Siyakumema ukuba wazi kwinqaku elilandelayo ngakumbi malunga ubugcisa be-neolithic; imvelaphi, imbali kunye neempawu zayo. Yaba lelinye lawona maxesha abalulekileyo angaphambi kwembali asukela kunyaka ka-7000 ukuya kunyaka ka-2000 BC.
ubugcisa be-neolithic
Ucinga ntoni xa usiva ngobugcisa? Okunokwenzeka kakhulu kule misebenzi ichukumisayo eyayiyinxalenye yeRenaissance yase-Italiya okanye nakweminye imizobo enemifuziselo nenempembelelo yenkulungwane yama-XNUMX, nangona kunjalo, ubugcisa bungaphezulu koko.
Ngaphambi kokuba uqale ukuthetha ngobugcisa be-Neolithic, kubalulekile ukuba unqumame ngokufutshane kwinkcazo yeli gama. Ubugcisa abuyonto ngaphandle kwendlela yokubonakalisa ekhoyo kuyo yonke imbali yoluntu, ukususela kwimvelaphi yayo. Kunokuthiwa kwakukwimbali yangaphambili apho ezi ntlobo zokubonakaliswa zaqala ukufunyanwa.
Kwinqaku lethu namhlanje sifuna ukuthetha nawe kancinci malunga nembali kunye neempawu zobugcisa beNeolithic kunye nomzobo weNeolithic, enye yeentetho ezibalaseleyo ngaphakathi kweseti yobugcisa bembali, ngenxa, phakathi kwezinye izinto, kwinto yokuba yayimele inguqulelo yokuqala yobugcisa ngokwayo.
Ngezantsi sichaza ngendlela ecacileyo kunye nesishwankathelo ukuba yintoni i-Neolithic kwaye zeziphi iimpawu zayo ezibalulekileyo. Ngokukwanjalo, sikubonisa ukuba ubunjani ubugcisa kunye nolwakhiwo lweli xesha.
Yintoni iNeolithic?
Yaziwa njengeNeolithic kwixesha elalisebenza ngexesha lokugqibela leStone Age, elaziwa ngokuba linqanaba lokugqibela lokuzivelela kwenkcubeko. Eli yayilixesha elirekhodiweyo emva kwexesha leMesolithic nangaphambi kweBronze Age.
Ixesha le-Neolithic lalisuka kwi-6.000 BC ukuya kwi-3.000 BC kwaye, kunye nexesha le-Paleolithic kunye ne-Mesolithic, lenza into ebizwa ngokuba yi-Stone Age. Kuyaziwa ngabaninzi ukuba i-prehistory yahlulwe yangamaxesha amabini amakhulu: kwelinye icala iPaleolithic kunye neNeolithic kwelinye.
Uthini umahluko phakathi kwamaxesha omabini embali yamandulo? Kunokuthiwa omnye umahluko ophawulekayo phakathi komnye kunye nomnye kukuba, ngexesha le-Paleolithic, umntu wayehambahamba, oko kukuthi, bafumana ukutya kwabo ekuzingeleni nasekuqokeleleni, ngelixa kwinqanaba le-Neolithic, bahlala behleli. .
Oku kubangele uphuhliso lweendawo zokuhlala zokuqala kunye nezixeko zokuqala, kunye nezolimo. Kukho abo baqinisekisayo ukuba i-Neolithic yavela ngaphezu kweminyaka engamawaka alishumi eyadlulayo malunga, nangona umhla unokwahluka ngokuxhomekeke kwindawo.
Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba ngeli xesha le-prehistory, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-Neolithic, enye yezona zinto zihamba phambili kukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zamatye ezibunjiweyo kunye nezikhazimlisiweyo. Ikwalixesha apho uphuhliso lwezolimo nemfuyo, izinto ezenziwe ngodongwe, ubugcisa, ukufuywa kwezilwanyana ezithile kunye nokudityaniswa kobomi bokuhlala.
Iimpawu zeNeolithic
Umhla wokuzalwa kwexesha elibizwa ngokuba yi-Neolithic uyaqhubeka nokuba ngumxholo wengxoxo namhlanje. Uninzi luyavuma ukuba kwakumalunga ne-10.000 BC xa yaqala ukusebenza, ngakumbi emva kokuba abantu bafunde ukwenza imisebenzi enxulumene nokulima, ukukhulisa imfuyo yasekhaya kunye nokuqokelela izityalo kunye neziqhamo.
Kwaba ngumbulelo kwimisebenzi ethile emaphandleni, njengokulinywa kwengqolowa, irayisi kunye nombona, ukuba abantu babe nethuba lokufumana indlela yokuphila yokuhlala. Ngokobungqina bezinto zakudala, kunokuqinisekiswa ukuba ukuguqulwa kweenkcubeko zokuqokelela ukutya kubavelisi kwenzeka ngokuqhubekayo.
Utshintsho lwenzeka ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo, umzekelo kuMbindi Mpuma yenzeka malunga ne-9.000 BC, kuMzantsi-mpuma weYurophu yayimalunga ne-7.000 BC, ngelixa eMpuma Asia malunga ne-6.000 BC.
Eyona nto icace gca kukuba inguqu imele inqanaba lenguqu nenguqu. Yile ndlela yaqaliswa ngayo ixesha le-Neolithic, ixesha elalibonakaliswe ngokuyintloko ngotshintsho lwenkcubeko; utshintsho olwenzeka ngokuthe ngcembe hayi ngesiquphe. Utshintsho lwenkcubeko oluthethiweyo lwahlulwe lwaba ngamanqanaba amathathu ahlukeneyo, ngokwenqanaba lobuchwephesha obuphunyeziweyo kwezolimo, ulwakhiwo kunye neeseramikhi:
- I-Neolithic yokuqala: Kuqikelelwa phakathi konyaka we-6.000 BC ukuya kwi-3.500 BC.
- I-Middle Neolithic: Yeyona ineziqhamo kwaye iphuhliswe phakathi kwe-3.000 BC kunye ne-2.800 BC.
- I-Neolithic yokugqibela: Yeyona imfutshane, ukusuka kwi-2.800 BC ukuya kwi-2.300 BC ngokuqala kweMetal Age.
Kanye njengokuba ixesha le-Neolithic lalineempawu zalo, kunjalo nobugcisa be-Neolithic. Ngokuxhomekeke kwinkcubeko ethile evela kuyo, bamkela iifom ezahlukeneyo, ezifana neengqayi ezenziwe ngendlela yebhasikithi, ithanga, intsimbi okanye iingxowa zesikhumba.
Awona matye ezikhumbuzo abalaseleyo e-Neolithic zii-dolmens, amangcwaba enziwe ziibhloko zamatye ezibanzi ezenza igumbi lokungcwaba. Ukuba sithetha ngepeyinti, sinokuthi eyona nto ibonakalisa le nkcazo yayiyiifom zeskimu, kwaye imo yesimboli semixholo ivelele.
ubugcisa be-neolithic
Ubugcisa beNeolithic buthathwa njengenye yezona zinto zinomdla kuyo yonke imbali. Olu hlobo lwentetho lubonakaliswe ngaphezu kwayo yonke imizobo, apho imifanekiso yomzimba womntu ngaphandle kweenkcukacha ebusweni, kunye nemibono yamandulo kunye neetoni ze-monochromatic, zitsala ingqalelo.
Nangona iminyaka edlulileyo, namhlanje kunokwenzeka ukufumana ubungqina bolu hlobo lomfanekiso. Uninzi lwazo lubekwe kwindawo ebalulekileyo yezinto zakudala ekhoyo kummandla wangoku weJordani.
Ubugcisa be-Neolithic bubonakaliswe kulawulo lweeseramics kwaye kwiminyaka edlulileyo ubungqina obuninzi bufunyenwe malunga nolu hlobo lokubonakaliswa kobugcisa. Phakathi kwezinto eziye zafunyanwa, kukho iindidi ezininzi zezinto eziphathelele ukuchuma ezibalaseleyo, eTell-Halaf, emantla eSiriya, naseTell-al-Ubaid, ekunxweme lwePersian Gulf.
Kuyaphawuleka ukuba uninzi lwezi zinto kunye nemifanekiso ye-Neolithic yobugcisa yayihonjiswe ngoyilo lwejometri eyenziwe ngepeyinti emdaka okanye emnyama, phantse rhoqo.
Umvelaphi
Kwaqala ukudibanisa kubomi be-semi-nomadic babalusi kwaye yaphela ngokufunyanwa kobhedu olwanikezela kwixesha legama elifanayo. Enye yeentetho ezinempembelelo kakhulu eyakha inxalenye yobugcisa be-Neolithic yayibubumba; Eminye imibonakaliso ebalaseleyo yayiyimifanekiso eqingqiweyo ababenqula kuyo njengoothixokazi abangoomama namatye ezikhumbuzo aqingqiweyo anikelwa kunqulo lonqulo.
Ukutyhubela iminyaka, izinto ezibalulekileyo ezifunyenweyo ezinxulumene nobugcisa be-Neolithic ziye zafunyanwa, umzekelo, udongwe luhlala. Uninzi lwezi zinto zifunyenweyo zenziwa phantse kuyo yonke ingingqi ehlala abantu be-Neolithic, ukusuka kwiMpuma Ekufuphi ukuya eAfrika kunye nokusuka kwiMeditera ukuya eYurophu nakwiBritish Isles.
Uninzi lwezi ngqayi zomdongwe zihlala zinemifuziselo ethe tyaba, ehombise ngokulula (oonxantathu, i-spirals, imigca ejikelezayo, kunye nezinye iimotifs zejometri) kwindawo egudileyo okanye engagungqiyo.
Umzobo we-Neolithic: ukuqhubeka ngokuchasene nokuqhekeka
Kwangexesha elide kukho intetho malunga nokuba kungenzeka ukuba abantu be-Neolithic baxube kunye nama-nomads amandulo ahlala kwi-Peninsula yase-Iberia. Olu hlobo lwe-hypothesis luvela ngokusekelwe, ngokukodwa, kwinto yokuba abatsha baqhubeka nomsebenzi wobugcisa bokuqala.
«Kwakusemva kokufika kwabantu be-Neolithic, xa umzobo womqolomba waba yinto engabonakaliyo. Nangona kunjalo, yaqhubeka ikhula kwiindawo ezifanayo apho sifumana imizekelo yomdwebo wePaleolithic kwaye, yintoni ebaluleke ngakumbi, ukuhlonipha imizobo yamandulo ».
Oku kusishiya ngenyani ecacileyo kwaye oko kukuba abantu abatsha be-Neolithic babengenanjongo encinci yokutshabalalisa umsebenzi wobugcisa oshiywe ngabantu bangaphambili. Oko kuthetha nathi ngokuqhubekeka kwezobugcisa kunye nokudibanisa phakathi kweenkcubeko zombini.
Emva koko kunokuqinisekiswa ukuba inkqubo yokudibanisa phakathi kwamaqela omabini abantu, oko kukuthi, abantu be-Neolithic kunye nabantu abahambahambayo, benzeke ngoxolo kwaye, kwinqanaba elithile, ngendlela yendalo. Ngokuqinisekileyo ukufika kweedolophu ezitsha kuya kubonisa inqanaba lenguqu kunye nokugungqa, ngakumbi ngokubhekiselele kuhlobo lokubonakaliswa kobugcisa, kubonakala ngathi iimpembelelo kunye namaxesha apho iya kuqhutyelwa khona iya kuqhubeka ifana.
Ungafunyanwa phi umzobo we-Neolithic?
Njengoko kuchazwe kulo lonke eli nqaku elinomdla, abantu be-Neolithic bafika kwi-Peninsula yase-Iberia ukusuka empuma, bevela kuLwandle lweMeditera. Kuye kwaphawulwa ngokubakho kweediphozithi ezingaphezu kwe-750 ezisasazwa yiCatalonia, iValencia, iAragon, iCastilla-La Mancha kunye neAndalusia.
Ngokuxhomekeke kwimeko, kunokwenzeka ukufumana iinkcazo zombini umzobo oqingqiweyo oqhelekileyo wePalaeolithic kunye nomzobo ongabonakaliyo wexesha le-Neolithic kwaye, kwiimeko ezininzi, ezi ziisayithi ezinobukho bezo zombini izibonakaliso kwindawo efanayo.
uyilo lwe-neolithic
Yayingeyonto yobugcisa kuphela yexesha elaziwa ngokuba yi-Neolithic, kodwa ubugcisa bokwakha budlale indima ebalulekileyo. Ngeli xesha kwakukho inkqubela phambili ephawulekayo kuyilo lwezakhiwo. Omnye weyona mizekelo mikhulu esinokuyibala yimeko yetempile yaseGobekli Tepe, ekumzantsi-mpuma weTurkey.
Impembelelo yawo ikukuba namhlanje ichazwa njengeyona ndawo indala nebalulekileyo yonqulo kuzo zonke ezo zakhiwe ngabantu. Yayiphawulwe ngeentsika zayo ezihonjiswe ngemizobo yezilwanyana, ezinjengeehagu zasendle, iinyoka neekati ezinkulu, ezazigqalwa njengabakhuseli betempile.
Omnye umsebenzi omele kakhulu ngaphakathi kwe-architecture ye-Neolithic yi-architectural complex of the Dolmens of Antequera, eyenza izikhumbuzo ze-Menga, i-Viera kunye ne-Romeral, eziseleyo zigcinwe kwaye zichazwe njengeNdawo yeLifa leMveli yeHlabathi. Ziibhloko zamatye ezinomtsalane ezenza amagumbi kunye neendawo ezinophahla. Kukholelwa ukuba yayiziindawo ezisikelwe izithethe.
Ukusetyenziswa kwelitye elikhazimlisiweyo
Ilitye sesinye sezo zinto bezisoloko zikho kwimbali yoluntu, nangaphambi kwamaxesha angaphambi kweNeolithic. Ngaloo maxesha, ukusetyenziswa kwamatye kwakubalulekile, ngakumbi njengenxalenye yezixhobo zemfazwe. Nangona kunjalo, ngexesha lesigaba se-Neolithic, iindlela ezintsha zongezwa ekusebenzeni ilitye.
Obona buchule budumileyo nobubalulekileyo yayibubuchule bokupholisha, endaweni yokuyikrola nje okanye ukuyicanda ngezithonga. Ukugqwesa komsebenzi wamatye kwenza ukuba kube lula ukuphucula kakhulu izixhobo kunye nezixhobo, ezifana nentloko yotolo okanye umkhonto wokuzingela.
Oku kubonakaliswe ngokufunyaniswa kwamva nje kweentsalela ze-archaeological apho amathambo abantu aneentloko zotolo ezifakwe ngaphakathi zifunyenwe. Ubuchule obahlukeneyo obusetyenziswa ekusetyenzisweni kwamatye asebenza njengesixhobo sokuphembelela, kwakhona, kwiiseramikhi ezigqibeleleyo (ukugcina ukutya), udongwe (ukuvuna iziqhamo) kunye nokwenziwa kwamalaphu (aneenaliti ezenziwe ngethambo).
Ukuphela kweNeolithic
Kwaba phantse ekupheleni kwexesha le-Neolithic xa ubuchule obutsha obunxulumene nobugcisa buqala ukuvela, ngokukodwa umsebenzi kwezinye izinyithi, injalo imeko yobhedu. Kunokuthiwa yile nto eyaphawula ukutshintshela kwiBronze Age (imanyano yobhedu kunye netoti ekhokelela kubulukhuni obukhulu kunye neempawu ezingcono zokuphosa).
Masikhumbule ukuba ubhedu lwalusetyenziswa de kwangelo xesha kwakhiwa izixhobo, into eyayingenziwa ngobhedu. Ulwazi oluphuhliswe kwi-metallurgy yinto eyenza ixesha le-Neolithic kunye ne-Stone Age liphelelwe lixesha.
Usenokuba nomdla kula manqaku alandelayo: