Mesopotamian wayewa: asali, curiosities da al'adu

Wayewar Mesofotamiya ta samo asali ne tsakanin kogin Trigris da Euphrates, wanda ruwansu shine hanyar ban ruwa ga filayen. Yankuna ne waɗanda za mu iya gano su a halin yanzu akan taswira a yankin Gabas ta Tsakiya. A cikin shekarun da suka gabata, sun ga yadda sabbin wayewa masu wadata suka fito don ci gaban bil'adama. Wannan al’adar ita ce magabatan dabaru irin su garma, sun san hanyoyin mota masu kafa hudu da jirgin ruwa.

An fassara sunan Mesofotamiya zuwa harsuna daban-daban na d ¯ a da suka wanzu a lokacin kuma suna nufin, tsakanin koguna biyu. Hakan ya faru ne saboda yanayin yanayin da suke. Shin, ba ku san duk tarihin da ke bayan wayewar Mesopotamiya ba? Kada ku jira na daƙiƙa guda kuma ku shiga wannan sabuwar duniya.

Bayanan tarihi game da wayewar Mesopotamiya

Wayewar Mesofotamiya ta taso a kusan karni na 4000 BC kuma a cikinta, an haɓaka ƙauyuka na farko na dindindin. Ya kasance a wani yanki da ƙasarsa ke da albarka a tsakanin koguna biyu, kogin Tigris da Furat, abin da muka sani a yau a taswira a matsayin yankin Iraki. Sunan wannan yanki ya fito ne daga wannan yanki inda suka zauna kamar yadda muka ambata a farko, kasancewar tsakanin ruwa biyu ne, sunan Mesofotamiya ana fassara shi da "ƙasa tsakanin koguna".

Masar da Girka sun kasance al'ummomi guda biyu waɗanda ke da ci gaba iri ɗaya, wato, ta kasance kaɗan kaɗan kuma ta hanya mafi ware fiye da sauran. Wayewar Mesofotamiya ta kasance ta hanyar ɗaukar masarautu da al'adu daban-daban waɗanda ke fuskantar juyin halitta na haɗin gwiwa.Don haka, ana ɗaukar Mesopotamiya a matsayin shimfiɗar jariri na wayewa.

Akwai hudu, manyan al'adun da suka fice a cikin wannan mataki na tarihi, wayewar Sumerian, Akkadiya, Assuriya da Babila.. Su ne ke da alhakin samar da sabbin dabarun noma domin cin gajiyar ambaliyar ruwa da koguna ke fuskanta a lokutan da ake yawan samun ruwan sama, wanda ya taimaka musu wajen samar da garuruwan da ke da yawan al’umma.

wayewar Mesopotamian: asali

Idan muka mai da hankali kan asalin wayewar da muke magana a kai a cikin wannan ɗaba'ar, dole ne mu koma ga matakin tarihin tarihi, a ƙarshen zamanin Neolithic. Wannan mataki ya kasance da yanayin rayuwar da nau'in ɗan adam ke da shi, a ƙanƙanta da sadaukarwa musamman don farauta ko tattara abinci.

Wayewar ta san yadda za a yi amfani da damar da ke tsakanin koguna biyu don amfani da wannan ruwan a matsayin abinci don shuka., don haka noma yana tasowa kuma haka ya faru da dabbobi, ana iya samar da abinci ga jama'a da dabbobi.

A kan lokaci, Wayewar Mesopotamiya ta samo asali kuma ta fara samar da mutanen farko da suka zauna. Wannan taron ya yi musu alama kafin da kuma bayansu da kuma na tarihi, wanda aka haɓaka cikin taswirar har ya kai ga duniya ta yanzu.

Manyan koguna na wayewar Mesopotamiya

Kamar yadda muka yi ta sharhi, Manyan kogunan da suka wanke filayen noman wannan wayewa guda biyu ne, kogin Tigris da Furat.. Godiya ga su, wadata ta yiwu a cikin mutanen Mesofotamiya.

• Kogin Tigris: Yana da jimlar tsawon kilomita 1850. Daya daga cikin sifofin wannan kogin shine babban gangare, tun daga lokacin haihuwa zuwa bakinsa yana da digon mita 1150.
• kogin euphrates: jimlar tsawon kilomita 2800 shine abin da wannan kogin yake da shi. Yana da digo fiye da mita dubu 4, amma tare da hanya mai santsi a duk tsawonsa. Wasu daga cikin magudanan ruwa kamar Taurus, Balih da Habur sun haye tsohon yanki da wayewar Mesopotamiya suka mamaye.

Duka koguna a lokacin Mesofotamiya sun sha fama da ambaliyar ruwa akai-akai, wanda ya taimaka wajen noma ƙasar da aka noma na wayewa.

Babban halaye na wayewar Mesopotamiya

Wayewar Mesofotamiya tana da jerin halaye da za a iya cewa ana wakilta su, to za mu gano muku su.

• da ayyukan noma da kiwo su ne manyan ayyuka kuma, an bar tarar abinci da farauta a baya
• Tsarin zamantakewar da aka halicce shi yana da yawan jama'a kuma ya kasance iyalai ne suka shirya kuma ta hanyar rabon aiki
• da nasu al'adu na wannan wayewa ketare tare da wasu na kusa kamar yadda suke, Misira ko kwarin Indus
• La al'adu iri-iri da suka mamaye ta: Sumerians, Arcadians, Assuriyawa da Babila
• Se haɓaka ilimi game da lissafi, falaki da gine-gine. Tsarin rubutun cuneiform na farko ya bayyana
• Sun halicci daya daga takardun doka na farko da aka rubuta tare da dokoki akan dutse da allunan kayan yumbu, wannan ya faru a lokacin da Babila suka zauna
• Addinin da ake da shi a yanzu shi ne shirka, don haka ana bauta wa alloli dabam-dabam, kowannensu yana da haikali da wasu ayyukan ibada

Gudunmawar da wayewar Mesopotamiya ta bari

Ba wai kawai za mu bayyana muku menene wayewar Mesofotamiya ba da manyan halayenta, har ma Za mu raka ka don gano mene ne babban gudunmawar wannan wayewar.

• Tsarin rubutu: ana samun sawun farko na rubuce-rubuce, ya kamata a lura cewa sun riga sun kasance kafin tsarin Masarawa na hiroglyphs. Ana kiran wannan rubutun cuneiform saboda sifar sa.
• Kalanda: kalandar Mesopotamiya wanda ke wakiltar yanayi biyu na lokacin; rani da hunturu.
• kundin doka: dokoki a cikin yaren Semitic waɗanda aka rubuta akan allunan dutse ko yumbu. A cikin su, an bayyana hukunce-hukuncen hukumci ga masu laifi ko da yaushe bisa la'akari da matsayinsu na zamantakewa.
• Asma'u: Bayanan da aka gano a cikin tarihi sun nuna cewa wayewa ce da ta yi imani da tsarin taurari kuma cewa, ƙari, duniyar duniyar ta juya zuwa wani haske mai haske.

Al'adun Mesopotamiya

An raba yankin Mesofotamiya zuwa mutane daban-daban; a arewa akwai Assuriyawa, a kudu kuwa Babila. Ƙarshen ya ƙunshi ƙarin yankuna biyu, a cikin ɓangaren sama shine Acadia kuma a cikin ƙananan ɓangaren, Sumeria. Kamar yadda muka ambata, al’adun Mesofotamiya sun bambanta kuma an gudanar da su don bambanta juna da juna ba kawai don asalinsu ba amma kuma saboda salon salon da kowannensu ya bi. Lokaci ya yi da za a gano abin da manyan al'adun Mesopotamiya suka dogara akai.

Sumerians

Muna magana ne game da wayewar farko a yankin Mesofotamiya, sun kafa biranen farko kamar Uma, Ur, Eridu da Ea. Ko da yake kuna iya mamakin karanta wannan, a cikin wannan mataki na tarihi kun riga kun san abin da Jiha ke nufi ba kawai a matsayin abin koyi ba amma har ma a matsayin siyasa. Dole ne a ce tsohuwar hanyar fahimta ce, amma a cikinta wani adadi ya yi mulki wanda ikonsa ya cika a kan mutane.

Hoton farko na kwanan wata daga wannan mataki, wanda zai nuna asalin rubutu. Dabarar da suka yi amfani da ita ita ce sanya kalma zuwa zane. Haɓaka gine-gine masu mahimmanci kamar haikali ko bango, sun kasance masu mahimmanci don ci gaba da kare birane.

akadians

Kamar yadda ya faru a cikin tarihi, abubuwan da ba a so kamar yadda mamayewa ke faruwa. Makiyaya iri-iri; Siriyawa, Ibraniyawa da Larabawa sun mamaye yankunan da al'adun Sumerian suka haɓaka. Wannan taron yana kusa da karni na 2500 BC

Wayewar Akkadiya ita ce rukuni mafi mahimmanci a yankin Mesofotamiya saboda Sarki Sargon. Wannan adadi shi ne wanda ya kafa babban birnin Agade lokacin da aka ci daular Lugalzagesi. Bayan wani lokaci, wannan sarki ya fuskanci rikice-rikice daban-daban saboda gwagwarmayar iko, lamarin da ya haifar da faduwar daular Akkadiya a shekara ta 2200 BC.

Assuriyawa da Babila

An yi wani ɗan gajeren nasara da Sumeriyawa suka yi, zuwa ƙasashen da Akkadiyawa suka karɓe daga gare su. Daulolin Babila da Assuriya sun kasance daga cikin mafi muhimmanci da tasiri a yankin Mesofotamiya.. Godiya gare su, an samar da sabon tsarin daular haɗin kai wanda wasu sarakunan zamani suka ɗauka a Yammacin Turai.

Karkashin ikon Hammurabi, an fara gwagwarmayar cimma fadada yankin da kuma mamaye al'adu, wanda hakan ya sa Babila ta zama babban birnin kasar. A wannan mataki, an rubuta dokoki na farko game da tsarin gudanarwa mai wadata, wannan ya faru ne sakamakon gaskiyar cewa daular tana da yanki mai yawa kuma yana buƙatar sarrafawa.

A wannan lokacin mahimmancin wannan daular ya fito fili kuma hakan ya faru ne saboda manyan ayyukan soja da ta sa jama'a ke karkashin su. An siffanta su da rashin jajircewa, da rashin barin wani abu ko wani ya rinjaye su, sun lalatar da duk abin da suka gani, suka sanya dokokinsu da al'adunsu. Ya kamata a lura cewa wannan al'ada ta gabatar da sababbin nau'ikan ban ruwa, baya ga wani muhimmin al'adun gargajiya wanda ya wanzu har zuwa yau.

Me kuke tunani game da duk abin da muka koya muku game da wannan wayewar? Shin kun sami abin ban sha'awa kuma kun koyi sabon abu? Mun taimaka maka ka fahimci a zurfafa fahimtar menene wayewar Mesofotamiya, inda za mu iya gano ta a taswira, dalilin da ya sa suke da muhimmanci a tarihi da kuma al’adun da suke zaune a cikinsu. Kamar yadda muka fada muku, muna fatan cewa wannan littafin ya ba ku sha'awa, kuma daga yanzu idan wani ya tambaye ku game da wannan batu, za ku san yadda za ku bayyana abubuwa masu ban sha'awa kamar yadda muka bayyana muku a yau.