Shin kun taɓa tunanin ko wanene? Johannes Kepler? To, shi masanin kimiyya ne na Jamus mai mahimmanci, wanda ya yi fice don iliminsa a ilmin taurari da falsafa, ya zo ne don ƙirƙirar da kuma nuna wanzuwar dokoki guda uku na motsi na duniya, wanda a yau ake kira dokokin Kepler. Muna gayyatar ka ka karanta wannan labarin don ƙarin koyo game da rayuwarsa da aikinsa.
Biography na Johannes Kepler
A lokacinsa Johannes Kepler Yana da matukar muhimmanci ya zo aiki tare da Tycho Brahe, daga baya ya maye gurbinsa a matsayin masani na lissafin sarki na Rudolf II. Saboda manyan nasarorin da ya samu, Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Astronomical ta Duniya ta yi baftisma wani masanin taurari da sunan Kepler a shekara ta 1935. Bari mu ɗan ƙara koyo game da rayuwarsa.
Yara
Shekarar haihuwarsa ita ce 1571, a birnin Wurttemberg na Jamus, wanda a lokacin ya kasance dukedom. Tun yana karami mutum ne da yake fama da cututtuka da dama, kamar ciwon kai, ciwon ciki da ciwon kai. Sa’ad da yake ɗan shekara uku, ya kamu da cutar sankarau, wanda illar da ke tattare da ita ya haɗa da raunin gani sosai.
Duk da cewa ya kasance yana fama da matsalar rashin lafiya, ko da yaushe ya kasance yaro mai hankali, mai hazaka, wanda ya ji daɗin yin tasiri sosai a cikin mutanen da suka zauna a ɗakin kwanan mahaifiyarsa, yana amfani da kyaututtukansa na ban mamaki da ilimin lissafi. A shekara ta 1584 ya sami damar shiga makarantar sakandare ta Furotesta a birnin Adelberg.
Karatu
Saboda hazakar da ya samu, a shekara ta 1589 ya fara karantar ilimin tauhidi a jami'ar Tübingen. Da yake samun kansa a can, ya sami damar samun Maestlin a matsayin malamin ilimin lissafi, wanda ya riga ya san ka'idar heliocentric na Copernicus kuma ya raba ta sosai.
Kepler ya bi koyarwar Pythagoras, kuma ya yi imani cewa Allah shi ne mafi girman geometer, mahaliccin sararin duniya mai jituwa, yana lura da sauƙi na ka'idar Pythagorean halayyar tsarin halittar Allah. Ya ci gaba da karatu a Tübingen, ko da ya sami digiri na biyu a shekara ta 1591.
Matrimonio
Johannes Kepler yayi aure sau biyu. An yi aurensa na farko, sakamakon cikakkiyar dacewa, a ranar 27 ga Afrilu, 1597, tare da Miss Bárbara Müller. Wannan auren da 'yan uwansa suka shirya, ya sa ya zama ma'aurata mace mai laushi, mai saukin kai, mai hali mai banƙyama.
aikin ilimi
A shekara ta 1594 ya bar Tübingen, ya tafi Graz, wani birni da ke ƙasar Ostiriya, inda ya ci gaba da aikinsa na Farfesa a jami'a, yana koyar da ilimin lissafi, Geometry da Rhetoric, yana gudanar da sadaukar da lokacinsa na kyauta ga sha'awa wanda shine abin sha'awa. ilmin taurari.
Muna magana ne game da lokacin da ba a gama zana bambanci tsakanin imani da kimiyya ba, kuma makanikai na yadda taurarin sama suke motsawa har yanzu ba a san su ba. Hakika, an yi iƙirarin cewa irin waɗannan ƙungiyoyin suna yin biyayya ga dokokin Allah.
Yayin da yake Graz, ya buga almanacs masu ɗauke da hasashen taurari, waɗanda Kepler ya haɗa su, kodayake bai yarda da wasu ƙa'idodin ba.
Bayan haka, a shekara ta 1600, ya tafi ya zauna a birnin Prague, wanda a yau shi ne babban birnin Jamhuriyar Czech, bisa gayyatar sanannen masanin falaki Tycho Brahe, wanda ya yi magana da Kepler, bayan ya karanta littattafansa. Farfesa Brahe ya mutu a shekara ta gaba kuma Kepler ya ɗauki matsayinsa na masanin lissafi da ilmin taurari na fadar sarki.
Na dogon lokaci Johannes Kepler Ya kiyaye ka'idar da ta haɗa geocentrism tare da heliocentrism, don daga baya ya canza ƙirarsa ta geocentric zuwa heliocentrism. Duk da cewa ya cim ma burinsa, ya ci gaba da samun sabani mai tsanani tsakanin hanyar da, bisa ga lissafinsa, da ya kamata a ce taurarin sama sun yi da kuma wanda a zahiri suka yi.
Wannan ƙaddamarwa ta sa ya yi hasashe cewa, wanda ya kasance Rana Jikin da ke fitowa da karfin da ke sanya duniyoyi suna jujjuyawa a muhallinsu, a lokacin da aka kara hanyar da ke tsakanin duniya da Rana, sai an rage saurin tafiyar da ake yi. Don ya sami damar yin wannan magana, dole ne ya kawar da tunanin da aka yarda da shi a dubban shekaru da suka wuce, cewa hanyar da taurarin sama suka yi ta hanyar kewayawa da'ira.
A shekara ta 1612, ya sami matsayi mai daraja na masanin lissafi na jihohin Upper Austria, wanda ya kasance gundumar Linz. Duk da karramawar da aka samu da kuma bincikensa. Johannes Kepler bai gamsu ba.
Yana da yakinin cewa jituwa da sauki su ne ka’idojin da ke tafiyar da sararin samaniya, shi ya sa a kodayaushe yake neman dangantaka mai sauki, ta yadda lokutan juyin juya hali na duniyoyi, a yau ake kira orbital periods, da kuma nisan da taurari ke iya samu. a yi bayani. Sun.
Johannes Kepler Ya ɗauki shi fiye da shekaru tara don samun wannan sauƙi mai sauƙi kuma ya ci gaba da tsara ka'idar motsi na taurari na uku, bisa ga abin da lokaci na orbital na duniya ya kasance daidai da babban axis na ellipse wanda aka taso zuwa ikon. 3/2.
A shekara ta 1628, ya shiga don ba da hidimarsa ga umurnin A. von Wallenstein, a birnin Sagan, a lokacin lardin Silesia, wanda ya ba shi alkawarinsa ya soke bashin da Crown ya yi masa. shekarun da suka shude, amma bai cika ba. Kusan wata guda kafin ya mutu, saboda zazzabi. Johannes Kepler ya bar Silesiya don neman sabon matsayi.
Mutuwa
Johannes Kepler Ya mutu a shekara ta 1630, a cikin birnin Regensburg, yayin da yake tafiya tare da iyalinsa daga Linz zuwa Sagan. A kan kabarinsa an zana tafsiri mai zuwa, wanda shi ya halicce shi:
“Na auna sammai, yanzu na auna inuwar.
A cikin sama ruhu ya haskaka.
A duniya yana hutawa jiki. "
aikin kimiyya
A shekara ta 1594, lokacin Johannes Kepler Ya bar birnin Tübingen ya je Graz na kasar Ostiriya, ya kirkiro wani hasashe na hadaddun ilmin lissafi don kokarin bayyana rabe-raben da ke tsakanin taurarin taurarin dan Adam, wadanda aka yi zaton ba daidai ba ne a wancan lokacin.
Da yake nazarin hasashensa, Kepler ya kwatanta cewa Birita na taurari sun kasance elliptical. Amma waɗancan cirewar farko sun zo daidai da 5% kawai tare da gaskiya. Ya kuma bayyana cewa Rana ita ce ke yin wani karfi wanda girmansa ke raguwa daidai da tazarar da ke sa duniyoyi su rika zagayawa da su.
A shekara ta 1596, ya gudanar da buga wani littafi mai suna Mysterium Cosmographicum. Muhimmancin wannan aikin ya zo ne daga gaskiyar cewa ita ce bayanin farko mai faɗi da kuma tabbataccen nunin kimiya na fa'idar geometric na ka'idar Copernican.
A shekara ta gaba, a cikin 1597, ya buga Mysterium Cosmographicum, wanda a cikinsa ya bar bayyana tabbacin dacewa wanda, daga matsayin kimiyyar lissafi, wanda aka samo daga ka'idar heliocentrism.
Johannes Kepler Ya kasance farfesa a ilmin taurari da lissafi a Jami'ar Graz daga 1954 zuwa 1600, lokacin da aka ba shi mukamin mataimaki ga masanin falakin Danish Tycho Brahe a dakin binciken Prague. A lokacin da Brahe ya mutu a shekara ta 1601, Kepler ya ɗauki matsayinsa a matsayin masanin lissafi na sarki kuma masanin falaki na kotu ga Sarkin sarakuna Rudolf na biyu.
Daga cikin ayyukansa da aka samar a wannan lokacin, ɗaya daga cikin mafi dacewa shine Astronomia Nova, wanda aka buga a shekara ta 1609. Ya kasance babban tarin ƙoƙarin da ya yi na ƙididdige sararin samaniyar duniyar Mars, wanda ya yi ƙoƙari na musamman don kamawa a cikin duniyar Mars. shi ne lissafinsa a kan kewayar wannan duniyar.
A cikin Astronomia Nova ya gabatar da biyu daga cikin sanannun dokokin motsi na taurari, waɗanda a yau ake kiran su dokokin Kepler. A shekara ta 1610 ya buga Disseratio cum Nuncio Sidereo, wanda ya yi magana game da abin da Galileo Galilei ya yi.
A shekara mai zuwa, ya sami damar yin nasa abubuwan lura game da tauraron dan adam da masanin kimiyyar Italiya ya kwatanta, godiya ga taimakon na'urar hangen nesa, ya buga sakamakon wadannan abubuwan a cikin aikinsa Narratio de Observatis Quatuor Jovis Satellitibus.
An nada shi masanin lissafi na jihohin Ostiriya a shekara ta 1612. Yayin da yake wannan matsayi ya zauna a Linz, inda ya rubuta Harmonices Mundi, Libri (1619), inda ya kafa dokarsa ta uku, don nuna dangantakar da ke tsakanin layi. na matsakaicin nisa daga duniya zuwa Rana.
a cikin lokaci guda Johannes Kepler ya buga Epitome Astronomiae Copernicanae (1618-1621), inda yake gudanar da tattara duk abubuwan da ya gano a cikin bugu ɗaya.
Irin wannan mahimmancin yana da littafinsa na farko akan ilmin taurari, wanda ya dogara ne akan ka'idodin Copernicus, wanda a cikin shekaru talatin masu zuwa ya yi tasiri mai ban mamaki, wanda ya jawo hankalin masana taurari da yawa zuwa Keplerian Copernicanism.
Aikin ƙarshe da ya dace da aka buga yayin da Kepler yana da rai, sune Rudolphine Tables, a cikin shekara ta 1625. Bisa ga bayanin da Brahe ya tattara, sabon tebur akan motsi na taurari ya yi nasarar rage matsakaicin kurakurai na matsayi na ainihi na wani. duniya daga 5° zuwa 10′.
Daga baya, masanin lissafin Ingila da masanin kimiyya Sir Isaac Newton ya ɗauki tushe na ka'idoji da abubuwan lura na. Johannes Kepler, a matsayin tushen ka'idar don tsara dokarsa ta gravitation na duniya.
Idan kuna sha'awar, kuna iya ganin Isaac Newton Biography.
Kepler kuma ya ba da gudummawa mai mahimmanci ga na'urorin gani, yana gudanar da tsara abubuwa masu zuwa:
- Muhimmin Dokar Hoto
- Cikakken Tunani
- Ka'idar Farko ta Hangen Zamani
- Ya ɓullo da Tsari mara iyaka, wanda ya gabaci Ƙididdiga mara iyaka na Leibnitz da Newton.
Dokokin Kepler guda uku
Masanin ilmin taurari dan kasar Jamus ya kirkiro wasu sanannun dokoki guda uku da ke dauke da sunansa, bayan da ya yi nazari kan bayanai masu dimbin yawa da Tycho Brahe (1546-1601) ya yi game da motsin duniyoyi, musamman a duniyar Mars.
Johannes Kepler, ta hanyar yin amfani da ƙididdiga masu sarƙaƙƙiya masu rikitarwa, an yi nasarar ƙaddamar da cewa akwai bambance-bambance masu dacewa tsakanin yanayin da aka yi la'akari da cewa duniyar Mars za ta dauka da kuma duban Brahe, bambance-bambancen da a wasu lokuta ya kai minti 8 na arc, a gaskiya ma lura da Brahe yana da wani abu. daidaito na kusan mintuna 2 na baka.
Wadannan bambance-bambancen da aka samu sun taimaka masa wajen gano menene hakikanin kewayar duniyar Mars da sauran duniyoyin da ke cikin Rana.
Doka ta 1. Tafiya ta Elliptical
Kepler ya gudanar, sabanin ka'idar madauwari, cewa kewayen taurarin taurari ne ellipses waɗanda ke da ƙaramin eccentricity kuma a cikin abin da Rana ta kasance a ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan ta. Idan ka kalle shi da kyau, yana ba ka ra'ayi cewa ellipse asalinsa da'irar ce da aka ɗan lallaɓa.
A cikin ka'idar, ana ba da sunan ellipse zuwa lebur da rufaffiyar lankwasa wanda jimlar nisa zuwa foci (kafaffen maki, F1 da F2) daga kowane maki M waɗanda suka samar da shi akai-akai kuma daidai yake da tsawon lokacin babban axis na ellipse (segment AB). Karamar axis na ellipse shine sashin CD, yana tsaye zuwa kashi AB kuma ya yanke shi a tsakiya.
Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwaƙwalwa na Ƙaƙwalwa na Ƙaƙwalwa na gyare-gyare na ellipse. Ƙwararren sifili ba ya wanzu, saboda haka zai zama cikakkiyar da'irar. Mafi girman gyare-gyare na eccentricity, mafi girman adadin kusurwoyi na ellipse.
Orbits tare da kusurwoyi daidai da ɗaya ana kiran su parabolic orbits, kuma waɗanda suka fi ɗaya ana kiran su hyperbolic orbits.
Idan nisa tsakanin foci F1F2 daidai yake da sifili, kamar yadda yake a cikin da'irar, eccentricity kuma zai haifar da sifili.
Ƙarshen da Kepler ya cim ma shi ne cewa tazarar taurarin sararin samaniya suna da elliptical, tare da ƙaramin gyare-gyare ko sinuosity. A cikin yanayin duniyar duniyar, darajar sinusity shine 0.017, duniyar da ke da mafi girman digiri na gyare-gyare a cikin ellipse ita ce Pluto tare da 0.248, Mercury ya biyo baya, tare da 0.206.
2nd dokar orbits
Radius vector wanda ke haɗuwa da taurari zuwa tsakiyar rana yana iya rufe wurare iri ɗaya a lokaci guda. Gudun kewayawa na duniya, wanda shine gudun da yake tafiya a cikinsa, yana canzawa, sabanin nisa da Rana, don haka an yi ittifakin cewa idan aka fi nisa, saurin kewayawa zai ragu, yayin da a ke. gajeriyar nisa, saurin orbital zai kasance mafi girma.
Gudun kewayen taurarin zai kasance mafi girma, lokacin da suke a wurin da suke kusa da Rana, wanda ake kira perihelion, kuma za su sami mafi ƙarancin gudu a mafi nisa daga Rana, wanda ake kira aphelion.
Siffar tauraro na duniya ita ce layin hasashe da ke haɗa tsakiyar duniya da Rana a wani lokaci. A daya bangaren kuma, wannan nau'in na'ura mai kewayawa zai kasance daidai da jimlar tazarar lokaci da duniya ke dauka don motsawa daga wannan vector zuwa wancan, har zuwa kammala wani juyin.
Tare da matsayar da Kepler ya cimma kan binciken da ya yi na kewayawa da ke kewaye, ya gano cewa a matsayin tsiro ya fi kusa da rana, ya kamata ya yi saurin tafiya, inda ya gano cewa lokacin da duniya ke motsawa daga wannan vector zuwa wancan, ya kamata ya zama iri ɗaya ga kowa. canja wurin ta wadannan vectors.
3rd. Dokokin masu jituwa da tauraruwar Kepler
A cikin watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1604. Johannes Kepler ya iya ganin supernova a cikin Galaxy ɗinmu, wanda daga baya za a kira shi tauraruwar Kepler. Wasu masana kimiyya na Turai za su iya ganin irin wannan supernova, irin su Brunowski a Prague, wanda ya yi magana da Kepler, Altobelli a Verona, da Clavius a Roma, da Capra da Marius a Padua.
Kepler, bisa aikin Brahe, ya yi cikakken nazari akan wannan ya bayyana supernova, a cikin littafinsa De Stella Nova a cikin Pede Serpentarii, ta fassararsa, New Star in the Foot of Ophiuchus, yana aza harsashin ka'idarsa cewa sararin samaniya. ko da yaushe yana cikin motsi, kuma cewa yana da tasiri ta hanyar gyare-gyare masu mahimmanci.
Ƙarfin tauraruwar ya kasance ta yadda za a iya ganinsa da ido a cikin watanni 18 da bayyanarsa. Wannan tauraro na supernova yana da shekaru 13.000 kacal daga duniyar duniya.
Daga baya, ba zai yiwu a ga wani supernova a cikin namu galaxy ba. Saboda juyin halitta na hasken tauraro da aka auna kuma aka lura, a yau an yi imanin cewa nau'in I supernova ne.
Takaitacciyar Ayyukan Kepler
Sakamakon bincikensa da aka gudanar a tsawon rayuwarsa. Johannes Kepler Ya buga ayyuka masu zuwa, waɗanda aka ba da odarsu ta tsarin lokaci:
- Mysterium cosmographicum (Sirrin sararin samaniya, 1596).
- Astronomiae Pars Optica (Bangaren gani na falaki, 1604).
- Daga Stella nova a cikin pede Serpentarii (Sabon Tauraro a cikin ƙafar Ophiuchus, 1604). Ranar 17 ga Oktoba, 1604, Kepler ya lura da bayyanar sabon tauraro. Wannan kallon da wasu masana falaki Turawa suka tabbatar, ya tada masa hankali matuka. Baya ga sha'awa daga ra'ayin astronomical, tambaya ce mai mahimmanci ta falsafa, tunda Kepler koyaushe yana kare ka'idar cewa sararin samaniya ba wani abu bane. Yanzu an san cewa Kepler's Star ya kasance aji na supernova.
- sabon ilmin taurari (Sabon ilmin taurari, 1609).
- Diopter (Diopter, 1611). Dangane da myopia da yake fama da shi, Kepler koyaushe yana sha'awar ilimin gani. Ƙarshe mai amfani na wannan aikin ya haifar da tabarau ko ruwan tabarau waɗanda suka taimaka wa mutane masu ban mamaki da na presbyopic don ganin mafi kyau, kuma suna ba da gudummawa ga ƙirar sabon na'urar hangen nesa, wanda aka yi amfani da shi don nazarin taurari na shekaru, wanda ya karbi sunan na'urar hangen nesa na Kepler. .
- De Vero Anno quo Aeternus Dei Filius Humanam Naturam in Utero Benedictae Virginis Mariae Assumpit (1613). Domin ilimi na musamman da ya samu, Johannes Kepler ya rubuta wannan aiki mai ban sha'awa kuma ɗan gajeren lokaci inda ya nuna da bayanan kimiyya cewa an haifi Yesu a shekara ta 4 BC.
- Epitome astronomiae Copernicanae (an buga shi a sassa uku, 1618-1621).
- Daidaita Duniya (Jihar Duniya, 1619).
- Tablae Rudolphinae (1627).
- barci (Mafarkin, 1634), labari ne mai ban sha'awa, wanda masu fafutuka za su iya kallon kallon da duniya ke juya kanta. Saboda wannan aikin, an iya tabbatar da cewa Kepler shine marubucin almarar kimiyya na farko a tarihi.
Baya ga aikinsa na masanin falaki da lissafi. Johannes Kepler Ya zama babban masanin taurari. Hasashe biyu da suka yi tasiri sosai, na farko da ya shafi amfanin gona, na biyu kuma ya danganta da wanda zai yi nasara a yaƙi da Turkawa, sun ba shi daraja, ana la'akari da shi a matsayin ƙwararren masanin fasahar tafsirin zantukan turawa. Taurari.
Wannan aikin, wanda Kepler bai yi alfahari da shi ba, ya iya ba shi babban kuɗin shiga na tattalin arziki a lokacin da kuɗin shiga ya shiga cikin mawuyacin hali.
Irin wannan rashin jituwar nasa ne aka ce ma Johannes Kepler ya ce ma karuwanci ya kamata ta tallafa wa mahaifiyarta, ilmin taurari, domin albashin malaman lissafi ba su da yawa, kuma babu makawa mahaifiyar za ta ji yunwa. Wannan magana ta bar shakka game da ra'ayin Kepler game da taurari.
- Rudolphine Tables. Ba aikin Johannes Kepler ba ne wanda ya shahara kamar sanannun dokokinsa na motsi na duniya, kuma duk da haka, sun zama ɗaya daga cikin muhimman ayyukan kololuwar Kepler, domin su ne muhimmin abu a farkon sabon ilmin taurari.
Waɗancan teburan asalin aikin ne da Sarki Rodolfo II ya ba da umurni, shi ya sa suke ɗauke da sunan Rudolfinas. Tun da farko an ba su amana ga Tycho Brahe, amma saboda mutuwarsa, sai aka damka aikin ga Kepler, wanda ya yi amfani da sabbin ka'idojinsa a cikin bayaninsa, don kammala lissafin matsayin Rana da Wata.
Hakan ya ba shi damar ƙididdige lokacin da za a yi kusufin, ba a lokacin kawai ba, amma ga kowace rana, ko kafin zamanin Kiristanci ko kuma bayansa.
Yin nazari da shi, ana iya ƙarasa da cewa Tables ɗin aikin titanic ne na gaske, wanda ke ba da nuni ga ɗaruruwan shafuka tare da dubban lissafin da Kepler ya yi a cikin tsawon shekaru 22. Abin farin ciki a gare shi, a cikin aiwatar da adadi mai yawa na lissafin, Kepler ya iya amfani da su, saboda an riga an gabatar da su a cikin ilimin lissafi, Napier's logarithms, aikin da Kepler ya kammala.
Mahimmancin Las Tablas Rudolfinas ya kasance kamar yadda suke da tasiri mai mahimmanci akan shirye-shiryen kalandar ephemeris da kuma kan kewayawa fiye da shekaru 200.