A cikin sararin daular dabbobi akwai rukunin dabbobi na musamman amma masu ban al'ajabi da ake kira Dabbobi masu rarrafe waɗanda suka wanzu tun kafin zuwan ɗan adam, suna zama alamomin masarautu, koyarwa, fina-finai, ayyukan adabi da falsafa. A gaskiya ma, ɗaya daga cikinsu ya bayyana a cikin rubutun Littafi Mai Tsarki, a takaice, babu sarari da wannan nau'in bai riga ya ɗauka ba.
Yaya masu rarrafe suke?
Ana kiran dabbobi masu rarrafe da yawa na dabbobi masu kaifi masu ƙafafu huɗu, waɗanda ke da jinin sanyi, wanda babban abin da ya bambanta shi ne samun fata da aka lulluɓe da sikelin da ke tattare da keratin. Daga cikinsu akwai m iri-iri iri, mafi yawa a cikin mazaunan dumi, wanda aka yi wahayi ta hanyar motsi; Etymologically, ya zo daga Latin dabbobi masu rarrafe, wanda ke nufin "cewa rarrafe"
Wadannan dabbobi sun kasance suna motsi a duniya tsawon shekaru miliyan dari uku da goma sha takwas, kasancewar su ne mafi yawan halittu masu rai a zamanin Mesozoic, wadanda suka hada da Jurassic, Cretaceous da Triassic, a lokacin da ake kira lokacin dinosaur. Suna kama da ra'ayi na juyin halitta zuwa tsuntsaye da masu amphibians; wasu dabbobi masu shayarwa sun samo asali ne daga wasu nau'in dabbobi masu rarrafe.
Ga wasu al'ummomi da al'adun mutane, dabbobi masu rarrafe suna da kamanni mai ban sha'awa, da kuma ɗan ban tsoro, ko dai saboda bambancinsu, tatsuniya da bajinta, suna magana a wurin manyan mafarauta irin su macizai, crocodiles da alligators. . Yawancin waɗannan rayayyun halittu, bisa ga abin da ake karantawa kuma aka faɗa, suna da iko masu duhu, sihirin baƙar fata ya rinjayi, lamarin da ya fi dacewa shine maciji mai suna a cikin matani na Littafi Mai Tsarki a cikin Farawa.
Juyin Juyin Halitta
Wannan nau'i mai ban sha'awa ya taso ne daga dabbobi masu rarrafe, waɗanda rukuni ne na tetrapods, suna da kamanni da iyawar dabbobi masu rarrafe da masu amphibians, a cikin haɓakar lokacin Carboniferous, tare da ƙarin nau'ikan da ke fitowa a lokacin Mesozoic zamanin. Lokacin da suka isa ƙarshen wannan mataki, ƙungiyoyi da yawa daga cikinsu sun zama batattu a cikin zamanin Cretaceous da Tertiary, dubban shekaru da suka wuce.
Anan ga bidiyon ilmantarwa ga yara game da Dabbobi masu rarrafe:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wX5gL-sgr80
Halaye masu rarrafe
A cikin wannan tsari na ra'ayoyin, dabbobi masu rarrafe sun sami damar dacewa da rayuwa a cikin ƙasa, duk da haka, wasu daga cikinsu ba su bar ruwan ba ko komawa zuwa gare shi don farauta da samun abinci. Ma’ana, wasun su suna da huhu, zuciya da tsarin jini mai kyau wanda ke ba su damar rike ruwa mai tsawo a lokacin nutsewarsu. Suna da ma'auni mai kariya na ma'auni, tare da m da juriya; suna zafi a rana.
Mafi yawan dabbobi masu rarrafe a yau suna kan dukkan ƙafafu huɗu, duk da haka, akwai waɗanda ba su yi ba, macizai sun kasance mafi ƙaranci, sabanin sauran nau'ikan da ke da harsashi mai kauri wanda ke makale da kwarangwal, kamar yadda kunkuru. Yakan faru ne cewa suna da ƙamshi mai kyau da kuma yanayin taɓawa (maciji) wanda da shi suke kama girgizar saman.
Me dabbobi masu rarrafe ke ci?
Saboda yawancin dabbobi masu rarrafe dabbobi masu rarrafe ne, ana kiran su masu cin nama waɗanda ke da tsarin narkewar abinci mai sauƙi, bisa ga naman yana da sauƙi a raba su da haɗuwa.
Ana aiwatar da tsarin narkewar abinci a hankali fiye da dabbobi masu shayarwa, musamman yana tasiri metabolism a lokacin samun hutu, da wahalar tauna abincin da aka ci, suna iya kiyaye wanzuwarsu na tsawon watanni tare da farauta mai yawa.
Dangane da nau’in ciyawa kuwa, suna da illa iri daya a wajen tauna, dangane da dabbobi masu shayarwa, duk da sanin cewa na karshen suna da hakora da dabbobi masu rarrafe, suna iya bi ta cikin duwatsun da ke jikinsu, wadanda ake kira gastroliths. wanda ke ba da ci gaba a cikin narkewa, wanke waɗannan a cikin ciki, sauƙaƙe rarraba kayan lambu. Wasu nau'in suna amfani da wannan tsari don nutsewa da kuma matsayin ballast (kunkuru na teku, maciji, crocodiles).
Nau'in Dabbobin Dabbobi da ke wanzuwa a duniya
Har zuwa yanzu, duk abubuwan da aka kwatanta a cikin dabbobi masu rarrafe sun kasance masu ban mamaki, da kuma bayanin aikin tsarin narkewar su da na numfashi, duk da haka, yana da muhimmanci a nuna cewa ga kowane nau'i na iya aiki daban-daban, bisa ga alkuki inda suke. ana samun su. , da abincin da yake ba su. Don wannan, yana da mahimmanci don sanin nau'ikan dabbobi masu rarrafe guda huɗu, waɗanda sune:
Kukuru (Sunan kimiyya yan iska): Su ne nau'in da za su iya rayuwa duka a cikin teku da kuma a cikin ƙasa, waɗanda ke da harsashi mai wuyar gaske, wanda aka haɗa a cikin endoskeleton kanta kuma yana kiyaye kullunsa daga duk wani hari. Suna da baki mai ƙaho a baki da wutsiya mai girman girman wutsiya, kasancewar waɗannan nau'i huɗu ne.
ma'auni kadangaru (Sunan kimiyya squamata): A cikin wannan rukuni akwai macizai da kadangaru, ba su da ƙafafu ko kuma su zama hudu, bi da bi, tare da tsayin daka wanda aka rufe da ma'auni mai kauri da kuma nau'i mai laushi, wanda ke kare su daga shiga rana kuma yana taimaka musu suyi kama.
Alligators da crocodiles (Sunan kimiyya kada): Su dabbobi ne waɗanda suke samun abincinsu a cikin ruwa, amma suna zaune a ƙasa. Ana la'akari da su a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin namun daji da ake firgita da su a cikin nahiyoyin Amurka da na Afirka, a wani ɓangare saboda manyan muƙamuƙinsu masu haƙora da gaɓoɓin tsoka.
taurara (Sunan kimiyya rhynchocephalia): Sun dace da tsarin burbushin halittu tare da rayuwa wanda, a halin yanzu, suna da takamaiman rukuni, wanda ake kira. Sphenodon, waɗanda nau'ikan asali ne guda uku na Oceania, daidai daga New Zealand. Su dabbobi masu rarrafe ne tsayin su kusan santimita saba'in, kasancewar kusancin dangi ne ga dinosaur, daga mahangar juyin halitta.
Ta yaya dabbobi masu rarrafe ke haifuwa?
Hanyar da dabbobi masu rarrafe ke haifuwa ita ce ta jima'i, wanda ke nufin cewa dole ne a sami hadi na namiji a ciki ga mace ta hanyar kwafi, ta hanyar da takin yana faruwa ta hanyar gametes.
Sakamakon haka, macen tana yin ƙwayayenta, galibi a cikin wata gida da take kulawa sosai, ko kuma, tana iya ɓoyewa daga mafarauta a bakin teku. Ta wannan hanyar, ana haifar da zuriya, kama da iyayensu, amma ƙananan.
Tsarin numfashi mai rarrafe
Kogon huhu na dabbobi masu rarrafe suna da spongy kuma suna da ƙarin sarari don yaɗa iskar gas kyauta, sabanin amphibians. An bayyana cewa babban sashi na dabbobi masu rarrafe ba sa iya gudana tsakanin iskar gas ta cikin fata, kamar yadda amphibians masu danshi fata ke iya yi. Yawancin nau'ikan dabbobi masu rarrafe suna da tsokoki a kusa da hakarkarinsu, suna ba da damar haɓaka sararin ƙirji don shakarwa. Idan hakan bai faru ba, tsarin gaba ɗaya zai rushe a lokacin fitar numfashi.
Dangane da haka, an san cewa nau'ikan kada daban-daban suma suna da folds a fatar jikinsu, wanda ke ware baki da gabobin hanci, wanda hakan ke ba da damar numfashi matukar bakinsa ya bude. A cikin 'yanci na iskar gas ɗin su tare da muhalli, waɗannan nau'ikan suna da huhu mafi kyau biyu, kodayake ya zama wanda macizai ke da shi kawai.;
Tsarin jini mai rarrafe
Waɗannan nau'ikan suna da tsarin zagayawa mai ƙarfi na aiki biyu ko kuma ana kiran su da'ira biyu. An bayyana cewa daya daga cikin bututun na jigilar jini da kuma daukar jini daga kogon huhu, yayin da daya kuma yana jigilar jini da adanawa daga ko'ina cikin jiki. Zuciyar wannan nau'in tana da atria guda biyu da ventricles ɗaya ko biyu, kodayake yawancinsu suna da ventricle ɗaya.
Wannan tsarin yana keɓance jinin da ke ɗauke da iskar oxygen daga jinin da ba shi da iskar oxygen yayin da zuciya ke fitar da shi. Alligators da crocodiles suna da mafi ci gaba da ingantaccen zukata a cikin rukunin dabbobi masu rarrafe, a yau, bisa ga gaskiyar cewa sun ƙunshi atria biyu da ventricles biyu, tsarin da dabbobi masu shayarwa da tsuntsaye ma suke da su.
tsarin excretory na dabbobi masu rarrafe
Fitsari yana samo asali ne a cikin koda, kodayake a wasu lokuta na dabbobi masu rarrafe, ana jigilar wannan ruwan ta ducts da ke zuwa kai tsaye zuwa mashin ruwa, kamar na amphibians. A bayyane yake cewa mafitsara na fitsari yana tara fitsari kafin a fitar da shi ta cikin cloaca. Wannan fitar da dabbobi masu rarrafe na da ammonia ko uric acid, kasancewar wadanda ke rayuwa a cikin ruwa, wadanda suke ajiye shararsu, ana daukarsu mai guba da cutarwa, kasancewar al’amarin crocodiles da alligators.
Wadannan dabbobin da aka ambata suna shan ruwa mai yawa, kuma hakan yana rage ammonia da ke cikin fitsari, yana ba da damar fitar da shi cikin sauki. A gefe guda kuma, nau'ikan dabbobi masu rarrafe, fiye da waɗanda ke zaune a ƙasa, ba sa ajiye ammonia kai tsaye, a maimakon haka, su canza ta zuwa wani fili mai suna uric acid. Wannan ya zama yana da ƙarancin ƙarancin ƙwayar cuta fiye da mahaɗin da ya gabata, wanda ke da amfani a gare su saboda ba shi da wahala a tsarma.
Zafin jiki
Ƙimar da suke da ita don daidaita yanayin zafin jikinsu na ciki yana wakiltar babban fa'ida ga dabbobi a cikin motsi, musamman yana nufin dabbobi masu rarrafe ectothermic. Wadannan halittu suna amfani da damar halayensu don samun iko akan yanayin jikinsu. Idan abin da suke nema shi ne don samun ɗumi, sukan yi ta kwana da yawa suna fallasa kansu ga rana, duk da haka, idan suna son dumama, sai su ƙaura zuwa wuraren da akwai inuwa, suna fakewa a cikin ramuka ko yin iyo.
Muna kuma gayyatar ku don duba labarai masu ban sha'awa:
- Dabbobin gida
- Dabbobin daji
- Dabbobi masu ci