Sanin wasu fasalulluka na zanen zamani

Ƙirƙira ita ce iyakar bayanin abin da zamani ya kasance. A cikin kanta, wannan yunkuri ya zo da shi daya daga cikin mafi girman gudunmawar fasaha na karni na XNUMX. Kuma shi ya sa muka yanke shawarar sanar da ku manyan abubuwan da wannan motsi ke da shi a kan fasaha, musamman a kan zanen zamani kuma mafi

YIN ZAMANI

Zamani da zanen zamani

Sana'ar zamani kalma ce da ake amfani da ita wajen bayyana tarihin fasaha da ke gudana kusan daga shekarun 1860 zuwa 1970. Kalmar tana nuna salo da falsafar fasaha da aka samar a lokacin. Tushensa ya ta'allaka ne a cikin ayyukan masu fasaha na ƙarshen karni na XNUMX irin su Van Gogh, Cezanne, da Gauguin, waɗanda horar da su da farkon ayyukansu sun dogara ne akan salon zanen gargajiya.

Duk da haka, a ƙarshen karni na XNUMX da yawa masu fasaha sun fara nisa daga ainihin labari a cikin batutuwa da salo, suna tafiya zuwa wani salon zane mai zurfi wanda ya magance sababbin ra'ayoyinsu na ado, wannan za a san shi da zanen zamani. Don haka kalmar "mai zamani ko na zamani" tana da alaƙa da fasaha, tare da nisantar da wannan salon fasaha daga zanen gargajiya.

Masu fasaha na zamani sun yi wasa tare da hanyoyin da ba a bincika ba na ganin batutuwan su da sabbin hanyoyin amfani da kayan zanen gargajiya. Wadannan sun kalubalanci ra'ayin cewa fasaha ya kamata ya wakilci duniya a haƙiƙa, gwaji tare da yin amfani da launi, sababbin dabaru da kayan da ba na al'ada ba wanda a yanzu ake la'akari da alamar fasahar zamani da zane-zane.

Farkon ƙarni na XNUMX ya kawo ƙarin gwaji. Mawakan Fauve (Fauvism), sun fara zana shimfidar wurare masu ma'ana "daji" kuma masu fasaha na zamani sun fara ɓata batutuwan su zama ƙwararrun siffofi, suna mai da su kusan ba zato ba tsammani.

Waɗannan ƙungiyoyin fasaha, da waɗanda suka biyo bayansu har zuwa ƙarni na XNUMX, sun dogara ne akan sabbin hanyoyin tunani, gani, da binciken fasaha, suna yin ma'anar ainihin abin da fasahar zamani take. Inda fasahar zamani kalma ce da ake amfani da ita wajen kwatanta motsi na fasaha da kuma lokacin tarihin fasaha, zamani shine sunan yunkurin falsafar da ya fito a lokaci guda.

YIN ZAMANI

Juyin juya halin masana'antu, saurin bunƙasa birane, da sabbin hanyoyin sufuri sun ba da gudummawa ga haɓaka falsafar zamani waɗanda suka ƙi tsarin tunani, fasaha, addini, da halayen zamantakewa. Zamani da fasaha na zamani suna da alaƙa kuma sun kasance tare: ka'idodin zamani suna ciyar da tunanin masu fasaha, kuma fasahar zamani tana haɓaka falsafa a zahiri.

Halayen na zamani a cikin fasaha

Ko da yake babu wata sifa guda ɗaya da ta ke bayyana “fasaha na zamani”, ya yi fice ga wasu muhimman halaye, kamar haka:

Sabbin nau'ikan fasaha

Masu fasaha na zamani sune farkon waɗanda suka haɓaka fasahar haɗin gwiwa, nau'ikan haɗuwa iri-iri, fasahar motsi iri-iri (ciki har da wayoyin hannu), nau'ikan hoto iri-iri, raye-raye (zane tare da daukar hoto), fasahar ƙasa ko kayan gini, da fasahar wasan kwaikwayo.

Amfani da sababbin kayan

Masu zanen zamani sun dasa abubuwa kamar yankan jaridu da sauran abubuwa a kan kwanonsu. Masu zane-zane sun yi amfani da abubuwan da aka samo, irin su "readymades" na Marcel Duchamp, wanda daga ciki ne suka kirkiro ayyukan fasaha. An kera taron ne da kayayyakin yau da kullum, kamar: motoci, agogo, akwatuna, akwatunan katako da sauran kayayyaki.

m amfani da launi

Matsalolin fasaha na zamani kamar Fauvism, zanen filin launi da magana sune farkon waɗanda suka tayar da launi ta hanya mai mahimmanci.

YIN ZAMANI

Sabbin dabaru

Mai zane Jules Cheret ne ya ƙirƙira Chromolithography, zanen atomatik an ayyana shi ta hanyar masu fasaha na gaskiya, kamar yadda Frottage da Decalcomania. Masu zanen motsin motsi sun yi tunanin zanen aikin. A halin yanzu, masu fasahar pop sun gabatar da "dige Benday" da kuma buga allo a cikin fasaha mai kyau. Sauran ƙungiyoyi da makarantun fasahar zamani waɗanda su ma suka gabatar da sabbin dabaru wajen aiwatarwa da haɓaka zanen.

Ƙungiyoyin fasaha na zamani

Ba za a iya taƙaita farkon zanen zamani ba, amma akwai yarjejeniya gaba ɗaya cewa ta fara a cikin ƙarni na XNUMX na Faransa. Hotunan Gustave Courbet, Edouard Manet da masu burgewa suna wakiltar zurfafa ƙin yarda da gadon ilimi da ake da su da kuma neman ƙarin wakilcin dabi'a na sararin samaniya na gani.

Ana iya ganin magadan a matsayin mafi zamani wajen ƙin al'adun gargajiya da jigogi da kuma bayyana hangen nesa na mutum.  Tun daga cikin 1890s, jerin ƙungiyoyi da salo iri-iri sun fito, waɗanda ke cikin jigon fasahar zamani kuma suna wakiltar ɗaya daga cikin manyan wuraren al'adun gani na Yamma. Waɗannan motsi na zamani sun haɗa da:

  • neo-impressionism
  • Alama
  • Fauvism
  • Cubism
  • Futurism
  • Bayyana ra'ayi
  • Suprematism
  • gina jiki
  • zanen metaphysical
  • De Stijl
  • hobbyhorse
  • Surrealism
  • hakikanin zamantakewa
  • Expresionismo m
  • Pop Art
  • op art
  • Minimalism
  • neo-expressionism

Ba tare da la'akari da nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'i-nau') sun kasance na zamani a cikin binciken da suke da shi na abubuwan da suka dace a cikin zane-zanen hoto don bayyana ra'ayin addini game da bambancin yanayin rayuwa a cikin karni na XNUMX da bayan haka.

Waɗannan sharuɗɗan sun haɗa da haɓaka canjin fasaha, haɓaka ilimin kimiyya da fahimta, bayyananniyar rashin dacewa da wasu madaidaitan tushen imani da ƙima, da faɗaɗa wayar da kan al'adun waɗanda ba na yamma ba.

Chronology da juyin halitta

Haɓaka fasahar zamani a cikin duk wakilcinta (zanen zamani da ƙari), an gabatar da su kuma sun samo asali a cikin duniya ta hanyoyi daban-daban da dalilai, waɗanda za a yi cikakken bayani a ƙasa:

1870-1900

Ko da yake kashi uku na ƙarshe na ƙarni na XNUMX sabon salon zanen na Impressionist ya mamaye shi, a zahiri akwai nau'ikan majagaba da yawa na fasahar zamani da zanen zamani, kowannensu yana da nasa tsarin. Waɗannan sun haɗa da:

  • Impressionism (daidaitacce a cikin ɗaukar tasirin hasken rana).
  • Gaskiya (abun ciki – jigo).
  • Ilimin fasaha (hotunan gaske na salon gargajiya).
  • Romanticism (yanayin tunani).
  • Alamar alama (tabbataccen iconography).
  • Lithographic zane-zane (m motifs da launuka).

Shekaru goma na ƙarshe na wannan lokacin sun ga jerin tawaye ga makarantun kimiyya da salon su a cikin nau'i na motsi na Secession, yayin da ƙarshen 1890s ya ga raguwar fasaha na tushen yanayi, kamar impressionism, wanda zai haifar da karuwa a cikin fiye da shekaru. fasaha na tushen saƙo mai tsanani.

1900-14

Kusan a cikin komai, wannan shine lokacin mafi ban sha'awa na fasahar zamani, lokacin da komai ya kasance mai yuwuwa kuma lokacin da "na'urar" har yanzu ana iya gani kawai a matsayin abokin mutum. Masu fasahar Paris sun samar da sabbin salo da dama, gami da: Fauvism, Cubism, da Orphism. Yayin da masu fasahar Jamus suka ƙaddamar da nasu makarantar zanen zamani na zamani.

Duk waɗannan ƙungiyoyin ci gaba sun yi watsi da halayen gargajiya game da fasaha kuma sun nemi kare nasu manufa ta zamani. Don haka, cubism yana so ya ba da fifikon halayen zane na yau da kullun, yayin da makomar gaba ta fi son jaddada yuwuwar na'ura, kuma furci yana kare fahimtar mutum.

YIN ZAMANI

1914-24

Kisan gilla da lalata Babban Yaƙin sun canza abubuwa gaba ɗaya. A cikin 1916, an ƙaddamar da motsi na Dada, cike da sha'awar nihilistic don rushe tsarin ƙimar da ya haifar da Verdun da Somme. Nan da nan, zane-zane na wakilci ya zama kamar batsa. Babu wani hoto da zai iya yin gasa da hotunan matattun yakin. Masu zane-zane sun riga sun ƙara juyawa zuwa fasahar da ba ta dace ba a matsayin hanyar magana. Ƙwayoyin fasaha na lokacin sun haɗa da:

  • Cubism (1908-40)
  • Bazuwa (1914-15)
  • Suprematism (1913-18)
  • Gine-gine (1914-32)
  • Stijl (1917-31)
  • Neoplasticism (1918-26)
  • Elementarism (1924-31)
  • Bahaushe (1919-33)
  • Daga baya St Ives School

Ko da ƴan motsi na alama sun kasance a fili avant-garde, kamar yadda aka nuna a zanen metaphysical (1914-20). 

1924-40

Shekarun zaman lafiya tsakanin yake-yaken sun kasance suna da matsaloli na siyasa da na tattalin arziki. Zane da sassaƙaƙƙen ɗan zamani sun kasance sananne, saboda fasahar da ta bambanta da gaskiya ta kasance ba ta cikin salo.

Hatta reshe na hakika na motsi na surealist, mafi girman motsi na lokacin, ba zai iya ɗaukar fiye da salon gaskiya na fantasy ba. A halin yanzu, gaskiyar da ta fi muni ta kunno kai a nahiyar, ta hanyar fasahar Nazi da Soviet agit-prop. Art Deco kawai, wani salon ƙirar ƙira mai kyau da nufin gine-gine da fasaha mai amfani, ya bayyana duk wani kwarin gwiwa a nan gaba.

1940-60

Duniyar fasaha ta canza ta hanyar bala'in yakin duniya na biyu. Da farko dai, cibiyar ƙarfinsa ta tashi daga Paris zuwa New York, inda ta kasance tun daga lokacin. Kusan duk farashin rikodin duniya na gaba za a samu a cikin dakunan tallace-tallace na Christie's da Sotheby's a New York. A halin yanzu, abin da ba a iya faɗi ba na Auschwitz ya lalata kimar duk fasaha na gaske sai fasahar Holocaust na waɗanda abin ya shafa.

YIN ZAMANI

Sakamakon wannan duka, babban motsi na gaba na kasa da kasa, abstract expression, an kirkiro shi ta hanyar masu fasaha na Amurka na Makarantar New York. Lallai, a cikin shekaru 20 masu zuwa, abstraction zai mamaye, yayin da sabbin ƙungiyoyi ke fitowa. Waɗannan sun haɗa da:

  • Fasaha na yau da kullun.
  • Zanen ayyuka.
  • Gesturalism.
  • Shan taba
  • Zanen filin launi.
  • abstraction na lyrical.
  • Hard Edge Paint
  • COBRA, ƙungiyar da aka bambanta ta wurin hoton 'ya'yanta da kuma layukan sa.

A cikin shekarun 1950, wasu nau'ikan salo masu ban sha'awa sun bazu, kamar: fasahar motsa jiki, Nouveau Realism da Neo-Dada, duk waɗannan sun nuna rashin jin daɗin ci gaba tare da kunkuntar masana'antar fasaha.

1960

Fashewar shahararriyar kida da talbijin ta bayyana a cikin harkar Pop-Art, wanda hotunan hotunan fitattun jaruman Hollywood da shahararriyar al'adun gargajiya sun yi bikin nasarar cin moriyar jama'a a Amurka. Har ila yau, yana da sabon salo, na zamani, wanda ya taimaka kawar da wasu daga cikin farkon shekarun 60 da ke da alaƙa da rikicin Cuban 1962. Wanda a Turai ya haifar da nasarar nasarar Fluxus ta jagoranci:

  • George Macunas
  • Yusuf Beuys
  • Ina Juni Paik
  • Wolf Vostell

Fasahar fafutuka ta kasa-da-kasa kuma ta kasance abin maraba da maraba ga ƙwararrun ƙwararrun maganganu, waɗanda tuni suka fara dushewa. Amma a cikin 1960s kuma sun ga tashin wani babban motsi wanda aka sani da Minimalism, wani nau'i na zane-zane na zamani da sassaka da aka wanke daga duk wani bayani ko motsin motsi na waje, ba kamar harshen da ke motsa jiki ba na rashin fahimta.

Zamani a cikin zane-zane

A ƙarshen karni na XNUMX, masu fasaha sun gaji da fasahar gargajiya da na mazan jiya. A Vienna, ƙungiyar masu fasaha a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Gustav Klimt sun kira kansu Secesion Vienna kuma sun yanke kansu daga cibiyoyin fasaha na babban birnin Austriya a lokacin.

Kungiyar ta binciko yankunan da ba a bayyana su ba a tsari, hadewa, da magana, wanda ya haifar da irin wannan gwaji a wasu kasashe da ke kusa kamar Faransa da Jamus. Ana fassara bugun fenti masu arziƙi na zamani da gaskiya cikin launuka masu faɗi da salon rubutu, maganganun da za su ba da hanya don zane-zane.

A lokacin yakin duniya na farko, an riga an yi amfani da zane mai hoto don kasuwanci, kamfanoni, da dalilai na ado. Sabon aikinsa zai kasance na siyasa, ana amfani da shi a fosta da farfaganda a lokacin yakin.

Ci gaba a cikin bugu mai yawa ya ba da damar samar da ingantaccen saƙo don tara kuɗi, ƙarfafa shiga, da haɓaka ɗabi'a. Rikici da ƙalubalen da aka fuskanta a yaƙe-yaƙe na duniya biyu sun ƙarfafa ƙarfin farko na zamani na gaskiya a cikin zane mai hoto.

A cikin Turai da Amurka, masu zanen hoto sun zana wahayi daga faɗuwar ƙungiyoyin fasaha kamar Cubism, Futurism, De Stijl, da Surrealism. A nan Jamus ma ƙungiyar Bahaushe ta yi tasiri sosai a kan zane-zane. Tare da layukan sa masu ƙarfin gwiwa, launuka na farko, da farar sarari mai tada hankali, ya kasance mai ban mamaki a cikin tsarin 2-D kamar yadda yake a cikin gine-gine ko sassaka.

Daga qarshe, an siffanta zanen zamani ta hanyar zance mai ban sha'awa, nau'in m, da launuka na farko da siffofi. Wadannan masu zanen kaya sun kusanci aiki da gaske, suna mai da hankali kan ma'anar magana (da kuma jaddada akidar zamani na zamani wanda sifa ta biyo baya aiki).

Lokacin da Nazis ya zo kan mulki a cikin 1930s, gwaje-gwajen zamani a duk ayyuka sun yi tir da, kuma yawancin masu fasaha, masu zane-zane, da masu zanen kaya sun yi hijira zuwa Amurka. Kodayake ƙirar zamani ta katse a cikin haɓakarsa, ya kasance ɗayan mafi tasiri ƙungiyoyi a cikin tarihin ƙirar hoto.

Kayan ado na Art Nouveau, kayan gilashi, yumbu, kayan daki da baƙin ƙarfe

Masu yin kayan ado na zamani na Amurka waɗanda suka yi sana'ar su tun daga shekarun 1930 zuwa 1960 sun nuna matuƙar ƙwaƙƙwara wajen ƙin amincewa da salon da suka zo a baya. An yi watsi da kayan ado na Victoria a matsayin kayan ado ma, an ga sassan Art Nouveau suna da matukar buƙata, kuma ana ganin kayan ado na Art Deco a matsayin masu tsauri. Waɗannan masu kayan ado sun ji cewa sun fi dacewa da masu zane-zane na zamani, masu sassaƙa, da sauran masu fasaha na zamanin.

Babban burinsa shi ne ƙirƙirar ayyukan fasaha na musamman waɗanda mutane za su iya amfani da su. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan zakarun farko da masu yin wannan sigar shine Sam Kramer, wanda, kamar yawancin mutanen zamaninsa, ya rayu, ya yi aiki, kuma ya sayar da abubuwan da ya halitta a kauyen Greenwich na New York. Kramer ya yi aiki da farko a cikin azurfa, amma kuma ya kware wajen yin zoben jan karfe, 'yan kunne, da fil kuma ya samo kayan tarihi da suka hada da hakora, maɓalli, burbushi, da tsoffin tsabar kudi.

A wani lokaci, Kramer ya yi amfani da wasu duwatsu masu daraja kamar garnets ko opals a cikin ɓangarorin sa na zahiri, geometric, ko biomorphic. Wani jagoran da ba na hukuma ba na ƙungiyar kayan ado na zamani shine maƙwabcin Kramer Art Smith. Kayan adon nata sun fito ne daga zoben wuyan azurfa masu sauki zuwa guntun biomorphic wadanda suka dogara da abubuwan Afirka.

Yayin da Smith ya yi kananan guntuka kamar ƙulla da ƴan kunne, yawancin ayyukansa mafi kyau sun isa su lulluɓe jiki, kamar dai yanayin ɗan adam shine kawai tushen abubuwan da ya halitta.

Wuraren wuyan hannu na jan karfe na na da, musamman ƙuƙumman "jazz" tare da bayanan kida da aka yi amfani da su a waje, suna da tarin yawa. Boomerangs, madaidaitan layukan da ke tsaka-tsaki, da sifofin shekarun atomatik suna kwatanta aikin Ed Wiener.

Wani lokaci wasu 'yan kunne na azurfa masu kama da gilashin sa'o'i na sa'o'i ana ƙawata su da lu'u-lu'u ɗaya. Wani lokaci kuma, an sanya agate idon cat a tsakiyar guntu, kamar a ba wa abubuwan da ba su da rai kamannin fuskar mutum.

Wani dan kauyen Greenwich wanda kayan adon zamani na zamani ke mutunta shi ne Paul Lobel, wanda ya kera filaye na azurfa da mundaye, da gilashi, daki da kayan azurfa. A wajen New York akwai Betty Cooke, tana aiki a yanayin Bauhaus a Baltimore.

Kayan adon nata an yi su ne da siffofi na geometric kuma suna da yanayin tsari mai ƙarfi, wanda da gangan za ta rushe ta wurin sanya kaifi na lu'u-lu'u, ƙananan katako, ko ma duwatsun da ba a gama ba kamar quartz.

Wani Bauhaus acolyte shine Margaret De Patta, wanda aikinta ya nuna babban tasirin Bauhaus master László Moholy-Nagy, wanda ta yi karatu tare da shi. A halin yanzu, a San Francisco, Peter Macchiarini ya kalli abin rufe fuska na Afirka da Cubism don wahayi. Brass, jan karfe, da azurfa sune kayan gama gari, tare da opals, agates, da itace.

A cikin Scandinavia a cikin 1940s da 1950s, ana yin motsi iri ɗaya. Henning Koppel da Nanna Ditzel sun kasance mashahuran masu zanen kaya guda biyu na Georg Jensen, wanda hawayen azurfa da abin wuyan amoeba suka haɗu da kamala na maƙerin zinare na Danish tare da sha'awar yanayi, har ma da sifofin farko.

Daga baya, a cikin XNUMXs Finland, Bjorn Weckstrom ya auri tsayayyen azurfa da ɗigon acrylic goge don ƙirƙirar zobba, mundaye, da pendants waɗanda duka shekarun sararin samaniya da na halitta. Sauran wuraren da masu fasahar zamani suka bincika sune kera yumbu, kayan daki, kayan gilashi, da ƙarfe. Daga cikin fitattun mawakan, za a iya ambata kamar haka:

  • Louis Comfort Tiffany (mai tsarawa)
  • Emile Gallé (masanin yumbu kuma mai yin gilashi)
  • Antonin Daum (Glazier)
  • Lluís Masriera (mai ado)
  • Carlo Bugatti (mai zanen kaya)
  • Louis Majorelle (mai zanen kaya)
  • Gustave Serrurier-Bovy (mai tsara kayan daki)
  • Jacques Grüber (mai yin ado da fenti)
  • Jules Brunfaut (Mai tsara gine-gine da kayan ado)
  • Auguste Delaherche (kwararre)
  • Georges de Feure (mai zane da kayan ado)

zanen zamani

Zamanin zamani na tarihin fasaha ya kasance babban mai kallo na rushewar iyakokin al'ada, duka a cikin nau'i (bayyanar fasaha) da abun ciki (batun). Wannan ya faru a cikin dukkanin rassan fasaha, tare da zane-zane a gaba. Lallai, masu zane-zane sun jagoranci ƙirƙira kayan ado a Turai tun ƙarshen zamani.

Fitacciyar ƙirƙira a cikin sigar ita ce haɓakar gurɓatattun salon zanen, wanda ya kai ga haihuwar zane-zane. Dangane da abun ciki, zanen zamani yana son gabatar da al'amuran yau da kullun, sabanin batutuwan ''mafi girma'' na gargajiya (na Littafi Mai Tsarki, tatsuniyoyi, tarihi).

Haihuwar zanen zamani sau da yawa ana bibiyar gaskiya ne, motsi na Faransa wanda ke nuna al'amuran rayuwar yau da kullun ta hanyar zahiri ta zahiri. Ko da yake za a iya gano ainihin al'amuran rayuwar yau da kullun zuwa zanen Renaissance Low Country, ƙungiyar Realism ta Zamani ta ɗauki sabon salo ta hanyar mai da hankali kan munanan abubuwan da suka haɗa da: talauci, rashin matsuguni da yanayin aiki.

Gustave Courbet ne ya jagoranci wannan motsi, wanda manyan ayyukansa sune "The Stone Breakers" da "Entierro de Ornans". Ko da yake murdiya, ba gaskiya ba, zai zama babban abin da ya shafi zanen zamani, fasaha ta gaske ta ci gaba da bunƙasa har yau. Yawancin wannan fasaha shine, kamar ainihin motsi na Faransanci, mai kula da zamantakewa.

Babban mataki na gaba na zanen zamani shine Impressionism, salo mai sauri, salo wanda ke ɗaukar ra'ayi gabaɗaya na fage (saɓanin cikakkun bayanai). Musamman, Impressionism yana ƙoƙari ya kama tasirin haske na ɗan lokaci, da farko ta hanyar goge-goge kusa da haske, launuka masu bambanta (wanda ke haɓaka haske na launuka biyu, don haka yana haifar da sakamako mai haske).

Masu Impressionists sune rukuni na farko na masu fasaha don yin zane da farko akan wuri, maimakon zane akan wuri da zane a cikin ɗakin studio. Tushen Impressionism ya ta'allaka ne a cikin ayyukan Édouard Manet, wanda ya zana cikin ingantaccen salo. Duk da haka, Manet ya haifar da cece-kuce ta hanyar yin sako-sako da bin hangen nesa, samar da bayanan baya cikin saukin tsari, da kuma karkatar da saman abubuwa zuwa wurare masu tsananin launi (maimakon yin ƙirar abubuwa masu santsin inuwa).

Wadannan dabi'un sun fara bayyana a fili a cikin Abincin Abinci akan Grass, shahararren zanen farko na Manet. Suna ƙara bayyana a cikin ayyukansa na baya, waɗanda suka haɗa da: "Bar a Folie-Bergére", sau da yawa ana ɗaukar fitaccen aikin sa. Tsawaita salon Manet ya haifar da Impressionism, kamar yadda aka yi watsi da cikakken daki-daki da ƙirar ƙira na gaskiya don neman saurin buge-buge da fashewar launi mai ƙarfi.

Babban mashahurin mai fa'ida shine Claude Monet, wanda ya yi aiki da farko akan shimfidar wurare da wuraren teku. Ayyukansa na farko sun haɗa da zane-zane da yawa a bakin teku a kusa da garinsa na Le Havre, ciki har da "Impression, Sun Rising." Lokacin da aka soki wannan aikin a matsayin "ra'ayi kawai", an tabbatar da sunan salon.

Wani lokaci Monet zai dawo kan batun sau da yawa, a lokuta daban-daban ko yanayi, don ɗaukar cikakken yanayin yanayin haske. Wannan dabarar ta ƙare a cikin shahararren Ruwan Lily Series, wanda ke fasalta jiyya da yawa na tafkunan ruwan lili a wajen gidan da Monet ya yi ritaya.

Impressionism ya ƙunshi yawancin sanannun sunaye a cikin zanen. Tare da Monet, Sisley da Pissarro ne suka jagoranci zanen mai ban sha'awa. Fitattun masu zanen salon Impressionist sune:

  • Renoir
  • Morisot
  • Na gas.

The Impressionists, wanda dan kadan blurred da sauƙaƙa gaskiya, aka bi da wani gungun masu fasaha da suka ci gaba da murdiya: da Post-Impressionists, wanda ya gano cewa daukan hotuna sabon tunanin zai yiwu idan siffofi da launuka na gaskiya sun canza mafi m.

Wasu Post-Impressionists sun bi tsarin jujjuyawar lissafi (wanda duniya ke matsawa zuwa siffofi na geometric, samar da ma'anar tsauri da sarrafawa), yayin da wasu suka binciko gurbataccen ruwa (wanda duniya ta karkata ta hanyar ruwa da kwayoyin halitta). Dukansu nau'ikan murdiya (musamman ruwa) galibi suna gabatar da launuka marasa gaskiya.

Babban majagaba na jujjuyawar geometric shine Paul Cézanne, wanda ya sauƙaƙa fasalin yanayin yanayin cikin sauƙi zuwa siffofi na geometric. Wannan ya haifar da shimfidar wurare (samfurin da ya fi so) tare da ɗan tsauri, siffa mai toshewa.

Mafi mahimmancin majagaba na gurbata ruwa shine Vincent van Gogh. (Wasu mahimman lambobi sun haɗa da Gauguin, Munch, da Toulouse-Lautrec.) Salon Van Gogh yana da ruwa da launi, tare da mahimmancin mahimmanci akan rawaya. Daren Taurari na iya zama shahararren aikinsa.

Yayin da Georges Seurat ya ɓullo da wani nau'i na musamman na bayan-impressionism: pointilism, wanda a cikinsa ake nuna al'amuran cikin ɗigogi da yawa na launi ɗaya. Shahararriyar aikin ma'ana shine "Sunday Afternoon" wanda ke nuna tsibirin La Grande Jatte.

sassaka na zamani

An kwatanta sassa na zamani a tarihi a matsayin sassaka wanda ya fara da aikin Auguste Rodin kuma ya ƙare tare da zuwan fasahar pop da minimalism a cikin 1960. Tattaunawar Alex Potts na 2001 game da tarihin tarihin sassaka na zamani yana da mahimmanci don fahimtar kafofin watsa labaru, lokaci, da hanyoyin da manyan masu fasaha ke amfani da su.

Yayin da ake ganin yanzu a matsayin cliché don fara motsi na zamani a cikin sassaka tare da aikin Rodin, a cikin aikinsa ya fara ganin abubuwan da za su zama halayen sassaka na zamani, irin su sabon sha'awar guntu, musamman jiki.

Hakazalika, jiyya na saman ƙasa da cikakkun bayanai na fili, mai da hankali ga motsi, haɗuwa ta alama na magana ta ciki da bayyanarsa ta waje, ko abin da Constantin Brancusi ya kira "zamani." Kuma mafi girman la'akari da abstraction, rarrabuwa da rashin wakilci a cikin abubuwa masu sassaka, wato, ficewa mai hankali daga gaskiya da manufa ta ilimi.

Masu zane-zane a wannan lokacin kuma sun ba da fifiko kan ƙira, tsari, da ƙarar ƙira a kan wakilcin takamaiman batun. Yin amfani da kayan da ba a saba amfani da su ba a cikin ra'ayoyin sassa na ƙarshe ya zama mafi bayyana, kamar amfani da: tufafi, tufafi da sauran kafofin watsa labaru masu gauraye. Kamar yadda aka gani a cikin "Ƙananan ballerina mai shekaru goma sha huɗu" wanda Edgar Degas ya yi tsakanin shekarun 1878-1881, a halin yanzu yana cikin National Gallery, Washington.

Ana lura da haɗuwa da abubuwa na ɗan adam da na injiniya a lokacin lokacin Injin Age, kamar yadda a cikin ayyukan Umberto Boccioni da Jacques Lipschitz, ban da murdiya da raunin da ya bayyana a cikin ayyukan tsaka-tsakin lokaci, kamar yadda a cikin ayyukan Medardo. Rosso da Alberto Giacometti.

Tasirin fasaha a waje da Yammacin Turai, wato, Turai, al'adar ya zama mai tasiri sosai ga masu zane-zane a farkon karni kuma ana iya gani a cikin sassa na Paul Gauguin da Pablo Picasso. Masu zane-zane irin su Naum Gabo da Antoine Pevsner sun fara amfani da kayan da ba a yi amfani da su ba don yin zane-zane mai kyau a baya da kuma sabbin kayan da aka ƙirƙira irin su robobi.

Abubuwan da aka yi amfani da su a baya sun zama mafi mahimmanci a zamanin yau, kamar: aluminum tare da Isamu Noguchi, wutar lantarki don fitilu a cikin sassaka da kuma motsi na motsi ta Camille Claudel, ƙarfe na Julio González, gubar Aristide Mailol, karfe da walda. karafa na David Smith da Julio González, itace ta Constantin Brancusi da kuma gano abubuwa ta Louise Nevelson.

Ko da yake akwai misalan zane-zane masu motsi da masu sassaƙa na baya suka yi kamar: Antonio Canova da Lorenzo Bartolini. Wanda za mu yi la'akari da shi a matsayin sassaka na motsi a yau, duka shawarar motsi a cikin sassaka da ainihin motsin sassaka ya zama mafi shahara a farkon rabin farko na karni na XNUMX. Alexander Calder da László Moholy-Nagy sun aiwatar da ƙarin amfani da fasahar motsi a cikin ayyukansu a cikin rabin na biyu na ƙarni.

A tashin hankali da kuma dauki tsakanin m image da kuma korau sarari kewaye da wani aikin art kuma taka muhimmiyar rawa, da kuma wannan za a iya gani musamman a farkon aiki da kuma "space zane" na Giacometti, Picasso da David Smith, kazalika a cikin. sassaka ta Jean Arp, Henry Moore da Barbara Hepworth.

Masu fasaha da aka ambata a sama, tare da wasu da yawa, ciki har da: Alexander Archipenko, Raymond Duchamp-Villon, Max Ernst, Henri Gaudier-Brzeska, Gaston Lachaise, Henri Laurens da Aristide Maillol, sun yi hutu mai mahimmanci tare da sassaka na baya-bayan nan, 'yantar da su. shi ne daga dogaron da suke da shi ga ilimin halittar jiki da kuma hidimarsu ga gine-gine, kuma sun ɗauki matsakaicin matsayi fiye da kowane tsara tun farkon masu sassaƙa na Renaissance.

Gine-gine na zamani

Gine-gine na zamani ya taso ne daga kin revivals, classicism, eclecticism, da duk sabawa da salo na farko zuwa nau'ikan ginin al'ummar masana'antu a ƙarshen ƙarni na XNUMX da XNUMX. Bugu da ƙari, ya girma daga yunƙurin ƙirƙira nau'ikan gine-gine da salo waɗanda za su iya amfani da kuma nuna sabbin fasahohin ginin gini na ƙarfe da ƙarfe, ƙarfafan siminti, da gilashi.

Har zuwa yaduwar postmodernism, tsarin zamani kuma ya haɗa da kin amincewa da kayan ado da kayan ado da aka yi amfani da su na gine-ginen yammacin zamani. Tushen gine-ginen zamani ya kasance matsananciyar natsuwa akan gine-gine waɗanda tsarin raye-rayen mutane da sifofinsu ke kafa tsarin jumhuriyar haske da launi.

Wannan ci gaban yana da alaƙa da sabbin nau'ikan gine-ginen da al'umma masu ci gaban masana'antu ke buƙata, kamar gine-ginen ofis waɗanda ke ɗauke da gudanarwar kamfanoni ko gudanarwar gwamnati. Ɗaya daga cikin mafi mahimmancin yanayi da motsi na gine-ginen zamani shine:

  • Makarantar Chicago
  • aikin aiki
  • art deco
  • art nouveau
  • De Stijl, Bahaushe
  • Salon Duniya
  • Sabon Zalunci
  • Postmodernism

masu fasahar zamani

Tarihin fasahar zamani shine tarihin manyan masu fasaha da nasarorin da suka samu. Masu fasaha na zamani sun yi ƙoƙari don bayyana ra'ayoyinsu game da duniyar da ke kewaye da su ta amfani da hanyoyi na gani. Yayin da wasu suka haɗa aikinsu zuwa ƙungiyoyi ko ra'ayoyi na baya, babban burin kowane mai fasaha a wannan zamani shine don ciyar da aikin su zuwa matsayi na asali mai tsabta.

Wasu masu fasaha sun kafa kansu a matsayin masu tunani masu zaman kansu, suna yunƙurin wuce abin da ya ƙunshi nau'ikan "babban fasaha" a lokacin, waɗanda ke samun goyan bayan makarantun gargajiya na jahohi da manyan manyan masu fasahar gani. Waɗannan ƴan ƙirƙira sun bayyana wani batu da mutane da yawa suka ɗauka a matsayin lalata, rigima, ko ma mummuna.

Mawaƙin zamani na farko da ya tsaya da gaske shi kaɗai a wannan ma'ana shine Gustave Courbet, wanda a tsakiyar karni na 1849 ya yi ƙoƙarin haɓaka salonsa na musamman. An cika wannan sosai tare da zanen sa na 1850-XNUMX, Burial at Ornans, wanda ya gigita duniyar fasahar Faransa ta hanyar nuna jana'izar wani mutum na gari daga ƙauyen manoma.

Kwalejin ta ba da haske ga hoton ma'aikatan gona datti a kusa da wani buɗaɗɗen kabari, saboda kawai tatsuniyoyi na gargajiya ko al'amuran tarihi ne kawai batun da ya dace don irin wannan babban zane. An yi wa Courbet tun da farko saboda aikinsa, amma a ƙarshe ya tabbatar da tasiri sosai ga ƙarni na gaba na masu fasahar zamani. Daruruwan masu fasaha ne suka sake maimaita wannan tsarin ƙiyayya da tasiri na gaba a wannan zamani.

A ƙasa akwai jerin wasu fitattun masu fasaha na salon salon magana na zamani:

  • Eugene Atget
  • hippolyte blancard
  • Bulus Cézanne
  • Salvador Dalí
  • max ernst
  • Paul Gauguin
  • Hoton Vincent van Gogh
  • Hector Guimard
  • Wassily Kandinsky
  • Raoul Francois Larche
  • Jacques-Henri Lartigue
  • Fernand Leger ne adam wata
  • Henri Matisse
  • Joan Miro
  • Edvard Munch
  • Pablo Picasso
  • Piet Mondrian
  • franz klin
  • Paul klee
  • Frantisek Kupka
  • Paul Strand
  • Charles sheler
  • Henry na Toulouse
  • Lautrec
  • Edouard Vuillard

Idan kun sami wannan labarin akan zanen zamani mai ban sha'awa, muna gayyatar ku don jin daɗin waɗannan wasu:


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