Akwai asirai da gudummawa da yawa da Mayans suka bar mana, da yawa daga cikin waɗannan suna da tasiri mai yawa akan abubuwan da ke faruwa a zamanin yau. Koyi a cikin wannan labarin duk game da mayan astronomy, asirai, tsinkaya da ƙari.
Menene Astronomy na Mayan?
Tauraron taurari na Mayan ya wuce al'adu da al'adu, al'ada ce da ta ba da babbar gudummawa kuma ta musamman ga kimiyya.
A tsakiyar al'ummomin yankin al'adun Amurka da aka sani da Mesoamerica, wanda ya mamaye yankin Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, Chile, Belize, kuma tare da kasancewar Honduras, Costa Rica da Nicaragua. Ganin taurari yana da mahimmanci ga ci gaban ruhaniya da rayuwar abin duniya tare da haɗin gwiwar sauran al'ummomi.
Al'adun Mesoamerican, duk da cewa suna da wasu halaye waɗanda ke sanya shi keɓantacce, ɗaya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da suka dace, shine amfani da kalandar Lunita Larga, wanda Mayans na zamanin gargajiya suka sami damar yin kiyasin dogon lokaci.
Mayans sun yi ƙididdiga daidai na lokutan synodic na Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter da Saturn. Sun ƙididdige adadin lokutan Wata, Rana da taurari irin su Pleiades, waɗanda suka sa wa suna Tzab-ek (tauraro mai ratsa jiki) kuma suka sanar da fara bukukuwan al'ada daban-daban.
Kalandar TzolKin ta kwanaki 260 ita ce kalandar mafi ban mamaki dangane da halittarta, da dama sun bukaci ya dogara da tsarin tafiyar da dan Adam, sauran malaman al'amarin sun danganta shi da zagayen taurari da ake iya gani daga Girman Duniya.
Akwai kuma hasashe da masanin Geographer Vicent Malmstrom ya bayyana inda ya bayyana cewa an haife shi ne ta hanyar zagayowar rana, ta hanyar fitowa daga kudancin jihar Chiapas na Mexico (Izapa) kuma daga kasar Guatemala da misalin shekaru 15. ° Arewa, inda a rana guda (29 ga Afrilu na farko da 13 ga Agusta na biyu) tare da hutu na kwanaki 260 tsakanin daya da ɗayan.
A cikin Mayan astronomy, Milky Way ya kasance tsakiyar ɓangaren ilmin sararin samaniya, an kira shi, bisa ga binciken, Xibalba Be ko hanyar zuwa ga duniya. Wakah Chan ya kira shi haka kuma wani lokacin ma yana kiransa Kiche'.
Sun kiyaye zodiac, goyon bayan da ecliptic, yana nufin wucewar rana ta cikin tsayayyen taurari. Wannan yana kan Stela 10 Tikal da 1 Xuitún, duka shafuka biyu a yankin Petén na Guatemala, da kuma cikin Grolier Codex.
Ayyukan ilimin taurari na Mayan ya keɓanta ga limaman wannan al'ada, duk da haka, yawancin jama'a suna mutunta ayyukan falaki kuma suna tafiyar da rayuwarsu bisa ga wa'azin firistoci.
Aiki na mayan astronomy Hakan ya kasance ko da bayan mulkin mallaka, masu aikin yi a asirce kuma daga baya suka haɗa su da ayyukan rayuwar yau da kullun na Mayan, wasu daga cikinsu suna aiki a yau.
Firistoci suna da masaniya game da motsi na sararin samaniya kuma sun sami damar kusanci duban kusufi da hanyar duniyar Venus da aka gani daga ƙasa. Hakan ya ba shi daraja ta musamman a kan jama'a, waɗanda suke ganin suna da alaƙa da gumaka.
Allolin da Mayan suke bautawa sun sami suna kuma an ba kowane ɗayansu kadarori na musamman, kamar Venus, wanda ake kira Ah Chicum Ek', wanda ke nufin "Babban tauraron safiya", yawancin waɗannan sunaye sunaye ne na mafi yawan wakilai. mutanen Mayan.
Daga cikin Mayan Codeces, Dresden ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin babban haɗin kai na Mayan astronomy.
An gane Mayans har zuwa yau, saboda manyan ayyukan gine-ginen su, kuna la'akari da ayyukan fasaha, daidaito a cikin lissafin lissafi da kuma dangantakar da duk wannan yana da rubuce-rubucen tsinkaya game da makomar bil'adama da kuma abubuwan da za su faru. .
Mayan cosmology
Al'adun Mayan sun tsara sararin samaniya a matsayin ƙungiyar da ta kasu kashi uku kuma an raba kowace ɗaya zuwa kusurwoyi huɗu:
- A sama akwai rumbun sararin samaniya, wanda aka goyi bayansa a saman Bacabs, a nan ne mafi mahimmancin al'amuran falaki suka faru, musamman hanyar rana.
- A matsakaicin matakin, duniyar mutane ta kafu a cikin abin da al'amuran rayuwar yau da kullun ke yadawa, saboda haka, an yi tunanin duniya a matsayin babban filin murabba'i kuma an sanya sasanninta a cikin manyan wuraren da ake kira Pauahtunes.
- Ƙarƙashin matakin, wanda ke ƙarƙashin ruwa, duniyar ƙasa ko Xibalbá ta mamaye shi. A wannan wuri mai ban tsoro, an yi wani kazamin yaki na rana, bayan tafiyarta ta safiya ta cikin sararin samaniya, tare da halittu na zahiri da ababen bauta daban-daban da ta yi galaba a kansu, don haka ta sake komawa saman matakin duniya.
Bambance-bambance da kamanceceniya tsakanin Kalanda na Turai da Mayan
Waɗannan su ne manyan kalandar guda biyu waɗanda al'ummomi suka ginu a kansu, a tsakaninsu akwai bambance-bambance da kamanceceniya.
Kalandar Turai
Sarkin sarakuna Julius Kaisar, a shekara ta 46 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa, ya tabbatar da cewa daga wannan lokacin ne shekarun za su zama watanni kuma waɗannan za su kasance kusan 12, kuma waɗannan watannin sun kasance kwanaki 30 kowanne, sai dai shekara ta tsalle, inda watan zai kara shekara guda, wato kwana 365 a shekara ta al'ada da kwana 366 a cikin shekara ta tsalle. Abin da ake kira shekarar farar hula sannan zai sami kimanin tsawon kwanaki 365,25. Saboda wannan doka ne aka kira wannan kalandar "Julian calendar".
Akwai daidai kwanaki 365,2422, wadanda ke tabbatar da shekarar hasken rana, a shekara ta 1582, a tsakiyar tsakiyar lokacin sanyi da Disamba, an sami bambance-bambance na gaske tsakanin wannan lokacin da lokacin bazara da kuma Easter.
Paparoma Gregory XIII tare da goyon bayan masanin falaki Aloysins Lilius (Luis Lilio) dan kasar Italiya, ya gyara wannan hanya domin shafe ranakun 5 da 14 ga Oktoba, 1582, wanda ya dawo da shekaru masu yawa zuwa kalandar.
Kalandar ta soke kwanaki uku a kowane ƙarni huɗu, wanda ke tabbatar da cewa ƙarni shine shekarun tsalle-tsalle, idan an raba su da 400, misali, 1700, 1800, 1900 ba shekarun tsalle ba ne, amma 1600 da 2000 ne. Wannan ita ce kalandar Gregorian.
Masana ilmin taurari suna amfani da kalandar Julian da na Gregorian, kwanakin da suka gabata na 46 BC sun canza zuwa kalandar Julian, ana kiran wannan kalandar Proleptic Julian.
Astronomy yana yin lissafinsa tun daga shekara ta 0, don haka shekarun da suka gabata ba a la'akari da shekaru marasa kyau ba, ana ba su sunan tashar sararin samaniya.
A cikin bayanan tarihi shekara ta 0 ba ta bayyana ba, waɗannan suna farawa ne a shekara ta 1 BC, suna ci gaba har zuwa shekara ta 1 AD, misali shekara ta 3113 zata kasance daidai da shekara ta 3113 AD bisa ga bayanan falaki.
Mayaniyawa da yawa sun bambanta kwanakin a cikin kalandar Mayan zuwa kalandar Gregorian Proleptic. A cikin wannan kalandar, an tabbatar da mabambantan kwanakin kalandar Julian kamar an yi amfani da kalandar Gregorian kafin 15 ga Oktoba, 1582.
Domin samun damar yin nazarin wadannan ranaku, ya zama dole a mayar da su zuwa ranakun kalandar ilmin taurari, domin masana ilmin taurari na lokacin sun kafa lissafinsu ne bisa kalandar Julian da Gregorian.
Kwanakin kalandar Gregorian Proleptic sun sami bambance-bambance musamman tare da kwanakin taurari. Kwanan Halitta na Tatsuniyoyi a cikin kalandar Mayan shine Agusta 11, 3114 BC a cikin kalandar Proleptic Gregorian daidai da 6 ga Satumba, 3113 BC a cikin ilimin taurari.
Kalandar Mayan
Akwai kalandar Mayan guda uku, duk sun bambanta kuma tare da lambobi daban-daban na kwanaki.
Kalanda Dogon ƙidaya
Dogon ƙidayar hanya ce ta kalanda don ƙididdige lokaci wanda ke da goyon bayan tarihi, astronomical, cosmological, mythological and astrological support. A cikin wannan hanya, farkon zamanin yau, Agusta 13, 3114 BC, yana yiwuwa yana da alaƙa da tatsuniyar haihuwar Venus.
A cikin nau'o'i da yawa sun tabbatar da cewa ya ƙare wani zamani a ranar 21 ga Disamba, 2012, yana cikin kwanan watan solstice na hunturu na arewacin kogin.
Wasu masu binciken irin su Erick Velázquez (Epigrapher) sun nuna cewa wannan yana nufin ƙungiyoyin Mayan daban-daban, saboda rubuce-rubucen da aka samu a Palenque, waɗanda suka ambaci lokuta mafi girma a cikin lokaci fiye da iri ɗaya.
Kalandar ce da aka tsara a rukuni na abubuwa 20 (vigesimal), ta haɗa tuns ashirin waɗanda suka zama zagayowar Katun (shekaru 19,7) karuane ashirin, wanda ya ƙunshi zagayowar Baktun (shekaru 394,25) kuma baktun shine kashi na goma sha uku na tsawon lokaci. ƙidaya.
Kalanda TzolKin
Wannan kalandar kwanaki 260 da aka kirkira ta kwanaki ashirin na kwanaki 13 ko maki goma sha uku, kowanne daga cikin kwanakin yana da suna.
Haba' Calendar
Wannan shekara ce shekara ta kwanaki 365 a hade na watanni 19 da 18 tare da sauran kwanaki biyar a karshen shekara.
Lokacin da TzolKin da Haab' suka wuce, ana kiran wannan kwanan wata a matsayin zagaye na kalanda, ana sabunta shi kowane kwanaki 18.980, sama ko ƙasa da haka a kowace shekara 52.
Komawar kalandar yana da tatsuniyar da ta samo asali daga farkon Mayan, a lamba ta hudu «Ahau» da 8 «Kamku», ance idan aka maimaita wannan kwanan wata, sai ka ga an dauke ta a matsayin karshen ko cikakkiyar dawowar. zagaye kalanda.
Ta yaya Kalandar Mayan da Turai ke da alaƙa?
An haɗa kalandar Mayan da Turai ta amfani da ranar Julian iri ɗaya a cikin tarihin tatsuniya -13.0.0.0.0 tare da 4 Ahua, 8 Kumkuu. Ranar Julian da tsakar rana a wannan rana ita ce 584,283. Wannan shine haɗin GMT ɗin ku.
rubuce-rubucen taurari
Ƙididdigar Mayan su ne manyan ra'ayoyin ko rubuce-rubucen taurari waɗanda wannan al'ada ta bari a matakin Mesoamerica.
Mayan codeces
A lokacin cin nasara na Mutanen Espanya, an rubuta al'adun Mayan a cikin littattafai da yawa da aka yi da zane mai sassauƙa.
Firistocin Katolika da ’yan nasara na Spain sun yi tunanin cewa waɗannan suna ƙarfafa yaɗuwar addinin arna, sai suka halaka su da zarar sun same su.
Wani misali mai raini shi ne kona littattafai masu yawa a Mani, a Yucatan na Bishop Diego de Landa a watan Yuli 1562. Hudu ne kawai daga cikin waɗannan kasidun da aka sani a yau. Su ne Dresden, Madrid, Paris da Grolier Codex.
- Dresden Codex kalandar ilmin taurari ne.
- Codex na Madrid ya ƙunshi farko na kalanda da horoscopes da firistoci na Mayan ke amfani da su don bukukuwan su da al'adun sihiri, kuma yana da bayanan astronomical, duk da haka, ƙasa da waɗanda aka samu a cikin sauran codes masu rai guda uku.
- Codex na Paris ya ƙunshi annabce-annabce don waƙoƙi da katun da zodiac na Mayan.
- Grolier Codex shine kalanda na Venus.
Ernst Forstemann, ma’aikacin laburare ne wanda a dakin karatu na Royal Public Library da ke Dresden, ya binciki cewa Dresden Codex kalandar ilmin taurari ce kuma tana da ikon tantance ta a farkon karni na XNUMX.
mayan monuments
Akwai abubuwan tunawa da yawa na Mayan da ke cikin ƙasashen Mesoamerican, waɗanda ke adana babban ɓangaren al'adun falakin Mayan.
mayan stelae
Dutsin Mayan manyan gine-gine ne da Mayan suka gina, inda aka sanya kwanakin kalandar Dogon Count, waɗannan su kuma suna da ƙarin dunƙule guda shida.
Silsilolin da ke da alaƙa suna da bayanan wata, adadin kwanakin cikin ainihin lokacin wata, da tsayin luninta, da adadin lunions a jerin shida.
Silsilar tana da alaƙa da zagayowar Jupiter, kowanne yana bin lissafin kwanaki 819 bisa ga wannan zagayowar. Jerin ya sake kafa wasu abubuwan mamaki, kamar gargadin kusufi. A Mesoamerica, an yi kusufi ɗaya ne kawai wanda bai cika ba wanda ya yi kwanaki biyu a shekara ta 771 miladiyya a watan Janairu.
Rubutun Kalanda
Haikalin Mayan da pyramids sun kusan cika, waɗanda aka yi wa ado da rubuce-rubucen rubutu, inda za a iya ganin kalanda da nassosin taurari.
Ta yaya aka gudanar da binciken sararin samaniya?
Abin mamaki ne yadda Mayaniyawa suka yi ta kallon sararin samaniya ba tare da wani nau'in sinadari ba, kamar na'urar hangen nesa. Masana ilmin taurari na Mayan sun yi su tare da hanyar gani kai tsaye, malaman falaki firistoci faɗuwar rana da gaisuwar rana da sauran jikunan sama. Ƙirƙirar sulke da abubuwan tarihi an yi su ne bisa matsayi na sararin samaniya.
Rijiyoyi da yawa da ke cikin rugujewar Mayan, baya ga masu lura da tsakiyar hanyar Rana. Daya daga cikin wuraren da aka fi nazari game da falakin Mayan shine katantanwa a Chichen Itza.
El Caracol shi ne mai lura, tsarin da aka tsara don samun damar ci gaba da hanyar Venus a cikin shekara. Matakan da ke kaiwa ga tsarin silindari ya karkata da digiri 27,5 daga daidaitawar wasu gine-ginen da ke kewaye da su zuwa saman arewacin Venus.
An kafa diagonal na arewa maso yamma-kudu maso gabas ta hanyar fitowar alfijir a lokacin rani da faɗuwar rana a cikin solstice na hunturu.
Binciken Astronomical
Akwai bincike-binciken falaki da yawa da lura da Mayans suka yi, binciken da aka yi nazari har yau.
Solar
Mayan sun nuna kulawa ta musamman ga ma'auni da solstices da ke cikin wannan shekara, shaidar wannan ita ce gine-ginen da aka yi kuma suna da alaƙa da su. Abu mafi mahimmanci ga Mayas shine nassi na zenith.
A cikin shekara guda, rana tana motsawa a duniya ta cikin wurare masu zafi akalla sau biyu, an gina manyan gine-gine da haikalin da Mayans suka kirkiro, don waɗannan abubuwan mamaki.
Mayakan sun yi taka tsantsan cewa Haab' na kwanaki 365 ya bambanta da na wurare masu zafi fiye da kwanaki 25 a kowace shekara. Ana samun jerin lokuta daban-daban a cikin lokutan Mayan waɗanda zaku iya amfani da su don kawo ƙarshen shekara ta wurare masu zafi kusa.
Mafi ƙayyadaddun jeri shine shekarar zafi mai zafi ta zarce kwanakin Haab 365 da rana ɗaya kowane kwana 1508. An tuna da alherin daɗaɗɗen ɗabi'a a kwanan wata a cikin Haab' bayan wucewar shekaru 1508 Haab'.
Shekarar Tropical a cikin Mayan Codeces
A cikin Mayan Codeces, solstices da equinoxes da za a gabatar suna nunawa sosai, ta hanyar kalanda da tebur, waɗanda suke da girma. Gudunmawar Mayan ga ilimin taurari. Yawancin solstices da equinoxes sun kasance tun daga tsakiyar karni na XNUMX da farkon karni na XNUMX.
Codex Dresden
Manyan teburi da kanana (shafukan 61-69) sun danganta Haab', solstices, equinoxes, da zagayowar husufin, da mai ɗaukar shekara (ko Pop). Teburin ya dogara ne akan tsakiyar karni na XNUMX amma ya ƙunshi fiye da dozin kwanan wata a tsakiyar ƙarni na XNUMXth da XNUMXth.
Kalandar ruwan sama (shafukan 29b zuwa 30b) yana da alaƙa da Haab' da shekarar wurare masu zafi. Yayin da a cikin shekarar da ake tambaya, lokacin bazara ya gabaci tsakiyar shekara da ƴan kwanaki, wannan ya tabbatar da cewa shekarar da aka kwatanta ita ce AD 857 ko 899.
Bugu da ƙari, an kwatanta bikin ruwan sama mai ɓarke a cikin sassa huɗu daidai da sanannun bikin Yucatecan na ƙabilanci na yanzu.
Teburin da aka raba (shafukan 31a zuwa 39a) shine cakuda tebur guda biyu daban-daban, yana da al'ada da aka haɗa a cikin Vayab', tsakiyar shekara, al'amuran noma da meteorological, yana da alaƙa da tsakiyar shekara da taurari, biyu daga cikinsu. da Venus glyph.
Tebur yana da kwanakin tushe guda huɗu: biyu a cikin karni na XNUMX, ɗaya a cikin XNUMXth kuma ɗaya a cikin karni na XNUMX.
Kalandar Burner (shafukan 33c zuwa 39c) yana nuna lokutan zagayowar Burner, hanyar raba TzolKin da aka sani daga tarihin mulkin mallaka na Yucatán. Kalandar kuma tana da alaƙa da lokutan husufi da yanayi na shekara mai zafi.
Wannan kalanda na ilimin taurari na Mayan ya ƙunshi shekaru da yawa kafin da kuma bayan 1520, lokacin da Codex ya riga ya kasance a hannun Mutanen Espanya.
Kalandar ma'aurata (shafukan 22c zuwa 23c) ɗaya ne daga cikin jerin kalanda da ke da alaƙa da alaƙar ma'aurata tsakanin ma'auratan allahntaka. Yana iya samun dangantaka da lokacin sanyi.
Har ila yau, daga allunan ilmin taurari da aka karewa a cikin Dresden Codex, akwai kwatancin alloli da kuma nuni ga matsayin taurari.
Codex na Madrid
Littafin Madrid Codex na Mayan falaki, a shafuffuka na 10b.c – 11b.c, ya ƙunshi kalanda biyu zuwa Dresden Codex, kamar yadda yake a shekara ta 925, lokacin da lokacin bazara ya faru a cikin shekarar kalanda da Haab'.
Kalanda a shafuffukansa na 12b da 18b, yana nuna mana magudanar taurari da hasashen ruwan sama, ta hanyar gumakan Haab', a cikin wannan dogon ko tsayin kirga kalanda an gabatar da glyphs na kusufi tare da ainihin lokacin bayyanarsu.
Kalandar-kwana 1820 ta ƙunshi ginshiƙai ashirin na kwana casa'in da ɗaya kowanne. wakiltar shekara mai zafi a shafi na 58.c da 62.c. hieroglyphs suna nuna alaƙa da equinox da hieroglyphs na Venus, wanda ya samo wannan kalanda tsakanin shekara ta 890 zuwa 962 AD.
Kalandar Tsuntsaye ta ƙunshi a cikin shafukanta, tsari daban-daban a cikin ƙidaya da rarraba kwanakin, wannan shine kwanaki 780. Ɗayan ƙirarsa mai yiwuwa yana da alaƙa da lokacin sanyi. Wataƙila wannan kalanda ba za ta kasance kwanan wata ba.
Codex na Paris
Kalandar Allah (shafuffuka na 15a,b zuwa 18a,b) bai cika ba kuma an gama da wani bangare. Ba shi yiwuwa a iya tantance tsawonsu ko kwanan watan, amma ana iya gane al'adun Haab guda biyu.
Wataƙila kalandar Allah ta yi kama da tebur na yanayi a cikin Dresden Codex da kalandar Allah #C a cikin Codex na Paris.
Littafin Chilam Balam
A cikin ilimin taurari na Mayan akwai littattafan Chilam Balam, waɗanda suka dogara akan tsakiyar shekarar Mayan, gami da solstices da equinoxes.
Jigilar Gina
Marubutan Aveni da Hartung, masu ilimi game da Tauraron Mayan, sun buga nazarin da ke magana akan daidaitawar gine-gine a yankin Mayan. Lura cewa yawancin su suna a cikin daidaitawa 8 ° - 18 ° arewa maso yamma.
Suna ɗauka cewa al'amuran 25° kudu maso gabas sun daidaita tare da faɗuwar rana a lokacin bazara, a cewar ilimin taurari na Mayan.
Cibiyar lura da Caracol na Chichen 'Itza an gina ta ne bisa ga kusurwar da aka kafa tare da meridian da da'irar matsayi na tsaye wanda ke ƙetare. tsarin duniya (azimuth) a lokacin hunturu solstice, an tabbatar da wannan a cikin alignments na diagonal na tushe na Caracol, kuma yana da alaƙa da lokacin rani a cikin daidaitawar sa.
Ɗayan daga cikin tagogin hasumiya mai zagaye yana ba da ɗan ƙaramin tsiri don lura da faɗuwar faɗuwar rana a daidai lokacin, an kuma yi amfani da Caracol don ganin mashigin zenith na rana saboda gindin dandamali na sama da ƙofar shiga cikin ɓangaren da aka ce suna daidaitawa. faduwar rana azimuth.
Sauran wuraren lura da hasken rana suna cikin Uaxactun, Oxikintok da Yaxchilan.
lunar
Akwai nassosi da yawa waɗanda ke ɗauke da bayanai game da adadin kwanakin da ainihin maɗaukakiyar hauka ke faruwa, da kuma matsayin ku a cikin zagayowar lunions shida.
Masana ilmin taurari masu kirkire-kirkire suna nazarin haduwar rana da wata (lokacin da rana da wata suke da tsawon Ecliptic longitude) sabon wata. Mayans sun ƙididdige ranar sifili na guguwar wata ko kuma lokacin da ba za a iya ganin jinjirin wata ba (a cikin yanayin faɗuwar rana).
Dangane da wannan hanyar, Fulls da Aveni sun ƙaddara cewa kwanan watan Zero a cikin ƙidayar wata zai faru kwanaki biyu bayan sabon wata, a cewar Mayan astronomy, wannan ya ba da tabbaci ga hanyar Palenque.
Fulls ya samu aƙalla tsari da ƙididdiga guda biyu waɗanda aka bambanta kuma aka yi amfani da su don ƙididdige shekaru da matsayin wata a cikin zagayowar watanninsa.
Mercury
Shafukan 30c-33c na Dresden Codex kalanda ne na Venus da Mercury. Tsawon kwanakin kalanda 2.349 shine kimiyar lokutan Synodic na Venus (4×585) da Mercury (20×117). Kalandar kuma tana da alaƙa da lokacin bazara da bukukuwan Haab'uayeb na ƙarni na XNUMX.
Venus
Yana da mahimmanci ga mutanen Mesoamerica da Mayan astronomy. Mayakan sun bi zagayen su a hankali.
Venus ta fi kusa da rana fiye da duniya, don haka takan mamaye duniya a lokacin da take kewayawa. A halin yanzu yana wucewa a bayan rana mai haɗin gwiwa ta sama kuma tsakanin ƙasa da ƙasa mara kyau ba a iya gani.
Musamman abin ban tausayi shine bacewar tauraro da yamma da kuma bayyanarsa a matsayin tauraruwar safiya bayan kwana takwas, bayan rashin haɗin gwiwa. Zagayen Venus yana ɗaukar kwanaki 583,92 amma yana canzawa tsakanin kwanaki 576,6 da 588,1.
Masana ilmin taurari sun yi tunanin abin da ya faru (na farko da na ƙarshe na fitowar rana ko faɗuwar rana ta sararin samaniya) ta amfani da Arcus visionis, rashin daidaituwa tsakanin tsayin sararin samaniya da tsakiyar rana a lokacin fitowar alfijir ko faɗuwar rana, ba tare da sanyawa ba. Mintuna 34 na refraction wanda ya yarda da kiyaye jiki kafin fitowar rana ko 0,266.563.88 na rabin diamita na rana.
Ba a yi la'akari da abubuwan da ke faruwa na yanayi kamar bacewar ba, mahimmancin hangen nesa na Arcus yana canzawa tare da hasken da jiki ya saki. Venus tana canzawa da girma kuma tana da matakai daban-daban, don haka ana amfani da hangen nesa na Arcus a duk fitowar rana da firam ɗin huɗu.
Dresden Codex
Ya ƙunshi kalandar Venus a shafuffuka na 24 da 46-50 Brickery kuma Bircker ya rubuta:
Teburin Venus yana bibiyar zagayowar Synodic na Venus ta hanyar lura da kwanakin bayyanar duniya ta farko da ta ƙarshe a matsayin tauraro na safiya da tauraro na yamma.
A mahallin iconographic karfi shi ne na farko ra'ayi a matsayin safiya star (helical wayewar), da kwanakin da aka rubuta tare da isasshen daidaito, na farko bayyanar da aka dauke a lokacin hadari da kuma babban dalilin da Venus tebur shi ne ranar sanar da isowar. lokuta masu haɗari.
Teburin yana wakiltar kwanakin TzolK'en don abubuwan da suka faru guda hudu na bayyanar / bacewar duniya yayin da kowane 65 na ci gaba na Venus Cycles, lokaci na fiye ko žasa 104 shekaru, an yi amfani da tebur a kalla sau hudu tare da kwanakin farawa daban-daban. , daga karni na XNUMX zuwa karni na XNUMX miladiyya
Domin lokacin Canonical na Mayan ya kasance 5 (kwana 4 kuma lokacin Synodic shine kwanaki 583,92), an ƙara kuskure a cikin tebur yayin da lokaci ya wuce. Mai yiwuwa wakilcin gyara a cikin codex kuma Aveni da Bricker da Bricker sun tattauna.
Littafin Dresden Codex a shafuffuka na 8-59 tebur ne na duniya wanda ke kwatanta zagayowar Taro na Mars da Venus. Akwai yuwuwar ranakun tushe guda huɗu, biyu a ƙarni na bakwai da biyu a ƙarni na takwas.
Shafukan 30c-33c na Mayan Astronomy Codex, suna nuna kalandar Venus Mercury. Ranakun kalanda 2.340 sune kusan lokacin Synodic na Venus (4×585) da Mercury (20×117). Kalandar kuma tana da alaƙa da solstice na Venus da bukukuwan Haab'uayeb na ƙarni na XNUMX.
Grolier's Codex
Ƙididdige kwanakin TzolKin don bayyanar/bacewar Venus zuwa tsakiyar zagayowar Venus da aka kwatanta a cikin Dresden Codex.
Jigilar Gina
Katantanwa a Chichen Itza yana goyan bayan ragowar taga wanda zaku iya lura da matsanancin nisa na taurari.
Hudu daga cikin mahimman wurare na ƙananan shiryayye sun bambanta wuraren motsi na sama a kwance na duniya a cikin shekara.
Tagan tsira a cikin hasumiya a sama yana da alaƙa da matsananciyar matsayi daban-daban na duniya a cikin girman arewa da kudanci.
Ginin 22 a Copán ya shahara kuma an san shi azaman haikalin Venus saboda yawancin alamomin da aka rubuta. Tana da ƙaramin taga wanda ta cikinsa zaku iya ganin mafi nisa na Venus.
Fadar Gwamnonin da ke Uxmal ta dage 30° daga layin arewa maso gabas na sauran gine-gine. Ƙofar tana kudu maso gabas. Sama ko ƙasa da kilomita 6 daga ƙofar akwai sifilin pyramidal.
Daga bakin kofa za ku iya ganin bayyanar lokacin Venus kafin ku kai ga rashin jin daɗi. Rigar ginin tana ɗauke da abin rufe fuska na Chacc da yawa tare da alamomin Venus iri-iri a ƙarƙashin fatar idanunsu.
Nassosi
De Meis yana da rubuce-rubuce 25 na kalandar Long Count, 11 waɗanda ke gane abubuwan mamaki da 11 mafi girma daga Venus.
A cikin Murals na Bonampak, nasarar da sarki Chaan Muan ya samu ya bayyana, tare da maƙiyansa sun durƙusa don neman rayukansu a wani kwanan wata lokacin da alfijir na Venus ya kasance da kuma zaren zenith na rana.
Marte
Mars daya ce daga cikin duniyoyin da malaman falakin Mayan suka yi nazari, suna kayyade lokacinsa a cikin kewayawa da motsi.
Dresden Codex
A cikin Dresden Codex wurare uku suna cikin duniyar Mars, ban da haka a cikin Codex na Madrid zaka iya samun kalandar da ba ta da yawa kuma ta Mars.
A cikin Dresden Codex akwai tebur na zagayowar Synodic na duniyar Mars, tare da kwanaki 780 bisa ga shafuffukansa 43b da 45b, wannan zai zama mafi kyawun gani na Mars, a cikin matakin sake dawowa, wannan tebur yana kwanan wata shekara. 818.
Rubutun yana wakiltar lokacin husufin (lokacin da wata ke kusa da hawansa ko gangarawa) wanda yayi daidai da motsin Mars.
Manyan kalanda na sama da na ƙasa a shafuffuka na 67 zuwa 74 sun bayyana a cikin Dresden Codex, amma a cikin wani wakilci na dabam.
Babban Teburin yana da ƙungiyoyi 13 na kwanaki 54, jimlar kwanaki 702. Wannan shine lokacin da ake buƙatar Mars don komawa zuwa ga sararin samaniya, idan lokacin sararin samaniya ya ƙunshi lokacin dawowa. An tabbatar da teburin don sake nuna rashin amincewa da cewa yana da kwanaki bakwai da aka nuna daga karni na VII zuwa karni na XI.
Teburin Ruwa na Ƙasa yana da ƙungiyoyi 28 na kwanaki 65, jimlar kwanaki 1820. Wannan tebur yana da hoto ɗaya kawai, wurin da aka yi ruwan sama kamar da bakin kwarya a shafi na 74, an yi kuskuren fassara wannan hoton a matsayin yana wakiltar ƙarshen duniya.
Manufar wannan tebur ita ce nazarin wasu al'adu da yanayin yanayi, kamar lokacin dasawa, girbi, lokacin ruwan sama da guguwa, lokacin husufi da kamancen hanyar madara tare da sararin sama. An tabbatar da teburin lokaci-lokaci kuma kwanan wata zuwa lokuta daban-daban tsakanin ƙarni na huɗu da na goma sha biyu.
Shafuna 8 zuwa 59 na Dresden ko Dresden Codex tebur ne na duniya wanda ke nazarin zagayowar Taro na Mars da Venus. Akwai kwanan wata mai yiwuwa guda huɗu, biyu a ƙarni na XNUMX da biyu a ƙarni na XNUMX.
Codex na Madrid
A shafi na 2a na Codex na Madrid yana nuna kalanda na zagayowar Taro na Mars. Wannan shafin ya lalace sosai kuma wataƙila wani yanki ne na babban tebur. Lokaci na kwanaki 78 da hoton hoton iri ɗaya ne da tebur a cikin Dresden Codex.
Jupiter da Saturn
Saturn da Jupiter na musamman, su ne biyu mafi kyawun halittu na sararin samaniya a cikin Mayan falaki.
Abin da ake kira a fili retrograde motion bai wuce lokacin da duniyar duniyar ke zagawa a cikin kewayanta na kewayen taurari masu girma ba, wanda a gani ya zama kamar sun tsaya na wasu dakikoki sannan su ci gaba da tafiya.
Da zarar sun fara ko kawo karshen motsin su na komawa baya, motsin su na yau da kullun ya zama a tsaye kafin su ɗauki wata hanya.
Nassosi
Lounsbury ya bayyana cewa kwanakin nassosi da yawa suna tunawa da iyalai na Palenque na K'inich Kan Bahlam II, wanda yayi daidai da Jupiter yana tashi daga matsayi na biyu.
An san cewa an yi bikin dangantakar kut-da-kut tsakanin Jupiter da Saturn ko Mars a al'adun Mayan, wannan lamari ya faru ne bisa kalandar Gregorian a ranar 21 ga Yuni, 690 da Yuli 18, 18 bisa kalandar ilmin taurari.
Fox da Justeson (1978) sun bayyana cewa biyu daga cikin waɗannan kwanakin sun rabu da kwanaki 378, kusa da shekarar Synodic na Saturn, an ce wannan duniyar za ta cimma matsayi na biyu a tsaye kafin kammala motsi na sake komawa. Brickers sun nuna ƙarin ranaku biyu waɗanda ke cikin jeri ɗaya. El Cayó Chiapas ya samo asali ne daga kwamitin 1 na Dumbarton Daks, wani wuri mai nisan kilomita 12 daga kogin Sumancinta a Piedras Negras.
Masanin ilmin taurari Susan Milbrath ta ɗauki karatunta na Jupiter zuwa matsayi mafi girma, a zamanin gargajiya da na zamani, a cikin aikinta an rubuta Jupiter a matsayin Allah K'awil.
Wani abu na aikinsa shine haɗin gwiwar Jupiter da Saturn tare da hawan Katun na Long Count. Milbrath ya lura da sauƙi mai sauƙi tsakanin hotunan Allah K da kwanakin da suka dace da wuraren da aka mayar da su a tsaye.
Milbrath ya yi imanin cewa K'awil ita ce ranar juyin juya halin Jupiter da Saturn. Brickers sunyi muhawara akan wannan fassarar.
Mayan Codex
A cikin Codeices na Mayan astronomy, babu wata shaida na kowane rikodin kalanda da ke magana akan taurarin Jupiter da Saturn.
Eclipses
Babu wani al'amari da ya fi yin nazari da nazari da Mayan kamar kusufi, wanda ake wakilta, a cewar ilimin taurari na Mayan, hatsarin da ke kusa ga bil'adama. Akwai hasashen da yawa da za a iya samu game da su mayan da kuma eclipses.
Dresden Codex
A shafuffuka na 52 da 58 na wannan Codex, an nuna allunan kusufi ne kawai, tare da bayanin yawan kusufin rana da na wata, duk da haka, a cikin waɗannan allunan ba a ƙayyadadden adadin nawa ne za a iya gani a yankunan Mayan ba.
Akwai lunations 405 a cikin kimanin shekaru 33, ana tunanin za a iya sake amfani da shi, don haka ana aiwatar da tsarin gyara lokaci-lokaci. Waɗannan tebura suna da alaƙa da kusufin rana da na wata na zagayowar Mercury da Venus, ban da sauran abubuwan yanayi na yanayi. Ya fara a karni na XNUMX, amma yana da gyare-gyaren da ya ba da damar amfani da shi har zuwa karni na XNUMX.
A dai-dai lokacin da zagayowar wata ya ketare husufin, a nan ne kusufi ke faruwa. Ana kiran wannan lokacin da rashin hawan ko saukowa, wanda ke faruwa sau biyu a shekara, lokacin da kumburi ya faru, ana iya kusantar da kusufi a cikin tsawon kwanaki 18 kafin ko bayan kumburi.
A cikin sassa uku na teburin kusufin na Dresden Codex ana samun kwanakin lokacin husufin, musamman a tsakanin watan Nuwamba zuwa Disamba na shekara ta 755 miladiyya.
Codex na Madrid
Codex Madrid kalandar kusufi ce a shafuffuka na 10 da 13, kama da na Dresden Codex.
Waɗannan wakilcin sun dogara ne akan ruwan sama, Gajimare, fari, dasa shuki da lokacin girbi, baya ga alakar wadannan lokuta da kusufin rana. Waɗannan abubuwan sun yi daidai da waɗanda ke cikin Dresden Codex na ƙarni na XNUMX ko na XNUMX.
Codex na Paris ya dogara ne akan al'adu da al'adun da ya kamata a yi bikin a ƙarshen Katun, a shafuffuka na 2 zuwa 11, waɗannan al'adun gargajiya da abubuwan da suka faru na astronomical na V da VIII ƙarni suna wakilta, bisa Venus da dangantakarta da husufi da taurari.
Nassosi
Gwamna Kan II, wanda ya kasance a Caracol, ya kafa haikalin 21 a cikin dukan cibiyar a filin wasa, tare da rubuce-rubucen da ke wakiltar kwanakin da suka dace da abubuwan da suka faru da kuma nasarorin da tsohon gwamnan Agua ya samu. Wadannan ranakun da gwamnonin suka yi amfani da su don adana muhimman abubuwan da suka faru a cikin lokaci tare da danganta su da abubuwan da suka faru a sararin samaniya.
Misalin wadannan nassosi shi ne daukakar kakan Kan II, gwamna Agua, a ranar 14 ga Afrilu, 553, da ke hade da kusufin wata, yakin Tikal ya wakilta a ranar 27 ga Afrilu, 562, inda wata rana ta kusufi na kwanaki 8 da kuma wasan prenumbral na kwanaki 7 da wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a ranar 13 ga Maris, 593, inda ke nuna alamar kusufin rana na kwanaki 5.
Taurari
A cikin ilimin taurari na Mayan, an gano taurari goma sha uku, waɗanda aka wakilta a cikin kalandar Paris Codex da Codex na Madrid, kowannensu an ba shi dabbar wakilci, wanda ya ce taurari sun kafa wannan dabbar. Taurari suna da alaƙa da wasu al'amuran falaki na Mayan kamar su kusufi, al'adun Haab da Venus.
Codex na Paris
The Paris Codex yana ajiye a shafuffuka na 21 zuwa 24, kalanda na zodiac, wanda aka tsara shi da layuka biyar tare da kwanaki 364 kowanne, an raba waɗannan layuka zuwa 13 daga cikinsu waɗanda suka yi daidai da kwanaki 28 kowanne, alamarta tana wakiltar dabbobi, ɗaya daga cikin mafi yawan abubuwan da aka kwatanta. ita ce kunama da ke samar da taurarin taurari da nau'i-nau'i na eclipses. Kasancewa na karni na takwas.
Codex na Madrid
Kalandar mai girma da wakilci na al'ada, bukukuwa, da aikin noma na Mayan falaki, wanda ke kunshe a cikin shafuffuka na 65, 72 da 73b, na Codex na Madrid, wannan ya haɗa da nassoshi ga taurari, zagayowar synodic, husufi da sauran abubuwan mamaki.
Hanyar madara
Samuwarta ce a cikin galaxy na karkace da taurari sama da biliyan dari biyu suka kirkira, daga cikinsu akwai tsarin hasken rana.
Wannan yana bayyana a matsayin gizagizai na taurari, waɗannan su ne da'irar galaxy idan an lura da su daga gefe, na haske mai yaduwa tare da bandeji na digiri goma wanda ya ketare sararin sama, yana wucewa ta wurin mafi girma na elliptical. Yana da ƙaton ƙurar ƙura mai duhu wanda ke yankin kudu da yamma.
Babu kalanda, kodi ko rubuce-rubucen da ke bayyana wani abu na musamman game da hanyar madara, duk da haka, yana bayyana a cikin kalanda da ka'idodin wasu abubuwan mamaki na taurari na Mayan.
Hasashen Equinoxes
Ma'aunin ma'auni a cikin Mayan astronomy, yana motsawa ta sararin samaniya (ecliptic) idan aka kwatanta da taurari masu tsayi, waɗannan suna tafiya sabanin motsin rana a cikin shekara guda ta hanyar husufi, an ce waɗannan suna komawa wurin farawa kowane dubu 26. shekaru.
Akwai a cikin Dresden Codex abin da ake kira "Lambobin Snake", musamman a shafi na 61 zuwa 69, an rubuta teburan kwanan wata akan kullin macizai. Na farko da ya gane wannan shine Beyer, yana mai cewa jerin macizai sun dogara ne akan lambobi da ba a saba gani ba 1.18.1.8.0.16, wanda ke nufin kwanaki 5.842.096 fiye da shekaru 30 da suka wuce.
Ga Grofe waɗannan tazarar sun yi kama da adadin adadin lokacin da ke wucewa tsakanin tafiye-tafiye guda biyu a jere na duniya akan kewayenta, wanda aka sani da shekara ta gefe, inda ake ɗaukar taurari a matsayin tunani.
Ya kammala da cewa jerin macizai sun nuna yadda Mayas a cikin falakinsu suka yi annabta tare da ƙididdige matsayin da za a yi na husufin wata a cikin shekara mai zafi, wanda zai zama madaidaicin ma'auni. A nasu bangaren Bricker da Bricker sunyi la'akari da cewa ya dogara ne akan kuskuren fassarar take kuma dalilansu suna bayyana a cikin ilimin taurari na Mayan Codes.
Mayan ba sa ficewa don samun nagartattun kayan kida don aiwatar da taswirar matsayin abin sama da ake nazari a kai, abubuwan da suke lura da su an yi su ne da ido, tare da wasu abubuwa masu ma'ana.
Ba su da sextants ko makaman yaƙi kamar waɗanda sauran wayewar ke da su, wanda ya sa Daular Mayan ta fi burgewa. Sha'awar Mayas sun kasance takamaiman abubuwan astronomical kamar rana, wata, Venus, hanyar madara da taurari, ban da taurari, ba shakka duk wannan bayanin yana samuwa ne kawai ga limaman Mayan, waɗanda su ne masanan taurari na taurari. lokacin, waɗanda suka sadaukar da rayuwarsu don gano abubuwan da waɗannan abubuwan ke faruwa a sararin samaniya.
Wannan ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin wayewar da ta ba da gudummawar da ta fi dacewa ga kimiyya, wanda aka yi la'akari da daular, tare da asirai waɗanda har yanzu ba a gano su ba.
Ta yaya Mayans suka iya hasashen kusufi?
An yi imanin cewa Mayas sun yi amfani da ilimin taurari don nazarin motsi na duniya, duk da haka, an san cewa wannan ba gaskiya ba ne, ilmin taurari ga Mayas ya fi hanyar duba.
Shekaru dubu da suka gabata wayewar Mayan ta yi hasashe mai ban mamaki, ba tare da yin amfani da kayan aunawa ba, sun dogara ne akan ingantattun ƙididdiga na lissafi, yawan jama'ar Mesoamerican a yau yana ci gaba da burgewa.
Masarautar Mayan ta ƙirƙira kalanda na musamman, tare da ainihin tsinkaya na zagayowar wata, da tsarin rana, kusufi da motsin jikin sama. Kalandar Mayan sun fi daidai da lissafin da aka yi a gabanin Kristi.
Suna da ainihin bayanan taurari har zuwa Jupiter, sun kuma ba da sunaye ga gumakan da suke neman rai na har abada.
Firistoci suna amfani da ilmin taurari don koyan abubuwan da suka faru a baya, don su iya hango abubuwan da za su faru a nan gaba kuma ta haka ne su yi annabce-annabce, sun tsara binciken su na falaki da rubuta kissar rana da wata.
Tare da hanya mai sauƙi na ƙetare sanduna, firistoci masu ilimin taurari za su iya yin abubuwan lura a sararin samaniya. A lokacin da yankin Mesoamerica ya mamaye yankin Sipaniya da sauran Turawa, Mayan sun gano yadda za su ci gaba da yin duba da boyayyen hanya da kuma canza shi da sauran kungiyoyin asiri ko al'adu.
Ga Mayan, kusufin ya kasance barazana ga duniya, shi ya sa aka fi mai da hankali kan sanin ainihin lokacin da ya faru. A cikin Dresden Codex, an wakilta kusufi a matsayin macizai da ke barazanar cinye duniya.
Babban mahimmanci akan tsinkayar su a cikin ilimin taurari na Mayan shine shirya bukukuwan da suka dace lokacin da suka faru. Ga Mayas, rana da wata sun kasance sun cinye ta hanyar kusufin, wanda ya haifar da tsoro ga wayewa.
Sun yi la'akari da cewa hasken zai tafi har abada, wanda ke nufin ƙarshen duniya don haka ne na wayewa, saboda duk wannan ne aka ba da fifiko a cikin bincike da lissafin kwanakin da waɗannan abubuwan zasu faru, a halin yanzu wannan shine. daya daga cikin mafi girman gudunmawar ilimin taurarin Mayan.
Sun kasance Allah ne mai ba da rai da kwanciyar hankali, lokacin da kusufi ya yi, sai aka cutar da wannan abin bautar, wanda ya yi wa mazauna wurin barna, don haka ne aka yi ta ibada domin kwanakin duhu su shuɗe nan da nan, haske ya ƙare. zai dawo cikin al'umma.
