Kada dabbobi ne daga ajin Reptilia kuma wadanda su kuma wani bangare ne na tsari na Crocodylia, wanda ya hada da sauran dabbobi masu rarrafe irin su alligators, gharials da kuma crocodiles na gaskiya, wato, na dangin Crocodylidae. Idan kana son ƙarin koyo game da kowane nau'in kada da ke wanzu, ci gaba da karanta wannan labarin.
Nau'in kada
Magabatan wadannan manya-manyan dabbobi masu rarrafe galibi ana kiransu crurotaros kuma bisa ga dukkan binciken kimiyya da aka gudanar a kan haka, wadannan dabbobin sun bayyana kimanin shekaru miliyan 240 da suka wuce. A lokacin, waɗannan manya-manyan dabbobi masu rarrafe sun kai girman girma kuma sun mamaye kusan dukan duniya.
Duk da haka, a yau akwai kusan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan) iri daban__23 ne kawai ke da su da ke bazuwa ko'ina cikin yankuna masu zafi na duniya. A cikin tarihinsu, waɗannan dabbobi masu rarrafe a cikin al'adu daban-daban waɗanda suka zauna a duniya suna wakiltar alloli na haihuwa, masu cin rai da raini kuma an ɗauke su alamun iko.
Halayen kada
Duk crocodiles dabbobi ne masu cin nama da na farauta. Bi da bi, waɗannan dabbobin suna da tsarin rayuwa na ruwa mai ruwa wanda za su iya fita daga cikin ruwa na sa'o'i da yawa; Ba yawanci suna da matsaloli da yawa don aiki da tafiya a wajen yanayin ruwa. A al'ada, ana iya ganin waɗannan dabbobi masu rarrafe suna taruwa cikin manya-manyan ƙungiyoyi suna yin kisa a rana, wannan saboda kada dabbobin dabba ne, wato suna buƙatar hasken rana don ƙara yawan zafin jikinsu.
Daga cikin sifofin halittarsa, daya daga cikin fitattunsa shine fatarta, wacce take da tsananin wuya, tana da sikeli kuma ana iya baje ta da launuka daban-daban kamar launin ruwan kasa ko kore ko ma baki. Wannan fata na musamman yana sa su sauƙi su kama kansu yayin da suke kan saman ruwa inda suka saba zama, suna yin haka yayin da suke jiran yiwuwar ganima ta tunkari su.
Kada kuma suna da wasu halaye na zahiri da ke ba su damar zama gaba daya a cikin ruwa na tsawon lokaci, suna da idanu da hanci a saman kai, ta haka ne crocodiles na iya numfashi da lura da kowane motsi na motsi. da ke faruwa a kusa da ku.
Yanzu, game da halayensu, dabbobi ne waɗanda ke da yanayin zamantakewar al'umma, ko da yake su ma suna da rinjaye; a haƙiƙanin gaskiya, kada na ɗaya daga cikin ƴan dabbobi masu rarrafe da ke yin surutu. Baya ga wannan dabi’ar zamantakewa, ana iya bayyana dabi’ar haihuwar mata, wadanda za su rika kula da dukkan kwayayensu ta hanya mai inganci, sannan kuma, a nan gaba, kananan ‘ya’yansu.
A ina suke zama crocodiles?
Kamar yadda aka ambata a sama, kakannin crocodiles sun kasance kusan shekaru miliyan 240 da suka wuce kuma za su iya yada kusan dukkanin duniya. Duk da wannan babban yanki a da, a yau yawan jama'arta yana iyakance ne kawai a yankuna daban-daban na nahiyar Asiya, Amurka, Oceania, da kuma Afirka. A cikin waɗannan wurare, yawanci ana ganin su a cikin equator da kuma a cikin wurare masu zafi, inda yanayin zafi ya isa ya hayayyafa ba tare da matsala ba.
Gabaɗaya, wuraren zama na crocodiles manyan fadama ne, koguna da kuma tafkuna. Sakamakon yadda dan Adam ke yi da duk wani abu da ya haifar da sauyin yanayi, halittun da wadannan dabbobi masu rarrafe ke rayuwa sun zama masu rauni matuka, kuma da sannu sannu a hankali suke bacewa. A gaskiya ma, duk sauyin yanayi ya sa yawancin nau'in kada da ke wanzuwa a yau ana la'akari da su cikin mummunar haɗari na bacewa.
Nawa ne nau'ikan?
Gaba dayan odar Crocodylia ta ƙunshi iyalai ko nau'ikan crocodiles iri-iri. Daga cikin wadannan nau'ikan za ku iya samun wasu kamar haka:
- Alligatoridae, ko kuma sanannun caiman ko alligators
- Gaviallidae, wanda kuma ake kira gatarial crocodiles
- Crodylidae, crocodiles na gaskiya
Bayan haka, nau'in kada da ke cikin waɗannan iyalai da halayensu:
gariyal crocodiles
Gaviallidae, ko kuma aka fi sani da crocodiles na gharial, dabbobi ne masu rarrafe na crocodilian waɗanda ke cikin dangin Gaviallidae, kodayake koyaushe ana samun wasu cece-kuce game da harajin su. Gavial crocodiles an siffanta su da kyau ta hanyar samun idanu masu kumbura da hancin da ya fi tsayi da sira idan aka kwatanta da na sauran dabbobi masu rarrafe na wannan tsari. Hanci ne mai fa'ida sosai lokacin farautar kifi, wanda ya ƙunshi kusan dukkanin abincin sa.
Yawancin crocodiles gavial da suka wanzu sun ƙare sun ɓace a cikin bacewar da ya faru a cikin Triassic-Jurassic; A yau akwai sanannun jinsuna guda biyu ne kawai suka rage a duniya, waɗannan sune kamar haka:
- Tomistoma schlegelii, ko kuma aka sani da Gavial Karya: Wadannan dabbobi masu rarrafe galibi suna rayuwa ne a wasu yankuna na Asiya, musamman a kasashe kamar Malaysia da Indonesia.
- Gavialis gangeticus, ko kuma aka sani da Gharial Crocodile: Har ila yau, yana zaune a Asiya, amma a cikin mafi yawan yankuna na kogin Ganges, a Indiya.
Caimans ko alligators
Alligators ko fiye da aka sani da alligators, su ne masu rarrafe masu kama da kada waɗanda, bi da bi, su ne dukan iyalin da ake kira Alligatoridae. Wadannan kadawa sun bambanta da sauran nau'ikan da suke da su ta hanyar samun fadi da gajere sosai. Baya ga wannan, sabanin abin da zai iya faruwa a cikin dangin Crocodylidae, alligators gaba daya ba su da gland mai fitar da gishiri, kuma saboda wannan sifa, kawai za su iya rayuwa cikin ruwa mai dadi. A cikin dukan dangin alligators, ana iya samun nau'ikan nau'ikan crocodiles ko alligators guda takwas gaba ɗaya, waɗanda aka haɗa su zuwa nau'ikan 4 masu zuwa:
- Melanosuchus Nijar, ko kuma aka sani da Orinoco Black Caiman: Wadannan dabbobi masu rarrafe galibi suna rayuwa ne a yankuna daban-daban na kogin Orinoco da Amazon, wadanda ke Kudancin Amurka.
- Cayman, wanda aka sani da Yacarés ko na gaskiya Caimans: Akwai nau'ikan nau'ikan waɗannan crocodrilus uku, Caimán Cocorrilus, da Caimán Yacaré da kuma Caimán Yacaré da kuma Caimán Latirostrris, duk waɗanda ke rayuwa ne kawai a cikin neotropics.
- Alligator, ko kuma aka sani da Alligators: Daga cikin waɗannan alligators akwai nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan guda biyu ne kawai. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan ana rarraba ko'ina cikin ƙasar Sin, ana kiran wannan dabba da Alligator sinensis ko Sinanci alligator. A gefe guda kuma, mun sami Alligator mississippiensis, ko kuma wanda aka fi sani da Alligator na Amurka, waɗanda suke alligators waɗanda ba za a iya samun su ba kawai a cikin swamps da koguna na kudu maso gabashin Amurka.
- Paleosuchus, ko kuma aka sani da Dwarf Caimans: A cikin wannan nau'in za ku iya samun dwarf alligator, ko kuma kamar yadda sunan kimiyya ya nuna, Paleosuchus palpebrosis; da kuma zuwa Paleosuchus trigonatus, ko kuma aka fi sani da caiman postruso. Dukansu dabbobi masu rarrafe biyu kawai ana iya samun su a yankuna daban-daban na Amazon.
crocodiles na gaskiya
Yanzu, ana ɗaukar dangin Crocodylidae ɗaya daga cikin mafi bambancin kowane nau'in kada da ke wanzuwa. Bisa ga binciken da aka yi kwanan nan, waɗannan dabbobi masu rarrafe sun fara bayyana a Australasia a farkon lokacin Eocene, kimanin shekaru miliyan 56 da suka wuce. Bayan haka, crocodiles sun fara cin nasara a Amurka da kuma Afirka, nahiyoyin da ruwa mai dadi da ruwa mai laushi ke da yawa.
A cikin nau'in crocodiles na gaskiya an haɗa da wasu manyan nau'ikan. Misalin wannan shine Crocodylus niloticus, ko kuma wanda aka fi sani da crocodile Nile, dabba mai rarrafe da ke iya kaiwa tsayin da ke tsakanin mita biyar zuwa shida. Baya ga wadannan, kada dabbobi ne masu tsawon rai, abin da ya fi dacewa shi ne suna rayuwa tsakanin shekaru 50 zuwa 80. Dabbobi ne masu ƙarfi da manyan tsokoki, ban da muƙamuƙi masu ƙarfi; Haka kuma, daga wannan muƙamuƙi guda ɗaya manyan haƙora ke fitowa waɗanda idan suka rufe bakinsu gaba ɗaya suna waje.
Wani abin da ya fi dacewa da shi shi ne hancinsa, wanda ke tafe tun daga gindinsa har zuwa bakinsa, baya ga ya fi tsayi idan aka kwatanta da na alligators. A sama da idanunsu da harshensu, suna da glandan da ke fitar da gishiri; saboda wannan dalili, ana iya samun crocodiles na gaskiya a cikin ruwaye masu ƙarancin gishiri, kamar kogin delta ko marshes. Wannan iyawar ita ce babban dalilin da kakanninsu suka samu nasarar ketare tekun Pasifik da Tekun Atlantika bisa kututturan bishiyoyi da suka yi ta yawo bayan guguwa mai karfi.
A yau, akwai kusan nau'ikan crocodiles na gaskiya kusan 13 zuwa 14, waɗanda nau'insu an haɗa su zuwa nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan guda uku. Wadannan nau'ikan sune kamar haka:
- Crocodylus, ko kuma sane da crocodiles: Wannan shine mafi yawan halaye na yau da kullun da ke cikin shekaru 11 waɗanda aka rarraba a duk faɗin shekaru XNUMX waɗanda aka rarraba a cikin shekaru XNUMX waɗanda aka rarraba a cikin shekaru XNUMX waɗanda aka rarraba a cikin shekaru XNUMX waɗanda aka rarraba a cikin shekaru XNUMX waɗanda aka rarraba a cikin shekaru XNUMX waɗanda aka rarraba a cikin shekaru XNUMX waɗanda aka rarraba a cikin shekaru XNUMX waɗanda aka rarraba a cikin shekaru XNUMX waɗanda aka rarraba a cikin shekaru XNUMX waɗanda aka rarraba a cikin shekaru XNUMX waɗanda aka rarraba a cikin shekaru XNUMX waɗanda aka rarraba a cikin shekaru XNUMX waɗanda aka rarraba a cikin shekaru XNUMX waɗanda aka rarraba a cikin shekaru XNUMX waɗanda aka rarraba a cikin shekaru XNUMX waɗanda aka rarraba cikin shekaru XNUMX waɗanda aka rarraba a cikin shekaru XNUMX waɗanda aka rarraba a cikin shekaru XNUMX waɗanda aka rarraba a cikin Afirka, Amurka, Oceania da Asiya. Daga cikin mafi kyawun jinsin da zaku iya samun maganin crocodylus, ko kuma mafi kyau da aka sani da crocodylus nililatilus nililicus Nilatorilus, ko kuma aka sani da nililylus, wanda shine kawai jinsi waɗanda ke fitowa daga Afirka.
- Osteolaemus tetraspis, ko kuma Dwarf Crocodile: A yau an yi muhawara da yawa game da ko akwai nau'i biyu ko daya kawai. A kowane hali, yawan waɗannan halittu daban-daban suna zaune ne kawai.
- Mecistops cataphractus, ko kuma Slender-snouted crocodile: Wannan nau'in kada ne da ke zaune a kudu maso yammacin Afirka kuma a yau yana cikin haɗari mai tsanani na bacewa.
crocodiles ruwan gishiri
Kamar yadda aka ambata a sama, crocodiles na gaskiya, ko kuma waɗanda aka fi sani da Crocodylidae, suna da gland a saman idanunsu da kuma sama da harshensu wanda ke ba su damar "kuka" duk gishirin da ke shiga jikinsu. Maganar sanannun " hawaye na kada" ya fito daga wannan sifa, duk da cewa ba hawaye ba ne, amma hanya ce mai mahimmanci don sarrafa ƙwayar gishiri wanda zai iya kasancewa a cikin jikin ku. Wannan babban fasalin ya ba da damar nau'ikan kadarorin da yawa sun sami nasarar shiga cikin teku tsawon miliyoyin shekaru.
Kada kada
A cikin dangin Crocodylidae, akwai nau'in nau'in da aka fi sani da marine crocodile, wannan nau'in shine Crocodylys porosus, wanda wani nau'i ne mai rarrafe da ke zaune a yankuna daban-daban na Kudancin Asiya, musamman a kasashe irin su Indonesia, Malaysia da kuma Philippines. Wadannan dabbobi masu rarrafe galibi suna rayuwa ne a cikin fadama, koguna, guraben ruwa masu kaushi da kuma a cikin tafkuna, duk da haka, kadawan ruwa suna da babban karfin jure wa ruwaye masu yawan gishiri. Don haka, ana iya ganinsu a cikin teku don farautar kifi.
Thalatosuchian
Akwai wani yanki mai suna Thalattosuchia, rukuni ne na dabbobi masu rarrafe a cikin ruwa wadanda ke da alaƙa da kada. Wadannan dabbobin dabbobi masu rarrafe ne masu kamannin kadangare, fin kifin da kan kada. A lokacin Cretaceous, waɗannan dabbobin sun rayu kai tsaye tare da dinosaur kuma sun zauna a cikin teku na yawancin duniya har sai sun zama batattu. Saboda wannan dalili, ana iya rarraba su cikin kuskure a matsayin wasu nau'in dinosaur na ruwa.
Galibin wadannan “crocodiles” na ruwa mai gishiri suna da dogon hanci, kama da na kadawa, shi ya sa aka yi imanin cewa suna ciyar da kifi ne. Yawancin waɗannan dabbobi sun kai tsayin da ke tsakanin mita tara zuwa goma, kamar yadda Machimosaures rex ya kasance. Saboda yanayin halittarsu, an yi tunanin cewa thalatosuchian dabbobi ne na duniya, don haka za su iya fita bakin teku don yin wanka ko kuma su yi ƙwai.
Idan kana son ƙarin koyo game da dabbobi masu rarrafe ko dabbobi daban-daban na duniya, ana ba da shawarar ka da ku bar shafin ba tare da fara karanta ɗayan waɗannan labaran uku ba: