A yau za mu koya muku ta hanyar wannan kyakkyawan post komai game da sassaka da David ta Michelangelo Mawaƙin Florentine wanda ya ba da hankalinsa ga ɗabi'un ɗan adam na wannan halitta na Littafi Mai Tsarki da ya yi yana ɗan shekara ashirin da shida kuma ya wakilci matashin kafin ya ci nasara a kan Goliath. Kar a daina karantawa!
Bayanan sassaka David na Michelangelo
A shekara ta 1501, waɗanda ke kula da Opera del Duomo wata cibiya ce da ke kula da kiyayewa da kuma kula da dukiyoyin da ke cikin tsattsarkan haikali.
Don haka, an ba da shawarar manyan sassa goma sha biyu da ke da alaƙa da haruffa daga Tsohon Alkawari don wannan kwanan wata da za a sanya su a kan ɓangarorin waje na Santa María del Fiore Cathedral.
Saboda haka, kafin ƙirƙirar sassaka na Dauda ta hanyar Michelangelo, an riga an yi zane-zane guda biyu, ɗaya daga cikinsu ta Donatello da ɗayan da ɗaya daga cikin almajiransa mai suna Agostino di Duccio, ya karbi a 1464 wani kwamiti don yin sassaka na Dauda .
Ya kamata ku sani cewa shingen marmara wanda aka halicci sassaka na Michelangelo David an fitar da shi daga fantiscritti quarry a cikin garin Carrara, wannan katafaren shingen an tura shi zuwa Florence ta Bahar Rum sannan kuma ta kogin Arno har zuwa birnin Italiya.
Wannan katafaren katafaren gini da aka fi sani da kato ya samu matsala da wani mai fasaha mai suna Simone da Fiesole yana kokarin sassaka shi. Bugu da ƙari, waɗanda ke kula da Santa María del Fiore sun raba wannan shingen marmara kuma sun yi watsi da shi na shekaru.
Sauran masu fasaha da suka yi aiki a kan wannan katafaren shingen su ne Agostino di Duccio da kuma Antonio Rossellino amma ba su cimma wani aiki ba kuma sun bar wannan babbar katanga tare da karaya da yawa da rabi sunyi aiki.
Don haka hukumomin Opera del Duomo suka fara neman mai sassaƙa da zai sassaƙa David kuma daga cikinsu har da Michelangelo bayan shekaru ashirin da biyar da Rosellino ya yi watsi da aiki a kan wannan shinge na marmara.
Ya fara aikinsa a kan sassaka a ranar 13 ga Satumba, 1501, wata daya bayan umarnin hukumar har zuwa Mayu 1504, har yanzu yana matashi mai fasaha wanda bai kai shekaru talatin ba kuma ya samar da mafi kyawun aiki da aka sani.
Kodayake jigon Dauda ya riga ya yi aiki da wasu masu fasaha irin su Ghiberti, Verrocchio har ma da Donatello, Michelangelo ne ya dauki lokaci kafin yakin a cikin sassaka.
Kasancewa siffar Dauda ta Michelangelo icon na Renaissance na Italiya godiya ga halayen ɗan adam wanda wannan ɗan Italiyanci ya sanya a cikin mutum-mutumi. Opera del Duomo ne ya ba da izini kuma za a sanya shi a cikin Cathedral na Santa Maria del Fiore a cikin birnin Florence.
Amma saboda girman siffar Dauda da Michelangelo ya yi, sun kasance a gare su cewa wannan fili bai dace da aikin maɗaukaki ba, don haka an sanya shi a cikin Piazza della Signora, wani wuri mai cike da kyan gani da kyawawan dabi'unsa.
Ya kasance a kan wannan rukunin har zuwa karni na 1873, musamman a cikin XNUMX. A yau yana zaune a Galleria dell'Accademia a cikin birnin Florence, Italiya, kasancewa ɗaya daga cikin manyan gidajen tarihi a wannan ƙasar Italiya.
Yana da mahimmanci a haskaka kallon barazanar David Michelangelo, wanda ya haifar da shakku game da wurin da zai zama shafinsa, tun da idan an sanya shi yana fuskantar Pisa, yana nufin sha'awar Florence don dawo da wannan birni.
Idan an sanya shi yana fuskantar Roma, ya kawo rashin jin daɗi saboda Paparoma Alexander VI ya ba da mafaka ga Medici bayan an kore shi daga Florence. Wannan rukunin yanar gizon ne suka yanke shawarar a matsayin haihuwar sabuwar Jamhuriyar Florence kuma a cikin kwanaki hudu da aka canza wurin da aka yi wa Medici ya jefe sassaka sassaka.
Analysis na halaye na sassaka David ta Michelangelo
Yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa siffar Dauda ta Michelangelo shine wakilcin Dauda na Littafi Mai-Tsarki wanda ya ci nasara da Goliath ta hanyar dabararsa ta dutse godiya ga ikon Allah kuma ta haka ya zama Sarki Dauda.
Bisa ga zane-zanen, David na Michelangelo ya wakilci shi a matsayin mutum mai karfi a tsaye don fuskantar Goliath mai girma, tare da hannunsa na hagu a kan kafadarsa inda yake ɗaukar jakar majajjawa.
Wani abin ɗamara da ke ɗaure bayansa har ya kai hannunsa na dama kusa da cinyarsa inda yake ɓoye fustibalo, wato majajjawa mai tudu da aka saba yi a zamanin Romawa.
Daga cikin manyan halayensa, a bayyane yake cewa siffar Dauda ta Michelangelo shine a Juyawa zagaye saboda ana iya gani daga kowane kusurwa saboda godiya ga tunanin mai zanen Italiyanci.
Wannan sassaken na David na Michelangelo an sanya shi a cikin wani takasance wanda shine matsayi na tsayawa da ƙafa ɗaya, don haka yana tallafawa nauyin jikinka duka.
Yayin da dayan ƙafar ta kasance cikin annashuwa don haka kwatangwalo da kafadu sun kasance a kusurwoyi daban-daban don haka kusurwoyin Dauda yana da ɗan ƙaramin lanƙwasa S-dimbin yawa.
Saboda matsayi na contrapposto shine siffar Dauda ta Michelangelo yana da ma'auni saboda tashin hankali da aka lura tsakanin hannun hagu da ƙafar dama yana ba da damar yin motsi na halitta a cikin hagu na hagu da dama.
An gabatar da shi a cikin sassaken David ta Michelangelo the tashin hankali da shakatawa lokaci guda don ƙyale sauran jiki da matsayi na faɗakarwa don fuskantar giant Goliath.
To, shi ne game da kiyaye jiki a hutawa don wani aiki mai yiwuwa kuma a cikin sassaka ana lura da ilimin sculptor na jikin namiji don daidaita tunanin da aka haɗa tare da jiki a cikin sassaka.
Wani daga cikin halayen David na Michelangelo shine nasa fuska mai bayyanawa To, kamannin wannan sassaƙaƙƙen ya kasance mai taurin kai, yana nuna irin ƙarfin da yake da shi a kan abokan gaba. Kamar yadda yake da yaƙe-yaƙe wanda aka sani da kalmar terribilità.
Kamar kallonsa da ke karkata zuwa dama karkashin gashin kansa. Wanne babban hali ne a cikin motsi na Renaissance, amincewa da kai da kuma juriya kuma a cikin kalmomin Michelangelo da kansa ya bayyana haka:
"...A cikin kowane shinge na marmara ina ganin mutum-mutumi a fili kamar yana tsaye a gabana, a cikin tsari da kuma ƙare hali da aiki ..."
"...Dole ne in sassaƙa bangon bangon da ke ɗaure ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan gani don bayyana sauran idanu yayin da na gan su tare da nawa..."
Hakanan ya shahara a cikin David na Michelangelo rashin daidaito rabbai a cikin mutum-mutumin amma abin da kallo na farko ba a gane shi ba amma hannun dama da wuyan da aka makala a kan mutum-mutumin ya fi girma.
Za ka ga hannun dama da ke kwance kusa da cinya an sassaka shi da kyau, wanda ke nuna jijiyoyi da alamomin fata, amma idan aka auna girman jiki, sai a ga ya fi girma.
Wani daga cikin halayen shine girman girman wuyan sassaka, wanda ya fi tsayi fiye da tsakiyar kirji, amma a kallo mai sauƙi ba a sani ba.
Ko da yake an yi hakan da gangan a cikin David na Michelangelo, saboda tasirin gani yana da yawa yayin kallon sassaka daga ƙasa zuwa sama.
Har ila yau, don nuna cewa cin nasara a yakin yana buƙatar maida hankali da wayo wanda aka kwatanta da kai kuma aikin yana wakiltar hannun dama.
Hakanan ana lura da shi azaman babban inganci da kayan da aka yi amfani da su saboda wani shingen farin marmara guda ɗaya ne wanda aka ciro daga tudun dutsen Carraca wanda aka gane da kyakkyawan ingancinsa.
Yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa wannan tubalan na marmara yana da damar da masu fasaha uku suka shiga tsakani na tsawon shekaru da yawa, wanda shine dalilin karaya da raɗaɗi a cikin babban shinge.
Shekaru ashirin da biyar sun shude kuma Michelangelo ne wanda, a karkashin umarnin hukumomin Opera del Duomo, dole ne a sanya Dauda a cikin Cathedral na Florence kuma a cikin kalmomin sculptor da kansa, ya furta haka:
“...Lokacin da na dawo, na gano cewa ya shahara. Majalisar birnin ta nemi in fitar da wani babban David daga cikin wani shingen marmara, wanda ya lalace!, kusan ƙafa ashirin bayan ƙirƙirar Pietà…”
Ma'anar sunan farko Michelangelo David
Wayo na wannan babban mawallafi shi ne ya yi tunanin sassaka Dauda kafin a yi arangama da Goliyat mai girma, shi ya sa ya zama dole a kama aikin arangamar a cikin wannan sassaken kafin ya faru.
Ga abin da aka lura a cikin David na Michelangelo, hankali kafin ƙarfin jiki inda hankali yakan yi nasara don sanya dukkan sassan jiki a daidaita don kayar da abokin gaba ta hanyar basirar ɗan adam da ikon hikimar Allah.
Sanannen labari ne daga Tsohon Alkawari inda Dauda ya doke Goliath da harbin bindiga sannan ya kwanta a kasa ya yanke shi da takobinsa kuma a lokacin tarihi na birnin Florence a matsayin kasa mai zaman kanta.
Wannan al'ummar tana da masaniya sosai game da barazanar da ke kewaye da ita, sun ga wannan David na Michelangelo a matsayin alamar ƙarfin da ba za a yi tsammani ba da kuma jajircewa mara jajircewa saboda wayo da basirar hankali.
Haɗin kai na falsafa da addini
Michelangelo yana gudanar da haɗakar alamar Dauda a cikin mahallin al'adun Yahudiya-Kirista tare da dabi'un motsi na Renaissance, wanda shine ma'auni da nauyi, tun da wannan dole ne ya kara yawan halayen ɗan adam na wannan sassaka.
Don haka David na Michelangelo ya nuna cewa ba ƙarfi ba ne amma hankali da kuma yin la’akari da ayyuka ne ke sa ruhunsa don fuskantar Goliyat domin ya jajirce ga mutanensa kuma ya cece su da wannan yaƙin.
Don haka mahimmancin wannan Dauda ta Michelangelo don Renaissance, tun da hankali da nagarta sun yi nasara akan ƙarfin jiki, yana nuna dabi'un ɗan adam a cikin wannan yanayin al'ada.
Hangen siyasa a cikin David na Michelangelo
A shekara ta 1494 birnin Florence ya tashi don adawa da Medici kasancewar shugabanta Pedro II de Medici wanda shine magajin Lorenzo the Magnificent kuma ya mamaye gaban sojojin Faransa na Charles VIII amma waɗannan sharuɗɗan sun fusata mazaunan daga birnin Florence.
Don haka ne suka yanke shawarar korar Medici daga birninsu da ƙirƙirar Jumhuriya ta biyu ta Florence kuma lokacin da aka kammala wannan gagarumin sassaka aka yi amfani da shi a matsayin wata alama da ke nuna girman ɗan adam na wannan birni a kan Medici da Ƙasar Paparoma.
Martani ga sassaken da ake gabatarwa
A lokacin da aka gabatar da David Michelangelo a cikin 1504 a gaban membobin sacristy waɗanda suka ba da umarni na sculptor, sun yi mamakin kamalar da ya samu, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa suka daina sanya shi a cikin babban coci kamar yadda na yi. tunani da farko.
Tare da niyyar samun sabon wurin da za a sanya kyakkyawan sassaka na David ta Michelangelo, sun haɗa wani kwamiti wanda ya ƙunshi mashahuran mutane talatin, ciki har da Leonardo Da Vinci da Sandro Botticelli.
Saboda wannan, an sanya David Michelangelo a cikin zuciya inda rayuwar siyasa ta faru a cikin birnin Florence kuma wannan wuri shine Piazza della Signoria wanda ke gaban ƙofar Palazzo Vecchio.
Wannan aikin fasaha ya kasance a wurin har zuwa 1873. Ko da yake ya kamata a lura cewa a wurinsa akwai kwafin mutum-mutumin da farin marmara wanda aka yi a 1910.
A yau Michelangelo David yana mafaka a cikin Accademia Gallery a cikin birnin Florence, kasancewarsa gidan kayan gargajiya mafi mahimmanci a wannan birni bayan Uffizi Gallery. Bayan wannan nasarar, Paparoma Gioulio II da kansa ya ba wa Michelangelo aikin gina Chapel Sistine.
Halin tarihi na lokacin ƙirƙirar sassaka
Tun daga shekara ta 1434 Cosme de' Medici ya karbi mulki a birnin Florence, wanda aka san shi da sunan Signore na wannan birni har zuwa shekara ta 1494 Signore hudu ya wuce amma a wannan shekara an yi tawaye.
Ganin cewa Signore Piero de Medici ya mika wuya ga ci gaban mulkin Charles VIII na Faransa zuwa mulkin Naples. Saboda haka, daya daga cikin addini mai suna Girolamo Savonarola ya yi amfani da rashin jin daɗin jama'a don hambarar da daular Medici.
Mazaunan da ke da ban haushi sun ɗauki alhakin kansu don kwashe fadar sarki kuma an samar da Jamhuriyar Florence. Wannan Jumhuriyar Florence za ta kasance ƙarƙashin mutane tara waɗanda suka haɗa da sabuwar Republican Signoria, Savonarola da kansa yana kula da tsananta wa banza.
Yin tashin gobara a Piazza della Signoria inda aka kona abubuwan da aka yi la'akari da zunubi da kuma ayyukan fasaha na Michelangelo da Botticelli cewa su da kansu ne ke da alhakin konewa da kuma mutanen da aka gurfanar da su a matsayin 'yan bidi'a.
An samu sabani tsakanin Savonarola na addini da Paparoma Alexander VI a ranar 08 ga Mayu, 1498, malamin ya sanya hannu kan ikirari nasa kuma aka kashe shi a ranar 23 ga Yuni na wannan shekarar a Piazza della Signoria, cibiyar siyasa a birnin.
fasahar fasaha
Don ƙirƙirar David Michelangelo, ya buƙaci zane-zane, zane-zane da ƙananan ƙirar da aka yi daga amfani da kakin zuma ko terracotta.
Daga nan sai ya tafi kai tsaye don yin aiki da marmara da kuma yin amfani da chisel ta fuskoki daban-daban don a iya sha'awar wannan sassaka ta kowace kusurwa, wanda ya kasance sabon abu ga tunanin zamanin da, wanda kawai ya ba da damar a iya ganin sassaka daga gaba.
Yana da mahimmanci a nuna babban hazakarsa, wanda ya ba shi damar cire aikin daga wannan babban shinge na marmara, kasancewar mutum-mutumi na farko na Renaissance na waɗannan ma'auni, ya halicci mutum mai hikima da ikon Allah, tun lokacin da aka halicci mutum zuwa yanayi. na fiyayyen halitta.
Salon sassaka da cikakkun bayanai
A cewar Michelangelo, a cikin kowane shinge na marmara da yake kula da zayyanawa, akwai ruhin da ya yi ƙoƙari ya dawo da shi.
Saboda haka, game da David na Michelangelo, karaya da wannan katafaren shingen ya samu, ban da ramin da ke gefen hagu na tubalin marmara.
Ya samo asali ne cewa sassaka ya kasance a kan ƙafar dama, wanda ya haifar da ra'ayi na contrapposto na sassaka da kuma Michelangelo David ya daidaita don ba da ma'auni ga mutum-mutumi.
Lalacewar da sassaken ya samu da kuma maido da shi
A cikin 1504, lokacin da Michelangelo David ya koma Piazza della Signoria, masu goyon bayan Medici sun jejjefe aikin, sa'an nan kuma a cikin 1512 walƙiya ta bugi tushe na sassaka.
Sai kuma a shekara ta 1527, a wani gagarumin tawaye ga Medici, David Michelangelo ya yanke hannunsa na hagu bayan ya buge shi da benci da aka jefa daga tagar da ke kusa. An maye gurbin wannan hannu bayan shekaru goma sha shida.
Daga baya, a cikin 1843, an wanke Michelangelo's David tare da cakuda hydrochloric acid a kan jimillar saman sassaken kuma ta haka ne aka cire patina mai kariya da marubucin ya sanya a kai, saboda haka an bar marmara a yanayin yanayi.
Bayan shekaru talatin, musamman a cikin 1873, an ƙaura babban adadi daga Piazza della Signoria zuwa Accademia Gallery.
Da niyyar kare sassaken David Michelangelo daga yanayi da kuma guje wa lalacewar da ba dole ba, a cikin 1910 sun yanke shawarar sanya kwafin sikelin 1: 1 na mutum-mutumi a wurin da sassaken ya mamaye a Piazza della Signoria kuma har yanzu yana nan.
An ce a shekara ta 1991 wani mutum ya lalata yatsan ƙafar hagu na David Michelangelo bayan ya buge shi da guduma, an sake gina shi.
Don guje wa lalacewa a nan gaba, an sanya aikin a cikin tsarin gilashin sulke wanda ke kewaye da tushe inda aka sanya wannan babban sassaka a kowane bangare.
Saboda gutsure na marmara da ya rage bayan harin don lalata ɗaya daga cikin yatsan ƙafar sa, ana iya nazarin daidaito don sanin da marmara cewa an gina David Michelangelo.
An gano cewa yana ƙunshe da adadi mai yawa na ƙananan ramuka waɗanda ke ba da damar lalata da sauri fiye da sauran nau'ikan marmara.
A cikin 2003 ne aka fara maido da Michelangelo David na farko a cikin 1843, wanda ya haifar da rashin jin daɗi da yawa saboda hanyar da za a yi amfani da shi kuma wanda ke kula da wannan gyara shine Agnese Parronchi.
Amma dole ne ta yi murabus saboda rashin jituwa da mai kula da kayan fasaha na yankin Tuscany mai suna Antonio Paolucci.
A cewar binciken Parronchi, ta kuduri aniyar aiwatar da busasshiyar tsoma baki a cikin sassaken Michelangelo David ta hanyar goge-goge, gogewa da auduga.
Amma Paolucci da darektan Cibiyar Gallery na Kwalejin mai suna Franca Falletti, ra'ayinsu shi ne rigar tsoma baki ta hanyar damfara da ruwa mai tsafta da aka shafa ga sassaka na tsawon minti goma sha biyar zuwa ashirin.
Ko da yake rigar shiga tsakani shine maidowa da aka yi akan David Michelangelo kuma an kammala shi a ranar 22 ga Afrilu, 2004 a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Cinzia Parnigoni kuma an sake gabatar da shi ga jama'a a ranar 24 ga Mayu, 2004.
Abubuwan ban mamaki game da David Michelangelo
Ma'amalar da Michelangelo ya yi tare da tubalan marmara a bayyane yake kuma ya ayyana aikinsa mai wahala a matsayin 'yantar da adadi da ke cikin dutsen.
A lokacin da ya fara sassaƙa Dauda, ya yanke shawarar kafa katanga guda huɗu a kewaye da shingen don guje wa kutsawa cikin ayyukansa.
Don haka ba a san yadda aka yi wannan sassaka ba kuma da ya gama sassaka aikin sai ya ba da umarnin a ruguje katangar kuma mutane suka yi mamakin ganin wannan sassaken.
Wannan aikin, wanda ya kasance na Katolika, ya haifar da ayyukan siyasa a sakamakon haka, tun lokacin da aka kaddamar da shi sun riga sun rushe Medici na birnin Florence.
Birnin ya zama jamhuriya kuma David Michelangelo ya zama alamar 'yanci kamar yadda a cikin labarin Littafi Mai-Tsarki cewa saurayin yana kare mutanensa.
Akwai kuma masu sukar tsiraici na David Michelangelo, wanda suke jayayya cewa tsiraici ya dace da yanayin da ke nuna fifiko na ruhaniya, nagarta da kyawun gwarzon namiji. Da yawa sun shagaltu da kyawun aikin.
To, ya nuna a cikin David Michelangelo daki-daki dalla-dalla a cikin cinyoyinsa, jijiyoyi, ƙusoshi, gashi da kuma kallonsa, ɓacin rai ya nuna cewa yana tunanin yadda zai jefa dutse da harbin majajjawa don kawo ƙarshen rayuwar Goliath kaɗai. Abin da wannan maɗaukakin aiki ya rasa shi ne magana.
Bayan ya kammala mai girma David, Michelangelo ya tafi Roma inda yake da wasu ayyuka kamar frescoes a cikin Sistine Chapel kuma a can a cikin 1506 an gano wani mutum-mutumi kuma Michelangelo, wanda kwararre ne a kan wannan batu, ya je ya ga mutum-mutumin.
Ya gane bisa ga kwatancin cewa Laocoön ne, wanda ya ƙunshi tubalan marmara biyar, ko da yake taron ya kusan kusan rashin fahimta ga wasu, amma ba Michelangelo ba ne.
Abin da watakila a gare shi shi ne nasara domin shi kadai ne wanda daga wani babban dutsen marmara ya ba da rai ga David Michelangelo kuma wannan darajar ce mai girma ga wannan ƙwararren mai sassaƙa wanda ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan fuskokinsa.
Idan kun sami wannan labarin mai ban sha'awa, ina gayyatar ku ku ziyarci hanyoyin haɗin yanar gizon: