Toltecs an san su ne saboda manyan ayyukan gine-ginen da suka yi, a haƙiƙa sunansu na nufin ƙwararrun magina. Its manyan Monuments haifar da sha'awa amma da Cibiyoyin Biki na Al'adun Toltec An dauke su a matsayin abubuwan al'ajabi na dukan duniya.
Cibiyoyin Biki na Al'adun Toltec
Al'adun Toltec ya yi daidai da wayewa kafin zuwan Mutanen Espanya daga Mesoamerica wanda kusan ya mamaye tsakiyar tsakiyar Mexico a yau kusan tsakanin ƙarni na goma da goma sha biyu bayan Almasihu. Tatsuniyoyi na mutanen Nahuatl sun ɗauka cewa Toltecs ne suka halicci duniya kuma suka kira su Manyan Gine-gine. Aztecs don da'awar fifikonsu akan sauran mutanen Mesoamerica suna alfahari da'awar su ne zuriyar Toltec kai tsaye.
Tushen mutanen Toltec sun fito ne daga mutanen Tolteca-Chichimeca waɗanda, a ƙarni na tara bayan Kristi, suka yi ƙaura daga yankunan hamada na arewa maso yamma zuwa Culhuacán a kwarin Mexico. Toltecs sun kafa mazauninsu na farko a Culhuacán daga baya kuma suka zauna a Tollan ko Tula, wanda ke nufin "wurin ciyawa". Birnin ya fadada har ya kai kusan murabba'in kilomita goma sha hudu da yawan jama'a da suka bambanta tsakanin dubu talatin zuwa dubu arba'in mazauna.
Farkon gine-ginen Toltec ya kasance ƙarƙashin tasirin al'adun Teotihuacan da al'adun Olmec. Al'adun Toltec ne suka ƙirƙira temples, dala masu matakai, wuraren zama da wuraren wasan ƙwallon ƙafa.
Tula
Birnin Tollan Xicocotitlan (a Nahuatl yana nufin Babban Birni kusa da Tudun Xicuco), wanda aka fi sani da Tula, shine babban birnin al'adun Toltec. Tula yana da nisan kilomita sittin da biyar a arewa maso yammacin birnin Mexico a gabar kogin da sunan daya. Saboda yanayin yanki, Tula ya zama wuri mai mahimmanci a cikin hanyar turquoise, wanda ya fito daga arewacin yankin Mesoamerican da yankin Chaco Canyon a jihar New Mexico a Amurka.
A cikin yankin Tula na archaeological akwai wasu gine-ginen gine-gine guda biyu waɗanda ke wakiltar mafi girman birnin Tollan Xicocotitlan da aka fi sani da Tula Chico da Tula Grande.
Daga Tula Chico shine farkon ci gaban birnin Tula. Wannan rukunin gine-ginen ya fara ne a ƙarshen lokacin Classic, tare da Tula ƙaramin birni ne wanda ke da matsakaicin yanki na murabba'in kilomita 6. Rukunin yana da murabba'i a kusa da su ne mafi mahimmancin gine-gine na rukuni. A kan dandalin da ke arewa akwai muhimman gine-gine da aka fi sani da Dala ta Gabas da Dala ta Yamma.
Hakanan ana iya ganin ragowar daki da ginshiƙai masu kama da Palacio Quemado de Tula Grande a cikin wannan hadadden. Dukansu dandamali an ƙawata su da wakilci waɗanda yakamata su dace da manyan mutane waɗanda suka mutu a yaƙi. A cikin rukunin gine-gine na biyu da aka fi sani da Tula Grande sune mafi yawan wuraren wakilcin al'adun Toltec na birnin Tollan Xicocotitlan.
Pyramid na Tlahuizcalpantecuhtli
Pyramid na Tlahuizcalpantecuhtli, wanda kuma aka sani da Pyramid B, yana ɗaya daga cikin wuraren bukukuwan al'adun Toltec da aka keɓe ga allahn Quetzalcóatl, majiɓinci na birnin Tollan Xicocotitlan. Tsarin yana fasalta dandali da aka yanke wanda aka fi sani da Tula Atlanteans a samansa. A cikin wannan haikalin akwai wakilcin allahntaka Tezcatlipoca, wanda shine allahn wadata da duhu, wannan shine mafi tsufa a tsakiyar tsaunukan Mexico.
Guda huɗu na Atlantean na Tula misalai ne na mayaƙan Toltec, tare da duk halayensu: mai kariyar ƙirji mai siffar malam buɗe ido, atlatl, darts, wuƙa mai ƙarfi da sauran makaman al'adun Toltec. An ƙawata tururuwan haikali mai siffar maciji da macizai da aka lulluɓe da gashin fuka-fukai waɗanda hanya ce ta bauta wa gunkin Quetzalcoatl. Bayan Atlanteans akwai ƙagaggun maganganu game da adawar tatsuniya tsakanin Quetzacóatl da Tezcatlipoca.
fadar konewa
Fadar da aka kona kuma ana kiranta da Pyramid C ko Gini mai lamba uku. An sanya wa wannan fada suna ne saboda ana zargin wata babbar gobara da ta lalata tsakiyar al'ummar Tollan Xicocotitlan a lokacin da al'adun Toltec ya ragu. Dukkan alamu sun nuna cewa an yi amfani da wannan ginin a matsayin wurin taro don tunkarar al'amuran jama'a ko na jiha.
Chichen Itza
Chichen Itza yana daya daga cikin wuraren da ake binciken kayan tarihi na Mexico. Tana kan yankin Yucatan. An dauke shi daya daga cikin wuraren abubuwan da suka faru na al'adun Toltec, wanda ya sami tasirin al'adu daban-daban na mutanen da suka mamaye shi a cikin ƙarni. An amince da shi azaman Cibiyar Tarihin Duniya ta UNESCO a cikin 1988.
Haikali na Kukulcán, wanda tasirinsa daga al'adun Toltec ya bayyana, an kira shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin sababbin abubuwan ban mamaki bakwai na duniyar zamani, ta hanyar kuri'un miliyoyin mutane daga ko'ina cikin duniya, ta hanyar sirri na New Open World Corporation. ba tare da shiga UNESCO ba.
Wataƙila an gina Chichén Itzá a kusan shekara ta 455. An raba birnin da rukunin gine-gine da aka kafa tsakanin ƙarni na XNUMX zuwa na XNUMX, wanda ya yi daidai da zamanin Mayan, da kuma jerin gine-gine na biyu da aka gina tsakanin ƙarni na XNUMX zuwa na XNUMX. ƙarni. karni na sha ɗaya wanda ke cikin al'adun Toltec.
Toltecs sun mamaye Chichen Itza a karni na 1178 kuma suka mai da ita babban birninsu. A shekara ta 1194, runduna ta hadin guiwa ta jihohi uku: Mayapán, Uxmal da Itzmal, karkashin jagorancin Hunak Keel, ta ci nasara da ita. A lokacin mamayar Mutanen Espanya (tsakiyar karni na XNUMX), Chichen Itza ta kasance kango. Bayan shekara ta XNUMX, birnin ya zama ba kowa. Babu takamaiman bayanai kan abin da ya haifar da hakan.
Gidan gini ko dala na Kukulcan
Haikalin yana tsakiyar wani babban fili mai kimanin eka arba'in kuma yana kewaye da katangar dutse mai faɗi. Dala tana da tsayin mita ashirin da huɗu, haikalin da yake a saman mita shida, tsawon kowane gefensa ya kai mita hamsin da biyar. Kowane gefen haikalin yana da matakai tara. Daga ɓangarorin huɗu daga tushe zuwa saman dala, akwai matakan hawa huɗu masu tudu waɗanda ke karkata zuwa ga maƙasudin farko.
Matakan suna gefen wani baluster da aka yi da dutse, wanda ke farawa daga kasan kan macijin kuma ya ci gaba da siffar jikin maciji mai lankwasa zuwa saman dala. A kowace shekara, a lokacin kaka da kuma bazara equinox, za ka iya ganin musamman show "The Feathered maciji". Inuwar gefuna masu tako dala ta faɗo a kan duwatsun balustrade. A lokaci guda kuma, da alama Macijin Fuka-fuki yana zuwa rai kuma yana rarrafe a cikin Maris da ƙasa a cikin Satumba.
Kowane matakan hawa huɗu na Haikalin yana da matakai casa'in da ɗaya, jimlar adadinsu ɗari uku da sittin da huɗu ne. Tare da dandamalin tushe a saman dala, wanda ya haɗu da matakan hawa huɗu, muna samun lamba ɗari uku da sittin da biyar, adadin kwanakin a cikin shekara ta hasken rana. Bugu da ƙari, adadin sassan kowane gefen haikalin yana da alamar alama, matakan tara na dala sun kasu kashi biyu ta hanyar tsani, wato, goma sha takwas, wanda ya yi daidai da adadin watanni a cikin shekara ta kalandar Mayan. .
Waƙoƙi tara na haikalin sun yi daidai da kowane sammai da aka haɗa cikin tatsuniyar Toltec. Taimakon dutse hamsin da biyu akan kowane bango na Wuri Mai Tsarki na wakiltar zagayowar kalandar Toltec. A saman dala akwai ƙaramin haikali mai kofofi huɗu. Aka yi sadaka a kai.
A cikin dala, wanda babban ƙofarsa ta gefen arewa ne kuma an yi masa ado da manyan ginshiƙai guda biyu a cikin siffar macizai suna karkatar da kai, akwai haikali mai ɗakuna biyu. Ya ƙunshi sifar hadaya ta Chuck-Moll da Al'arshi Jaguar. Baya ga aikin haikali, dala mai yiwuwa ya zama kalanda.
Tsarkakakken rubutu
Cenote mai alfarma wanda kuma aka fi sani da Rijiyar wadanda abin ya shafa, rijiya ce ta halitta (cenote) a tsohon birnin Chichen Itza na Mexico. Yana da mita ɗari uku a arewa da manyan gine-gine na birnin, wanda Sacbej (hanya) mai tsarki ke haɗuwa da su.
Wani katon rami ne mai zagaye da diamita sama da mita sittin. Katangar bangonta, wanda aka gina daga dutsen farar ƙasa, ya gangara sosai cikin koren ruwan duhu. A cewar Mayas, allahn ruwan sama Chac yana zaune a cikin rijiyar. Mayakan sun kawo masa hadayun mutane suka jefa su a kasan cenote. An yi imanin cewa babban sadaukarwa na ƙarshe ya faru a cikin cenote a jajibirin zuwan Mutanen Espanya a farkon karni na XNUMX. Bayan haka sai aka watsar da rijiyar aka rufe da daji.
Haikali na Warriors
Mayaniyawa ne suka gina Haikali na Warriors a kusan shekara ta 1200. Haikalin ya dogara da tsarin gine-ginen Toltec kamar yadda aka tabbatar da kamancensa da haikalin Tlahuizcalpantecuhtli, wanda ke cikin wani yanki na Tollan Xicocotitlan ko Tula.
Haikali na Warriors yana gabas na Babban Plaza na Chichen Itza. Yana da girman mita arba'in a kowane gefe. Siffar sa dala ce mai siffar mataki mai gawa huɗu, haikalin da ke saman matakin yana da ɗakuna biyu ne. A cikin ƙofar shiga akwai manyan macizai guda biyu, waɗanda ke aiki a matsayin tallafi ga lintel.
Haikali na Warriors yana da ɗakuna da yawa da ke goyan bayan ginshiƙai. Yana da wani sassaka na gunkin Chac Mool a ƙofar haikalin. Har ila yau yana da ramuka da ginshiƙai ɗari biyu, waɗanda aka fi sani da rukunin ginshiƙai dubu.
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