin wasu zane-zane na Murillo, kamar yaron Yesu yana barci a kan gicciye ko albarkacin Baftisma tun yana yaro ko kuma ake kira San Juanito.
Za mu iya ambaci sigar da aka kiyaye a cikin Prado Museum, ana la'akari da wani marigayi aiki da wannan artist da dating daga 1675, kasancewa daya daga cikin mafi kyau da aka sani, wanda aka zana tare da wani ruwa brushstroke a kan wani azurfa baya na bayanan martaba da suka sami tarkace. .
Game da Batun Makiyayi Mai Kyau wanda mawaƙinmu ya riga ya fassara, ya koma ga wani nau'in yara wanda ya ƙirƙira a cikin ayyukan fasaha uku, wataƙila mafi tsufa tun daga shekara ta 1660 yana cikin Gidan Tarihi na Prado.
Wanne yana wakiltar yaro tare da ɓataccen tumaki tare da sautin raɗaɗi da sadaukarwa, zaune a bayan wani wuri mai faɗi wanda ke cikin kango.
Wani nau'in zane-zane na Murillo yana nuna Yesu a tsaye yana jagorantar garken kuma an same shi a cikin birnin Landan a cikin Layin Layi inda ake iya ganin filin makiyaya, baya ga fuskar yaron yana kallon sararin sama, yana samun fa'ida.
A ƙarshe akwai ɗayan San Juanito da ɗan rago da ke cikin birnin Landan a cikin Gidan Gallery na Ƙasa inda ɗan ƙaramin Juan mai Baftisma ya bayyana yana murmushi.
Yayin da yake rungumar ɗan rago, ba za mu iya kasa ambaton Los Niños de la Concha ba, wanda kuma yana cikin Gidan Tarihi na Prado kuma ya tuna da San Juanito da Niño Jesús suna wasa da suka shafi ibada kuma sanannen aikin hoto ne. .
Batutuwan da ke magana akan Soyayya
A cikin zane-zanen Murillo, zaku iya ganin al'amuran da suka shafi shahada, kamar shahadar Saint Andrew, wacce aka adana a cikin gidan kayan tarihi na Prado, ko da yake hotunan da ke nuni da sadaukarwa kamar shaukin Kiristi ana yawaita.
Ɗaya daga cikin batutuwan da aka fi maimaita su a cikin zane-zanen Murillo na nufin Ecce Homo a keɓe ko kuma samar da ma'aurata tare da Dolorosa bisa ga tsarin da Titian ya yi kuma ana lura da shi da yawa a cikin ayyukan fasaha daban-daban da aka samu a cikin gidan kayan gargajiya na Prado.
Haka kuma tsawon rabin tsawon kamar yadda aka samu a gidan adana kayan tarihi na Heckscher da ke New York tsakanin shekarun 1660 zuwa 1670. Haka kuma akwai wasu zane-zane a sassa daban-daban na duniya kamar Texas a gidan adana kayan tarihi da kuma a birnin Boston a gidan tarihin. na Fine Arts.
Za mu iya ambaton Museum of Fine Arts a Seville da Jami'ar Illinois a Urbana-Champaign wanda ba na bishara ba.
Amma yana magana ne game da al'amura masu tsarki waɗanda ke da mahimmanci ga Cocin Katolika saboda godiyarta inda ake tunanin mai fansa ba shi da taimako da kuma rauni.
Inda yake tattara tufafin da suka watsu a cikin daki ya zama misali na tawali'u da tawali'u. Wani zane-zane na Murillo da ke da alaƙa da wannan batu yana nufin Almasihu na Rumbun kusa da Saint Peter cikin hawaye.
Wanda ke yin nuni ga gafara kuma an yi shi ga Canon Justino de Neve. Bugu da ƙari, kayan arziki da aka yi amfani da su don tallafawa ya fito fili, wanda a yau an san shi ne takardar obsidian da aka kawo daga al'ummar Mexico.
An ambaci wannan yanki a cikin lissafin kadarorin Justino de Neve a lokacin mutuwarsa, ban da Addu'a a cikin lambun da aka zana akan wannan kayan.
Likitan tiyata Juan Salvador Navarro ne ya saye su a gwanjo kuma daga shi zuwa Nicolás Omazur kuma a yau suna cikin gidan kayan gargajiya na Louvre.
Game da Profane Genre
Dangane da zane-zanen Murillo, akwai nau'ikan zane-zane kusan ashirin da biyar da suka shafi wannan nau'in inda za'a iya ganin wasu ayyukan fasaha da suka shafi jigogi na yara, ku sani cewa da yawa daga cikin wadannan jigogin 'yan kasuwa Flemish ne da suka zauna a Seville suka kawo Spain.
Daga cikin wa] annan abokan cinikin har da Nicolás de Omazur, wanda ya kasance muhimmin mai tattara ayyuka na mai zanen da aka nufa da shi zuwa kasuwar Nordic, daga cikinsu akwai yara masu wasa da dice da ke Alte Pinakothek a birnin Munich.
An lura a cikin zane-zanen Murillo cewa jiga-jigan nasa ’ya’yan mabarata ne ko kuma iyalai masu tawali’u sanye da tufafin da suka kusan zama tsumma amma wanda ya sha banban da farin cikin da suke ciki a halin yanzu da aka nuna su.
Misalin wannan shi ne Yaron da ya shagaltu da tsaftace jikinsa na ƙuma kuma yana cikin gidan adana kayan tarihi na Louvre, wanda bisa ga yadda ya yi amfani da wannan fasaha ya kasance tun daga shekara ta 1665 zuwa 1675.
Za a iya gani a cikin zane-zane na Murillo yadda ruhun yara a ko da yaushe a shirye yake don yin wasa, kamar yadda za ku iya ganin yaron da ɓawon burodi da kuma yadda wani ɗan kwikwiyo yana wasa a lokaci ɗaya a tsakanin kafafunsa yayin da kakarsa ta wanke kansa da tsummoki. kuma ya yi ishara da wata tsohuwar magana:
"... lafiyayyan kyau kuma kyakkyawa yaro mai tsumma..."
Ya nuna farin cikin yara a daya daga cikin zanen Murillo, kamar murmushin yara a taga, wanda ba shi da ma'ana face kyakkyawan murmushin da ya yi idan ya kalli tagar gaskiyar da ke sa shi irin wannan alherin amma an hana masu kallo sanin lamarin. .
Sauran zane-zanen da Murillo ya yi, irin su Yara Biyu suna cin abinci daga kasko, ko kuma The Children Playing Dice, wasa ne da mutane masu tarbiyya ba su amince da su ba.
Amma manufarsa ita ce ta nuna farin ciki a cikin wasa mai sauƙi, kamar yadda kuma za a iya gani a cikin aikin Gayyatar Wasan Ball zuwa Shebur.
Inda aka nuna shakkun yaron cewa ya kamata ya gudanar da aiki ko ya zauna yana wasa da wani wanda ya lura da ɓarnansa kuma ya gayyace shi wasa. Hakanan zamu iya ambaton wani daga cikin ayyukansa Tres Muchachos ko Dos Golfillos y un Negrito.
Inda aka yi taho-mu-gama ta hankali a gaban wani abin da ba a zata ba, wani yaro bakar fata dauke da tulu a kafadarsa.
Mawallafinmu na iya kwatanta wannan zane ga Martin bawansa baƙar fata mai jan ƙarfe da aka haifa a kusan shekara ta 1662 yana kusa da yara maza biyu da suke shirin yin biredi.
Da wani irin hali ya nemi guntun guntun guntun su daya ya yi nisa ya ba shi yayin da dayan yaron a tsorace yake kokarin boyewa a hannunsa.
Wani misali na wannan shi ne aikin fasaha da ake kira mata biyu a taga da ke cikin National Gallery of Art a Washington, wanda watakila ya kasance na wurin gidan karuwai kuma Nicolás de Omazur zai samu a cikin gwanjo na Justino de Neve. .
Game da Hotuna
Akwai 'yan zane-zane da Murillo ya yi game da nau'in hoto, ɗaya daga cikinsu shine na Canon Justino de Neve wanda ke cikin birnin London a cikin National Gallery. Inda aka nuna shi yana zaune a teburinsa da lapdog a ƙafafunsa mai kyan gani mai kyan gani wanda ke buɗe kan wani lambun da yake da kama da zanen Baroque na Spain.
Ya kuma yi cikakkun hotuna masu tsayi, kamar yadda hoton Don Juan Antonio de Miranda y Ramírez de Vergara ya nuna, wanda ke cikin tarin Dukes na Alba kuma ya koma 1680. Za mu iya ambaton hotunan Nicolás de Omazur. wato Suna cikin gidan tarihi na Prado da na matarsa Isabel de Malcampo inda aka nuna dandanon flamenco.
To, tana ɗaukar wasu furanni a hannunta yayin da yake ɗaukar kwanyar, wanda ke wakiltar zanen vanitas, wanda yake na al'adar Nordic. Haka kuma ya yi amfani da wannan fom din ya sanya hotunansa guda biyu a daya daga cikinsu yana kama da matashi kuma yana kan dutsen marmara kamar abin jin dadi.
Game da ɗayan wanda ya zana bisa ga buƙatar 'ya'yansa, yana cikin firam ɗin oval kuma yana wasa da hangen nesa yayin da ɗayan hannunsa ya fito daga aikin yana rakiyar kayan zanensa.
Wani zanen Murillo wanda ke da ban mamaki da ban mamaki shine hoton Don Antonio Hurtado de Salcedo, wanda aka fi sani da Hoton Mafarauci kuma kwanan wata daga 1664 kuma wani bangare ne na tarin sirri.
Wani babban zane ne kuma Marquis na Legarda shine jigo a cikin wannan aikin, wanda ke kan iyakar farautarsa, tsaye kuma yana fuskantar gaba tare da harbin bindiga a kasa, a cikin hoton tare da bawa da karnuka uku. .
Zanen Murillo na ƙarshe da rasuwarsa
Bayan yin jerin shirye-shiryen da ya yi na Asibitin de la Caridad, wanda aka soke sosai, Murillo bai sami kwamitocin wannan girman ba a cikin shekara ta 1678.
An tabbatar da lokacin yunwa a ƙasar Spain sannan a shekara ta 1680 girgizar ƙasa ta haifar da sabon lalacewa.
Saboda haka, albarkatun tattalin arziki na coci sun saka hannun jari a cikin sadaka, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa ba za su iya ƙawata haikalin ba, ko da yake wannan ya faru da mawallafinmu, bai rasa kwamitocin wasu majiɓinta ba, kamar Justino de Neve, da kuma 'yan kasuwa na kasashen waje. wanda ya zauna a birnin Seville.
Wanda ya nemi ayyukan fasaha na addini don oratorios na sirri da kuma zanen Murillo akan wasu nau'ikan. Game da Nicolás de Omazur, ya isa birnin Seville a shekara ta 1656 kuma a cikin shekaru goma sha huɗu kacal ya ba da umarni na zane-zane talatin da ɗaya.
Daga ciki akwai Bikin aure a Cana wanda ke a Cibiyar Barber da ke Birmingham. Hakanan zamu iya ambaton wani abokin ciniki na asalin Genoese, Giovanni Bielato, wanda ya zauna a birnin Cádiz a 1662.
Ku sani cewa wannan dan kasuwa ya rasu a shekara ta 1681 kuma ya gaji daga gidan zuhudu na Capuchin da ke garinsu zane-zane guda bakwai da Murillo ya yi na shekaru daban-daban da ya mallaka, wadanda a halin yanzu suke a gidajen tarihi daban-daban.
Dangane da waɗannan zane-zane na Murillo za mu iya ambaton Saint Thomas na Villanueva Bayar da Agaji da aka samu a birnin Landan a cikin The Wallace Collection a shekara ta 1670.
An ce Murillo ya mutu ne sakamakon fadowar da aka yi masa a lokacin da yake zana wani katon zane mai suna Los Desposorios de Santa Catalina.
Wannan faɗuwar ta haifar da hernia a cikin mai zane wanda ba a bincika ba kuma saboda wannan dalili ya mutu bayan ɗan lokaci kaɗan kamar yadda bai bar birnin Seville ba tun ƙarshen 1681 kuma a ranar 03 ga Afrilu, 1682 ya mutu.
Kwanaki kaɗan da suka gabata, musamman ranar 28 ga Maris, 1682, ya kasance a ɗaya daga cikin rabon burodi da ’yan’uwa na Sadaka suka shirya wanda ya kasance a cikinta. Don bayanin ku, ya gaji dukiyarsa daga ɗansa Gaspar Esteban Murillo, wanda malamin addini ne, da Justino de Neve da Pedro Núñez de Villavicencio.
An rubuta wannan alkawari a ranar mutuwarsa, a cikin wannan takarda, ya bayyana cewa yana da bashi ga Nicolás de Omazur, saboda ya ba shi ƙananan kwali guda biyu na peso sittin kuma har yanzu yana binsa bashin peso arba'in daga cikin dari da ya mallaka. aka ba shi.
Canvases guda biyu waɗanda ba a gama ba, ɗaya na Santa Catalina, wanda Diego del Campo ya ba da izini akan darajar pesos talatin da biyu. Baya ga wani zanen rabin tsawon na Uwargidanmu na masaka kuma ban tuna sunan mutumin ba.
Hakanan ya ɓace shine babban zane na Bikin aure na Mystic na Santa Catalina don babban bagadin Capuchins na Cádiz, wanda kawai ya yi zane akan zanen kuma ya sanya launi zuwa adadi uku.
Ɗaya daga cikin almajiransa mai suna Francisco Meneses Osorio ne ya gama wannan zanen da ke kula da yin sauran zane-zane na wannan haikalin addini a birnin Cádiz, waɗanda a yau ake kāre su a Gidan Tarihi na Cádiz.
Dalibai da mabiyan Murillo
Ya kamata ku sani cewa zane-zanen Murillo da ke magana kan jigogi na addini ya karu da shahara a ƙarshen shekarun da suka gabata na karni na XNUMX a birnin Seville da kuma karni na gaba.
Yana da mahimmanci a nuna cewa babu ɗaya daga cikin ɗalibansa da ya sami damar koyon ƙwarewar Murillo na haske da zane maras kyau, ƙasa da haske da bayyana launi, wanda shine babban ingancin wannan mawaƙin.
Ɗaya daga cikin sanannun ɗalibai shine Francisco Meneses Osorio, wanda ke kula da kammala aikin da Murillo ya fara bayan faduwarsa a cikin bagadin Capuchin a birnin Cádiz.
Za mu iya kuma ambaci Cornelio Schut wanda ya isa birnin Seville kuma an san wasu zane-zane masu kama da zane-zane na Murillo, amma a game da zane-zanen man fetur ba kome ba ne illa mai hankali.
Wani daga cikin dalibansa da abokansa shi ne Pedro Núñez de Villavicencio kuma yana cikin Order of Malta, yana ba da damar yin hulɗa tare da zanen wani mawallafi. Akwai dalibai da dama na zane-zanen Murillo, daga cikinsu muna iya ambaton su:
- Jerome na Bobadilla
- Juan Simon Gutierrez
- Esteban Marquez de Velasco
- Sebastian Gomez ne adam wata
- Juan de Pareja
Yana da mahimmanci a haskaka a cikin karni na goma sha takwas masu zane-zane Alonso Miguel de Tovar da Bernardo Lorente Germán wanda ke kula da zanen Makiyaya na Allahntaka godiya ga tasirin Murillo, wani mai fasaha mai mahimmanci na wannan karni shine Domingo Martínez wanda ya yi hidima a kotu. daga 1729 zuwa 1733.
Kasancewa lokacin ɗaukaka ga mai zane Murillo saboda babban mahimmancin da Sarauniya Isabel de Farnese ta ba shi, wanda ke kula da siyan duk zane-zane na Murillo da ke cikin wannan birni na Seville. Ya kamata a lura cewa waɗannan zane-zane a yau sune waɗanda aka ajiye a cikin gidan kayan gargajiya na Prado.
Mahimman ƙima na wannan mai zane
Ana iya ganin adadi mai yawa na zane-zane na Murillo a cikin tarin Flemish da kuma a cikin yankunan Jamus musamman masu alaƙa da yanayin yanayi, misalin wannan shi ne yara masu cin inabi da kankana, wanda ke cikin birnin Antwerp tun 1658.
Game da wani zane-zane na Murillo, yara suna wasa dice sun fito waje, wanda aka rubuta a cikin shekara ta 1698 a birnin Antwerp, tun da Maximilian II ya sayi zanen biyu.
Ana samun wasu zane-zane na Murillo a cikin ƙasar Italiya waɗanda ɗan kasuwa Giovanni Bielato ya ba da gudummawa ga cocin Capuchin kuma daga inda Murillo da kansa ya faɗo daga babban bagadi.
Dangane da kasar Ingila kuwa, Ubangiji Godolphin ne ya dauki zanen Murillo a shekarar 1693, wanda ya sayi wani zane mai suna Children of Morella a kan kudi mai yawa, wanda a yau ake kiransa da The Three Boys.
Yana da mahimmanci a nuna cewa an inganta zane-zanen Murillo godiya ga tarihin farko da aka keɓe ga wannan mai zane mai ban sha'awa a 1683, wanda aka haɗa a cikin Academia nobilissima artis victoriae, da kuma marubucin rubutun Joachim von Sandrart, wanda kawai ya yi magana game da Velázquez.
Don haka mawaƙin mu Murillo shine ɗan Sipaniya kaɗai wanda ke da tarihin rayuwarsa kuma an kwatanta shi da hoton kansa. Hakazalika, Faransa ma ta sami zane-zane daga Murillo.
Da yake su ayyuka biyu ne na Countess of Verrue ban da zane-zane na addini guda huɗu waɗanda Louis XVI ya samo don sanya su a cikin Louvre, don haka babban shaharar wannan mai zane a ƙasashen Faransa.
Dangane da karni na XNUMX, yawancin zane-zanen Murillo sun bar Faransa don sanya su a cikin gidan kayan tarihi na Napoleon. Bugu da ƙari, Marshal Jean de Dieu Soult ya saci ayyukan fasaha da yawa na mawaƙinmu a Seville.
Daga cikinsu ya ajiye zane-zane goma sha huɗu na Murillo don tarin nasa na sirri, waɗanda ba su koma birnin Spain ba kuma a cikin gwanjon da ya yi a birnin Paris a 1852.
An biya wani adadi mai ban mamaki na franc na zinariya 586.000 don Soult's Immaculate, kasancewar farashin da ya yi yawa da aka biya har zuwa lokacin don aikin fasaha.
An yi gwanjon sauran zane-zanen da Murillo ya yi a Faransa da Landan, kasancewar tarin ma’aikacin banki Alejandro María Aguado da Luis Felipe I, waɗanda aka yi musu daraja sosai bayan nunin da aka gudanar a shekara ta 1848.
Idan kun sami wannan labarin mai ban sha'awa, ina gayyatar ku ku ziyarci hanyoyin haɗin yanar gizon: