Ngeposi elandelayo uya kuba nako ukwazi yonke into enxulumene nento ebizwa ubugcisa obuncinci, ekwabizwa ngokuba yi-application arts, ezo zinomsebenzi osebenzayo, ukongeza kubugcisa nje. Ngaphakathi kweli qela kukho ubugcisa bokuhombisa kunye negolide.
UbuGcisa obuNcinci
Kwinqaku lethu namhlanje siza kufunda ngakumbi malunga nezobugcisa ezincinci, ezaziwa ngabaninzi njengobugcisa obusetyenzisiweyo. Lelinye lawona mboniso unika umdla wobugcisa kwimbali kwaye ubandakanya bonke obo bugcisa bunomsebenzi obonakalayo, ukongeza kubugcisa obusulungekileyo, kulo lonke ulwandiso lwayo.
Ngaphakathi kweqela lobugcisa obuncinci sinokugqamisa ezinye ezikhethekileyo ezifana nobugcisa bokuhombisa, ukongeza kwi-goldsmithing, nangona kunjalo kubalulekile ukucacisa ukuba xa sithetha ngobugcisa obuncinci sibhekisela kuyo yonke into edibanisa izinto zobugcisa kunye nezinto ezisetyenziswa rhoqo.
Kuninzi okuthethwayo malunga nokwahlula phakathi kwezinto ezibizwa ngokuba yi-mininor arts kunye ne-Fine Arts eyaziwa ngokubanzi: ulwahlulo oluvela eGrisi. Nangona kukho abo bazama ukujongela phantsi oko kufane kubizwe ngokuba bubugcisa obuncinci, inyaniso yeyokuba le ntetho ibisebenza embalini njengobugcisa obuphambili.
Ininzi kakhulu impembelelo yobugcisa obuncinci kangangokuba uninzi lwezakhiwo zangaphambili ezinokutyelelwa ngoku zenziwe zakhiwe ngaphakathi kolu hlobo lobugcisa olwaziwa njengobugcisa obusetyenzisiweyo. Umzekelo ocacileyo wale nto nayiphi na i-amphora yaseRoma, okanye ezinye izixhobo ezisebenza ngokugqibeleleyo kunye nezixhobo ezishiywe ngamalungu empucuko yangaphambi kwe-Hispanic.
Ukutyhubela iminyaka, okokuqala ngexesha loTshintsho lwezoShishino nasemva kwenqanaba lale mihla, lo mbono ubukhulisa uluhlu lwayo lwemisebenzi. Kukho izifundiswa ezithi ubugcisa obubonwayo, umzekelo ukufota kunye ne-cinema, kwafuneka ukuba zithathwe njengohlobo lobugcisa obuncinci, ngelixa abanye abaphengululi behluka kolu vavanyo.
Inyaniso yeyokuba ngoku kukho amasebe ahlukeneyo kubugcisa obuncinci, nangona ngalinye libonakala lingenamvelaphi yobugcisa. Omnye weyona miba ibalaseleyo yobugcisa obusetyenzisiweyo kukuba ukusebenza kwabo kucace kakhulu. Ngaphakathi kolu hlobo lobugcisa, zonke iindlela zoyilo ziyagqama, okanye nezo zinxulumene nolwakhiwo.
Imbali yobugcisa obusetyenzisiweyo okanye obuncinci
Kweli candelo lenqaku lethu siza kuhamba kancinci kwimbali yezinto ezibizwa ngokuba yi-applied arts okanye eyaziwa ngcono ngabaninzi njengeminor arts. Ukuqonda ngcono ibali, siza kulwahlula ukhenketho ngokwamaxesha aliqela:
Imvelaphi yengcamango
Ngokwenkcazo yayo, kunokuthiwa ukuba ubugcisa obuncinci sele busebenza nakwi-Prehistory; nangona kunjalo, yayingamaGrike awayenembopheleleko yokwenza umahluko ngokwengcamango. AmaGrike achaza uBugcisa obuBugcisa njengabo bunokuxatyiswa ngokubona nokuva, ngaphandle kokudibana ngokwasemzimbeni.
Ngelixa ubugcisa obuncinci, ngokutsho kwamaGrike, bufuna ungenelelo lwezinye iimvakalelo ukuze bakwazi ukuqondana ngokuchanekileyo, oko kukuthi, kungekuphela nje ukubona kunye nokuva njengoko kunjalo kwimeko yoBugcisa obuhle. Kweli qela, eminye imisinga inokugqanyiswa, njenge-perfumery kunye ne-gastronomy.
Ngexesha elithile kamva, ingcamango yobugcisa obuncinci yayifumana izinto ezintsha kwaye ithatha utshintsho oluncinci, ibeka ugxininiso olukhethekileyo lokuba into eyadalwayo yayinomsebenzi oluncedo okanye ukuba yayibubugcisa nje.
Kwiminyaka ephakathi
Kukholelwa ukuba kwakungexesha lamaXesha Aphakathi apho ubugcisa obuncinci babonisa impembelelo yabo yokuqala enkulu. Lo mnqweno wawubangelwe yimiba emininzi, kodwa enye yezona zinto zibalaseleyo yayiyinkangeleko yemibutho yamagcisa, eyayiphethe ekudaleni iindibano zocweyo nokuqeqesha abasebenzi bayo.
Omnye umba owakhokelela ekuphakanyisweni kobugcisa obuncinci ngexesha lamaXesha Aphakathi yayikukubonakala koohlohlesakhe, okwakhuthaza kakhulu ukwanda kwabathengi abatsha, ngaphaya kweenkosi okanye iCawa. Kuyafaneleka ukuba uqaphele ukuba ngexesha le-Romanesque phantse yonke imisebenzi yagcina i-motif yenkolo.
Ubugcisa obuncinci obukhuthazwayo ngexesha lamaXesha Aphakathi babusoloko bujoliswe kubathengi ababenemali eninzi, ngoko ke ukusetyenziswa kwezinto ezithile eziphambili ezifana negolide kunye namatye anqabileyo ukucaciswa kolu hlobo lomsebenzi kwakuyimpawu.
Uyilo lwelaphu lukwafumana ukonyuswa okunomdla ngeli nqanaba. Akunjalo kuphela kwimpahla, kodwa kunye neetapestries ezintle zezindlu okanye iinqaba ezinamandla. Uboya kunye ne-hemp zigqama njengezona zixhobo zisetyenziswayo, zilandelwa zezinye imathiriyeli ezifana nesilika kunye nelinen yasempumalanga.
KwiGothic, eyona nto ibalaseleyo ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo luyilo kunye nokwakhiwa kweecathedrals kunye neetempile ezintle. Nangona kunjalo, kwakungeyona nje isakhiwo esinjalo esenza impembelelo, kodwa ngaphezu kwazo zonke izinto zokuhlobisa ezazisetyenziselwa ukuhlobisa olu hlobo lolwakhiwo: ukusuka kwiifestile zeglasi eziqingqiweyo ukuya kwimifanekiso eqingqiweyo.
Ukwenziwa kwefenitshala kuxhamla kuphuculo lwezoqoqosho, njengoko kunjalo naleyo yempahla etyebileyo.
neoclassicism
I-Neoclassicism yayiyenye inqanaba embalini apho ubugcisa obuncinci nabo bakwazi ukufumana umzuzu omkhulu. Ukususela ngo-1750 ubugcisa bokuhombisa bubonisa umdla onomdla, ngakumbi kumazwe afana neNgilani neFransi.
Indlela yokusebenza kobugcisa obuncinci ngeli xesha yayiphawulwe, phakathi kwezinye izinto, ngokundiliseka, nokubanda. Iifom ezilula, ezithe tyaba zazisetyenziswa kakhulu, mhlawumbi ekuphenduleni kwisitayela sangaphambili seRococo, esasigcwele ukugqithiswa kwesitayile.
KwiShishini loPhuculo
I-Industrial Revolution yayilelona nqanaba linempembelelo kwaye libalulekileyo kubugcisa obuncinci ngokubanzi, ngakumbi kuba yayithetha ukuvela kwimveliso yezandla yezandla ukuya kwimveliso yemizi-mveliso. Kwakusemva koVukelo lwezoShishino apho olu hlobo lwezinto lwaqala ukuveliswa ngendlela enkulu, elungiselelwe uluntu ngokubanzi.
Leyo yayiyimpembelelo ebangelwa yi-Industrial Revolution kubugcisa obuncinci, ukuba kwiminyaka yokuqala yemveliso, umdla wokuhombisa, owawubonakalisa ekuqaleni ubugcisa obuncinci, wawushiywe ecaleni. Ukususela ngeli xesha izinto ziba luncedo kuphela.
Ngeli nqanaba lembali, yayingabantu abazizityebi kuphela abanokufikelela kwimveliso eyenziwe ngezandla, baze baqalise umkhwa oqhubekayo nanamhla: ukuxabisa kakhulu ubugcisa obuveliswayo xa kuthelekiswa namashishini.
Ubugcisa kunye nezoBugcisa
Yayiyintshukumo eyathatha amanyathelo awo okuqala ngexesha lee-60 kunye nee-70. Kuphela ukuba sihlalutya intsingiselo yegama layo sinokuqonda kancinane malunga nolu hlobo lweenjongo: UbuGcisa kunye noBugcisa.
Ngale ndlela, kwaye kuthathelwa ingqalelo ixabiso elincinane abantu bexesha le-Industrial Revolution abalinika ubugcisa obuncinci, abaqulunqi beli xesha langoku bazama ukunika amandla amatsha. Ngale ndlela, bazama ukubuyela kumsebenzi wobugcisa, bezama ukubuyela kumsebenzi wesintu. Kubo, ubugcisa bufanele bube buhle njengokuba buluncedo, kungabikho nto iphikisanayo nenye.
Inkulungwane yamashumi amabini
Akunakwenzeka ukukhanyela impembelelo eyayinayo inkulungwane yama-XNUMX kwimbali yobugcisa ngokubanzi, kwaye akukho nto ihlukileyo kubugcisa obuncinci. Eli xesha lalimele inguqu kwezobugcisa nezinto eziphathekayo ngendlela engazange ibonwe ngaphambili. Uyilo, kwintetho yalo nganye, luhlanganiswe njengesiseko sobugcisa obusetyenzisiweyo.
Ngaphandle koko, ukuveliswa kwezinto ezininzi kwaqhubeka kusiba ngakumbi nangakumbi, kodwa ngoku ngenjongo ecacileyo: Ukuzama ukuvelisa umtsalane omkhulu kumthengi.
Ndiyabulela kwiintshukumo ezifana ne-Bauhaus kwaye, ngaphezu kwayo yonke, i-Art Deco, ubugcisa bokuhombisa bakwazile ukuzimisa ngokuqinisekileyo kuluntu. I-Art Deco yayibaluleke kakhulu kwada kwasekuqaleni kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II kwaye yayiphawulwe ngemigca egobileyo kubugcisa begraphic kunye neemilo zejometri kwifanitshala.
Ikhulu lama-XXI
Ubugcisa obuncinci buyaqhubeka nokuba nempembelelo kwaye bunika umdla ukuya kwinkulungwane yama-XNUMX. Ngokuqhelekileyo olu hlobo lokubonakaliswa kobugcisa luqhubeka luneempawu ezifanayo kunye nokubaluleka.
Njengoko bekunjalo kwiminyaka ethile, izinto ezidalwe kwinqanaba loshishino, nangona ngokuqinisekileyo zihle kakhulu kwaye zikhangayo, zihluke kwezo zenziwe ngesandla, ezinikwa ukubaluleka ngakumbi. Zimbalwa kuphela izitayile zokwakha, ubuchwephesha obuphezulu kunye ne-deconstructivism, eziye zaphula ilifa lenkulungwane yangaphambili, kunye ne-predominance yento ebizwa ngokuba yi-post-modern art.
Uninzi lwabameli beentlobo zobugcisa ezisetyenzisiweyo
Kweli candelo lenqaku lethu siza kwazi ezinye zezona ndidi zibalaseleyo ezikhoyo kobo bubizwa ngokuba bubugcisa obuncinci:
I-Architecture
Nangona kuyinyani ukuba inxalenye enkulu iqwalasela ukuba i-architecture akufanele ichazwe njengobugcisa obuncinci, umsebenzi wayo ophindwe kabini ongenakuphikiswa awunakuphikiswa: i-aesthetics kunye ne-utility.
Uyilo lwefashoni
Uyilo lwefashoni luye lwaba yiminyaka eliqela ngoku yenye yezona ntlobo zinomdla kwaye zibalulekileyo zobugcisa obuncinci kwimbali, ngakumbi ukusukela ngenkulungwane yama-XNUMX, xa yaqala ukuba nempembelelo enkulu. Simele sihluke phakathi kweengubo eziveliswe ngobuninzi kunye neemodeli ezilungiselelwe ii-catwalks, ngokusondeleyo kwingcamango yobugcisa obusetyenzisiweyo.
Uyilo lomzobo
Uyilo lomzobo lunokuthi luthathwe njengelona longezelelo lwamva nje kudidi lobugcisa obuncinci. Yenye yezo zisebenzisa kakhulu itekhnoloji entsha.
Uyilo lwamashishini
Ngolunye uhlobo olumele kakhulu lobugcisa obuncinci. Imalunga noyilo lwemveliso yemizi-mveliso, eqhubeka ijonge iindlela zokuba nomtsalane ngakumbi ukuze kutsalwe umdla wabathengi.
Ukukrola kunye nemisebenzi yezandla
Ifakwe phakathi kobugcisa beplastiki, akukho mvumelwano malunga nokuba ingabaqwalasela phakathi kwezobugcisa ezincinci, kodwa nangona oku, abaninzi bakholelwa ukuba ngenxa yeempawu zabo.
Publicidad
Nangona kuyinyani ukuba ihambelana nobunye ubugcisa obuncinci bamva nje, impembelelo yayo isenomdla. Ichazwa njengoluhlobo lobugcisa obuncinci ngenxa yokuba izinto ezisetyenziswe kolu hlobo lwentetho zigcwele imiba ekhangayo yobugcisa ngendlela etsala ngamandla ingqalelo yabamkeli kwaye yenza ukuba umyalezo udluliselwe ngokufanelekileyo kangangoko kunokwenzeka.
Ukufota
Kubalulekile ukucacisa ukuba inxalenye elungileyo yabafoti bokuyila okanye abanobugcisa abavumelani nokufota kuqukwe njengodidi lobugcisa obuncinci, nangona kunjalo baya besanda abantu abathiyori abanobuganga bokubandakanya eli binzana kubugcisa obusetyenzisiweyo. Oku kubangelwa ukuba ukufotowa kunomsebenzi ocacileyo njengesixhobo sokurekhoda iimeko kunye neemeko ezahlukeneyo.
Usenokuba nomdla kula manqaku alandelayo: