Kwinqanaba lenkolo yamaKatolika, omnye wemifuziselo yayo yiNtombi Enyulu uMariya, uthixo ekuhlawulwa kuye imbeko kwiindawo ezininzi emhlabeni. Eli nqaku siliveza ngezantsi limalunga neVirgen de la Paz, ingcwele engumxhasi wokomoya weSifunda saseTrujillo eVenezuela.
Iingqwalasela ngokubanzi
Ukuba kukho isiganeko sehlabathi esifanelwe ukuhlawula irhafu, ngokucacileyo akufanele kube yimbi ngaphandle komnqweno, kodwa kunye noxolo lwehlabathi. Oku kutsalwa ngokulula, ukuba ujonga inani leengxabano ezichaphazela iplanethi, kwaye ukugweba ngeenyani akukho sisombululo kwixesha eliphakathi okanye elide, kuncinci ukulindela isisombululo esikhawulezayo okanye esikhawulezileyo. Ukuba unomdla kwesi sihloko, sincoma ukuba ufunde inqaku elilandelayo: Isimboli soxolo
Isikhumbuzo seVirgen de la Paz esakhiwe eVenezuela sigalelo elihle, isenzo esibalulekileyo esenziwa ngabantu besi sizwe saseMzantsi Melika njengegalelo lokutsalela ingqalelo kungekuphela nje kummandla wengingqi, kodwa nakwihlabathi lonke, imfuneko yokulwela ukufikelela uxolo lokwenene, oluzinzileyo noluyimfuneko.
Imbali yeNtombi yoXolo
IRiphabhlikhi yaseBolivarian yaseVenezuela ngumhlaba ochume kakhulu, xa kufikwa ekuveliseni amabali, i-anecdotes, iinkolo, amabali anxulumene nembali yawo njengesizwe nanjengabantu, abahlanganise ilizwe labo elikhuselweyo kwisenzo somzabalazo wokukhululwa kwayo. Kulo mba, abalinganiswa, iziganeko okanye iinyani ezilula zivela malunga nembali yayo, apho ukuqonda okudibeneyo okudumileyo kuye kwalawula ukuyila, ngendlela yokudala kakhulu, ukucinga.
Esi senzo sendalo edibeneyo sibonakaliswa: ngamabali, iimbali, amagqabantshintshi eefolkloric, uninzi lwazo zithwele ukucinga komlingo, kodwa ezinye, zisekwe kwizibakala eziqinisekisiweyo zembali. Ilizwe ngalinye okanye ummandla ngamnye, owenza ulwakhiwo lolawulo lwezopolitiko lwaseVenezuela, unerekhodi, ilifa lenkcubeko ebanzi kakhulu.
Ngokubhekiselele ngokuthe ngqo kwimeko yaseTrujillo, ifumaneka kwinxalenye esentshona yelizwe, ebonakaliswa yimveliso yekofu yezolimo, kuthiwa, kuthiwa lilizwe "lamadoda alumkileyo kunye nabangcwele"; Le mbekiselo yenziwa, ekubeni kweso sizwe kuye kwazalwa abantu ababalaseleyo becandelo lonqulo nenzululwazi, abaphakamisa igama lenkcubeko yabantu bakaTrujillo; injalo imeko kaGqr. José Gregorio Hernández.
Lo gqirha ubalaseleyo waseVenezuela kunye nesazinzulu uthathwa njengomphathi wenkonzo yonqulo edumileyo, eyona nto ibalulekileyo kweli lizwe ukusukela, ukongeza ekuboniseni igalelo elimangalisayo kwisayensi yezonyango yaseVenezuela, izakhono zakhe njengomphilisi ongcwele zamkelwa ngokubanzi kulo lonke ilizwe nakwamanye amazwe. inqanaba..
Ubabalo lukaThixo, olubonakaliswa ngesipho sokuphilisa, luchazwa nguGqr José Gregorio Hernández.Kukho intaphane yobungqina bezenzo ezimangalisayo zalo gqirha ukwabizwa ngokuba “nguGqirha wamahlwempu”. Le yindlela eyaziwa ngayo.
Sithetha nje iCawa yamaKatolika iyabuqonda ubungcwele bakhe, imnika iwonga lokubekeka yaye kuthiwa ukubethwa kwakhe ngokupheleleyo ngumbandela wenkqubo yolawulo. Omnye umqondiso welizwe likaTrujillo, ogcwalisa igama lakhe ngokuzingca, ngusosayensi uRafael Rangel, inzalelwane ye-capital-capital state, lo mlinganiswa uqatshelwa ngegalelo lakhe elikhulu kwizifundo zezifo ezitshatyalaliswayo, ngaphezu kokuqwalaselwa njengesiqhelo. uyise weParasitology kunye neBioanalysis eVenezuela.
Iziko laseVenezuela, lolona phando luphezulu kwicandelo lophando kwizifo zebhaktiriya kunye nentsholongwane, linegama likaRafael Rangel, njengembeko kwindoda ebalaseleyo yesayensi. Kodwa ke, ilizwe laseTrujillo lilizwe apho kunqulwa khona iNtombi Enyulu Yoxolo.
Ngokuphathelele oku, kuthiwa ukunqulwa kweli binzana lonqulo, elimela unina kaThixo, kwazalelwa eSpeyin, malunga nenkulungwane yesixhenxe yeXesha Eliqhelekileyo. C., apho ubhishophu omkhulu waseToledo, wathiywa khona Ildefonso, wayengumnquli onomsindo weNtombi Enyulu uMariya, unina kaThixo, bathi ngenye imini ebudeni benyanga kaDisemba, wangena kwicawa yaseSanta María kwisixeko esibhekisela kuso waza waphawula ukuba kwakukho ingcaciso engaqhelekanga .
Ejongene noluvo olunjalo, uBhishophu Omkhulu Ildefonso, ingqina ukuba ukukhanya kwakuphuma kumfanekiso weNtombi Enyulu uMariya, ehleli kwindawo yakhe kwindlu yecawa. Unqulo lwalusigqala isibakala njengommangaliso nokomelezwa kwentlonelo yakhe kuMama Ongcwele kaThixo, yaye wazinikezela ngokucwangcisiweyo ekusasazeni amava njengobabalo lwale nto.
Esinye isiganeko esiphawula ukuhlonelwa kweNtombi Enyulu Yoxolo senzeka kwixesha lembali yaseSpeyin, apho eli lizwe lalilawulwa ngamaSilamsi, awayefuna ukuguqula icawa yaseSanta María de Toledo ibe yitempile yamaSilamsi. Wahamba ke wenza umkhosi omkhulu, onamandla, wawungqinga umzi; Eli phulo lomkhosi lathabatha malunga nonyaka.
Kodwa ngaphandle kwesizathu, okanye ubuncinane besaziwa, barhoxa, bezishiya iinjongo zabo, nangona babeyithathile itempile, bayibuyisela kwicandelo lamaKristu. Yonke le nto yenzeke kwangalamini kayise Ildefonso iyakuqonda ukubonakala kweNtombi Enyulu, nge-24 kaJanuwari. Le meko ithathwe njengokufezekiswa kwesenzo esingummangaliso esenziwe yiNtombi yoXolo.
EVenezuela, indawo apho kwakhiwa khona isikhumbuzo seVirgen de la Paz, ukuhlonelwa kwakhe kweza nenkqubo yokoyisa kunye nekoloniyali, apho ummandla namhlanje unegama laseMelika. Kuloo mmandla weTrujillo apho eli litye lesikhumbuzo lalikhona, yayiyindawo yohlanga lwamaEscuque. Aba bantu bomthonyama baseMerika, ababeyinzala yamaChibcha, iqela lomthonyama elalihlala kumbindi welizwekazi, apho iKholombiya ikhoyo namhlanje, lahlala kwintshona yeVenezuela.
Kulo mmandla kuthethwa ngawo, kwakukho uvukelo lwabemi bomthonyama ngokuchasene nabahlaseli baseSpain, abaqhankqalazi bovukelo babeyinzala yeCuicas okanye iTimoto-cuicas, aba bantu banikwa ukuqhelana, kunye neChibchas yaseColombia, kakuhle, imvukelo yoyiswa yi. abanqobi, amakholoni, kwaye banyanzelise lonke ilifa lenkcubeko abalizisa eYurophu, ngokukodwa eSpeyin, kuquka nenkolo yeNtombi yoXolo.
Ngoko sinokuvakalisa ukuba kwakususela ngowe-1500, xa kwaphawulwa ukuqalisa kokuhlonelwa kweNtombi Enyulu yoXolo, ekubeni, ngowe-1600, kwinkulungwane kamva, kwakhiwa icawa kaSeñor Santiago de Nuestra Señora de la Paz, itempile eyathi yakhiwa. INtombi Enyulu yoXolo inqulwa ukususela ngelo xesha kude kube namhlanje.
Igalelo lezenkolo lenkcubeko elaqanjwa ukusuka ngelo xesha kwinkulungwane ye-XNUMX, malunga nokumelwa kweNtombi Enyulu uMariya, kubalulekile ukuba ligxininiswe ekubeni waba ngumxhasi wokomoya kaTrujillo. Ukuba le nyaniso igxininiswe ngeendlela ezininzi kwimbali ye-iconographic yelizwe.
Ngokomzekelo, ekuyilweni kweflegi yelizwe, umzimba wasezulwini unokubonwa, kwiziko layo sifumana umzobo wehobe, njengophawu lwempembelelo yeNtombikazi yoXolo kwiisimboli zakudala zombuso; Ukongeza, inkwenkwezi intywiliselwa kunxantathu oluhlaza, icala ngalinye lomzobo libonisa isiganeko esibalulekileyo sembali, kwixesha elizayo lommandla, njengale:
Udliwano-ndlebe phakathi komkhululi uSimón Bolívar kunye nenjengele yaseSpeyin uPablo Morillo, kwidolophu yaseSanta Ana, olwaphawula ukumiswa kwemfazwe kwimfazwe yenkululeko ngowe-1820; ukwakhiwa kwecawa apho iVirgen de la Paz ihlonelwa khona ngenkulungwane ye-1983, apho impembelelo yeVirgen de la Paz iphinda ibonakale; kunye nokwakhiwa kwelitye lesikhumbuzo leVirgen de la Paz ngowe-XNUMX, into leyo eyenza imbali kuphuhliso lwenkcubeko nonqulo lwelizwe laseTrujillo, xa kujongwa ukubaluleka kwalo kwisizwe nakwizizwe ngezizwe.
Ngoko ke, akukho mathandabuzo ngomphumo ophawulekayo oye wabangelwa yinzondelelo ngeLa Virgen de la Paz kubantu baseTrujillo.
Intsomi
Amabali aqokelelweyo asixelela ukuba indawo apho isikhumbuzo seVirgen de la Paz sibizwa ngokuba yiPeña de la Virgen; Bathi iminyaka ye-1550 yadlula, iNtombikazi yenza ukubonakala kwayo phambi kweqela labemi bedolophu yaseCarmona, abathi yena, kunye nomfanekiso oselula kunye nokhuthele kakhulu, wangena edolophini waza watyelela ivenkile kunye nombono Emva kokuthenga. amanye amakhandlela awayewasebenzisela ubuqu, abantu basekuhlaleni, bemangalisiwe bubukho bakhe, bambuza isizathu sokuba abe yedwa.
I-anecdote eyaziwayo, apha, iyaqaphela iinguqulelo ezimbini: eyokuqala ithi intombazana iphendule ngokukhawuleza, igxininise, kodwa ngokukhawuleza, ngendlela elandelayo "kungekhona yedwa, kodwa kunye noThixo, ilanga, neenkwenkwezi"; owesibini uthi, xa ubuzwa umbuzo ofanayo, impendulo yaba yile ilandelayo: “Bantwana, ningalibali ukuba ndihlala ndinoThixo, umkhuseli wam.” Baye bothuka abantu yile ntombi nempendulo yayo kangangokuba bagqiba kwelokuba bayilandele babone apho iya khona.
Ibali malunga nokuvela kweNtombikazi, libalisa ukuba umfazi waqhubeka esiya endle, kwaye walahleka phakathi kwamatye athile, babenokubona kuphela ukukhanya okuninzi, okuphuma kubo.
Xa kwakuphanda nzulu, ngemvelaphi yentombi engaqondakaliyo, akukho bani wayeyazi, kungekho namnye kubo owayenokubhekisela kuyo; ukufika kwisigqibo sokuba yayingengomntu wasemhlabeni, nokuba yayiyiNtombi Enyulu kanye, unina weNkosi yethu enziwe inyama.
Bathi indawo apho wayezimele khona yindawo edibana kuyo imilambo emithathu ebalulekileyo kwaye iNtombi Enyulu ngobukho bayo bobuthixo ithintela imisinga yamanzi ukuba ingakhuli, isenokunetha ngobuninzi, kodwa ayiphumi; abemi belali abakholelwa kwiNtombi Enyulu bayaqinisekisa ukuba oku kuyinyaniso yaye iNtombi Enyulu ikhusela abantu ngokungummangaliso kuzo zonke iintlekele zemvelo ezilolu hlobo. Siyakumema ukuba ufunde malunga ne ukucamngca ngeli lixa elingcwele.
Isikhumbuzo seNtombi yoXolo
Ngokutsho kwabanye ababhali bembali, isikhumbuzo seVirgen de la Paz yayiyingcamango eyazalwa ngummi uBetty Urdaneta de Herrera Campins, umfazi womongameli weriphabliki ngelo xesha, uLuis Herrera Campins; Yena, inzalelwane yelizwe laseTrujillo, kunye nerhuluneli yelizwe, uNksk. Dora Maldonado, bakhuthaza isiphakamiso sokwakhiwa kwesikhumbuzo seVirgen de la Paz, ngokusekelwe kwingcamango yokuba lo thixo yingcwele ekhusela uTrujillo.
Isantya abawenza ngaso umsebenzi, ekucingelwa ukuba ekwakhiweni kwesikhumbuzo seVirgen de la Paz, sathabatha iinyanga ezili-18, siyamangalisa. Isiqwenga sobugcisa sinezi mpawu zilandelayo: i-sculpture yintsimbi yentsimbi kunye noluhlu lwekhonkrithi lubekwe kuyo, lulinganisa iitoni ezingama-1200.
Kuphela intloko yesakhiwo inobunzima malunga neetoni ezi-8, inobude obuchukumisayo, i-47 yeemitha ukuphakama, i-16 yeemitha ububanzi kunye ne-18 yeemitha ezinzulu kwindawo yokuxhasa; Ngumsebenzi ongenanto, kunye nezinyuko zangaphakathi ezivumela undwendwe ukuba lungene ngaphakathi kwaye lupake kwindawo nganye yeembono ezintlanu enazo.
Indawo yayo ililungelo ekubeni yayiyilelwe ukuba yakhiwe kanye apho iNtombi Enyulu yabonakala khona; Ukongeza, yakhiwe kwi-1600 yeemitha ngaphezu komphakamo wolwandle, ifakwe kwintaba yezityalo ezishinyeneyo ezishinyeneyo, ngokwembono yayo unokubona phantse lonke ilizwe laseTrujillo, ipaki yeSierra Nevada de Mérida kunye nezinye iindawo ezisemazantsi echibi. kwilizwe laseZulia.
Ukusuka kwimbono yobugcisa, isikhumbuzo seVirgen de la Paz sinemiba emininzi yokuqwalasela; Into yokuqala ubukhulu bayo obukhulu, sisikhumbuzo seNtombi Enyulu, esithathwa njengowona mfanekiso mkhulu eLatin America, kwaye ubude ngaphezu kweSikhumbuzo seNkululeko eUnited States of North America kunye noKristu waseCorcovado eBrazil, okwenza ngaphandle koko. njengelitye lesikhumbuzo elinjongo yalo ikukunika imbeko kuxolo, lelona lide ehlabathini.
Umfanekiso wangaphandle wesikhumbuzo soXolo, awunazo iinkcukacha, ulula, ucocekile, iNtombi Enyulu igutyungelwe kuphela ngumkhwa oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, eyona nto ibalaseleyo yihobe eliyiphetheyo kwesinye sezandla zakhe, ngokutsho kolwazi olungaqinisekisiweyo , ayiqinisekiswanga, kuthiwa ikhomishini eyenziwe ngumgqugquzeli wayo, uMongameli uLuis Herrera, kumyili womsebenzi.
Lo mongameli wayefuna ukuba intsingiselo yesiqwenga esiqingqiweyo igxininiswe, eyayingekho enye ngaphandle kokuhlawula irhafu efunekayo kuXolo, kungekhona kuphela kummandla kodwa kwiplanethi yonke. Kuthiwa le nkcukacha ingumfuziselo imele inkuthazo esuka entliziyweni yesibini sikamongameli.
Isikhumbuzo seVirgen de la Paz savulwa kwihlabathi ngoDisemba 21, 1983, ngumongameli weriphabliki ngokwakhe, kunye namanani afanelekileyo avela kwiCawa yamaKatolika yaseVenezuela ebekhona kulo msitho kunye nabanye abavela kwi-Holy See.
Nangona uPapa oNgcwele John Paul II, khange akwazi ukuzimasa ukuvulwa kwelitye lesikhumbuzo leNtombi yoXolo, ekhatshwe lo msitho ngomyalezo kamabonakude owawusasazwe ngethuba kuvula umsitho.
Intetho yokuvula yanikelwa yinkcuba-buchopho yaseTrujillo uMario Briceño Perozo. Ulawulo lwesikhumbuzo kwi-Virgen de la Paz, ekuqaleni, kwizandla zenkampani yabucala, eyayiphethe ukulungelelanisa yonke imiba ejikeleze isikhumbuzo esinje: ukugcinwa, ucalucalulo lwezibonelelo eziveliswa ngumsebenzi, ukuqesha kunye nokuqesha. ukubeka iliso kwabasebenzi, nokwenza izicwangciso zokhenketho lwezenkolo.
Emva koko, ulawulo lwakhe luyadlula ukuze urhulumente athabathe iintambo, kule meko urhulumente weli lizwe laseTrujillo. Okwangoku isikhumbuzo seVirgen de la Paz, senza ipali yokutsala abakhenkethi, hayi kulo mmandla kuphela, ikwaliziko lomdla welizwe kunye nolwamazwe ngamazwe. Kuqikelelwa ukuba yindawo yesithathu enomtsalane kubakhenkethi kwilizwe laseTrujillo.
Ngaphantsi kwe-Isnotú, idolophu apho ugqirha ongcwele uJosé Gregorio Hernández wazalelwa khona kunye nomngcelele weTostós ekubethelweni kweNkosi yethu. Kuphela kwiveki enkulu isikhumbuzo seVirgen de la Paz, sifumana phakathi kwe-11.000 kunye ne-15.000 yeendwendwe.
Ngokuqinisekileyo, ukuhlonelwa kweVirgen de la Paz, kunye nesikhumbuzo sayo esingaqhelekanga, kweza ukuguqula amandla ommandla waseVenezuela ophawulwe ngokuzola kwawo, kunye nomoya wawo womsebenzi wezolimo; kodwa ngeli xesha, ikhuselwe lilitye lesikhumbuzo leVirgen de la Paz, yiwonga layo njengendawo yonqulo lwabakhenkethi, ebeka umgangatho kulo mmandla.
Kuyafaneleka ngeli nqanaba lomsebenzi kwisikhumbuzo seVirgen de la Paz, ukucacisa ukuba ukufezekiswa kwalo msebenzi omkhulu wenziwa ngaphakathi kwimeko yentlekele yelizwe, ephawulwe ngokuhla ngokukhawuleza kwamaxabiso eoli, ukufikelela kwi-Pyrrhic sum. yeedola ezintlanu ngebhekile yeoli ekrwada.
Oku kuthetha ukungalingani okukhulu kwezoqoqosho kwinqanaba lesizwe, okubangela ukuphulwa kwebhalansi eyayigcinwe iminyaka kuqoqosho lwaseVenezuela, phakathi kwemali yelizwe, iBolívar, kunye nemali yaseMntla Melika, idola.
Ukuze kugutyungelwe iimfuno zayo zokusebenza, urhulumente ngequbuliso wathoba ixabiso lemali yaseVenezuela, ukusuka kumlinganiselo we-2,50 Bs ngedola enye, ukuya kwi-14 B. imithetho yomdlalo wezoqoqosho yatshintsha mihla le elizweni. Oku kubangele ukunyathelana ngokubanzi kwenkunzi kunye nokubhengezwa kokutshona kwenani elikhulu leenkampani, ezingakwazi ukuhlawula izinto ezithengiswa kumazwe angaphandle.
Le nyaniso yezoqoqosho iyaziwa kwimbali yangoku yaseVenezuela, njengoLwesihlanu oMnyama, ukususela ngoLwesihlanu, ngoFebruwari 18, 1983, xa umlinganiselo wabhengezwa. Phakathi kwesi siphithiphithi sezoqoqosho, urhulumente wagqiba ekubeni enze umsebenzi wonqulo, isikhumbuzo seNtombi Enyulu yoXolo, wade waxabisa i-9 yezigidi zeeBolivars, abaninzi bacinga ukuba yimpazamo yezopolitiko nezoqoqosho kurhulumente ophetheyo.
KumaKristu akholwayo kunye namaziko abo onqulo, indleko yayifanelekile, inyaniso kukuba abantu baseVenezuela bahlala bekhumbula uLwesihlanu oMnyama ngo-1983 ngokukrakra, kunye nesikhumbuzo seNtombikazi yoXolo njengophawu oluzukileyo loxolo nethemba kubantu behlabathi.
Unqulo lweNtombi Enyulu
Isikhumbuzo seVirgen de la Paz, simelela umzekelo onomdla wokuseka ubudlelwane phakathi kweendawo okanye ukubonakaliswa kwenkcubeko, ekuboneni kokuqala kuya kuphikisana kwaye kungahambelani. Emva kweminyaka engama-36 yobukho besikhumbuzo seVirgen de la Paz, iziphumo zincumisa ngokupheleleyo, xa unqulo nonqulo lonqulo luxutywe nombono wobuntu wendalo; okanye inkolo nonqulo olunombono wokhenketho wale mihla nonemveliso.
Njengoko sele kutshiwo iNtombi Enyulu Yoxolo, ingcwele ekhusela abantu baseTrujillo. kungekuphela nje iinkonzo zonqulo, ezifana nezihlwele nemingcelele; Imisebenzi yenkcubeko, ye-gastronomic, yokuzonwabisa nayo iyavela; ezitsala inani elikhulu labantu, hayi kuphela amakholwa kunye abazinikele Virgin.
Abakhenkethi abanomdla kungekuphela nje kwi-nuance yezenkolo yeminyhadala bakwakho kwiminyhadala ye-patron engcwele ye-Virgen de la Paz, batsalwa kwakhona ngumbala kunye neentlobo ngeentlobo zeminikelo yenkcubeko enomtsalane eboniswa kwimibhiyozo yesikhumbuzo seNkosikazi Yethu. Uxolo eTrujillo.
Kwimeko yesikhumbuzo seVirgen de la Paz, igcwele abantu. Abanye abaya kukhupha inzondelelo yonqulo baze bazinikele emthandazweni kwiicawa ezintle ezinesikhumbuzo seVirgen de la Paz ezijikelezileyo; Abanye bavele bayonwabele imbonakalo yomhlaba kunye nembono enikezelwa ziimbono ezahlukeneyo ukuba isikhumbuzo seVirgen de la Paz sinalo. Xa kubhiyozelwa inkolo yeNtombi Enyulu yaseTrujillo, impembelelo yayo ifikelela kuzo zonke iimbombo zikarhulumente.
Emva komthendeleko wokuhlonipha i-Virgen de la Paz ekupheleni, ukuzonwabisa okwenzeka kwiVeki eNgcwele kufuneka kugxininiswe, malunga nesikhumbuzo seVirgen de la Paz, amarhamente avela kulo lonke ilizwe aya kwindawo efuna ulonwabo lokomoya, Abanye bathatha umsebenzi wokucela ubabalo olubavumela ukuba basindise imeko ethile enzima, buqu okanye usapho. Ubungakanani bemisebenzi yenkonzo elungiselelwe malunga nesikhumbuzo kwiVirgen de la Paz iyamangalisa.
Kufuneka kugxininiswe phakathi kwemisebenzi emininzi kangaka, uMatshi woXolo oqhubeka minyaka le, ngeVeki eNgcwele, iqala kwikomkhulu ledolophu iTrujillo, ishiya kwakusasa kakhulu ize iphele ngoMthendeleko, kwikomkhulu lesikhumbuzo soxolo lweNtombi Enyulu. .
Ukuba ulithandile inqaku lethu, siyakumema ukuba uphonononge izihloko ezinomdla ngakumbi kwibhlog, ezifana: Inenekazi lethu laseLourdes