Xa umntu onwabile kwaye emva kwemizuzwana angakwazi ukutshintsha isimo sakhe sengqondo, oko kuhambelana nomoya, onokuthi uhlelwe ithiyori yeemvakalelo oko kuya kucaciswa kweli nqaku, ungaphoswa.
Iimvakalelo zinokuba nempembelelo entle okanye embi kwindlela umntu aziphethe ngayo.
Ithiyori yeemvakalelo
Iimvakalelo zizigaba eziyinkimbinkimbi kunye nezinto ezahlukeneyo ezingenelelayo kwaye zibonakaliswa kwiinguqu ezahlukeneyo zomzimba nezengqondo eziye zibe nempembelelo ebalulekileyo ekucingeni nasekuziphatheni komntu. Ummandla wenzululwazi yezentlalo ulwenze nzulu uphando ngeemvakalelo zabantu, apho isakhekholoji inefuthe ngenxa yegalelo layo elikhulu ebaleni.
Iimvakalelo zivela kwinkqubo ye-limbic yengqondo, ihambelana neyodwa yothungelwano lwemithambo-luvo ehambelana ngokuthe ngqo nokuziphatha komntu, kuba ichaphazela ukuguquka kwemizwelo eyahlukeneyo enokuthi yenzeke emntwini.
Uhlobo lwethiyori yeemvakalelo
Kwithiyori yeemvakalelo ungafumana izifundo ezahlukeneyo eziqhutywa ziingcali kulo mmandla; Iingcali zengqondo kunye neengcali zobuntu apho zikhankanya iikhonsepthi ezahlukeneyo kunye nokusetyenziswa okunokufundwa. Iithiyori zokuqala zeemvakalelo zinokugxininiswa kwiiklasi ezintathu:
- Ezomzimba zezo zivakalisa ukuba iimpendulo phakathi komzimba zinoxanduva lokuphazamiseka kweemvakalelo.
- I-neurological, zezo ziphikisa ukuba intshukumo ngaphakathi kwengqondo ikhokelela kwiimpendulo ezibukhali zeemvakalelo.
- Iingqondo zezo ziphakamisa ukuba iintshukumo kunye nezinye iidynamms ze-cerebral zinendima esisiseko kumngcelele weemvakalelo.
Mfundi othandekayo, sikumema ngokufudumeleyo ukuba undwendwele kwaye ulandele inqaku lethu ucaphulo lwenkuthazo yobuqu kwaye uya kukwazi ukufunda ngakumbi malunga nezixhobo ezahlukeneyo zeemvakalelo kuyo nayiphi na indawo yobomi.
imfundiso yendaleko
Isikhundla sendaleko sihlanganiswe kwindawo yembali apho iimvakalelo zisasazeka khona; Ngokutsho kwengcamango yendaleko yeemvakalelo, iimvakalelo zikhona ngenxa yokuba zisenza ngcono isicelo.
Zisenza ukuba siphendule ngokukhawuleza kwiimpembelelo kwimekobume, okusivumela ukuba siphucule amathuba ethu okuphumelela kunye nokuzingisa.
UCharles Darwin nguye owabhenca ukuba iimvakalelo ziye zalandela inkqubela ngenxa yokuba zilungelelaniswa kwaye zivumela abantu nezilwanyana ukuba ziphile kwaye zande.
Iimvakalelo zothando nezozinikelo zibangela ukuba abantu bafune amaqabane abo baze bande. Iimvakalelo zoloyiko zifuna ukuba abantu baxhokonxe okanye baphephe umthombo womngcipheko.
Ukuqonda nokuchonga iimvakalelo zabanye ngendlela efanayo kudlala indima ebalulekileyo ekukhuseleni nasekuxhathiseni. Ngokukwazi ukucacisa iintetho ezinomdla zabanye abantu singakwazi, ukubonisa umngcipheko kwangaphambili nangcono.
Ithiyori kaJames-Lange
Ithiyori kaJames-Lange yintelekelelo malunga nomgaqo, indawo esingqongileyo, kunye nokudluliselwa kweemvakalelo. Olu phononongo lucetywe nguWilliam James kunye noCarl Lange ngokuhambelanayo, kodwa ngamnye ngo-1884.
Inkolelo kaJames-Lange ibeka ukuba i-cortex ye-cerebral ithatha kwaye ichaze izihendo ezichukumisa iimvakalelo, ezibangela utshintsho kumalungu e-visceral ngokusebenzisa inkqubo ye-nervous ezimeleyo kunye nakwizihlunu zesakhelo ngokusebenzisa inkqubo ye-nervous somatic.
Ithiyori imisela ukuba, njengokuchasa ukusetyenziswa kunye nokuvuselela, inkqubo ye-nervous ezimeleyo idala ukuchaswa kwe-physiological efana nokukrazula, ukunyanzeliswa kwemisipha, ukukhawuleza kwe-cardiorespiratory apho iimvakalelo ziphindaphindiwe.
ULange uye wade wathi ukuguqulwa kwevasomotor ziimvakalelo. Ithiyori kaJames-Lange yeemvakalelo iphakamisa ukuba iimvakalelo zenzeka njengesiphumo sokusabela okusebenzayo kwiziganeko.
Ngokuchanekileyo, njengoko iziganeko ezahlukeneyo zifunyenwe, inkqubo ye-nervous ivula ukuphendula ngokomzimba kwezi ziganeko. Isenzo seemvakalelo siya kuthobela Zitolikwa njani ezi ntshukumo zomzimba?
Iindidi zezi zenzo ziqulethe ukwanda kwesisu, ukukhawuleza kwentliziyo, ukuthuthumela, phakathi kwezinye iimpawu. Ezi zenzo zomzimba zikhawula ezinye iintshukumo kwiimvakalelo ezinjengosizi, uloyiko kunye nomsindo.
Ithiyori yeSchachter–Mvumi
Ithiyori yeSchachter-Singer yeemvakalelo yandiswa nguStanley Schachter kunye noJerome E. Singer. Apho babhekisa kwindlela yokuqonda efana nethiyori yeCannon-Bard kunye nethiyori kaJames-Lange, ibe yintlanganisela yeethiyori zombini ukuphakamisa ithiyori yazo.
Le thiyori ibeka ukuba abantu baphembelela iimvakalelo ezisekelwe kwiimpendulo ze-physiological. Iinkcukacha ezibaluleke kakhulu zifumaneka ekutolikweni nakwimeko apho abantu baveza iimpendulo zabo, oko kukuthi, ifilosofi yefilosofi kunye nengqiqo.
Ezi ngcali zicebisa ukuba xa inkqubo idala umdlandla womzimba, sihlala sifumana isizathu sokuba nemincili; ke uvakalelo lusetyenziswa kwaye luphawulwe, luthatha kwithiyori yeCannon, icebisa iimpendulo ezisebenzayo ezifanelekileyo ezinokuxhokonxa iimvakalelo ezahlukeneyo.
Umzekelo weemvakalelo ezibhekiselele kumgangatho ofunyanwa ngumntu usekwe ngovavanyo lokuqonda iimeko.
Ithiyori yeCannon-Bard yeemvakalelo
Ithiyori yeCannon-Bard yeemvakalelo yaveliswa ziingcali ze-physiologists uWalter Cannon noPhilip Bard; UWalter Cannon akavumelani nesiphakamiso seemvakalelo zikaJames-Lange kumanqaku amaninzi.
UCannon ucebise ukuba abantu balawule ukuxabisa iintshukumo zendalo ezinxulumene neemvakalelo ngaphandle kokucinga ezo mvakalelo; Ngokufanayo, wabonisa ukuba ukuchasana ngokweemvakalelo kwenzeka ngokukhawuleza kakhulu ukuba kube ziimveliso ezingqongqo zelizwe.
Uqale wayichaza ingqikelelo yakhe ngeminyaka yoo-1920s kwaye umsebenzi wakhe waphuhliswa emva koko ngugqirha wePhysiologist uPhilip Bard ngeminyaka yoo-1930s.
Ngokutsho kwethiyori yeCannon-Bard yeemvakalelo, ibhekisa ekuziveni iimvakalelo kunye namava ezenzo zefiziyoloji ezinje ngokungcangcazela, ukubila, kunye noxinzelelo lwemisipha ngaxeshanye.
Olu phononongo lubonisa ukuba iimvakalelo ziyakhuthazwa xa i<em>thalamus ithumela umyalezo ebuchotsheni ngokusabela kuvuselelo.” Kwangaxeshanye, ingqondo ifunxa imiqondiso ekhawulezisa inkqubo yeemvakalelo; ibhekisa kwinto yokuba ukuziqhelanisa ngokomzimba nangokwengqondo kweemvakalelo kwenzeka ngokuhambelanayo kwaye enye ayiveli kwenye.
Ithiyori yoVavanyo lwengqondo
URichard Lazaro wayengumkhenkethi kweli candelo leemvakalelo, ngokweengcamango zovavanyo lweemvakalelo, ukucinga kufuneka kwenzeke kuqala ngaphambi kokuxabisa imvakalelo. Esi sizathu sokuba i-hypothesis yamkelwe njengethiyori yeemvakalelo zikaLazaro.
Ngokusisiseko, ibhekisa xa umntu esenza umsebenzi ovuselelwe yinkuthazo yangaphakathi kwaye efunxa umvuzo, oku kubangela ukuhla kwenkuthazo yangaphakathi yangaphambili.
Ngokwalolu cwaningo, uchungechunge lweenkqubo lubandakanya ukufakwa kuqala, kulandelwa yingcamango, ekhokelela ngokukhawuleza kumava ahambelanayo empendulo esebenzayo kunye nemvakalelo.
Oko kukuthi, ukuba ufumana ingonyama ehlathini, ungaqala ukucinga ukuba usengxakini enkulu kunye nobungozi. Oku kukhokelela kumava omvakalelo oloyiko kunye nezenzo zomzimba ezinxulumene nomlo okanye impendulo yendiza.
Mfundi othandekayo, sikucebisa ngentlonipho ukuba ulifunde eli nqaku Inkuthazo yangaphakathi kwaye uya kuba nako ukwazi umahluko kuzo zombini iimpembelelo.
ithiyori yengxelo yobuso yovakalelo
Ithiyori yengxelo yobuso ibeka ukuba ukucinga kobuso kunokungenelela ekusebenzeni ngokweemvakalelo. Abaxhasi bolu pho nonongo babonisa ukuba iimvakalelo zixhalabele ngokucacileyo utshintsho kwiintambo zobuso.
Oko kukuthi, umntu unokuphucula imo yakhe ngokuncuma; ngendlela efanayo inokwenzeka ngenye indlela inokuba worse xa ufinge iintshiya.
Ke ngoko, eyona ngqungquthela imangalisayo yale ngcamango inokuba kukubunjwa kweemvakalelo ngokuyila ebusweni, ngendlela enenjongo, naziphi na iinkumbulo zayo ezikhethekileyo.
UCharles Darwin wayengomnye wababhali abaphambili ukubonisa ukuba utshintsho lomzimba olubangelwa yimvakalelo yaba nefuthe elikhawulezileyo ngokuyinxenye kuba yayiyisiphumo saloo mvakalelo kuphela.
Kulo myalelo mnye, uWilliam James wathi, ngokuchasene nokuqinisekiswa okuqhelekileyo, ulwazi lotshintshiselwano lwe-anatomical olutyhalwa yi-stimulus yimvakalelo. Ngaloo ndlela, ukuba iinguqulelo kumalungu omzimba azizinzi, uya kuba nengcamango yobulumko kuphela, engenakufudumala ngokweemvakalelo.
Ithiyori kaVygotsky yeemvakalelo
Ithiyori yentlalo-ntle kaVygotsky ibeka imvakalozwi kungenelelo olukhawulezileyo lwabantwana kunye nomxholo obangqongileyo, ukuphuculwa kwengqondo kusisiphumo senkqubo yentsebenziswano.
UVygotsky wagcina ukuba abantwana bathanda ukufunda ngonxibelelwano loluntu: bafumana ezinye iintlobo zezakhono zokuqonda njengomcimbi onengqondo wokuntywiliselwa kwabo kwindlela yobomi. Bavumela abantwana ukuba basebenzise amandla akhoyo kunye nokuziphatha kwabantu ababangqongileyo, baziqhelanise nabo.
NgokukaVygotsky, indima yabantu abadala okanye abalingane abaphambili kukuxhasa, ukuqhelaniswa nokusasazwa kwemfundo yomntwana, ngexesha lokukwazi ukoyisa le miba, ukuba nezakhiwo zokuziphatha nezengqondo ezifunwa bubuchule.
Olu nikezelo lukhuselekile ngakumbi ukuthembisa uncedo kwabancinci ukuba badlule ummandla wophuhliso olusondeleyo, esiya kuthi sikufumane ukuze sicinge oko bangekakwazi ukufikelela kubo ngokwabo.
Kangangoko kugutyungelwa ukubeka iliso, intsebenziswano nokuzinikela ekufundiseni, umntwana uye aqhubele phambili kumngcelele nasekuqinisekiseni amalungiselelo amatsha nokufunda kwakhe.
Ukubaluleka kweemvakalelo
Iimvakalelo okanye iimvakalelo zibalulekile kubomi bomntu ngamnye, kuba zibonisa ihlabathi elimngqongileyo.
Bachaza indlela umntu angaphakathi ngayo kunye nokusingqongileyo ukuze azazi yena nayo yonke into enxulumene nokuziphatha komntu.
Ukubonakaliswa kwezi mvakalelo kuphawulwe kubo bonke abantu, ukufumana iintetho ezahlukeneyo ebusweni njengesenzo esingenakuphepheka ngokulula.
Ukushukuma kwesihlunu ngasinye salo naliphi na ilungu lomzimba, kubandakanywa notshintsho oludla ngokwenzeka kwilizwi okanye kwiintetho xa kukhala.
