A cikin tsaunuka da kwaruruka na tsaunukan gabashin Colombia, ta haifar da wayewa mai suna Muisca ko Chibchas, wanda kuma aka sani da wadanda suka kafa tarihin El Dorado. Na gaba, muna gayyatar ku don ƙarin koyo game da Al'adun Muisca, al'adunsu, addininsu, wurin zama da sauransu.
Al'adun Muisca
Al'adun Muisca ko Chibcha jama'a ne na asali waɗanda suka rayu a cikin tudun Cundiboyacese da kudancin yankin Santander (a yankin Colombia na yanzu), tsakanin ƙarni na shida kafin zamaninmu. Duk da haka, a cikin shekara ta 1600 mamaya na Spain ya mamaye wannan garin; A halin yanzu, zuriyarsu na zaune a garuruwan da ke gundumar Bogotá kamar Suba da Bosa, da kuma wasu makwabta kamar Cota, Chía da Sesquilé.
Kalmar muyska tana wakiltar "mutane" ko "mutane" a cikin harshen Muisca. Al'adun Muisca yana da alaƙa da yawan al'adun Chibcha, waɗanda suka kafa tsarin mulkin Muisca. Muisca ya ƙirƙira tsabar zinare ta hanyar amfani da fasahar tumbaga, wanda ya haɗa da yin amfani da mafi girman rabo na jan karfe zuwa gwal ɗin gwal.
The axis na yankin da cewa a yau wakiltar Jamhuriyar Colombia, da kuma wanda a baya ake kira Sabuwar Mulkin Granada, an shagaltar da zaman lafiya da kuma kafa 'yan asalin jama'a, agronomists da masaku masana'antun, magada na Chibcha harsuna na asali asalin daga Amurka ta tsakiya. da kuma waɗanda suke kiran kansu "muiscas" ko "ƙuda". Ƙasarsa ita ce filayen wadata:
- Zipaquira
- nemocon
- Ubate,
- Chiquinquira
- Tuniya
- barci
Ya haɗa da maɓuɓɓugar wasu tributary kamar: Upía, wanda ya gangara zuwa Orinoco; Chicamocha, Suárez, Opón da Carare, waɗanda ke zuwa arewa; na Negro Cundinamarqués da kogin Funza waɗanda daga arewa maso gabas zuwa kudu maso gabas suna bin Magdalena.
Historia
Babban almara na Muisca na farko na Columbia a hakika yana da wuya, saboda lalata babban adadin kayan da ke ba da izinin sake gina ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun kayan gini, saboda kewayen Spain a ƙarni na XNUMX. Abin da aka sani game da waɗannan ƴan asalin ƙasar Columbia, shi ne adana labarin baki, labarun 'yan mulkin mallaka da kuma ayyukan archaeological da aka gudanar musamman bayan 'yancin kai.
Muiscas, wanda turawan mulkin mallaka na Spain suka fi sani da muixcas ko moxcas, sun zauna a tsakiyar yankunan Colombia na yau; duk da haka, gatari na yawan jama'arta suna cikin manyan kwaruruka na Saliyo Oriental kusa da Bogotá da Tunja.
Binciken da aka yi a cikin yankin tsaunukan Cundiboyacense ya bar shaida na babban motsi na ɗan adam a cikin wannan sararin samaniya tun lokacin Archaic, wato, fiye da shekaru 10.000 da suka wuce a farkon Holocene; wannan ya ƙare da hasashe da aka yi la'akari da inganci a cikin karni na XNUMX, wanda Muiscas suka kasance farkon mazaunan Altiplano.
Har ila yau Colombia tana da ɗaya daga cikin tsoffin wuraren binciken kayan tarihi a nahiyar, El Abra, wanda za a iya yin kwanan watan tun shekaru 11.000 kafin zamaninmu. Sauran abubuwan tarihi na kayan tarihi masu alaƙa da El Abra sun ƙayyade al'adun noma da ake kira Abriense. Alal misali, a cikin Tibitó Abriense kayayyakin tarihi na tarihi tun shekaru 9740 kafin zamaninmu an samo su, kuma a cikin Sabana de Bogotá da ke cikin mafakar Tequendama, wasu kayan aikin dutse da aka yi a shekara ta dubunnan, daga baya ƙwararrun mafarauta suka yi.
Daga cikin mafi ƙaunatattun abubuwan da aka gano akwai cikakkun kwarangwal na ɗan adam, wanda ya kasance shekaru 5000 kafin zamaninmu. Binciken ya nuna cewa Abrienses wata ƙabila ce dabam da ta Muiscas, wanda ya kawo ƙarshen hasashen cewa sun mamaye wani yanki mai kango.
Lokacin da Mutanen Espanya suka isa kusan shekara ta 1536, al'adun Muisca yana da yawan jama'a kusan rabin miliyan. Mutanen Cota sun kasance a Bogotá, ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashen gama gari huɗu waɗanda suka kafa ƙungiyar siyasa-yanki ta Muisca. ’Yan ƙasar sun shuka masara da farautar barewa; Waɗannan ayyukan an haɗa su ta hanyar kera kayan yadi. Ƙungiya ta al'ada ta al'ada tana gudanar da tsarin zama na matrilocal; Sun aikata consanguinity da matrilineality.
A cikin 1538 bayan yakin farko na makamai, Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada ya yi nasarar wargaza kawancen da ke tsakanin shugabannin Muisca, don haka cikin sauki ya murkushe su. Mamayewar Spain a cikin ƙarni na XNUMX ya haifar da rugujewar ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa da siyasa na al'adun Muisca. A cikin karni na XNUMX, yaren wannan birni ya rasa halayensa na haɗin kai kuma Mutanen Espanya sun yi gudun hijira; wasu harsunan gida, duk da haka, sun tsira a yankunan tsaunuka.
A ka'ida, masu nasara sun ba da sarakunan Muisca ga tsarin encomienda kuma daga baya, a ƙarshen karni na 1841, ga tsarin ajiyar kuɗi. An narkar da ajiyar Cota a cikin 1876, kuma an sake gina shi a cikin 2001 ta hanyar siyan ƙasa. A yau, yawancin al'ummar Muisca sun fi mayar da hankali ne a cikin gundumar Cota, wanda Incora ta narkar da ajiyar suna guda a cikin XNUMX.
A halin yanzu, akwai tarwatsewar wadannan al'ummomi a ko'ina cikin yankin da ke ikirarin asalin kabilarsu. Tushen al'adu iri-iri na al'adun Muisca ana kiyaye su a cikin ƙungiyoyin manoma na Boyacá da Cundinamarca.
Wurin yanki
Yankin yanki na mazaunan al'adun Muisca sun haɗa da garuruwan Cundinamarca, Boyacá da wani ɓangare na kudancin Santander; yanayin yana canzawa daga yanayin sanyi na guguwar guguwar Sumapaz ta cikin tsaunuka masu zafi, zuwa tsaunin farko na Saliyo del Cocuy.
Wurin tsakiyar yankin shine tudun Cundiboyacense, wanda ya ƙunshi jerin filaye, kwaruruka da tsaunuka, haɗaɗɗiyar maɓuɓɓugar ruwa masu ɗorewa waɗanda ke ratsa koguna da kwazazzabai ko kuma ana ajiye su a ɗaruruwan lagos, swamps da ciyayi.
Tare da tsayin daka tsakanin mita 2.500 zuwa 2800 sama da matakin teku, da tsaunukan da za su iya wuce mita 4000 a wasu wurare, yanayin sanyi da sanyi a mafi yawan shekara. Da wuya ruwan sama ya wuce milimita 1000 a matsakaicin shekara. Ba tare da tsaunuka masu aman wuta ko dusar ƙanƙara ba, ruwa ya kasance mahimmin ginshiƙi wajen tsara shimfidar wuri.
Duk manyan filayen wuraren zama na manyan tafkuna na zamanin Pleistocene wanda aka daidaita ta hanyar ɓata lokaci na jin daɗi sama da dubun dubatar shekaru. Mafi girma daga cikin filayen shine na Sabana de Bogotá, wanda ke da fiye da kilomita 1200 wanda ke da cikakken lebur kuma ya ketare ta kogin Bogotá (wanda aka fara kira "Kogin Funza").
A halin yanzu, wannan yanki shine mafi yawan yawan jama'a a Colombia, kuma duk abin da ke nuna cewa shi ma daya ne a lokacin da Spain ta mamaye. Manyan biranen biyu a wannan yanki sune Bogotá, babban birnin Colombia, da Tunja, babban birnin gundumar Boyacá; Muiscas ne suka ƙirƙiro su da farko.
Taimakon yankin da Muiscas ke zaune yana da tsaunuka, har ma a tsakiyar yankin da manyan yankuna na Simijaca, Ubaté da Bogotá suka mamaye. Kimanin kashi biyu bisa uku na samansa ya ƙunshi wurare masu tasowa da tudu, wani gefen kuma shimfida ne mai santsi kuma mara tsari. An tsara shimfidar wuri ta manyan tsaunuka masu ban mamaki waɗanda ke da alaƙa da juna suna kafa kwaruruka, tuddai, gangara mai laushi ko yanke kaifi a cikin duwatsu; bambancin yanayi ya dogara da tsayi.
Tsawon shekaru dubunnan, ruwayen sun bi ta kunkuntar kwazazzabai inda ruwa ke gudana cikin sauri. Wani lokaci yakan ruguje ya zama magudanan ruwa, wani lokacin kuma yakan zamewa a hankali ta cikin kwaruruka, yana iya ciyar da rafuka ko kuma ya share gabar da ke makwabtaka da ita; har ma yakan yi tagumi sannan kuma ya zube, yana lalata duk wani abu da ke kan hanyarsa.
Ayyukan
'Yan asalin al'adun Muisca sun kasance kuma har yanzu yanki ne na masana'antar noma da yumbu da masana'antu, game da yankin Andean na arewacin Kudancin Amurka. Misalin yadda aka raba su ta siyasa ya canza su zuwa rukunin al'adu masu juriya da horarwa. Gudunmawar da al'adun Muisca suka ba wa Colombian kai a halin yanzu ba za a iya tantama ba, ainun saboda tsarin mulkin Muisca ba komai ba ne face wakilcin ƙungiyoyin siyasa mafi girma na al'ada da babban dangi na harshe.
Abin takaici, yawan jama'ar Muisca sun sha wahala mai ban sha'awa, wanda ya bayyana a cikin raguwar al'amuran al'ada; a yau wasu ‘yan kasar na fafutukar kwato wasu al’adu da ra’ayoyi na duniya, a wani mataki na neman dawo da al’ummar da take da su a baya.
Ƙungiyar zamantakewa
Tushen ƙungiyar Muiscas, shine dangi. Gabaɗaya, an yi bukukuwan aure tsakanin mutanen danginsu; shugabannin suna da keɓantacce na samun ma'aurata da yawa. An raba al'umma zuwa rukuni daban-daban:
- Mafi girma ko usaques.
- Malamai ko shehunai.
- Quechuas ko mayaƙa.
- 'Yan kasuwa da mutanen da ke da alaƙa da ayyuka kamar manoma, masu hakar ma'adinai da masu sana'a.
Limamai ko shehunai likitoci ne da matsafa; don cimma wannan matsayi, ɗan ƙasar ya yi karatu tsawon shekaru.
Ƙungiyar siyasa-mai gudanarwa
Tare da haɓakar yawan jama'a, al'adun Muisca sun aiwatar da hanyar gudanarwa da aka tsara a matsayin Ƙungiyar Muisca, wanda yawancin garuruwan Muisca masu zaman kansu suka tsara kuma suna gudanar da su ta hanyar cacique. Bi da bi, an fara haɗa ƙungiyar zuwa jihohi biyu:
Zipazgo
Ya ƙunshi Ƙungiyar Kudanci da ke tsakiyar tsakiyar Cundinamarca wanda babban birninsa shine Bacatá, a halin yanzu Bogotá, wanda Zipa ke shugabanta. Har ila yau, ta ƙunshi sarakuna biyar: Batacá, Guatavita, Ubaque, Fusunga, Ubaté, tare da garuruwa da yawa a ƙarƙashin alhakinsa; Tare da cin nasara, yawancin waɗannan yankuna sun ƙunshi Santa Fe de Bogotá.
zacango
Ƙungiyar Arewa tana cikin ƙananan hukumomin Lenguazaque da Villapinzón mai babban birninta a Hunza, wanda a halin yanzu shine Tunja, tare da Zaque a matsayin shugabanta. Baya ga wadannan filaye na kungiyar, akwai manyan kaftin biyu, masu wata manufa ta addini da tsarki da ake kira Zybin, wadannan su ne:
- Iraki: Babban birninta Suamox, a halin yanzu Sogamoso, wani firist ne ko Iraca, wanda ake ɗauka a matsayin magajin Bochica ne ke jagorantar shi.
- Tundama: An kafa shi a Duitama, kuma firist ko Tundama ya jagoranta, wanda shi kaɗai ne ya tsaya tsayin daka ga masu ci Mutanen Espanya.
Akwai jama'ar Muisca ko Uta masu zaman kansu daban-daban, waɗanda Tybaraüge ke wakilta, waɗanda ba a keɓance su a ƙarƙashin shugaba ɗaya ba:
- Soboya,
- Charala,
- Chipata,
- Saquence,
- tacasquira,
- Tinjaca.
salon rayuwa
A lokacin ci gaban karni na XNUMX, 'yan asalin Muisca sun yi maraba da hanyar rayuwa ta ƙasa; Haka abin da ya dace da na gargajiya ya ɓace, kamar: yare, tufafi da al'adun gargajiya da yawa. Tare da ƙaddamar da Katolika, addinin Muisca ya halaka; duk da haka, wasu daga cikin abubuwan da ke cikin sa har yanzu suna dawwama cikin daidaituwa kuma suna da alaƙa da imani na camfi.
Wardrobe
Aikin masana'anta na Muisca ya sarrafa nau'ikan zaruruwa iri-iri; musamman na auduga da fique. Bisa ga al'adar Chibcha, Bochita, allahn Muisca na wayewa, ya umurci masu binsa su yi iska da kuma juya filaments. A cikin gidajen duk ƴan ƙasar ba a rasa ƙwalƙwalwa, reel da zare don yin nasu yadudduka.
A cewar wasu mazauna kauyukan, an yi sanye da tufafi masu inuwa daban-daban a wasu lokuta na musamman. Tufafin ya ƙunshi nau'in alkyabba da bargo da aka ɗaure a ƙarshen kafaɗa, an yi shi da yadudduka masu kauri, an ƙawata shi da ratsan launi.
Mafi mahimmancin mutane suna sanye da ƙananan yadudduka na inuwa daban-daban, an buga yadudduka tare da nuances na kayan lambu da yanayin ma'adinai, sun yi amfani da silinda da tambura; basu sanya takalmi ba. Sun yi wa jikinsu fenti da achiote, sun kuma yi amfani da fuka-fukan tsuntsaye kala-kala a kawunansu; sun kuma sa kayan adon gwal na gwal, da sarƙaƙƙiya, zoben hanci, da pectoral.
Ayyukan tattalin arziki
Tun da farko, wannan kabila ta sami damar bunkasa ayyukan noma, maƙeran zinari da masaku. Sun shuka masara, dankali, quinoa, auduga da yin tukwane da barguna, suna tallatawa da garuruwan da ke kusa; daga baya, tare da Muisca Confederation, suna amfani da albarkatun ma'adinai kamar: zinariya, emeralds, jan karfe, kwal da gishiri.
Kasuwa ita ce tushen tattalin arzikin Muisca, wurin kasuwanci ko musayar kaya tare da ƙauyuka. Daga cikin na farko akwai: Coyima, Zorocota da Turmequé.
Wani muhimmin batu na waɗannan ƴan ƙasar shi ne cewa sun yi amfani da wani nau'i na tsabar zinariya, azurfa ko tagulla; an ba da ƙimar kuɗin wannan ta hanyar girmansa, auna shi da yatsu ko igiya.
Bugu da kari, sun kafa tsarin noma mai suna micro-vertical model, wanda ke da gidaje na wucin gadi a kowane yanki kuma suna yin aikin gona gwargwadon yanayin yanayi; wannan ya wakilci mafita ga noman a kan iyakance yanayin yanayin yankin.
Addini da imani
Bambance-bambancen addini na wannan kabila shi ne, ta yi la'akari da cewa ruhohi suna da alaƙa da yanayi, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa suka keɓe wurare masu tsarki da yawa a gare ta, bisa ga akidarsu, abin bautawa ne, daga cikinsu akwai:
- Tsarkakakken Woods: sun kasance masu tsarki don haka bai kamata a yi amfani da su ta kowace hanya ba, don imaninsu na samun albarka daga wurin alloli.
- Tsire-tsire da bishiyoyi masu tsarki: irin su tijiqui, taba, blueberry, gyada da guayacán.
- lagoons masu tsarki: Iguaque lagoon da Lake Tota, da kuma waɗanda ke cikin da'irar bikin addini don yin aikin ƙasar, kamar: Ubaque, Teusacá, Guaiaquiti, Tibatiquica, Siecha, Guasca da Guatavita, mahalarta aikin hajji sun yi tafiya.
- Ƙasar mai tsarki na Suamox: An kiyasta a matsayin wuri mai albarka, saboda Bochica ya mutu a can.
- hanyoyi masu tsarki: sune hanyoyin da Bochica ta bi, babu wani mutum da zai iya tafiya a kansu, sai dai a wasu bukukuwan addini.
- Temples: madauwari harsashi tare da sarƙaƙƙiya rufi da katangar tabarma. Daga cikin nau'ikan haikalin, an bambanta tchunsua na yanayin hasken rana, qusmhuy na ainihin wata da kuma cuca inda aka koyar da chyquy na gaba.
Wuri Mai Tsarki na Rana, mafi girma daga cikin cibiyoyin addini, an gina shi a Sogamoso, yankin da Bochica ta zaba cikin girmamawa da girmamawa ga allahn rana; wanda suka ba da gawarwakin waɗanda aka miƙa a wurin.
Sun kuma bauta wa jerin gumakan tatsuniyoyi kamar su Bachué (ɗan fari na garin), Bochica (ɗan sama), Chaquén (wanda ke kula da amfanin gona), Chibchacum (allahn maƙeran zinariya da ƴan kasuwa), Chiminigagua (abin bautar halitta), Chia (allahn wata) da Sua (allahn rana).
Limaman Muisca ko chiky sun jagoranci rayuwar addini na rashin aure, tsafta da keɓewa a cikin wurare masu tsarki tare da yawan azumi; waɗannan suna da tsarin koyarwa mai wuyar gaske tun suna ƙuruciya, cewa da zarar an kammala su an sanya su da ’yan kunne na zinariya da zoben hanci. Yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa kowane birni yana da salon sa. A gefe guda kuma, mohanes limamai ne na yau da kullun waɗanda suke shakar iodine foda kuma suka rufe gashin kansu da toka.
Al'adu da bukukuwa
Kamar duk al'adun gargajiya na Columbia, Muiscas sun ba da kyautai daban-daban ga gumakansu, wanda tunjos suka yi fice. Sun kasance siffofi na anthropoid ko dabbobi a cikin zinariya, azurfa ko tagulla; Sauran nau'o'in hadaya ga gumaka kuwa su ne sandunan ƙona turare, da na dabba da na mutane, irin na 'yan mata, waɗanda suka taɓa yin hadaya, suna shafa jininsu a kan duwatsu don a miƙa su ga rana.
Mahimmanci, bukukuwan al'adun Muisca sun kasance masu alaƙa da zagayowar noma da rayuwa; waɗannan sun ƙunshi bukukuwan noma da girbi, caiques, gini da buɗe shinge.
Shigo
Ta hanyar hanyar sadarwa na hanyoyin Andean na ƙauyukan ƙasar Colombia, daidaikun mutane, kayayyaki da kayayyaki an motsa su da ƙafa da baya, ta hanyar amfani da manyan manyan hanyoyi, gadoji na igiya da kwalekwale ko rafts na katako.
Sadarwa
A lokacin kafin Colombia, 'yan asalin ƙasar sun ba da sanarwar wasu bayanai da aka ɗauka ta hanyar chasquis, waɗanda ke sadarwa da tafiya mai nisa da ƙafa, jigilar bayanai tsakanin al'ummomi ko kuma amfani da tsarin siginar da suka sami damar sadarwa daga nesa.
Magunguna
Yanayin lafiya yana samun wakilcin sihiri kuma dole ne likitan firist na ƙasar ya yi yaƙi da abubuwan da ke haifar da shi, tare da dabarun sihiri; Halin sihiri da aka jefa akan shaman ko shehin yana bayyana ta hanyar amfani da abubuwan hallucinogenic da daidaitaccen sarrafa foda ko aidin, wanda Muiscas ke sarrafa shi sosai.
Lokaci da sarari
'Yan asalin al'adun Muisca sun ƙididdige lokaci ta hanyar almanac mai kama da wanda muka saba da shi a yau; duk da haka, kwanakin sun mamaye kamar haka:
- Ranar aka kira sua.
- Aka kira group din kwana uku sunas.
- Suna goma sun yi wata, sun wakilta a matsayin sunata.
- Shekarar ta kasance wata goma sha biyu suna goma kowanne.
Gine-gine
Muiscas sun tayar da gidajensu ta amfani da sanduna da laka a matsayin manyan abubuwan da aka gyara, a ƙarshe sun yi bangon bahareque. Gidajen da aka saba suna da samfura biyu: conical da rectangular. An yi dalla-dalla a ƙasa:
- conical gidaje: ya ƙunshi bangon madauwari da aka kafa ta ginshiƙai da aka binne a matsayin ginshiƙai masu ƙarfi waɗanda aka goyan bayan wani ninki biyu daga gefe zuwa gefe a tsakanin ƴan sandar sandar wanda tsakar sa ke cike da laka; rufin ya kasance conical kuma an rufe shi da bambaro da aka kafa a kan sanduna, yawan irin waɗannan gine-gine na conical a cikin savannah na Bogotá, ya haifi Gonzalo Jiménez de Quezada yana ba da wannan fili sunan Valles de los Alcázares.
- gidaje rectangular: sun dogara ne akan bangon layi daya kuma a cikin bahareque, kamar wanda ya gabata, mai rufi mai fuka-fuki guda biyu.
Gine-ginen conical da rectangular suna da kofofi da huluna masu ƙanƙanta, a cikin kayan ɗaki masu sauƙi ne kuma galibi suna zama a cikin gadaje da aka yi da ciyayi ko sanduna da ake kira barbecues, waɗanda aka ƙera babban bargo; Kujerun hannu ba su isa ba kamar yadda ƴan ƙasar ke tsugunne a ƙasa.
Ban da matsuguni na gama-gari, akwai wasu gidaje guda biyu: ɗaya na manyan iyayengiji, mai yiyuwa ne shugaban kabilar da danginsa, da sauran na shugabannin ƙungiyoyin Muisca, kamar zacques da Zipas.
Cerámica
Akwai gine-ginen da aka ƙaddara don ayyukan yumbura, kamar Tunja, Tinjacá, Tocancipá, Soacha da Ráquira. Sun yi liyafa don kyaututtuka a wuraren ibada, ƴan Adam masu wakiltar allolinsu masu kula da su da manyan mutane, da manyan tasoshin kasuwanci.
Sun yi tukwanensu ta hanyar yin yumbu kai tsaye ko kuma ta hanyar nadi mai karkace; kayan ado da aka yi amfani da su shine launin ja da fari a cikin inuwa daban-daban, waɗannan launuka an samo su daga ma'adinan oxides.
Wasu tasoshin an ƙawata su da aikace-aikacen pastillage da ƙeƙashewa, dabarar da suka samar da ƙirar anthropoid da ƙirar geometric. Kayan ado na yumbu ba su da kyau, sai dai lokacin da zane yana da alamar sihiri-addini tare da macizai da siffofi na mutum.
textiles
Ƙirƙirar kayan masaku na da matukar ƙima a yankuna masu tsayi da sanyi na Cundinamarca da Boyacá. Marubucin Fray Pedro Simón, ya bayyana yadda Muiscas suka yi amfani da barguna na jajayen launi a matsayin alamar makoki, Indiyawa na Lenguazaque sun yi amfani da su a cikin launuka daban-daban da kuma fadawan Tunja suna da farin ciki da kuma ado; Sugamoxies sun kewaye gawarwakin kakanninsu sanye da bargon auduga.
An zana nau'i-nau'i iri-iri na geometric iri-iri, da alama alama, akan waɗannan barguna, kuma godiya ga binciken Eliécer Silva Celis, an san cewa bargon mummy su ne yadudduka na auduga, yadudduka na raga da fatun dabbobi.
Masana'antar saƙa ta kasance da matuƙar mahimmanci ga Indiyawa; An yi bikin duk abubuwan rayuwa da barguna. Don yin ado da su, sun yi amfani da tsire-tsire masu yawa a matsayin masu launi, sun kuma yi amfani da dyes na asalin ma'adinai ko nau'in yumbu mai launin ƙasa.
maƙerin zinare
An ƙera maƙerin zinare da dabaru daban-daban na ƙarfe na ƙarfe, kamar aiki da tumbaga da simintin kakin zuma.
Za mu iya bambance kyawawan anthropoid da zoomorphic wakilci na tunjos ko sadaukarwa ga gumaka.
Iri-iri na kayan ado na zinariya ga sarakuna da manyan sarakuna, da kayan ado na wuraren zama sun kasance abubuwan ban mamaki; Har ila yau, sun yi amfani da tagulla, don ƙayyadaddun siffofi na mutum-mutumi da kuma kararrakin bikin, kuma sun yi ƙugiya, 'yan kunne, pectorals da sauran abubuwa na tagulla.
Tarihin El Dorado
Hanyar Zinariya ita ce babban dalilin da ya sa masu balaguro na Spain suka kai ga wuraren da ba a tantance su ba kuma kusan ba za a iya mantawa da su ba, inda suka kafa biranen da suke kan hanyarsu wanda a yau ma su ne matsuguni masu karfi da tarihi a bayansu.
El Dorado ba kawai hoto ne mai ban sha'awa ba, amma kuma injin ne ya kai ga gano sabbin ƙasashe da makamin kisan da ya hallaka sojojin ƙasar da abokansu.
Sun bayyana cewa almara na El Dorado an ambata shi ne a cikin balaguron balaguro na Vasco Núñez de Balboa kuma sun ƙare a cikin gano tekun Pacific, musamman a cikin abin da ya shafi sararin samaniyar Panama a halin yanzu.
A lokacin ne ’yan asalin waɗannan ƙasashen suka ambaci ’yan mulkin Spain game da wani wuri na zinariya da yawa, wanda girmansa ya yi yawa har suka ɗauka cewa ba ya ƙarewa kuma yana yamma, a cikin abin da muke yanzu. kira Colombia.
El Dorado ya zaburar da yunkurin sojojin Spain daga yankunan da a yanzu ake kira Peru da Venezuela, kuma hakan ya kasance tare da taron kwamandojin soji wanda al'amarin ya haifar da kafuwar muhimman biranen Colombia na Cali da Bogotá.
Duk waɗannan abubuwa masu ban sha'awa na ƴan ƙasar da kuma na Sipaniya da kansu an kira su "Dorado" kuma na farko da za a sake dubawa shi ne na kwarin 'yan asalin ƙasar Tayronas a cikin tuddai na garin Santa Marta a gabar tekun Caribbean na Colombia; duk da haka, ba ta mallaki sararin abin da ake kira yankin zinari ba wanda ya makantar da mutane da yawa daga kowane bangare.
Yankin da aka gina tatsuniyar El Dorado a matsayin wani muhimmin sashi na al'adar mallakar Cundinamarca ne, yanki game da babban ɗan ƙasar Muiscas ko zuriyar Chibcha, a cikin ikon Jamhuriyar Colombia na yanzu. A wannan wuri ne, Cundinamarca, cewa Mutanen Espanya suka yi wa wani bikin baftisma a matsayin na Indiyawan zinariya, wanda shine asalin imani ga mulkin zinariya.
Har abada abadin, ’yan asalin ƙasar sun bauta wa wani nau’in maciji mai tsarki da ya bayyana a cikin ruwayen tafkin Guatavita, kuma bisa ga al’adar baka, an jefa Cacica tare da ’yarta a cikin wannan tafkin bayan Cacique ya zarge ta da rashin imani kuma ya ba da umarnin sauran ƴan ƙasar don rera waƙoƙin shaye-shaye masu alaƙa da zinarsa, sarki ya gagara jure wannan wahala kuma ya yanke shawarar kawo ƙarshensa a ƙarƙashin ruwansa.
Cacique ya fada cikin baƙin ciki mai duhu da firistoci, don kwantar da hankalinsa, sun shawo kan shi ya yi imani da cewa zurfin cikin tafkin Guatavita matarsa da 'yarsa sun wanzu kuma suna zaune a cikin gidan sarauta. Don haka wannan wanka da ƙurar zinariya gaba ɗaya, aka ɗauke shi a kan rafi kuma a tsakiyar rafin, ya jefar da kayayyakin zinariya tsantsa a matsayin hadaya ga iyalinsa.
Mutane da yawa a ko da yaushe suna shakkar ingancin duk wani abu da ya shafi wannan imani, amma ko da ana tambayar sahihancinsa, waɗannan al'amuran sun ƙunshi ɗaya daga cikin zurfafan tatsuniyoyi na bil'adama kuma suna rura wutar sha'awar sha'awar turawa masu arziki.
Idan kun sami wannan labarin yana da ban sha'awa Al'adun Muisca, muna gayyatar ku don jin daɗin waɗannan sauran: