Masarawa na d ¯ a suna kiran ƙasarsu Ta-Meri, Ƙasar ƙaunataccen. Kuma suna da kowane dalili na son ƙasarsu, yanayi na musamman ya ba da damar wayewa mai girma ya tashi a kan gabar kogin Nilu a zamanin da. The zanen Masar tunatarwa ce ga wannan al'ada wacce ta bar tarihi mara gogewa kuma tana ci gaba da tasiri a yau.
zanen Masar
Sana'ar Masarawa ta kasance sabon abu kuma a sarari; ba ma ganin wani abu makamancin haka a tsakanin sauran mutane. A cikin busasshen yanayi, isassun misalan zanen Masarawa na dā sun tsira a kan bangon haikali da kuma a cikin kaburbura da aka rufe don fahimtar halayensa, al'adunsa, da ci gaba a kan lokaci. Ganuwar da bas-reliefs sun zama tushen yin zanen sau da yawa. An yi amfani da fenti a bangon da aka yi wa rufin kuma sanya bangon bangon ya kasance ƙarƙashin ƙa'idodin da firistoci suka tsara.
Ka'idoji irin su gyaran siffofi na geometric da tunanin yanayi an kiyaye su sosai, koyaushe suna tare da hieroglyphs waɗanda ke bayyana ma'anar abin da aka wakilta. A cikin zane-zane na Masar, duk abubuwan da ke cikin abun da ke ciki sun bayyana a fili kuma lokacin da ake bukata don wakiltar adadi a cikin zurfin, masu zane-zane suna sanya su a kan juna. Ana rarraba zane-zane ta hanyar kwancen da aka raba ta hanyar layi inda mafi mahimmancin al'amuran koyaushe ke cikin tsakiya.
Zanen Masarawa ya kasance ƙarƙashin ƙungiyar addini. A cikin tunanin Masarawa, duk rayuwa shiri ne kawai don mutuwa da kuma rayuwa ta har abada a lahira. Hotunan kabari ya kamata su gaya wa allahn mutuwa, Anubis, wanda aka binne a nan kuma ya ba wa marigayin dukan amfanin duniyar matattu. Art bai bi wasu manufofin ba, don haka ba mu sami kyawawan shimfidar wurare a cikinsa ko hotuna masu motsin rai ba.
Hotunan mutanen Masar kuma sun haɗa da fasali a gaba da bayanan martaba. Don kiyaye rabo, masu fasaha sun zana grid a bango. Tsofaffin sun ƙunshi murabba'i goma sha takwas (takubi huɗu), yayin da sababbi suna da murabba'i ashirin da ɗaya. An zana matan da launin rawaya ko launin ruwan hoda. Don ƙirƙirar hoton maza, an yi amfani da ja mai launin ruwan kasa ko duhu. Ya kasance al'ada don nuna mutane a cikin girman su.
Zane na Masar yana nuna abin da ake kira ra'ayi na matsayi, alal misali, mafi girman matsayi na zamantakewar mutumin da aka kwatanta, girman girman adadi. Saboda haka, a fagen fama, fir'auna yakan yi kama da kato. Hotunan mutane za a iya raba zuwa archetypes: fir'auna, marubuci, mai sana'a, da dai sauransu. Ma'auni na ƙananan matakan zamantakewa koyaushe sun fi dacewa kuma suna da ƙarfi.
Masarawa sun yi amfani da fentin ma'adinai masu haske, masu ɗorewa waɗanda ba a cika haɗuwa ba. An sanya kowane launi tushe wata ma'ana ta alama, wanda abin da ya kamata a kwatanta da wannan fenti ya dogara:
- Fari: Alamar alfijir, nasara da farin ciki.
- Baki: Alamar mutuwa da sake haifuwa a lahira.
- Ja: Launi yana da alaƙa da ƙasa maraƙin da rana ta ƙone kuma yana nuna mugunta. An rubuta gunkin ɓangarorin Set da dabbobi masu cutarwa da ja.
- Yellow: Daya daga cikin fitattun launuka na Masarawa. Yana nufin furci na har abada da naman Allah marar lalacewa
- Green: Launin bege, sake haifuwa da matasa. Halin allahn da aka ta da Osiris.
- Blue: Yana nufin ruwa da kuma alkawarin sabuwar rayuwa.
Lokutan fasahar tsohuwar Masarawa
Lokaci na farko wanda zanen bango ya tsira daga shi shine zamanin daular, wanda ya dade daga karni na hudu zuwa karni na uku BC. Bayan haka, a gabar kogin Nilu, an kafa jihohin noma na farko, inda aka yi gwagwarmayar neman mulki.
Tsohon Mulki (ƙarni na XNUMX-XNUMX BC)
A lokacin ne aka yi ginin manyan Dala. A wannan lokacin, bas-relief da zanen ba a bambanta da juna ba. An yi amfani da duka hanyoyin magana don ƙawata kaburburan fir'auna, ƴan gidan sarauta, da jami'ai. A lokacin Tsohuwar Mulkin an kafa salon zanen uniform ga dukan ƙasar.
Zane-zanen bangon farko an bambanta su da kunkuntar launuka masu yawa, galibi baki, launin ruwan kasa, fari, ja, da sautunan kore. Siffar mutane tana ƙarƙashin ƙaƙƙarfan canon, lokacin da nauyi ya fi girma, yanayin mutumin da ake wakilta ya fi girma. Ƙarfafawa da magana sifa ce ta alkaluman da ke wakiltar haruffa na biyu.
An nuna galibin abubuwan da suka faru na rayuwar alloli da na Fir'auna waɗanda galibi ana nuna su da kawunan dabbobi, amma waɗannan hotuna ba su kasance masu zafi da ban tsoro ba, amma suna da girma da ɗaukaka. Kyawawan zane-zane da abubuwan jin daɗi suna sake haifar da yanayin da yakamata ya kewaye mamaci, komai duniyar da suke ciki. Zanen ya kai matsayi mai girma na filigree, duka a cikin hotuna na haruffa da kuma a cikin silhouettes na hieroglyphs.
Hotunan Rahotep da matarsa Nofret (ƙarni na XNUMX BC) ana ɗaukarsu ɗaya daga cikin manyan abubuwan tarihi na Tsohuwar Mulki: siffar namiji an fentin jan bulo kuma siffar mace rawaya ce. Gashin alkalumman baƙar fata ne kuma tufafin farare ne kuma babu rabin magana.
Mulkin Tsakiya (ƙarni na XNUMX-XNUMX BC)
A wannan lokacin, an inganta zanen bangon Masar tare da sauƙaƙe. Hotunan da aka nuna sun zama masu sarƙaƙƙiya da ƙarfi, suna nuna tsari da tsari wanda babu shi a zamanin Tsohuwar Mulki. Wuri na musamman yana shagaltar da taimako mai launuka masu yawa. Ana iya ganin abubuwa masu banƙyama a cikin kaburburan kogo waɗanda suka fi ƙarfin gaske fiye da na zamanin da. Ana biya ƙarin hankali ga yin la'akari da yanayi, kuma ana ƙara yin ado da zane-zane tare da kayan ado na fure.
Ba masu mulki kadai ba, har ma da talakawan Masar ana nuna su, alal misali ana iya ganin manoma a wurin aiki. A lokaci guda, halayen halayen zanen su ne cikakken tsari da tsabta na abin da aka kwatanta. Fiye da haka, a cikin mahallin sauran abubuwan tunawa, zane-zane na kabarin sarki Khnumhotep II ya fito fili, inda aka wakilta wuraren farauta da adadi na dabbobi ta hanyar amfani da rabin sautin. Hotunan kabari na Thebes ba su da ban sha'awa sosai.
Sabuwar Mulki (ƙarni na XNUMX-XNUMX BC)
Wannan lokacin ya fito ne don mafi kyawun misalai na zanen Masar. A wannan lokacin zanen, kamar al'ada a gaba ɗaya, ya kai ga bunƙasa mafi girma. Masu sana'a sun fi ƙarfin yin amfani da canons waɗanda ba za a iya karyewa a baya ba kuma suna amfani da gamut ɗin launi mai faɗi tare da yadudduka masu haske. Sabuwar Masarautar ta kasance tana da yanayin gradation launi da ba a san shi ba har zuwa yanzu.
Yin hulɗa tare da sauran mutanen Asiya yana kawo sha'awar kayan ado da babban matakin daki-daki. Ana haɓaka tunanin motsi. Ba a ƙara yin amfani da tints a cikin matte ɗin matte, masu fasaha suna ƙoƙarin nuna tonal spillovers mai santsi. Tun da yake wannan lokaci yana da alaƙa da cin nasara, ta hanyar zane-zanen fir'auna sun nuna ƙarfinsu ga garuruwan kan iyaka, don haka ya zama ruwan dare don nuna wuraren da suka sake haifar da yakin basasa.
Tun da yake wannan lokacin yana da alaƙa da cin nasara da nasara, sau da yawa ana sake buga wuraren yaƙi a cikin zane-zane. Hotunan fir'auna sun bayyana a cikin wani karusar yakin da aka dauko daga kabilar da aka sha kashi. Kabarin Nefertari cikakke ne na gine-ginen Masarawa da zane-zane. A halin yanzu, shi ne mafi kyawun kabari a cikin kwarin Queens. Ganyayyaki suna rufe yanki na 520m². A jikin bangon za ka iya ganin wasu surori na Littafin Matattu, da kuma hanyar sarauniya zuwa lahira.
Daga baya, a hankali al'adun Masar sun rasa halayensu a ƙarƙashin rinjayar masu nasara, na farko Helenawa, sannan kuma Romawa. A farkon sabon zamani, zane-zane na zane-zane na Fayoum ya bunkasa a Masar. Hakanan an yi amfani da waɗannan hotuna don binnewa, amma an halicce su a lokacin rayuwa, lokacin da mutum ke cike da ƙarfi. Ko kuma masu fasaha sun yi amfani da tunaninsu wajen zana irin wannan hoton. Hotunan Fayum suna da sha'awar isar da manyan halayen jarumi, don a san shi.
Mazaunan Masar ta dā sun yi imani cewa kowane mutum bayan mutuwa zai buƙaci siffa mai kyau ko hoto don ƙaura daga rai. An ƙirƙiri waɗannan samfuran da yawa kuma da yawa daga cikinsu sun rayu har yau.
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