Idan kana son sanin wani muhimmin al'amari na Maganin Al'adun Paracas, Je zuwa wannan matsayi mai ban sha'awa. Paracas sun yi wani ɗanyen aikin tiyata, amma kuma an san su da sauran abubuwan da suka dace, a nan za ku gano game da shi. Kada ku rasa shi!
Magungunan al'adun Paracas
Wannan kabila wata muhimmiyar al'ada ce ta tsohuwar Peru, tun daga lokacin da ake kira Upper Formative ko Early Horizon, wanda ya taso a yankin Paracas, lardin Pisco, yankin Ica, tsakanin 700 BC. C. da 200 AD
Yana da wani ɓangare na zamani Chavín al'adu cewa ka fito a arewacin Peru. Godiya ga bincike na bincike Julio Tello, ya kira shi "Paracas-necropolis". Shi ne na asalin wani al'ada, gano a matsayin Topará al'ada, wanda cibiyar aka located kara arewa, a cikin Chincha Valley.
Paracas sun yi sana'a masu inganci, ulu da auduga, da kuma kayan kwalliyar tukwane da ƙayataccen kwando. Har ila yau, sun yi aikin hako jijiyoyi, wanda har yanzu ake ta muhawara kan manufofinsa.
Al'adun Paracas shine kakannin al'adun Nazca wanda yake da alaƙar al'adu mai haske; a gaskiya ma, ga malamai da yawa, mataki na ƙarshe na Paracas shine farkon al'adun Nazca.
Yanayin geographic
Paracas ya ci gaba da yawa tsakanin kogin Ica da Pisco da kuma a cikin Paracas Peninsula (yankin Ica). A lokacin mafi girman lokacinta, ta yadu zuwa arewa zuwa Chincha da kudu zuwa Yauca a yankin Arequipa.
Ga mutane da yawa, wurin da ya fi dacewa na Paracas yana iya kasancewa a cikin Tajahuana, a cikin kwarin Ica, a cikin sashin Ocucaje. Birni ne mai kagara wanda aka gina a saman wani dutse mai sauƙin karewa.
Ilimin Zamani
Paracas kalma ce ta Quechua ma'ana ruwan sama na yashi (ta, ruwan sama da acoustics, yashi) kuma tana nufin tasirin guguwa mai karfi da ke afkawa yankin akai-akai, da yashi da guano daga tsibiran da ke kusa. kuma a rufe saman da shi a matsayin farar fata.
Wannan al'amari na yanayi ya ba da Paracas Peninsula kuma, a cikin ma'ana mafi girma, al'adun kafin Inca da aka gano a wannan yanki don haka yana dauke da sunansa.
Paracas ajiya
- Chincha: Wineries, Lurin, Chincha.
- Pisco: Cerro Colorado, Disco Verde, Cabeza Larga, Chongos, Tambo Colorado.
- Ica: Tecojate, Huamaní, Ocucaje, Callango (Animas Altas da Ánimas Bajas), Chiqueritos, Ullujaya, Tomaluz.
- Feel: Mollaque, Chichictara.
- Nazca: Soysongo, Atarco, Trancas, Cahuachi.
Ganowa
An samo al'adun Paracas a cikin Yuli 1925 ta Tello a bakin tekun Paracas da kudancin Pisco. A watan Agusta na wannan shekarar Tello ya kafa wani rukunin bincike a wurin tare da taimakon wani ɗalibinsa Toribio Mejía Xesspe.
Tello ya sami kabari na farko a Paracas a cikin tsaunin jajayen tsaunin Cerro Colorado. Ya tarar da jimillar kaburbura 39 da aka siffata, wadanda ya kira “kogo,” kuma suna dauke da daurin kabari da aka nannade da sirara, aka kewaye da tukwane, kayan farauta, fatun dabbobi, da abinci.
A shekara ta 1927 Tello da Mejía Xesspe sun gano wata makabarta a Wari Kayan, kusa da Cerro Colorado, wadda suka kira Paracas Necropolis. A nan ya tarar da gawarwaki guda 429, kowanne an nannade shi da yadudduka daban-daban, wasu na da kyau kwarai. . Shahararrun matsugunan Paracas ne da aka adana a yau a cikin MNAAHP.3
Baya ga wadannan makabartu guda biyu, Tello ya gano na uku a cikin tsibirin Paracas, wanda ya kira Arena Blanca ko Cabeza Larga, dalilin sanya wannan sunan shi ne saboda kasancewar ƙoƙon ƙwanƙolin tsayi da nakasassu. A can ya tarar ba kaburbura da aka wawashe ba, har ma da ragowar gidajen da ke karkashin kasa.
Rabo a cewar Tello
Bisa ga abin da ya gano, yadda Paracas suka binne matattu kuma sun yi jayayya cewa wannan al'ada ta ƙunshi matakai biyu masu kyau. Ya kira na farko "Paracas-Caverns"; saboda sun binne matattun nasu a cikin kaburbura da aka tona a tsaye a cikin kasa, wadanda suke fadadawa kafin su isa kasa, suna ba ta siffa mai jujjuyawa (ko da yake a zahiri rijiyoyi ne maimakon "kogo").
Ya kira na biyu "Paracas-Necropolis"; domin sun binne matattu ne a wasu nagartattun makabartu hudu, wadanda ke da’awar su “biranen matattu” ne ko kuma ‘ya’yan itatuwa.
Wannan yanki na Paracas yana bunƙasa shekaru da yawa, saboda darajar Tello, wanda ake kira "mahaifin ilimin kimiya na kayan tarihi na Peruvian", har sai da sauran masana ilimin kimiya na kayan tarihi sun nuna cewa abin da ake kira "Paracas-Necropolis" a zahiri yana cikin wata al'adar al'ada: Al'adu za su kasance. kara.
Paracas Caverns (700 BC - 200 BC)
Matakin da ake kira Caverns na Paracas ya kasance daga shekaru 700 kafin Kristi. Babban yawan al'adun Paracas a wancan lokacin sun haɓaka a Tajahuana da ke gefen kogin Ica a sashin Ocucaje.
Sunan ya fito ne daga hanyar da Paracas suka binne matattu a siffar tayin. An tabbatar da hakan ta sakamakon daurin jana'izar da aka samu a Cerro Colorado.
Kaburburan da aka gano an tono su ne a karkashin kasa a cikin duwatsun, da wani siffa mai kama da "kofin da ba a juye ba" ko kuma wata kwalba mai tsayi mai tsayi, a kasan daurin jana'izar an sanya shi a cikin kimanin mita 6 a diamita.
Sun kasance kaburbura na gama-gari, kodayake ba a san ko gawarwakin na dangi daya ne ba, amma gawarwakin na mutuƙar mutuƙar mutuƙar sanyi saboda yanayin yanayi da yanayin ƙasa. Wasu daga cikin gawarwakin sun nuna alamun rauni da kuma nakasu na kwanyar.
Paracas Necropolis (200 BC - 200 AD)
Matakin da ake kira Paracas Necropolis yana da sunansa saboda cewa makabartun da aka samu a cikin Wari Kayan an raba su zuwa sassa da yawa ko ɗakunan karkashin kasa, wanda Tello ya bayyana a matsayin "Birnin Matattu" (Necropolis).
Kowane babban ɗakin da zai kasance na wani dangi ne ko dangi waɗanda suka binne kakanninsu na tsararraki masu yawa.
Tello theories an muhawara da sauran archaeologists. A farko wuri, Wari Kayan ba ze sun kasance a necropolis, amma maimakon a manyan populated cibiyar, a wasu daga cikin gine-gine daga wanda fiye da 400 daure aka ajiye, a gaskiyar cewa kwanan yana da wani m bayani.
Yana iya zama wurin da za a yi la'akari da shi a matsayin wuri mai tsarki, saboda jajayen launin tsaunukansa da kuma kusancinsa da teku, wanda zai mayar da shi ga mutuwa da sake farfadowa. Kuma abu na biyu, bayyanar al'adun wannan rukunin yanar gizon ba ta cikin Paracas kanta ba, amma ga wani al'adar al'adu daban-daban, wanda ake kira Topará kuma wanda ya haɓaka a cikin kwaruruwan Cañete, Topará, Chincha da Pisco, har zuwa yankin Paracas kamar yadda yake. iyakar kudu.
Wato, Wari Kayan yana kan iyaka tsakanin al'adun biyu. Da alama al'adun Topará sun ɗora wa yankin ƙazamin zalunci bayan yaƙin mamaya. Kasancewar makamai a cikin fakitin jana'izar da yawa, da kuma kasancewar ƙoƙon ƙoƙon da aka karye da kuma tarkace, zai zama alamun tashin hankali sosai.
A binciken da aka yi an gano cewa mummy na lullube da yadudduka masu yawa, wasu na da kyau sosai. Waɗannan yadudduka, daidai, sune waɗanda suka sanya Paracas ya shahara, tunda mafi kyawun misalan sa suna da kyau sosai. An san su a ko'ina cikin duniya kamar Paracas Mantos.
Gine-gine
Duka a cikin tsibirin Paracas da sauran wuraren Paracas, ba a sami wata alama ta manyan ayyuka ba, ban da ƙananan kwarin Ica, inda wurare masu mahimmanci guda biyu suke: Ánimas Altas da Ánimas. Ƙananan.
Ánimas Altas yana da fili mai girman hekta 100 kuma wani katanga mai tsayi da aka yi da yadudduka na bambaro da ƙasa an lulluɓe shi da adobes.
Ya ƙunshi sifofi maɗaukaki goma sha uku masu kamanceceniya da ƙirar gine-gine. Wasu bangonta suna da kayan adon da aka yi da layukan da aka sassaka yayin da yumbun ya kasance har yanzu. Suna wakiltar felines da aka lalata.
A kusa da Ánimas Altas akwai Ánimas Bajas, kimanin hekta 60, wanda aka yi shi da tudu guda bakwai da aka gina da adobe na fasaha, a cikin siffar ƙwallo ko hatsin masara.
Idan Paracas, ba tare da wata shakka ba, sun bi tsattsauran ra'ayi da tsawan lokaci. An tsinkayi gawar ta hanyar fasaha mai zurfi, wacce ba a san cikakken bayaninta ba; amma sau da yawa fiye da haka, sun koma ga mummification na halitta, wanda aka saki a cikin muhalli.
Mummy, an nannade cikin mayafinta kuma a matsayin tayi, an sanya shi a cikin kwandon wicker tare da jerin abubuwa, wanda ke nuna ra'ayin Paracas na rayuwa bayan mutuwa. An samu riguna da majajjawa da tufa da tukwane da hatsin gyada da kunun masara da sauransu.
An rufe duka a hankali da lamba, ba koyaushe iri ɗaya ba, na barguna ko yadudduka masu inganci daban-daban; Kunshin da aka kafa don haka ana kiransa kunshin jana'izar. Tufafin da ke kusa da jikin mummy yawanci shine mafi ƙanƙanta, wanda aka yi masa ado da adadi waɗanda ke wakiltar duniyar tatsuniyar Paracas.
Ragowar yadudduka na da ƙarancin inganci. Wasu fakitin jana'izar an naɗe su da kusan goma ko goma sha ɗaya, kuma babu shakka suna cikin membobin masu mulki.
textiles
Kaburburan da aka samu a Cerro Colorado ("Caverns of Paracas") sune tushen tushen abin da aka samo samfurori na zane-zane na Paracas. An yi su ne da auduga (farare da launin ruwan duhu) da ulun raƙumi. Bugu da ƙari, an yi amfani da gashin ɗan adam da filaye na shuka.
Ana rina zaren da abubuwa masu launi daban-daban. Sun kuma yi rina yadudduka bayan an yi su. Wata hanyar ado ita ce yin ado, kodayake an yi hakan da yawa kuma tare da ƙarin sakamako mai kyau a Paracas-Necropolis.
Dangane da adadi na kayan ado, suna wakiltar talikai na tatsuniyoyi da dalilai na alama, gabaɗaya tare da tsayayyen siffofi na geometric, amma duk an yi su da ma'anar fasaha.
Musamman ma, adadi ɗaya yana maimaita akai-akai: abin da ake kira Hidden Being, wanda aka wakilta a jikin duka ko kuma a kansa kawai. Yana da idanu na daji, bakin feline, da jiki wanda aka lullube da alamomin da wasu lokuta sukan fice kuma suke zuwa rai.
Amma ba tare da wata shakka ba, mafi kyawun riguna ko yadudduka sun dace da Paracas-Necropolis, kodayake a gaskiya al'adun Topará ne suka yi su.
Cerámica
Kayan tukwane na Paracas yana da salo na musamman da kuma bayyani, wanda ake maimaita shi a wajen tsibirin Paracas, a wurare daban-daban tsakanin kwarin Chincha zuwa arewa da kwarin Río Grande (Palpa) zuwa kudu.
Don kwarin Ica, an kafa sarkar yumbu mai tsayi, wanda ke farawa a zamanin pre-Paracas kuma ya ƙare a farkon al'adun Nazca, wanda aka sani da salon Ocucaje, wanda ya ƙunshi matakai 10. Ya kamata a lura cewa wannan jerin yumbura shine mafi cikar Andean Formative.
Abubuwan yumbu na wannan al'ada suna da salo daban-daban: tasoshin, kofuna, faranti, da kwalabe na duniya da kwantena tare da spouts biyu a tsaye tare da wuyan gada. Wasu suna da siffar sassaƙa, suna nuna jikin ɗan adam kama da wuƙaƙe na al'adun Chancay.
Game da fasaha na kayan ado, ya kasance kamar haka: alkaluman an fara iyakance su ta hanyar layin angular incised, zana yayin da yumbu ya kasance rigar. Bayan harba yumbu, an yi tabo, wanda aka yi amfani da fentin resinous.
Babban launukan da aka yi amfani da su sune baki, ja, kore, rawaya da lemu. Alkaluman da aka wakilta sun nuna kusanci ga fasahar Chavín, musamman ma wakilcin wani abu mai ban mamaki tare da feline, tsuntsu da sifofin ɗan adam, wanda ake kira Flying Feline.
Hoton hoto
Hoton hoto na Paracas yana haifar da jigogi na cosmological da mythological kuma a lokaci guda yana nufin labarun tarihi kamar cin nasara da tushe na matsugunan mutane, abubuwan da suka faru da yaƙe-yaƙe da bukukuwa, waɗanda sadaukarwar ɗan adam ta kasance mai maimaitawa.
Maganin Cranial
Akwai shaidar cewa sun yi tiyata, wanda ake kira skull trepanations. Don wannan al'ada, "likita" Paracas ya yi amfani da wukake na obsidian, tumis ko nau'i-nau'i masu siffar jinjirin wata (wanda aka yi da cakuda zinariya da azurfa), gashin gashi, da tweezers.
Sun kuma yi amfani da auduga, gauze da bandeji. An huda kokon kai da wukar obsidian kuma an goge kashin da ya lalace ko kuma a huda shi da wuka, ana yin madauwari da za a yi ma bude ido.
Da zarar an yi maganin daban-daban, an rufe budewa da zinariya ko matte faranti (kabewa). Hakan ya ba da damar aikin ya warke ba tare da wata matsala ba.
Abubuwan da suka haifar da wannan al'ada an yi magana sosai; An yi imani da cewa an yi su ne da nufin warkar da karyewar bangon ƙasusuwa da suka faɗo, don magance ciwon kai, da kuma maganin tabin hankali ta hanyar sihiri (wataƙila an yi imani cewa lokacin da aka buɗe kwanyar, ruhohi za su fito). m).
Yawancin kwanyar da ke da alamun tashin hankali sun nuna cewa mutane sun tsira daga wannan al'ada, saboda kasancewar ciwon kashi a wurin da ake yi wa tiyata, irin wanda kawai ke samuwa a cikin shekaru masu rai. Babu shakka babu wanda ya yi tunanin abin da Paracas zai iya yi.
Har ma fiye da Al'adun Paracas
An saita shi azaman magabata na Nazcas, al'adun Paracas an san shi don fasahar masaku, tukwane, karkatar da kwanyarsa da mummies. An gano shi a cikin 1925 ta masanin ilimin kimiya na kayan tarihi Julio Tello, an haɓaka shi a yankin Paracas na Peru.
rinjayensu ya kai arewa zuwa kwarin Cañete da kudu zuwa Arequipa, wanda ya ƙunshi Chincha, Pisco, Ica, Palpa da Río Grande. Garuruwan Peña Ajahuana, Ánimas Altas da Huaca Rosa sune tushen wannan wayewar.
Gabaɗayan al'adun Paracas
Suna da masaniya sosai kan dabarun ruwa don haɓaka aikin noma, ta hanyar magudanan ruwa. Wata hanyar da aka yi amfani da ita don dasa shuki ita ce gonakin wachaque ko kuma a nutse, wanda ya ƙunshi tono ramuka har sai an kai ga ƙasa mai ɗanɗano da ake bukata don noma.
Ta haka ne suka fice wajen noman auduga da wake da masara. Hakazalika, saboda wurin da suke kusa da bakin teku, sun haɓaka zirga-zirgar jiragen ruwa, tare da jiragen ruwa da ake kira caballitos de totora, sun yi amfani da albarkatun da teku ke bayarwa.
A ƙarƙashin tsarin mulkin Allah, wannan ƙabila tana da rarrabuwar kawuna na jama'a zuwa firistoci, jarumai, da kuma talakawa. Inda al'adar wani allahn idanu da ake kira Kon ya fi rinjaye, ana ɗaukar mahaliccin sararin samaniya.
Takaitaccen tarihin al'adun Paracas
A tarihi, sun samo asali ne tsakanin 700 BC. C. da 200 AD, kuma bisa ga masanin binciken kayan tarihi na Peruvian Julio Tello, wannan al'ada tana da matakai guda biyu a jere:
Kogo (700-500 BC).
Da yake su ne mafi dadewa lokaci na wannan kabila, an siffanta su a matsayin manoma, mayaka, masu addini da farin ciki. Sun gina gidaje a ƙananan duwatsu da kagara a kan tudun dutse, wanda ake kira Tajahuana, wanda watakila shi ne babban birnin wannan wayewar.
Daga cikin binciken, yumbu mai ƙarfi da tasirin Chavín da kayan kida irin su ganguna da ƙaho sun fito waje. Bugu da kari, kaburburan da aka sassaka da surar ƙoƙon jujjuyawar tare da mummies da aka binne, an kiyaye su sosai kuma an naɗe su da zane, sun fito waje.
Necropolis (500 BC - 200 AD).
A cewar wasu bincike na baya-bayan nan sun nuna cewa wannan mataki yana cikin al'adun Topará. Sunan ta ya samo asali ne sakamakon gano wani katon makabarta mai kusurwa hudu a Wari Kayan, kwatankwacin birnin matattu.
Anan, an binne fitattun ƴan asalin ƙasar, an naɗe su da yadudduka masu ƙayatarwa kuma an yi musu ado da adadi na feline ko macizai, waɗanda aka fi sani da fakitin jana'izar paracas. Ganuwar kaburburan an yi su ne da ƙananan duwatsu da aka haɗa da laka da kuma rufin itacen huarango.
Magunguna da tiyata a cikin al'adun Paracas
An yi la'akari da ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun tiyata don maganin karyewa, cututtuka ko ciwace-ciwacen daji, musamman sun yi trepanation na cranial. Don yin wannan, sun yi amfani da ganyen coca da malt ɗin masara a matsayin maganin kashe zafi da kamuwa da cuta.
A cikin tashin hankali, "likitan fiɗa" na kabilar ya yi amfani da burbushi na obsidian, wukake, ƙwanƙwasa, tweezers, auduga da bandeji. A cikin wannan tsari, an huda kwanyar tare da burar, tare da goge kashin da ya lalace har sai an bude madauwari.
Daga nan ne aka cika ramin da faranti na zinari, wanda hakan ya ba da damar aikin ya warke ba tare da wata matsala ba. Yawan gawarwakin da aka samu tare da karkatar da kokon kai sun nuna cewa mutane sun tsira daga wannan al'adar.
An yi imanin cewa an yi wannan aikin ne don warkar da karaya ko raguwar bangon kashi da ya faru a yaƙi. Haka kuma don kawar da ciwon kai ko kuma magance cututtukan kwakwalwa ta hanyar sihiri, ta yadda idan aka bude kwanyar, ruhohin da suka yi barna suna fitowa.
Bayyanar al'adun Paracas
Daga cikin mafi kyawun bayyanar al'adun Paracas sune:
Tufafin
Tare da sanannen sananne a cikin zane-zane, suna yin manyan kayan aiki irin su alpacas, ulun vicuña da fuka-fukan launuka masu yawa. Ko sun tsara tare da tsarin geometric, dabba ko anthropomorphic Figures da kyakkyawan tsarin launi. Ko da yake alkyabbar ita ce ainihin abin da aka fi sani da shi, wanda aka yi da guntun rectangular guda ɗaya, an sa su a kai a matsayin manti ko daurin jana'iza. Kusan duk yadin da ke cikin Paracas an bayyana su ta hanyoyi biyu:
Linear, akan masana'anta na tushe, sun yi amfani da launuka huɗu waɗanda aka saƙa a madaidaiciyar layi kuma an datsa kewaye da sanduna masu ƙira. Tubalan launuka, waɗanda ke da halaye na ƙananan lanƙwasa da maimaita abubuwan hoto a cikin haɗuwa daban-daban tare da ƙarewar haske.
yumbu
Amma game da fasahar yumbura, an bambanta shi ta hanyar kayan ado na polychrome mai rikitarwa da wakilcin addini. Wani abu da ya canza a cikin lokaci na necropolis na Paracas, inda babban hali shine monochrome, wanda aka ƙaddara ta hanyar amfani da cream ko launin baki. Siffofin gabaɗaya sun kasance m tare da gajerun maki biyu kuma an haɗa su ta hannun gada.
Arts da sana'a
Ban da yumbu, sun mallaki sana'o'i na musamman, kamar sandunan dutse, wuƙaƙen wuƙaƙe, kwalabe na harsashi, rataye, harsashi ko sarƙaƙƙiya, da kayan ado na gwal da aka haɗe.
Za mu iya ƙarasa da cewa al'adun Paracas sun bar gudunmawar duka a cikin magani da kuma a cikin tufafi, wanda za'a iya nunawa a yau.
Idan kun sami wannan labarin mai ban sha'awa, muna gayyatar ku don jin daɗin waɗannan wasu: