Amagama athi "imephu ebonakalayo" avela kwigama lesiLatini mappa kwaye ubhekisele ku-a ukumelwa kwendawo. Imephu ebonakalayo inokuvela ephepheni ikwimo yoxande okanye imilo engqukuva efana neglowubhu. Kwakhona, igama elithi ngokomzimba libhekisa kuyo nantoni na enxulumene nomzimba okanye isakhiwo.
Ukuba ufuna ukwazi ngakumbi malunga neemephu ezibonakalayo, apha siyakuxelela.
Zeziphi iimpawu zemephu ebonakalayo?
Iimephu ezibonakalayo zikunceda ukuba uphande indawo entsha ngokukunika isikhokelo kwindawo ongachazwanga kuyo. Kwakhona bonelela ngolwazi malunga neentaba, imilambo kunye namathafa endawo.
Imephu isebenzisa imibala kunye nemigca ekalisiweyo ukuya kubukhulu ukubonisa umahluko ekuphakameni, kwiilwandlekazi, nakwilizwekazi.. Isenokusetyenziswa ukumisela ubude bemigama phakathi kwamanqaku. Iinkcukacha eziqaphelekayo ezingekho kule mephu zizixeko, iindlela, iindawo zokundwendwela, kunye nolunye ulwazi olungelulo lwejografi. Endaweni yoko, le mephu igxile kwijografi kunye nejografi yelizwe.
imephu ebonakalayo idibanisa iimpawu ezibonakalayo zendawo kunye nombutho wezopolitiko wemimandla yayo. Yahlukile kwimephu yezopolitiko ebonisa imimandla eyongamileyo yabantu abahlukeneyo kummandla okanye ilizwe. Kukho kwakhona iimephu ezibonakalayo-ezopolitiko ebonisa iimpawu zombini kumzekeliso omnye. Ezi mephu zibanzi ziluncedo ekufundeni izihloko ezahlukeneyo.
Zeziphi izinto ezenza imephu ebonakalayo?
Nayiphi na imephu iqulethe izinto ezithile. Ezi ziquka indawo kunye nendawo, i-dimensionality-two-dimensionality, i-verticality, i-abstraction kunye ne-dealization, isikali kunye neereferensi. Imephu nganye yahlukile ngokusekelwe kwinani lezinto ezibandakanyiweyo kuyo. Omnye wowona mahluko ubalulekileyo phakathi kweemephu kungenxa yobukhulu bazo obuthathu. Esi siqalelo siziswa xa uluntu luhambela phambili ukuya kwinqanaba eliphezulu. Iimephu zatshintsha xa ubunxantathu bongezwa kwimpucuko kuba zimele ubunyani ngokwembono ethe nkqo, ngokungathi umhlaba ubusoloko ujongwa ukusuka phezulu. Ngaphaya koko, ezi mephu zisebenzisa iisimboli ezinqwenelekayo kunye nezingabonakaliyo ukubonisa iimpawu zomhlaba ngendlela eqhelekileyo. Bakwasebenzisa isikali esincitshisiweyo.
Iimephu ezibonakalayo zingabonisa indawo encinci njengelokishi okanye indawo enkulu njengelizwekazi. Basenokuba namanqanaba ahlukeneyo eenkcukacha.
Ukulungisa iimephu kufuna umsebenzi omninzi. Okwangoku, iimephu ezininzi zenziwe kusetyenziswa iifoto zasemoyeni nezesathelayithi., Kubizwe iifoto. Oku kuvumela ukuchaneka okukhulu kwindalo yakho. Njengoko ubuchwephesha buphucuka, ukwenza iimephu kuba lula.
Itolikwa njani imephu ebonakalayo?
Kuyimfuneko ukutolika ngokuchanekileyo imibala isikhokelo esinokukunceda uqonde imephu, ngoko ke ilivo lenziwa. Ilivo yibhokisi equlethe ulwazi malunga nentsingiselo yombala ngamnye. Okulandelayo siza kukunika uqhelaniso oluncinci malunga nemibala esetyenziswa kwiimephu ezibonakalayo:
- Imibala mnyama ngakumbi bonisa ukuphakama okuphezulungelixa imibala icace ngakumbi bonisa iindawo ezisezantsi. Oku kungenxa yokuba ukuqonda imephu ngokuqhelekileyo kufuna ukuqaphela ukucaca kwemibala.
- Imibala luhlaza, tyheli namdaka zimele isiqabu. Le mibala imele unxweme, iindawo ezimdaka embindini, kunye neendawo ezimthubi embindini.
- Imibala luhlaza zenzelwe imizimba yamanzi. Ubunzulu bomzimba wamanzi obumelwe yi-blues emnyama kakhulu, njengakwimeko yamachibi kunye nolwandle, kwii-lagoons, i-marshes kunye nemilambo ehamba kancinci, i-blue lighter isetyenziswa. Ukucaca ngakumbi kumfanekiso kuthetha iindawo ezinzulu zomfanekiso.
Kutheni kusetyenziswa imibala?
Iimephu ezibonakalayo zenziwa ukulinganisa kunye nokuhlonipha iimpawu zemetric, ezithi inceda abasebenzisi ukubala ngokulula imiphezulu kunye nemigama. Ngumzobi wemephu, ingcali kwimfundo ye-cartography, onoxanduva lokudala imephu. Kule mephu amagama ezona zixeko ezibalulekileyo nazo zirekhodwa, kodwa imida yazo ayichazwanga ngokucacileyo (ngenxa yale nto, kuyimfuneko ukujonga iimephu zezopolitiko).
Ukwahlula iimpawu zomhlaba, imibala isetyenziswa kwimephu ebonakalayo., eyona icacileyo yinto ethe tyaba okanye enobunzulu obuncinane, yaye eyona iphakamileyo nenzulu inombala ogqame ngakumbi. Ngaloo ndlela, imilambo namachibi anombala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, kwaye okukhona amanzi enzulu, kokukhona kuba mnyama imivumbo emele wona. Kwimeko yokukhululwa kweentaba kunye neenduli, imelwe ngomdaka kunye nobomvu, kunye namathafa, aluhlaza.
Zitshintshe njani iimephu kuyo yonke imbali?
Imephu yokuqala eyenziwe ngumntu yadalwa sisithandi sobulumko esingumGrike uAnaximander ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX BC. C., apho yayibonisa intaphane yomhlaba ejikelezwe bubunzima bolwandle. Kamva umzobo wacokiswa kwaye ubunzima baba luLwandle lweMeditera, uLwandle oluMnyama kunye nemilambo yeNayile.IYurophu, iLibya kunye ne-Asiya zahlulwa ngumlambo i-Phasis.
Ngowe-1570 CE, kwapapashwa imaphu yokuqala yehlabathi epheleleyo. Nangona kunjalo, ukuqonda okukhulu kwezibalo kunye ne-physics kwi-XNUMXth ukuya kwi-XNUMXth inkulungwane kwavumela imilinganiselo echanekileyo. Ezi ziquka izibanzi, iilongitudi, iimeridians, neemephu ngokubanzi.
Iimephu ezibonakalayo zenziwa zaphelelwa kukusetyenziswa kweesextants neetelescopes ngenkulungwane yama-XNUMX.
Iimephu ezibandakanya imifanekiso kunye nolungelelwaniso lweGPS oluthatyathwe kwisithembiso sendawo imbono echaneke ngokugqithisileyo yobume bomhlaba. Ziphuhliswa kwiinkqubo ze-georeference, ezifana ne-QGIS, i-ARCGIS, phakathi kwabanye. Ezi mephu zihlaziywa rhoqo zivumela abadwebi bemephu ukuba benze iitshathi ezirekhoda lonke utshintsho olufihlakeleyo kwijografi yoMhlaba.
Njengenyaniso enomdla, kungekuphela nje kwi-cartography kunye nejografi kulapho igama elithi imephu ebonakalayo lisetyenziswa khona. Kodwa nakwiBiology, ngokukodwa kwisebe le Imfuza Igama elithi imephu ebonakalayo likwasetyenziselwa ukubhekisa kuyo imizila yemfuza kunye neempawu zofuzo ezenza iichromosomes. Siyathemba ukuba olu lwazi lube luncedo kuwe ekuqondeni iimephu ezibonakalayo.