I-pantheon yamaMaya ibonisa kakhulu izithixo eziye zanqulwa kwiindawo ezininzi zaseMesoamerica. Kodwa ayizizo zonke izixeko zamaMaya ezazinqula oothixo abafanayo, kungekhona ngegama elinye ubuncinane, kodwa ngomfuziselo ofanayo, oko kunjalo. yum kimil uthixo wokufa kunye nomlingisi ophambili weli nqaku Yazi!
Ngubani uYum Kimil?
U-Yum Kimil, owaziwa ngokuba ngu-Ah-Puch, unguthixo wokufa, ukungabikho kokukhanya, isiphithiphithi, kunye nentlekele, kodwa unxulumene nokuzalwa ngokutsha, ukuzalwa kwabantwana kunye neziqalo.
Ngokutsho kwe-Quiche Maya, walawula iMictlan okanye i-Xibalba, ngelixa i-Yucatec Maya imbonisa njengenye yeenkosi ezininzi ze-Xibalba. Inyaniso kukuba yayibambe indawo ebalulekileyo kwindawo yoloyiko, i-underworld.
Lo thixo unxulunyaniswa noCizen, Yom Cimil / Yum Cimil, nangona xa wayebizwa ngokuba yiCizen, kuyacaca ukuba wayecingelwa ngendlela emnyama kakhulu kunesiqhelo.
UYum Kimil lelinye lamagama amaninzi anxulunyaniswa nenkosi yokufa kwinkolo yamandulo yamaMaya, kodwa ngokumangalisayo yayinxulumene nokuzala kunye neziqalo, kungekuphela nje ngentlekele nobumnyama.
Igama kunye ne-etymology
La ngamanye amagama atyunjwa ngawo lo thixo we-Mayan pantheon, owaziwa kakhulu kwaye woyikwa kwezinye iinkalo ngaba bantu bamandulo:
- oh phuh
- Hun Ahau
- hunhau
- hunahau
- Yum Cimil, iNkosi yokufa.
- kum wena
- Cizin okanye Kisin
- Igama elithi Ah Pukuh lisetyenziswa ngokubanzi nakwiChiapas.
Kutheni uthixo uYum Kiml efumana amagama ahlukileyo?
Izixeko zamaMaya zazikhe zahlala kummandla ngoku obizwa ngokuba yiYucatan, iQuintana Roo, iCampeche, iTabasco, neChiapas eMexico nakumazantsi ukutyhubela iGuatemala, iBelize, iEl Salvador neHonduras.
Asingabo bonke oothixo ababenqulwa kuzo zonke izixeko zamaMaya ezinegama elifanayo, nangona kunjalo, ngokuqhelekileyo babenentsingiselo efanayo okanye imifuziselo efanayo, oko kukuthi, uhlobo lothixo noko kwakumelwa nguloo thixo ebantwini. yaziwa jikelele okanye ubuncinci kuwo wonke ummandla.
Umzekelo wale nto unokubonwa kumagama ahlukeneyo amaMaya ayebiza ngokuba yi-underworld, umzekelo, i-Quiche Maya yasezantsi ebizwa ngokuba yi-underworld Mitnal ngelixa i-Yucatec Maya yasenyakatho ibhekisela kwindawo efanayo ne-Xibalba.
Nangona amagama ayengafani, iimpawu zeli lizwe limnyama lokufa nezoyikeko ekwakudla ngokufuneka imiphefumlo inqumle kuzo emva kokufa, zazifana.
Omnye umzekelo yintsomi yokudala, kumaQuiche, kwakukho oothixo abalishumi elinesithathu ababebandakanyeka ekudaleni abantu ngombona, ngelixa eYucatecan kwakukho ababini kuphela.
Nangona kunjalo, ukuziphatha kunye nomyalezo weentsomi ziyafana, izithixo zazabalaza ukudala abantu kanye njengokuba abantu bezabalazela ukuphumeza indalo yabo baze baphile. Kwakhona, obo bomi buvela kumhlaba wethu, kule meko ngendlela yombona, ukutya okusisiseko kunye nokungcwele koluntu lwaseMeya, ngoko ke, indalo, equlethwe emhlabeni, kufuneka ihlonishwe kwaye ihlonishwe.
Oothixo bathatha inxaxheba kuzo zonke iinkalo zobomi bamaMayans kwaye bafuna ukukholisa, ukukholisa nokubahlonela ngaphezu kwazo zonke izinto. Babesisazulu sentlalo yabo nobomi babo.
Bazama ukubaxelisa nokubanqula, njengoko izithixo ezininzi zazimelwa ngokuphambana kwamehlo, oomama babexhoma intsimbi ebunzini labantwana babo ukuze amehlo abo anqamleze okanye abophe iintloko zabantwana abangamakhwenkwe, ukuze bande bazame ukulonakalisa ngokwandisa ibunzi njengokulinganisa. yeminye yale manani.
Iimpahla ezazinxitywa zizihandiba, ingakumbi ezo zomlawuli wesixeko, zazifana nesinxibo sezithixo. Indlela isixeko esasicwangciswe ngayo kunye nokuchaneka kokwakhiwa kweetempile ezisembindini kwakuvela kwingcaciso yendlela yoothixo.
Kwakukho izithixo ezingaphezu kwama-250 kwizithixo zaseMaya, kodwa ngenxa yokutshiswa okukhulu kweencwadi zabo nguBhishophu u-Diego de Landa ngo-1562, ulwazi oluninzi malunga nenkcubeko yamaMaya, kodwa ngakumbi malunga neqela labo, lalahleka ngonaphakade.
Umbhalo wenkolo wamaQuiche wamaMaya, iPopol Vuh, unika uluhlu lwamagama oothixo ababesaziwa ngamaYucatec Maya ngamanye amagama. Abanye oothixo bahlala bengaziwa, ngelixa ukuvela kwabanye kungacacanga okanye kuye kwadityaniswa nabanye oothixo okanye iimbono zobuKristu.
Inyaniso kukuba kwinkcubeko yamaMaya oothixo babelawula yonke into, baphatha ixesha, isivuno, babonisa isibini, bahamba nokuzalwa ngalunye kwaye ngaphezu kwakho konke babekho ekufeni.
Abazange babe negama elifanayo ngenxa yokuba ubukhosi baseMayan babubanzi kwaye bahlulwe baba yizixeko kwaye ngamnye unokubizwa kwaye amelwe ngokwahlukileyo. Abanye oothixo babenxulumene namaziko athile aseMeya ngokukodwa okanye kubukhosi obulawula isixeko ngelo xesha.
Kwimeko kaYum Kimil, wayesaziwa njengoKitzin okanye uAh Puch, ngesiQuechua wayesaziwa njengoCimi noCizin. Abaphengululi namhlanje bambiza ngokuba nguThixo uA.
Iimpawu, i-iconography kunye nobugcisa
Imizobo yamaMaya kaYum Kimil okanye u-Ah Puch yayinomfanekiso wamathambo owawunembambo ezivelela phezulu kwaye intloko yayo iluphawu lokakayi lokufa, ikwabonisa nentsimbi yomqala yamehlo, umzobo odumbileyo ogqunywe ngamachokoza amnyama abonisa imeko ephucukileyo yokubola. . .
Lo mfanekiso wawudla ngokunxulunyaniswa nezikhova, ngoko wawuchazwa njengomfanekiso wamathambo anentloko yesikhova kunye nokuhomba kwaso kwegolide okanye iintsimbi zobhedu ezisoloko ziboniswa azinakuhoywa. Ukulingana kwakhe kwe-Aztec kwaziwa ngokuba yiMictlantecuhtli kwaye bobabini basebenzisa iintsimbi rhoqo.
Xa eboniswa njengoCizin, wayekwimo yamathambo omntu odanisayo etshaya icuba kwaye enxibe intsimbi yomqala eyoyikekayo yamehlo omntu ajingayo kwimithambo-luvo yakhe.
Wayebizwa ngokuba ngu "Stinky" ngenxa yokuba ingcambu yegama lakhe lithetha ukuthuthumela okanye ukuvumba, yiyo loo nto bemgqala njengevumba elimnandi. umhlaba ophantsi kwentuthumbo.
Kweminye imiboniso uChap, uthixo wemvula, waboniswa etyala imithi kwaye kwelinye icala uCizin eyincothula. Ukongezelela, kukho imifuziselo apho abonwa enothixo wemfazwe kwimiboniso yamadini ngabantu.
Imimandla yeYum kimil ngokwezalathisi ezishiywe ngamaMayans zezi: ukufa, umhlaba ongaphantsi komhlaba, isiphithiphithi kunye nentlekele, ubumnyama kunye nokungabikho kokukhanya ngokupheleleyo, ngaphezu kokubeleka kunye nokuqala.
Imbali kunye nemvelaphi ye-Ah Puch
Imvelaphi yalo thixo wokufa ayaziwa, akwaziwa apho ivela khona, ukuba yayisoloko iyinkosi yabafileyo kwaye ukuba iyinzala yothixo othile, njengoko kubonisiwe ngasentla, ulwazi oluninzi kwinkcubeko yamaMaya. yatshatyalaliswa ngabameli benkolo ngexesha lokoyisa kunye nekoloniyali yaseMelika.
U-Yum Kimil okanye u-Ah Puch walawula iMitnal, inqanaba eliphantsi le-Mayan ephantsi komhlaba, njengenkosi kunye nomlawuli wokufa, umzobo wakhe uhlala unxulumene noothixo bemfazwe, izifo kunye nombingelelo, ababesoloko besebenzisana naye.
Omabini ama-Aztec namaMeya anxulumanisa ukufa neejaguar, izinja kunye nezikhova, ngoko ke lo thixo wawudla ngokukhatshwa sesinye sezi zilwanyana. Okumangalisayo kukuba, nangona engumntu onxulunyaniswa nokuzala nokuzalwa, uchazwa njengochasene noothixo benzala.
Ubudlelwane kunye nobudlelwane bukaYum Kimil
Akukho nzala eyaziwayo ngaye, nangona kunjalo, ungumyeni wesithixokazi u-Ixtab okanye u-Xtabay kwaye ubhalwe njengembangi engunaphakade ye-Itzamná. Kangangokuba bobabini bangoothixo kuphela abanee-hieroglyphs zegama labo.
Kwimeko kaYum Kimil eyokuqala yintloko yesidumbu evale amehlo, eyesibini yintloko kathixo enempumlo etyumkileyo, imihlathi engenalusu kunye nemela yelitye lenyengane esetyenziselwa ukwenza imibingelelo, le yona isebenza njengesiqalo. .
intsomi kunye neentsomi
Kuninzi okungaziwayo malunga nentsomi kaYum Kimil, nangona egqalwa njengoyena thixo wakudala kwiPantheon yamaMaya kwaye uvela izihlandlo ezingaphezu kwamashumi asibhozo kwimibhalo-ngqangi emithathu yamandulo.
Nangona kunjalo, ukhankanywe kuphela njengomlawuli waseNyakatho kwiNcwadi kaKilam uBhalam waseChumayeli. Ngethuba ePopol Vuh ungu-Ahal Puh kwaye uthathwa njengomnye wabancedisi be-Xibalba kunye nabalingane.
AmaMaya kunye nokufa
Kwinkcubeko yamaMaya, zombini ubomi nokufa zizigaba okanye iinxalenye zomjikelo ogcina ulungelelwaniso kunye nemvisiswano emhlabeni naphakathi kwamandla ayinxalenye yawo, kufana nokukhanya nobumnyama, amanzi kunye nomlilo.
Ukufa kule meko kwakuyinkalo yokubaluleka okukhulu kwingcamango yeMayan, kwakucingwa ngokubanzi ukuba ingaba yimveliso yesohlwayo sikaThixo, kuba oothixo baye baphazamiseka ngandlela-thile.
Xa umntu esifa, umzimba uyayeka ukusebenza kwaye umoya uyahlukana, xa uphuma kuwo umphefumlo kufuneka uqale uhambo olutsha. Umoya uya kwihlabathi elahluke kakhulu kwelo ubukulo ebomini, indlela enqumla kwelabafileyo. Ukwahlulwe ngokwamanqanaba alithoba ehlayo ngalinye linenkosi enoxanduva lokubeka iliso:
- Inqanaba lokuqala: CHICONAHUAPAN.
- Inqanaba lesibini: TEPECTLI MONAMICTLAN.
- Inqanaba lesithathu: IZTEPETL.
- Inqanaba lesine: ITZEHECAYAN.
- Inqanaba lesihlanu: PANIECATACOYAN.
- Inqanaba lesithandathu: TIMIMINALOAYAN.
- Inqanaba lesixhenxe: TEOCOYOHUEHUALOYAN.
- Inqanaba lesibhozo: IZMICTLAN APOCHCALOLCA
- Inqanaba lesithoba: CHICUNAMICTLAN.
https://youtu.be/EngSvY_hbqE
Eyokugqibela nenzulu yaziwa njengendawo apho uYum Kimil okanye u-Ah Puch ahlala khona, uthixo wabafileyo, obhityileyo. Amabali aseMeya abonisa ukuba umhlaba ongaphantsi komhlaba unokufikelelwa ngokungena ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo emhlabeni. Kuthiwa eyona nto yayibaluleke kakhulu yayiyimiqolomba kunye ne-cenotes, imingxuma yendalo kunye nemiqolomba ehlala inzulu kwaye ihlala idibene nendawo yokuhlala yezidalwa ezahlukeneyo ezingaqondakaliyo.
Kuthathwa uhambo olunzima kakhulu nolubuhlungu, amaMayans, xa engcwaba umzimba wabathandekayo babo, abeka iminikelo yokutya kwaye kwezinye iimeko izilwanyana ezikhokela uhambo lwabo. Xa umfi wayevela kwizihandiba, kwakunikelwa ngezicaka namabhinqa athile ukuze abekho kuye ebudeni bohambo.
Yayinjani imingcwabo yamaMaya? ungasweli kutya. Bazingcwabela ezindlwini zabo okanye emva komhlana wabo, beyiphosa engcwabeni izithixo zabo; kwaye ukuba wayengumbingeleli, ezinye zeencwadi zakhe. (uLanda, 1566).
Xa umphefumlo womfi ufikelela kwinqanaba lokugqibela, elaliyindawo yawo yokugqibela kwihlabathi labafileyo kwaye woyisa yonke imiqobo, umphefumlo wawukhululekile waza waba ngukhokho owawukhusela kwaye uthethelela abo babathandayo ababesaphila kwaye emva koko kweyakhe. ndityhutyha ilizwe labafileyo.
Wayenqulwa njani uYum Kimil?
AmaMeya ayesaba ukufa, ngakumbi kunezinye iinkcubeko ezasasazeka kulo lonke elaseMesoamerica, ngoko ke umfanekiso wenkosi yokufa wawuthathwa njengomzingeli ongenantliziyo oye wakhwela izindlu zabantu abonzakele okanye abagulayo.
Xa amaMayans elahlekelwe ngumntu amthandayo, azinikela kwixesha lokuzila nelokuzila elalingqongqo, lide lagqithisa. Kwakukholelwa ukuba ukukhala okukhulu, uYum Kimil okhawulezayo uya ku-Xibalba ngenxa yokwesaba kwaye angathathi nabani na kunye naye.
Ukuba eli nqaku belinomdla kuwe, ungalibazisi ukudibana namanye amakhonkco kwibhlog yethu: