Kulawa a matsayin al'ada ya wuce daga tsara zuwa tsara, inda kusan 'yan Mexico 85.000 ke bayyana yaren Tarahumara a arewacin yankin Mexico. Ta wannan labarin mai ban sha'awa, muna gayyatar ku don ƙarin koyo game da Harshen Tarahumara.
Asalin Harshen Tarahumara
Sunan Tarahumara kalma ce da al'ummar Mexico ke amfani da ita ta hakika, yana yin ishara ne ga al'ummar ƴan asalin ƙasar, da kuma gungun harsuna na asali masu alaƙa, inda har yanzu ba a fayyace asalinsa ba.
Harsunan Tarahumara suna da mazhabobi daban-daban da za a ambace su, bambancin da ke da nasaba da abubuwa daban-daban kamar su kansu harsuna, yankunan karkara ko ma al'ummomi; Wadannan ’yan asalin kuma ana kiran su da Rarámuri, wanda ke da fassarar kamar "ƙafafu masu haske, masu gudu ko mutane".
Yaren Tarahumara yawanci ana amfani da shi a garin Chihuahua, kuma yana da cancantar mutum uku: Rarómariraicha, Ralámuliraicha da Rarámariraicha, wanda kuma yana da banbance-banbance guda biyar:
- tarahumara from the west zone – raremariraicha
- tarahumara daga arewa zone – ralámuliraicha (daga arewa)
- Tarahumara daga taron koli - Ralámuliraicha (daga taron koli)
- Tarahumara daga shiyyar tsakiya – Ralámuliraicha (daga tsakiya)
- tarahumara daga shiyyar kudu – rarámariraicha
Tarahumara yayi daidai da zuriyar Yunahua ko Yuto-Aztec, kuma yare mafi kusa da wannan shine Guarijío. Daga cikin bambance-bambancen harshe guda biyar da kungiyar ta tattara, hudu suna cikin hadarin bacewa nan take kuma daya, taron Tarahumara, yana da matsakaiciyar hadarin bacewa.
Nahawun Harshen Tarahumara
Kadan daga cikin abubuwan da aka fi sani da nahawu na harshen Tarahumara, ta fuskar sautinsu, da yadda ake hada kalmomi, da kuma haduwar wadannan kalmomi da alakarsu, su ne kamar haka;
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qEWNjevu0j8
Fassarar sauti
Wannan harshe na al'adar Tarahumara an bambanta shi da sautunan wasali guda biyar masu kama da Mutanen Espanya (a, e, i, o, u), tare da banbance tsakanin dogon wasali da gajere saboda yadda suke ji. Bugu da ƙari, ana samun damuwa a matsayin sauti, tare da yanayin sabani tsakanin sautunan da ba su da mahimmanci.
Morphology
A cikin harshen Tarahumara, abubuwan da ke tattare da dabi’a suna da sauki sosai; Misalin wannan shi ne jam’i da aka gina ta ta hanyar ninka ma’anar farko, yayin da fi’ili ke da faffadan fasikanci da kariye masu yawa don alamta maudu’in, abu, tsauri da siffa.
Bugu da kari, akwai nau’ukan fi’ili guda biyu da aka halicce su tare da gyaran wasali, duka a karshen suna, da kuma fi’ili mai wucewa, samfurin wannan ita ce kalmar norí ko girgije, idan aka canza zuwa noré, sai ta bayyana. cewa akwai gizagizai; haka nan, fi’ili mai wucewa zai gudu (yana tsayawa), zai canza zuwa huirí (yana tsayawa).
Tsarin bayani
Gabaɗaya, harsunan Yunahua ko Yuto-Aztec galibi suna da kalmar fi'ili a ƙarshen jumla, ba tare da ya zama dole a sami ƙarin ƙarin fi'ili na biyu ba. Duk da cewa harshen Tarahumara ba shi ne kawai ma’anar wannan al’ada ba, amma yana da wani nauyi mai nauyi a cikinsa, tunda shi ne hanyar da ake bayyana tunani da hangen nesa.
Halayen Harshen Tarahumara
Bayan haka, mafi yawan halayen harsunan Yunahua ko Yuto-Aztec, musamman na Tarahumara, an yi dalla-dalla:
- Gabaɗaya, akwai bambanci tsakanin dogon wasali da gajere.
- Bambance-bambancen girma ba su da mahimmanci, kawai a cikin wasu harsuna kamar Guarijío, bambancin sautin sauti ne.
- Tsarin silabi mai sauƙi ne, gabaɗaya mafi rikitarwa harafin shine nau'in CVC (ɗaya ko fiye da baƙaƙe a ƙarshen saƙon).
- Sunaye suna da sauƙaƙan ilimin halittar jiki.
- Babu wani jinsi mai ƙarfi na nahawu, kodayake halittu masu rai da marasa rai gabaɗaya suna da mabambantan prefixes.
- Fi’ili suna da faffadan juzu'i na juzu'i da karimi, don yiwa jigo, abu, kamanni, tashin hankali, ko siffofi.
- Sunan na iya ɗaukar karimi da prefixes na magana don bayyana wa'azin da ba sa canzawa; babu kalmar aikatau mai alaƙa.
- Akwai maimaitawa na farko don bayyana maimaita ayyuka akan fi'ili ko yawancin sunaye, kodayake matakin amfani ya bambanta sosai daga harshe zuwa harshe.
- Yawancin harsunan Yunahua ko Yuto-Aztecan sune manyan harsunan ƙarshe, don haka yawanci suna da kalmar aiki ta ƙarshe; Tarahumara suna da kalmar aiki ta ƙarshe ba tare da mataimaki na sakandare ba.
Idan kun sami wannan labarin yana da ban sha'awa Harshen Tarahumara, muna gayyatar ku don jin daɗin waɗannan sauran: