Chicago Pile-1: Enrico Fermi da Atomic Age (ikon nukiliya)

Makaman nukiliya. A cikin kaka na 1942 sun tafi Goodyear kwastomomin da ke son irin nau’in balon iska mai zafi, kamar irin wanda kamfanin Amurka ya fara kera ‘yan shekarun baya da suka wuce wanda kuma ake amfani da su wajen jigilar jiragen sama. Ba sa son shi mai siffar zobe ko zagaye a kowace harka, amma cubic.

Da alama fasahar Goodyear sun yi tagumi sosai. Wataƙila sun yi mamakin "Yaya balloon cube zai tashi?", Wataƙila suna ƙoƙarin shawo kan masu siye su canza tunaninsu. A gaskiya, waɗannan kwastomomin ba su damu da jirgin ba. A gaskiya ma, sun fito ne daga Jami'ar Chicago kuma sun yi aiki a kan babban sirrin aikin da Enrico Fermi ya jagoranta don bunkasa sarkar farko ta makaman nukiliya, wanda aka sani da suna. Chicago tari-1.

Ba su yi nufin tashi ba...

Yana da kyau, saboda haka, ba za su iya ba da cikakkun bayanai game da dalilan siyan su ba, cewa ba wai kawai ba za su taɓa yin shawagi a sararin sama ba, amma da sun kasance a cikin sararin samaniya don yin aiki azaman casing. ya ƙunshi kusan 45.000 tubalan graphite da tan 50 tsakanin uranium oxide da ƙarfe uranium waɗanda suka haɗa tari.

Baturi wanda ya fara aiki daidai shekaru 80 da suka gabata. Da karfe 15:25 na rana a ranar 2 ga Disamba, 1942, da karfe 23:25 na rana a Italiya, a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje da ke karkashin tasoshin filin wasan kwallon kafa na Amurka.ya da Stagg Field daga Jami'ar Chicago - ba a yi amfani da shi ba a lokacin - duniya tana koyo don sarrafa makamashin Yunkurin nukiliya godiya ga muhimmiyar gudunmawar masanin ilimin lissafin Italiya. Kasa da shekaru uku. Za a yi amfani da makamashi cikin bala'i a bama-baman atomic na Hiroshima da Nagasaki kuma, bayan yakin, don dalilai na zaman lafiya a cikin fission reactors wanda a yau ke samar da kusan kashi 10% na wutar lantarki a duniya.

Enrico Fermi da ra'ayin Amurka

Da kallo na farko zai zama kamar Enrico Fermi ya yanke shawarar sauka a Amurka kawai don tambayar kudi da aka bayar ga jami'o'i da cibiyoyin bincike. Babu shakka, a farkon ƙarni na XNUMX, duniyar kimiyya ta kasance daɗaɗawa. Ƙarfafa, a cikin shekaru ashirin na farko, abin da ake kira Tsohuwar Quantum Theory, Ma'anar injiniyoyin ƙididdiga sun fara farawa daga rabin na biyu na 1920. Binciken kimiyya daya bayan daya da tunanin ɗan adam ya yi hasashe a cikin binciken rashin tausayi na ƙananan ƙananan.

Cibiyar da ke Via Panisperna, a tsakiyar birnin Rome, wanda Enrico Fermi ya jagoranta tare da masu haɗin gwiwa irin su Segrè, Amaldi, Pontecorvo, Majorana, Rasetti, D'Agostino, na buƙatar kayan aiki masu tsada sosai don ci gaba da fafatawa a matakin mafi girma na bincike.. Binciken aikin rediyo na abubuwan tare da madaidaicin hankali na bama-bamai na nuclei tare da neutrons yana buƙatar buƙatun na'urar bugun jini mai ƙarfi wanda zai samar da su a cikin katako na isassun ƙarfi da ƙarfi.

Duk ya fara da aikin rediyo na wucin gadi

Tsarin kimiyya wanda ya haifar da sakamakon ranar 2 ga Disamba ya fara shekaru goma sha biyar a baya, a cikin 1926, tare da taron Fermi na Jami'ar Rome zuwa kujerar Italiya ta farko ta ilimin kimiyyar lissafi. A can Fermi ta haifi ƙungiyar samari ta Via Panisperna kuma ta jagoranci binciken su kan ilimin kimiyyar nukiliya, wanda ke tasowa a can saboda ayyukan masana kimiyyar Turai da yawa. Sakamakon gano aikin rediyo na wucin gadi da Irène Curie da Fréderéric Joliot suka yi, Fermi ya gudanar da gwaje-gwajen sabbin abubuwa a tsakiyar shekarun 1930 wanda ya ba shi lambar yabo ta Nobel a fannin Physics a 1938. Shekarar da ta ƙare da abubuwa biyu da za su kasance kayan aiki. a cikin abin da ya faru a Chicago shekaru 80 da suka gabata.

Dandalin tarihi

Duk da muhimman kuɗaɗen da Jiha ta baiwa Cibiyar, waɗannan ba su ba su damar samun na'urori masu haɓakawa da suka dace da manufofin yaran na Via Panisperna. Jihar, hakika. Domin yin watsi da sawun siyasar zamantakewar Italiya na shekarun 30 zai zama babban kuskuren ma'ana sosai. Hutu mai tsattsauran ra'ayi da ƙungiyoyin ra'ayin mazan jiya da Benito Mussolini ya jagoranta a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata a Italiya wanda yakin duniya na farko ya lalata.

Mallakar jam'iyyar Fascist ta ƙasa ba tare da ƙalubalanci ba da alaƙar akida da jam'iyyar Socialist German Workers' Party ta Adolf Hitler lokacin da ya karɓi mulki a cikin fushin Jamus a cikin 1933. Hasashen tattaunawar diflomasiyya da fahimta ta ruguje ƙarƙashin rugujewar rikice-rikice na duniya da ba a ɓoye ba a nan gaba. ayyukan sabbin masu mulkin kama karya. Wannan shi ne kafuwar Turai inda kimiyya ta tsaya kamar babban coci a cikin hamada. Bambaro da ya karya bayan rakumi shine, ga Enrico Fermi, ƙaddamar da dokokin launin fata a 1938, wanda ya ga Laura Capon, matarsa ​​Bayahudiya, cikin waɗanda abin ya shafa kai tsaye..

Kirsimeti Hauwa'u, mahimmin ranar tafiya

A jajibirin Kirsimeti, Fermi da iyalinsa sun hau jirgin ruwan Franconia zuwa Amurka, waɗanda dokokin launin fata na farkisanci suka tilasta musu barin Italiya. Wani jirgin ruwa wanda, a hanya, ya yi tafiya sau da yawa ta cikin ruwa mai tsanani na yakin duniya na biyu: kawowa Amurka masanin kimiyyar lissafi wanda zai kasance daya daga cikin masu fada a ji na aikin Manhattan, jigilar sojojin Burtaniya zuwa fagagen yaki daban-daban da karbar bakuncin Churchill da tawagar Burtaniya a 1945 a yayin tattaunawar Yalta. Kuma ko da yaushe a lokacin Kirsimeti Lise Meitner, ƙwararren ƙwararren ƙwararrun likitancin Austrian wanda, kasancewar Bayahude, dole ne ya gudu daga Jamus zuwa Sweden.

Enrico Fermi, Laura da Niels Bohr sun sauka a New York a ranar 2 ga Janairu, 1939. Ta haka ne aka fara haɗin gwiwa tare da Jami'ar Columbia inda Fermi zai yi aiki a matsayin ƙungiyar binciken nukiliya. Bayan da gano Jamusawa O. Hahn da F. Strassmann akan fissile da/ko yanayin fissile na abubuwa masu nauyi, Fermi ya ƙaddamar da cikakken nazarin tattalin arzikin neutron a cikin halayen fission na isotopes daban-daban na uranium.

atomic tari

Fermi ya tabbatar da hasashen da L.Szilard ya yi a cikin 1933, game da yuwuwar samun jerin halayen sarkar nukiliya. Ragewar isotope U ²³⁵ Yana haifar da matsakaita na neutrons mai sauri 2,8, na makamashi tsakanin 10k eV da 10 MeV. Matsakaicin thermalized daidai (hankali) ta hanyar ɓarkewar zafi akan karo tare da na'urori masu daidaitawa, yana ƙaruwa da damar haifar da wasu muryoyin U zuwa fission. ²³⁵. Dakatad da nazarin yanayin da ake yi na fission na nukiliya don labarin nan gaba, zai isa a nan don bayyana cewa masu binciken suna da yuwuwar gina batirin da zai sanya irin wannan sarƙoƙi na halayen da zasu ɗorawa kansu.

Halin nukiliya wanda, idan aka kwatanta da yanayin konewa na yau da kullun, ya fitar da makamashi kusan sau miliyan 10 kuma wanda nan da nan aka fahimci ƙarfin soja a Amurka da Jamus na Nazi. Godiya ga basirar Fermi, shirin Amurka ya ci gaba da sauri da sauri kuma babban matakin shine ainihin haɓakar batirin atomic.

A gaskiya ma, yana faruwa a rmakaman nukiliya fission sarkar dauki. Fission na uranium nucleus yana haifar da karon neutron da shi. Ruɓawar uranium yana samar da ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta da ƙarin neutrons, a matsakaici tsakanin biyu zuwa uku. Lokacin da isassun adadin uranium ya tattara cikin ƙayyadaddun sarari, za a iya isa ga yanayi mai mahimmanci, inda kowane motsin fission, a matsakaici, aƙalla ɗaya daga cikin neutron da aka samar yana haifar da wani rarrabuwa. Dangane da matakin mahimmanci, tsarin zai iya zama mai dogaro da kai kuma ya samar da makamashi ta hanyar sarrafawa -kamar yadda yake faruwa a cikin injinan farar hula- ko girma da yawa kuma ba zato ba tsammani ya saki babban iko, kamar yadda ke faruwa a cikin na'urorin nukiliya.

Chicago-Stack 1, Ƙarfin Nukiliya

Tarin ya ƙunshi tan 5,6 na ƙarfe na uranium da tan 36 na pellet na uranium oxide. An canza waɗannan tare da ton 350 na tubalan graphite tare da daidaitawa da ayyuka na tsari. Hanya guda daya don sarrafa amsawa da kuma cimma matsayi mai mahimmanci, wanda ke nuna farkon abin da ya dace, shine ta hanyar daidaita tafiye-tafiye na sandunan sarrafawa a cikin tari.

Tarin ya fara aiki a ranar 2 ga Disamba, 1942. Da sanyin rana ya isa wuri mai mahimmanci kuma ya rufe bayan 'yan mintoci kaɗan ta hanyar sake shigar da duk sandunan sarrafawa.. A wannan ranar sanyi na shekarun bakin ciki na yakin duniya na biyu. mashigin Italiyanci ya isa sabuwar duniya. Amma Ƙarƙashin ɓarna na binciken kimiyyar nukiliya na Amurka ya ɓoye aikin Manhattan.. Don haka, a layi daya da yadda ake amfani da makamashin nukiliya ta hanyar da'a don samar da wutar lantarki, muna shaida rashin motsi na plutonium a cikin makaman nukiliya na soja. Biyu daga cikinsu, Yaro y Mutumin Mai, sun fara rage Hiroshima sannan Nagasaki ya zama kura.

Murna don gano cewa daga baya kadan ya zama bala'i

A 15:25 a ranar Disamba 2, Chicago Pile-1 ya kai ga mahimmanci a cikin cikakkiyar kulawa, yana nuna yuwuwar tsarin. Eugene Wigner, daya daga cikin malaman kimiyyar lissafi da suka halarta, ya bude kwalbar Chianti don murnar bikin, inda ya girmama asalin Fermi a Italiya. Masana kimiyya arba'in da tara da suka halarci taron sun sanya hannu kan kwandon kwalbar, wanda har yanzu ake ajiyewa a Jami'ar Chicago. Amma - kamar yadda Leona Woods, masanin kimiyyar lissafi wanda ya shiga cikin aikin sannan kuma dalibi mai shekaru ashirin da uku, ya tuna - abin toast shiru ne, saboda kamar yadda Wigner da kansa zai bayyana daga baya, "Mun san muna shirin sakin wani kato«. Giant wanda a cikin kadan fiye da shekaru biyu zai kawo karshen yakin duniya na biyu a cikin mummunan tsadar halakar Hiroshima da Nagasaki.

Kimiyya ba laifi bane, amma ɗan adam

Ranar tunawa, ranar 2 ga Disamba, 1942, don haka cike da ma'ana: babban gwaji na kimiyya, wanda ya yi tasiri mai yawa akan tarihin zamani. Ba za a iya yin tarihi da "idan," amma yana yiwuwa idan Amurka ba ta gina tulin a Chicago ba, a wani lokaci Nazi Jamus na iya yin nasara, tare da sauƙi mai sauƙi ga duniya.

Bayyana mafi kusancin sirrin kwayoyin halitta ya kasance daya daga cikin manyan nasarorin da hankali da jarumar dan Adam suka samu, tare da Dangantaka da injiniyoyi masu yawa, na gagarumin juyin juya hali a fahimtarmu game da duniyar da kimiyyar lissafi ta kawo a karni na XNUMX. A yau, godiya ga ilimin kimiyyar nukiliya, an warkar da cututtuka, ana bincikar jikin ɗan adam, kuma ana samar da wutar lantarki ta hanyar fission a cikin injinan farar hula ba tare da sakin iskar gas ba. Ba batun kimiyya ba ne, wanda ya yi kuma zai ci gaba da ba da gudummawa mai yawa ga jin daɗin ɗan adam kuma wanda sau da yawa ya zama kayan aikin zaman lafiya, amma a maimakon haka an yi amfani da sakamakonsa da ma'anar alhakin da fahimtar cewa. bai kamata dan Adam ya gaza ba.