El Umbongo kaGilgamesh, livela kushwankathelo olubaliswayo olulungelelaniswe phantsi kweendinyana. Inemibongo emihlanu, nganye izimeleyo exelelwa ngeempawu zesiAkkadian.
Umbongo kaGilgamesh
Iqulunqwe phantsi kwengxelo yemvelaphi yesi-Akkadian eyakhiwe ngeendinyana. Isekelwe kwiimeko awayephila kuzo uKumkani uGilgamesh. Inemibongo emihlanu ezimeleyo nganye, ethi yona ibe neempawu zesishwankathelo. Ukongeza koku, ithathwa njengowona msebenzi mdala ufunyenweyo.
Ekuqaleni kombongo kaGilgamesh, umlingiswa oyintloko uchazwa njengokumkani ongenamthetho wase-Uruk. Ngoko abantu bakhe bakhalazela indlela asabela ngayo koothixo ngenxa yokuba bediniwe ngenxa yolonwabo lwakhe olukhulu, ekubeni ebanyanzele nabafazi babantu bakhe ukuba babe kunye naye.
Emva kwezibongozo ezininzi, oothixo banquma ukuphulaphula abantu baseGilgamesh, ngoko bakha u-Enkidu, ochazwa njengendoda eneempawu zasendle, onomsebenzi wokujongana nokunyaniseka kokumkani wase-Uruk.
Into enomdla malunga nale ngxelo kukuba ngeli xesha uGilgamesh kunye no-Enkidu badibana, emva kokungena edabini, baba ngabahlobo kwaye emva koko bathatha isigqibo sokuqalisa i-adventure egcwele iingozi ezininzi.
Emva kokufa kukaEnkidu
Le adventure entsha kakumkani yamkhokelela ekubeni ahambe kwiimeko ezinobungozi. Wada wakwazi ukudibana no-Utnapishtim nomfazi wakhe ababengabo kuphela abasindayo kuNogumbe, owabazisela ukungafi okwakunqwenelwa nguGilgamesh njengomvuzo.
Nangona ubugorha bakhe ekwenzeni olu hambo uGilgamesh uyasilela ekufumaneni oko ebekufuna. Okukhokelela ekubeni abuyele e-Uruk, enengcamango yokuba ukungafi koothixo kuphela kunye nabanqwenela ukunika.
[su_box title=“Ngubani uGilgamesh?” irediyo=”6″][su_youtube url=”https://youtu.be/DP5hvEkWFk4″][/su_box]
Umbongo kaGilgamesh ugxile kwinqanaba leemvakalelo kwintlungu eviwa ngumlinganiswa ophambili ekuphulukaneni nomhlobo wakhe omkhulu. Kwelinye icala, uMbongo kaGilgamesh yincwadi yokuqala yoncwadi ethetha ngokufa komntu nokungafi koothixo. Ukongeza koku, inembekiselo ebalulekileyo kumkhukula wendalo iphela.
Ukuqamba kunye nendalo yombongo
Ekuqaleni kokufunyanwa kwayo, imbongo kaGilgamesh yayibizwa ngokuba "Lowo wabona ubunzulu" kwaye yaziwa nangokuthi "Ngaphezu kwabo bonke abanye ookumkani".
[su_note] Kubalulekile ukukhankanya ukuba inkondlo kaGilgamesh yabhalwa kwaye ifunyenwe kwiipilisi zodongwe. Ngoko ke, yayineempawu zokubhala ngoonobumba abatsobhileyo. Kukholelwa ukuba yenziwa phakathi kwe2500 kunye ne2000 BC[/su_note]
Kufuneka kukhankanywe ukuba inguqulelo yokuqala yengxelo efunyenweyo ivela kulwimi lwesishwankathelo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, inokungahambelani okuthile, ngenxa yolondolozo oludala kunye nokungasebenzi kakuhle kwezinto.
Ukongeza koku, kubalulekile ukwazi ukuba kukho ezinye iinguqulelo zamandulo ezincinci eziphathwayo phantsi kweelwimi zesiAkkadian nesiHiti. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yobume obudala bezinto eziphathekayo, kukho iindawo ezithile zenkcazo ezilahlekileyo. Ngaphandle koku, kunye nomanyano lwazo zonke izinto ezifunyenweyo, iindawo ezingekhoyo zenguqulo yesishwankathelo zigqityiwe.
Yeyiphi eyona igqibeleleyo?
Eyona ngxelo ipheleleyo yakhiwe phantsi kweqela lamacwecwe alishumi elinambini enziwe ngodongwe kwaye ukususela ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX BC, ayebekwe kwithala leencwadi lenkosi yaseAsiriya uAsurbanipal.
[su_box title=”I-Epic kaGilgamesh kunye noMkhukula Omkhulu / Imbali yaMandulo” radius=”6″][su_youtube url=”https://youtu.be/41hDFShd7vI”][/su_box]
Kubalulekile ukukhankanya ukuba iipilisi zokuqala ezilishumi elinanye zithatha i-Epic yeGilgamesh. Nangona ithebhulethi yokugqibela inombongo ozimeleyo ochaza indlela umphefumlo ka-Enkidu waya ngayo esihogweni.
Imvelaphi yombongo
Iingcali zikholelwa ukuba uMbongo kaGilgamesh uphefumlelwe ngoluhlu lweentsomi ezinxulumene neqhawe elibalaseleyo kunye nembali kunye nokumkani uGilgamesh. Kukholelwa ukuba walawula kwiXesha leSibini seDynastic eyenzeka malunga nenkulungwane yama-XNUMX BC.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kukholelwa ukuba amanye amabali apho uGilgamesh engumlinganiswa oyintloko abaliswa ngesakhiwo kwiivesi. Oko kwaqhubeka kwimibongo edumileyo yemisebenzi yakhe yabhalwa kamva.
i-epic
Ukumkani waseNineve, uAshurbanipal, wayalela ukuba lo mzekeliso ubhalwe kuMbongo kaGilgamesh. Konke oku, ngenxa yokuba yayinenjongo yokubuyisela kwakhona zonke iinkalo zoncwadi ezazifunyenwe ngelo xesha kwimbali.
Amaxwebhu e-epic anyamalala ngonyaka we-612 BC, emva kwedabi kunye nokutshatyalaliswa kweNineve. Ngo-1845 uAusten Henry Layard wemvelaphi yaseBritani wafumana amaxwebhu eMosul, eyinxalenye yeIraq.
Ngoku kukho amacwecwe angama-25.000, angaphakathi kwiMyuziyam yaseBritani. Kubalulekile ukukhankanya ukuba uGeorge Smith nguye owaqalisa umsebenzi wokuyiguqulela ngowe-1872. Owaqhubeka nalo msebenzi ngowe-1984 ngumbhali uJohn Gardner.
Kufuneka kwaziwe ukuba ingxelo ye-epic igxininise kwi-adventures eyenziwa ngukumkani wase-Uruk, uGilgamesh, owayelawula malunga nomnyaka we-2500 BC. Kubalulekile ukukhankanya ukuba le ngqungquthela yenziwa ixesha elide emva kokulawula kwalo mlingiswa. . I-Post yaphefumlelwa ngokusebenzisa iintsomi ezaziyila isithethe somlomo.
Ngaphakathi kwesakhiwo sebali, imibhalo elishumi elinanye iyimibongo kwaye kukholelwa ukuba yenziwa phakathi kwe-II Millennium BC Kwelinye icala, inombolo yecwecwe elinesibini kukholelwa ukuba lenziwe ekupheleni kwe-I Millennium. BC
Isakhiwo se-Epic kaGilgamesh
Isakhiwo esibonakalisa eli bali sisetyhula, kuba lakuba liqalisile lonke ibali, liphelela kwindawo enye. Ukubaliswa kwalo mbongo, ukusukela oko umfundi eqala ukufunda kwimigca yokuqala, kwenza ukuba umntu akholelwe ukuba bayenza ngezandla zabo kwicwecwe ngalinye lodongwe.
Uhlobo oluqhelekileyo
Le nguqulelo okwangoku ikwithala leencwadi lase-Ashurbanipal. Kubalulekile ukukhankanya ukuba ibaliswa ngolwimi oluqhelekileyo lwaseBhabhiloni. Ngelo xesha ulwimi olusetyenziswayo lwalusenzelwa ukusingatha imiba yoncwadi kuphela.
Izinto zemetric zesi sixhobo zifana kakhulu nezo zemetric elawula isiHebhere. Ke ngoko, zinxulumene ne-semantic parallelism. Kwelinye icala, ikwanezinto ezifanayo nezo ze-quantitative metric.
Kubalulekile ukukhankanya ukuba umntu ophethe ukulinganisa i-Gilgamesh Poem wayeyiSin Lige Unninni ukusuka kwi-1300 BC ukuya kwi-1000 BC Ephefumlelwe yingxelo, endala kunale. Ngeli xesha, olu hlobo lwesenzo lwaluqhelekile, ngoko i-Gilgamesh Poem ayizange iyeke ukuba yinxalenye yalo msebenzi.
Umgangatho kunye ne-Akkadian
Umbongo kaGilgamesh kwinguqulelo yawo eqhelekileyo uyahluka kwintshayelelo yawo kwinguqulelo yesiAkkadian. I-Akkadian iqala ngokuthi "Ngaphezu kokudlula bonke abanye ookumkani", ngelixa umgangatho uthi "Lowo wabona ubunzulu", nto leyo ehambelana neemfihlelo ezisonjululwe ngumlinganiswa.
Noko ke, abalinganiswa ababalulekileyo abanjengoAndrew George bachaza ukuba oko kuboniswa luguqulelo oluqhelekileyo kunxulumene ngokuthe ngqo noGilgamesh ukuba nentlanganiso no-Utnapishtim, owamnika ulwazi ngobukumkani be-Ea, obabuneziqalelo zendalo eziye zeza nabo. uzele bubulumko.
Ke ngoko, ngale meko efunyenwe nguGilgamesh, yena ngokwakhe uyakwazi ukuba nobomi obuzolileyo, ngokunqula okuchanekileyo koothixo, ukuqonda kokufa kwabantu kunye nezinto ezenza ukumkani alunge kunye nedolophu Yakhe.
Isakhiwo sombongo kaGilgamesh
Ixesha lokuqala lo mbongo ubhalwa kumacwecwe amancinci odongwe, oku kwenzeka malunga ne-2.500 kunye ne-2.000 BC. C. Ngoku, kwenziwe uhlengahlengiso oluthile ukuze kuphuculwe indlela yokubhala nokuguqulelwa kwamagama ukuze aqondwe luluntu lwanamhlanje.
Ukukhankanya ngokweenkcukacha Ukwakhiwa kombongo kaGilgamesh olona guqulelo lupheleleyo luyaziwa; kwaye yenziwe ngamacwecwe alishumi elinesibini enziwe ngodongwe. Apho ishumi elinanye lokuqala lichaza ngokweenkcukacha i-Epic kaGilgamesh, kunye neyokugqibela apho imbongo ezimeleyo yabhalwa khona ehambelana nokufika kuka-Enkidu esihogweni.
ithebhulethi
[su_note] Kubalulekile ukukhankanya ukuba icwecwe XI, phakathi kweengxelo zombongo kaGilgamesh, intsomi yomkhukula wendalo yonke. Ibali elenziwe liphefumlelwe zizenzo ze-Atrahasis.[/su_note]
Kufuneka kukhankanywe ukuba icwecwe XII ngumphelelisi ohambelana ngqo nombongo we-epic. Kuba yintoni enokuthi ihlelwe njenge-derivative yayo, eyongezwe kwi-Gilgamesh Poem, emva kwe-epic kunye ne-XI. Kusemva koku ukuba abaninzi abayiniki ukubaluleka okufanayo.
Icwecwe XII linezinto eziethe-ethe ezingalinikiyo ukuhambelana okufanayo nezinye. Phakathi kwezi zinto, kukho intetho nge-Enkidu ephilayo, imeko engahambelaniyo ne-tablet XI.
Ibali lide linikezelwe phantsi kwemigca ethile esekwe kwiingcaphulo ezikwicwecwe XI. Ngenjongo yokumanyanisa isiqalo nesiphelo phantsi kophuhliso lomjikelo. Icwecwe XII ke ngoko ligqalwa njengelisekelwe ngokukodwa kwizenzo zangaphambili zikaGilgamesh, apho athumela umhlobo wakhe ukuba aye kuzifunela izinto ezizezakhe ngaphantsi komhlaba.
Le meko ivelisa ukufa kuka-Enkidu kwaye emva kobudlelwane bakhe obukhulu ebomini noGilgamesh, unquma ukubonakala phambi kwakhe ngomoya, ngenjongo yokuchaza ukuba zeziphi iimeko ze-underworld.
Inkcazo echaziweyo ithathwa njengento eseleyo, ebekwe kwicwecwe VII, ngephupha umhlobo omkhulu kaGilgamesh, u-Enkidu, ulawula ukubona ukuba zeziphi iimeko apho i-underworld ifumaneka.
Umxholo weetafile eziqhelekileyo
[su_note] Kubalulekile ukukhankanya ukuba imbali ebonakaliswa kumacwecwe, igxininisa kwizinto ezimbini ezibalulekileyo. Ngoko kunokubonwa ukuba phakathi kwamacwecwe amabini okuqala amathandathu ithetha ngokukodwa ngozuko uGilgamesh nomhlobo wakhe osenyongweni uEnkidu abafuna ukulufikelela.[/su_note]
Kwangaxeshanye, kwamanye amacwecwe amathandathu anikelwayo, bafuna ukuvakalisa imfuneko yokufumana ukungafi kukaGilgamesh, emva kokufa kukaEnkidu.
ukufuna uzuko
El Isishwankathelo sombongo kaGilgamesh ngamacwecwe, yindlela entle yokuchaza ngokufutshane eyona miba ibalulekileyo enikelwe kuyo yonke le ngxelo yoncwadi. Ekubeni isesinye sezona zibhalo zindala ezaziwayo ngoku, kubaluleke gqitha ukuba sinikele ingqalelo epheleleyo kuso.
Ngezantsi sisishwankathelo somxholo wecwecwe ngalinye, ngokunxulumene nozuko olufunwa nguGilgamesh no-Enkidu:
tablet yokuqala
Ingxelo yoMbongo kaGilgamesh iqala ngophuhliso oluchazayo lukaGilgamesh, ongukumkani waseUruk. Kuchazwa ukuba unesibini kwisithathu sothixo kunye nesinye somntu. Ukongeza koku, okwexesha, kwakukholelwa ukuba lo mlingiswa wayeyeyona kumkani inamandla eyayikho eluntwini.
[su_note] Ibali liqaqambisa uzuko ukumkani analo kunye noloyiso alufumene ngalo. Kwelinye icala, babonisa ukuba ubukumkani babo babukhuselwe ngeendonga ezenziwe ngezitena.[/su_note]
Phezu kwazo nje zonke iingenelo ababenazo abantu baseGilgamesh, babengenalo uxolo lwengqondo, ekubeni ukumkani wayebalasele ngokuba ngqwabalala gqitha waza naye wangcolisa abafazi bobukumkani ngesingxengxezo samandla akhe amakhulu. Kuba oko kwakunabo phambi kwamadoda abo ngelungelo lePernada.
Kusemva koku apho abantu bakhe babongoza uNinhursag onguthixokazi wendalo ukuba aphelise le meko. Oku kubangela ukuba uthixokazi akholelwe uEnkidu, indlavini eyayithanda ukoyikisa abelusi.
Emva kwezikhalazo zabelusi phambi koKumkani uGilgamesh, unquma ukuthatha uShamhat, owayebhekwa nguGilgamesh ihenyukazi elingcwele. Ngoko ngokwabelana nobusuku obude noShamhat, uEnkidu uba yimpucuko, eshiya ngasemva zonke iimpawu ezamkhokelela ekubeni agqalwe njengerhamncwa.
Nangona le meko kunye ne-Enkidu isenzeka, uKumkani uGilgamesh unamaphupha angapheliyo apho unina uNinsun ebonakala ebonisa ukuba ekuhambeni kweentsuku ezimbalwa uya kufumana ubuhlobo obukhulu. Okuya kumkhokelela ekubeni abe nezinto ezininzi ezimvumela ukuba azukiswe ngonaphakade.
ithebhulethi yesibini
Kule nxalenye yengxelo, iqala ngo-Enkidu kunye noShamhat, abazimisele ukutshata e-Uruk. Emva komthendeleko, uGilgamesh uhamba ngenjongo yokuzalisekisa ilungelo le-pernada kodwa u-Enkidu uphazamisa izicwangciso zakhe.
Emva kwedabi elinamandla, abachasi baba ngabahlobo, ngoko uGilgamesh wazisa unina ku-Enkidu, ngenjongo yokumnika intsapho awayengenayo.
Emva kwale meko, uGilgamesh ucebisa ukuba uEnkidu azuze uzuko ngokubulala iHumbaba enkulu nokugawula imithi emikhulu. Nangona u-Enkidu ekuqaleni engaqinisekanga, uGilgamesh uphetha ngokumcenga.
icwecwe lesithathu
Kwicwecwe lesithathu loMbongo kaGilgamesh, kucaciswa ukuba zeziphi iinkqubo ezasetyenziswa ngukumkani waseUruk no-Enkidu ukuze bathabathe uhambo lwabo ngenjongo yokuzuza uzuko phambi kwehlabathi elifayo.
Emva kokuba yonke into ilungile, uGilgamesh uxelela unina into abaza kuyenza, nto leyo awathi wayivakalisa inkxalabo yakhe, ngoxa ecela intsebenziswano kuthixo welanga uShamash. Unina kaGilgamesh wacebisa uEnkidu, ngenjongo yokuba azikhusele.
icwecwe lesine
Isixelela ngeziganeko ezenzeka kuGilgamesh no-Enkidu, ngoxa babesehlathini. Kuxelwa ukuba ukumkani wase-Uruk wayenamaphupha amahlanu amahlanu. Kodwa akunakwenzeka ngenene ukucacisa into abazama ukuyenza kuba eli cwecwe lifunyenwe linomonakalo omkhulu.
Nangona kunjalo, kuyaqondwa ukuba ku-Enkidu, ezi yayizimpawu ezintle. Phezu kwako nje oku, njengoko wayengena ehlathini wazaliswa luloyiko olukhulu, olwathi lwagxothwa kuphela nguGilgamesh.
icwecwe lesihlanu
Isixelela ngokufika kukaGilgamesh noEnkidu, phambi kwengxilimbela yaseHumbaba, eyayingumlindi wemithi yehlathi. Njengoko amaqhawe ezama ukwenza isibindi sokuhlasela uHumbaba, uyabacaphukisa, evakalelwa kukuba abanakukwazi ukumbetha.
UGilgamesh, emva koko, woyika kakhulu, apho u-Enkidu aqhubeka khona ukumkhuthaza ukuze aqale imfazwe. I-Humbaba enomsindo omkhulu ilawula ukwahlula iintaba zeSirara ezivela eLebhanon. Emva kwale meko, uthixokazi Shamash ubathumelela uncedo ngenjongo yokuba Humbaba woyiswe.
Xa isigebenga soyisiwe, sicenga amagorha ubomi baso. UGilgamesh uba novelwano, yaye umhlobo wakhe ocaphukileyo uthi bamele bambulale. Kungeso sizathu le nto isigebenga sibaqalekise baze baqhubeke nokumphosa emlanjeni. Ngaphezu koko, ngomthi wenza umnyango omiselwe oothixo.
icwecwe lesithandathu
Kule nxalenye yombongo kaGilgamesh, i-protagonist inquma ukugatya iziphakamiso zothando lukankulunkulukazi u-Inanna. Oko ebenezithandwa ezininzi kuquka noDumuzi.
Oku kubangela ukuba uthixokazi onomsindo athethe noyise, ngenjongo yokuba amthumelele iNkunzi yaseZulwini eyomeleleyo, konke oko ngenjongo yokwenza uGilgamesh ahlawule ngokumgatya.
Uyise u-Anu uyasikhaba isicelo sakhe, apho u-Inanna uyacaphuka usongela ukuvusa abafileyo. Kusemva kwesi simo apho iNkunzi yeZulu ithunyelwa kumagorha. Ngokutsho kwecwecwe le nkunzi yenkomo ibhekisela kwimbalela kunye nokungabikho kwamanzi.
Nangona kunjalo, ngaphandle koncedo lwaso nasiphi na isithixo, amaqhawe akwazi ukoyisa iBull of Heaven. Yiyo loo nto benikela iintliziyo zabo ngombulelo kuShamashe. Emva koku u-Inanna ukhalela ukoyiswa kwakhe, apho u-Enkidu uphosa inxalenye yenkunzi yenkomo kuye ngenjongo yokubonisa amandla akhe.
[su_note]Impumelelo yamagorha yenza ukuba ubukumkani base-Uruk bubhiyozele kodwa i-Enkidu inephupha elibi elibi. Unokuba nomdla wokufunda incwadi eyahlukileyo kodwa ezele ziimvakalelo kunye neenyani, ndwendwela Ewe yamantombazana. [/inqaku_yakho]
ukufuna ukungafi
Ezi cwecwe zenzelwe ukuxelela indlela uGilgamesh azama ngayo ukufumana ukungafi:
icwecwe lesixhenxe
Ekuqalekeni kwayo ibalisa ngobubi be-Enkidu, apho isikhalazo soothixo sinikezelwa ngokufa kweNkunzi yeZulu kunye nesigebenga saseHumbaba. Kusemva koku ukuba izithixo ziqhubeke nokwenza u-Enkidu ahlawule. Esi sigqibo senziwe ngoothixo siphuma ngokupheleleyo kwiminqweno kaShamash.
Emva kobusuku obubi, u-Enkidu utshela umhlobo wakhe oko oothixo abaya kukwenza, ngoko uqalekisa umnyango olungiselelwe izithixo. Emva koko ukumkani waseUruk ngentlungu uya etempileni kaShamash ukuba acele ubomi bomhlobo wakhe.
U-Enkidu ukhala ngomsindo ngoShamash kuba nguye owamkhokelela ekubeni abe ngumntu. UShamash ngomsindo uxelela oothixo indlela uEnkidu angenabulungisa ngayo. Nangona kunjalo, ubuza ubomi bakhe, kuba uGilgamesh ngaphandle komhlobo wakhe uya kuphinda abe ngumntu okhohlakeleyo.
Emva kwexesha elithile u-Enkidu uyazisola ngezikhalazo zakhe kwaye aqhubeke nokusikelela uShamhat. Noko ke, yonke imihla uya egula ngakumbi yaye njengoko esifa uyakwazi ukuchaza iimeko zelizwe labafileyo.
icwecwe lesibhozo
UGilgamesh, ebuhlungu kakhulu ngokulahlekelwa ngumhlobo wakhe, upha izithixo izipho ngenjongo yokuba babe kunye noEnkidu kubomi basemva kokufa.
tablet yesithoba
Intlekele kaEnkidu yabangela ukuba uGilgamesh abe nexhala elikhulu ukuze aphephe isiphelo esifanayo nesomhlobo wakhe omkhulu. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, ugqiba kwelokuba atyelele u-Utnapishtim owathi, kunye nomfazi wakhe, ngabo basindayo kumkhukula. Imeko eyabakhokelela ekubeni bafumane ubomi obungunaphakade.
UGilgamesh ukholelwa ukuba xa encokola nabantu abangafiyo, unokuyifumana ngokulula imfihlelo yokungafi okuhamba nayo. Musa ukuyeka ukufunda IiMetamorphoses zikaOvid
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, unquma ukuya entabeni apho ilanga lifihla khona, kodwa laliphantsi kweliso lezidalwa ze-scorpion. Phezu kwako nje oku, ugqiba kwelokuba ahambe ebumnyameni eliza nalo ukutshona kwelanga. Emva kweengozi eziziswa koku, ufika ngaphambi kokutshona kwelanga.
Ekupheleni komhlaba uyakwazi ukufumana imithi emininzi kunye namagqabi athathwa njengeegugu, anikwe iindwendwe zakhe, ngenjongo yokuphucula iimeko abazifumana kuzo.
icwecwe leshumi
Kule nxalenye yoMbongo weGilgamesh, i-protagonist ilawula ukudibana noSiduri, lowo udibanisa injongo efuna ukuyifeza ngolu hambo olutsha. Ke uSiduri ufuna ukumkhupha kulo mbono uphambeneyo, nangona kunjalo uyasilela kumzamo.
Kusemva koku ukuba bamnike uncedo luka-Urshanabi ngenjongo yokusebenzisana ukuze awele ulwandle oluya kumsa e-Utnapishtim. Kufuneka kukhankanywe ukuba i-Urshanabi inezigebenga ezineempawu ezinobutshaba, ngoko uGilgamesh unquma ukubabulala.
Ngethuba uGilgamesh ekwazi ukumcacisela le meko aze acele u-Urshanabi ukuba amncede awele ulwandle, umxelela ukuba uye wabulala ekuphela kwabantu abakwaziyo ukumnceda awele kuManzi oKufa.
Nabani na ochukumisa amanzi uya kutshabalala, yingakho u-Urshanabi encoma ukusika amasebe ngenjongo yokwenza ibhuloho ukuwela amanzi anobutshaba. Emva kwalo msebenzi uyakwazi ukufikelela kwisiqithi esihlala u-Utnapishtim nomfazi wakhe. Umntu ongafiyo uyambuza ukuba yintoni na inqanawa yakhe kuba kukho into ekhethekileyo ngayo.
Kusemva koku awathi uGilgamesh wamxelela into eyenzekileyo aze acele uncedo kuba efuna ukungafi. Apho u-Utnapishtim abonisa ukuba ukulwa nokufa kwabantu lidabi elingenathemba, kungcono ukugxila ekuphileni ubomi obonwabileyo.
icwecwe leshumi elinanye
Kule nxalenye yoMbongo kaGilgamesh, umlinganiswa oyintloko uyakwazi ukubona ukuba u-Utnapishtim nomfazi wakhe abanazo izinto ezahlukileyo kwezakhe, ngoko umcela ukuba amenze aqonde ukuba yintoni na isenzo esamkhokelela ekubeni angafi.
Emva kokuba le Utnapishtim igqiba ukumxelela oko kwenzekayo kumkhukula, apho kubalulekile ukukhankanya ukuba ibali lakhe lihambelana ngokuthe ngqo nesishwankathelo sembali ye-Atrahasis, ngokusekelwe kwizibetho ezathunyelwa emva kokucaphukisa okukhulu koothixo.
Emva kwebali, umntu ongafiyo ugqiba kwelokuba anike uGilgamesh ithuba lokufumana olu ncedo. Noko ke, uyambuza, sisiphi isizathu esikhethekileyo esimkhokelela ekubeni afumane umvuzo koothixo njengendoda eyasinda kumkhukula. Yiyo loo nto emxelela ukuba makangalali kangangeentsuku ezintandathu nobusuku obusixhenxe.
Emva kokuba ethethe olu celomngeni, uGilgamesh ubiwa bubuthongo, aze u-Utnapishtim ahlekise ngesenzo sakhe nomfazi wakhe. Emva koku, u-Utnapishtim ugqiba kwelokuba abhake isonka suku ngalunye inkwenkwe eleleyo. Konke oku ngenjongo yokubonisa ukusilela kwakhe kumlinganiswa oyintloko.
Ekuvukeni kwakhe, u-Utnapishtim uyamgxotha aze amxelele ukuba aye e-Uruk no-Urshanabi. Noko ke, inkosikazi yokungafi imcela ukuba abe novelwano oluncinane ngoGilgamesh wakwazi ukuloyisa uhambo olunzima lokuya kubo.
isityhilelo esibalulekileyo
Kusemva koku awathi u-Utnapishtim, eqhutywa ngumfazi wakhe, ecacisela uGilgamesh ukuba emazantsi olwandle kukho isityalo esimnika ubutsha. I-protagonist ilawula ukufumana isityalo, emva kokubopha amatye avumela ukuba ahambe ngokuzolileyo elwandle. Nangona kunjalo, akathembi oko u-Utnapishtim abonisayo kwaye unika enye indoda endala yase-Uruk.
Esi sityalo sineziphumo ezihle kodwa embindini wokuhlamba sishiya isityalo esiselunxwemeni lomlambo kwaye sithathwe yinyoka ephinda izalwe kwakhona kunye nayo. UGilgamesh okhathazekileyo uyancwina ekoyiswa kweUrshanabi. Ngoko unquma ukuya ebukumkanini bakhe kwaye xa efika uyakwazi ukuncoma iindonga kuba ziyinqaba enkulu ephuma e-Uruk.
icwecwe leshumi elinesibini
Kubalulekile ukukhankanya ukuba inkcazo eqhutywe yithebhulethi yokugqibela yesibongo sikaGilgamesh ayinakho ukuqhubeka okuninzi kunye neepilisi ezilishumi elinanye ezikhankanywe ngasentla.
Ichaza uhlobo lwentsebenziswano phakathi kwe-Enkidu kunye noGilgamesh apho ezama ukumnika ukuba abuyele ebomini. Ke i-protagonist ixelela u-Enkidu ukuba zeziphi izenzo ekufuneka zenziwe kwaye yintoni engenakukwazi ukubuyela ebomini.
Nangona oko uGilgamesh wabonisa, u-Enkidu ngenxa yesizathu esithile uyakhohlwa iingcebiso kwaye uqhubela phambili ukwenza yonke into engafanele yenziwe, emva kokuba umhlaba ongaphantsi komhlaba uthatha umphefumlo wakhe ngokupheleleyo.
Emva koko, i-protagonist ithatha isigqibo sokucela oothixo ukuba babuyele u-Enkidu, ekubeni uye waba ngumhlobo wakhe omkhulu. Ngaphandle kwezibongozo zakhe ezinkulu u-Enlil noSin bangaqhubeki nokumphendula. Noko ke, uEnki noShamash benza isigqibo sokumxhasa.
Kungomngxuma owenziwe nguShamash ukuba u-Enkidu akwazi ukushiya umhlaba ongaphantsi komhlaba aze abuyele emhlabeni. Inxulumene necwecwe ukuba ekugqibeleni uGilgamesh, ebona umhlobo wakhe, uyambuza ukuba ubomi bunjani kwindawo engaphantsi komhlaba. Nangona kunjalo, akucingelwanga ngokwenene ukuba u-Enkidu ubuyela ebomini njengomntu okanye azibonakalise njengomoya.
Inguqulelo yaseBhabhiloni yamandulo
Kubalulekile ukukhankanya ukuba imbali enkulu yoMbongo kaGilgamesh, ngenxa yokubaluleka kwayo okubalaseleyo, ineenguqulelo ezininzi, kwiilwimi ezahlukeneyo kwimbali yamandulo, inguqulelo yaseBhabhiloni enye yazo.
[su_note] Kubalulekile ukukhankanya emva koku, ukuba onke amacwecwe enza inguqulelo yaseBhabhiloni yaMadala, ehla evela kwimvelaphi eyahlukeneyo ngaphandle kwepilisi yesibini neyesithathu. Into ekhokelela kwiyantlukwano yeendlela zokudityaniswa kwengxoxo, njengoko ziphenjelelwe sisiphumo seenguqulelo ezahlukeneyo.[/su_note]
Ezi theyibhile ziya kuchazwa ngezantsi:
tablet yokuqala
Eli cwecwe alikho phantsi kwenguqulelo yaseBhabhiloni.
ibhodi yesibini
Oku kubalisa indlela uGilgamesh ebalisa ngayo kumama wakhe uNinsun amaphupha amabi amabini awayesoloko enawo. Abonisa unina ukuba oku kusenokuba kumlumkisa ngokufika komhlobo omtsha.
Icwecwe lesibini loMbongo kaGilgamesh likwabalisa ngexesha laxa uEnkidu nenkosikazi yakhe, ebizwa kule nguqulelo iShamshatum, besondelelene.
[su_note] Kubalulekile ukukhankanya ukuba umfazi kaEnkidu uyakwazi ukumphucula nangokutya kwabantu. Ke emva koku, uEnkidu uyaqhubeka nokusebenzisana nabelusi baseUruk.[/su_note]
Emva kwexesha u-Shamshatum no-Enkidu banquma ukuya e-Uruk ngenjongo yokutshata kwaye ngexesha lokubhiyozela uGilgamesh uya kubo ngenjongo yokubanga ilungelo lakhe lokulala nomtshakazi kuqala. Kungenxa yesi sizathu ukuba u-Enkidu noGilgamesh balwe.
Ukuzibona elahlekile uGilgamesh ugqiba kwelokuba anikezele ngoko uEnkidu uyamphakamisa kuba ecinga ukuba abantu abakwaziyo ukuqonda ukuba abasoloko benamandla bakhethekile.
icwecwe lesithathu
Le tablet yoMbongo kaGilgamesh inomonakalo omkhulu, ekubeni yaphukile. Nangona kunjalo, kunokwenzeka ukuhlukanisa ukuba i-protagonist nguye ocebisa ukuba baye kwihlathi le-cherry. Konke oku ngenjongo yokugawula imithi emikhulu kwaye emva koko ukwazi ukugqiba i-Humbaba enkulu kwaye ngaloo ndlela ujabulele uzuko olukhulu.
Ngaphambi kwesi siphakamiso u-Enkidu akaqinisekanga kakhulu, kuba ngenxa yonyango lwakhe kunye noothixo uye wakwazi ukudibana ne-Humbaba kwaye abonise amandla amakhulu aqulethwe sisigebenga esinamandla. Elinye ibali onokulifunda neliya kukutsala Iindevu eziBlue, intsomi.
[su_note] Kungenxa yale nto uGilgamesh efuna ukukholisa u-Enkidu, ngamazwi avelisa ixabiso elikhulu. Emva kokuqinisekisa umhlobo wabo, uGilgamesh kunye no-Enkidu bayaqhubeka nokulungiselela ukuqalisa uhambo lwabo olukhulu lokukhangela uzuko.[/su_note]
Xa beqhubeka nohambo, bazisa unina kaGilgamesh namanye amabhinqa alumkileyo, baze baqhankqalaze ngenxa yokuba bezazi iingozi ezinkulu ezilindele abahlobo babo. Nangona kunjalo, bayaqonda ukuba uqhanqalazo lwabo aluzukuviwa, ngoko bakhetha ukubanika amathamsanqa.
icwecwe lesine
Oku, njengeyokuqala kolu guqulelo, akukho.
icwecwe lesihlanu
Le cwecwe evela kwimbongo kaGilgamesh ichaza indlela u-Enkidu amkhuthaza ngayo ukumkani wase-Uruk ukuba aphelise ubomi be-Humbaba enkulu, xa ecela ukuxolelwa kwakhe. Ukongeza kule nto, ihambelana nendlela abahlobo abagawula ngayo imithi kwaye benzela i-Annunaki ikhaya.
Ngendlela efanayo, kuthethwa kule nxalenye yombongo, indlela u-Enkidu agqiba ngayo ukwenza umnyango wezithixo ezidadayo kumlambo ongumEfrate.
icwecwe lesithandathu
Icwecwe lesithandathu nalo alikho, ngoko akucaci ukuba lithini ibali lale nxalenye yombongo kaGilgamesh.
icwecwe lesixhenxe
Kule nxalenye yebali uShamash noGilgamesh banengxoxo kuba ukumkani waseUruk ukholelwa ukuba isenzo esiye senziwa asizange sizise umvuzo omkhulu. Nangona kunjalo, akukho nto ingako ichazwayo malunga nesiganeko, kuba izinto zonakaliswe kakhulu, nto leyo eyenza ukufunda kube nzima kakhulu.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kwitheyibhile yesixhenxe kunokubonwa ngendlela uGilgamesh ancokola ngayo noSiduri ngenjongo yokuba amcebise kuhambo oluya ekufuneni i-Utnapishtim. Kubalulekile ukukhankanya ukuba kule nguqulo, indoda eyasinda kumkhukula wendalo yonke ibizwa ngokuba yi-Utanaishtim.
Kufuneka kukhankanywe ukuba uSiduri ufuna ukubuza uGilgamesh, isizathu esimshukumisela ukuba ahambe ekufuneni le ndoda engafiyo. Nangona kunjalo, impendulo yayo ayaziwa ngenxa yokutshatyalaliswa kwetafile.
Idabi kunye nezidalwa zamatye
Kule nxalenye yoMbongo weGilgamesh, imfazwe phakathi kokumkani wase-Uruk kunye nezinye izidalwa zamatye ezinamandla nazo zichazwe, kwaye ubonisa ukuba u-Urshanabi, obizwa ngokuba nguSur sunabu apha, umcebisa ukuba enze ibhuloho kunye namacwecwe, ukufikelela kwikhaya lika-Utanaishtim. Emva koko, okuthethwa licwecwe lesixhenxe akusenakubonwa.
icwecwe lesibhozo
Le tablet ayikho. Ke ngoko, akwaziwa ukuba yintoni umxholo okhoyo kuyo.
imibongo yesishwankathelo
Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ingxelo yokumkani wase-Uruk inamabali amahlanu anxulumene naye ngendlela yeebongo. Ngokukodwa isekelwe kwiSumeri yamandulo. Ngokutsho kweengcali, ezi zixhobo zaziwa ngokuzimeleyo kumaxesha amandulo, ngoko ke azizange zenziwe ngendlela ye-epic.
Ukongeza koku, kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba amagama athile anxulumene nabalinganiswa bombongo kaGilgamesh ahluke ukuba inguqulelo yesishwankathelo ithelekiswa ne-Akkadian. Phakathi kwezona zibalaseleyo nguGilgamesh obizwa ngokuba nguBilgamesh.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, inguqulelo yaseSumerian ibonisa ukuba u-Enkidu wayengengomhlobo kaGilgamesh, kunoko wayengumkhonzi wakhe. Kwenye yeenguqulelo kwade kwathiwa endaweni yokubulala isigebenga esinguHumbaba, uGilgamesh uyasikhohlisa ngenjongo yokuba siyishiye loo ndawo size ngaloo ndlela siphulukane namandla amakhulu anawo.[/su_note]
Iqhawe edabini
Esi siqendu sebali sihambelana neBull eyaziwayo esibhakabhakeni. Ama-Akkadians abonisa ukuba amandla amakhulu erhamncwa kukubangela imbalela. Ngokufanayo, uthetha ngendlela uLugalbanda afuna ngayo ukukholisa uGilgamesh no-Enkidu ukuba balwe nerhamncwa elikhulu.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kwisibongo sikaGilgamesh sohlobo oluqhelekileyo, uthetha malunga nendlela imikhosi ekhokelwa nguKumkani uAgga efuna ukunqoba i-Uruk kunye nendlela uGilgamesh awahlula ngayo, evakalisa amandla phezu kwabantu bakhe.
Kukwathethwa ngqo kulo mbongo njengoko inkunzi yenkomo ifunyanwa ilele igoqwe kukufa. Okukhokelela ekungcwalisweni kukaGilgamesh njengothixo.
Ngokufanayo, umbongo kaGilgamesh uvakalisa utyelelo lukaEnkidu kwilizwe elingaphantsi komhlaba. Okulandelayo kunxulumene nentsomi ephambili enxulumene nokudalwa kwezishwankathelo. Ukuvakalisa ngendlela efanayo ibali likaInanna kunye nomthi weHuluppu.
Impikiswano
Isizathu sokuba lo mbhalo uzalwe kukubalisa ibali apho kuboniswa izigigaba ezinkulu, uthando, imilo kunye nomthamo abanawo abalinganiswa ngokwamandla. Ukongeza, ibali lisekelwe kumxholo obuhlungu ngaphakathi kwendawo yalo.
Ngomnyaka we-1853 uHomuzd Rassam wenza wonke umsebenzi we-archeology yesiNgesi kwaye kulapho afumanisa khona ibhotwe lika-Asurbanipal, wamangaliswa ukuba kukho ithala leencwadi elinomdla ngaphakathi, emva kokukhangela kunye nokukhangela, ufumana iimpawu ezenziwe ngamacwecwe angaphezu kwama-25.000. ngolwimi olubhalwe ngoonobumba abatsobhileyo yaye ngaphakathi kwakukho umbongo kaGilgamesh.
Kwiminyaka kamva emva kwezifundo kunye nohlalutyo, zonke ezi cwecwe ziguqulelwa kwaye zihlengahlengiswe kwiilwimi ezahlukeneyo ukuze ziqondwe luluntu lonke emhlabeni.
Amabinzana ngaphakathi kumbongo
Ngaphandle kwento yokuba kumbhalo wokuqala amabinzana; Okulandelayo, sikushiyela uhlalutyo oluncinci ukuze wazi injongo eyenziwe ngayo ebalini.
Kukho elinye lamabinzana abhekisela kuGilgamesh kunye nomnqweno wakhe wokuphila ngokugqibeleleyo; Kucace gca kuye ukuba akasokuze abufumane obo bomi abufunayo, kufuneka nje asebenzise ithuba elivelayo kwaye onwabele usapho lwakhe. Kwakhona kukhunjulwe ukuba izithixo zidala umntu ngekamva lokufa, nangona kunjalo, ukukhathalelwa kwiminyaka edluleyo kuxhomekeke kuye ngamnye wethu.
Elinye lamabinzana amakhulu angaphakathi kwesi sicatshulwa lelo liqala ngokwenza uthelekiso kunye nemisebenzi yexesha elifutshane. Ngokomzekelo, kwisiqwenga kubonisiwe "Koda kube nini iliso lijonge ilanga?", Ngaloo nto bathetha ukuba ekubeni ihlabathi laziwa akukho nto iye yakwazi ukuhlala ixesha elide okanye isigxina, ngenxa yesi sizathu. kubalulekile ukwenza okuninzi kwimeko nganye esidlula kuyo.
Onke la mabinzana abhalwe ngenjongo yokunika intsingiselo yobomi nokwenza abantu baqiqe ngazo zonke iimeko ezivelayo njengoko ziguquka.
Iimpembelelo zombongo kaGilgamesh kuncwadi
Umphandi wemvelaphi yamaGrike, uLoannis Kordatos, ubonisa ukuba i-Odyssey kaHomer iye kwiinkalo ezithile eziphenjelelwa ngumbongo kaGilgamesh. Ukuquka iindinyana eziyinxalenye yalo, njengomxholo osuka ngqo kwibali eliqhubeka kule classical yamaGrike. Funda ngakumbi malunga noncwadi ngenqaku Ingabangaba
Kwelinye icala, ezinye iingcali zicinga ukuba umbongo kaGilgamesh waba nempembelelo enkulu kwingxelo echazwe eBhayibhileni. Phakathi kwemixholo ebalaseleyo efanayo ngunogumbe wendalo yonke.
Ngendlela efanayo, inokubonwa inxibelelene neBhayibhile xa ithetha ngesityalo esinika ubomi bokungafi nendlela inyoka eyangenelela ngayo embalini. Ubuhlobo, oothixo kunye nookumkani abanamaqhawe amaqhawe ahlobene ngokwenkcubeko ngendlela efanayo.
[su_note] Kubalulekile ukukhankanya ukuba uMbongo kaGilgamesh wenziwa ngokubhala malunga nomnyaka we-1300 BC, ngoko ke kusengqiqweni ukuba kukholelwa ukuba ibhayibhile ubukhulu becala iphantsi kwempefumlelo yezenzo zalo kumkani.[su_note] / inqaku_lakho]
Kufuneka kukhankanywe ukuba olu hlalutyo lwaluyingxoxo yengxoxo kwi-XNUMXth inkulungwane, yiyo loo nto iye yavelisa uphando oluninzi olubonisa ukuba ithiyori ilungile okanye hayi.
Ukongeza kukho kwakhona a ifuthe lombongo wegilgamesh, kuzo zonke iindinyana ezibalisayo, ekubeni iyincwadi yokuqala ebonisa ngokwenene ukufa komntu kwaye ngaphakathi kwayo ingumxholo wokungafi koThixo. Ke ngoko, zivumela umfundi ukuba enze uthelekiso kunye neenkcukacha zomahluko ngamnye okhoyo ukusuka kuloo mzuzu ukuza kuthi ga ngoku; ukongeza kwakhona, ukwahlula okanye ukwahlula abemi abakhoyo ngokwamagunya abo ngelo xesha.
Isiphelo
Nangona ingumbongo owabhalwa kumawaka eminyaka ngaphambi kokuzalwa kukaKristu, amazwi awo anokuguqulwa aze aqondwe ngokusuka kwinkalo yoncwadi yanamhlanje.
Imvakalelo yokusukuzana eyayikho ngaxa lithile phakathi kukaEnkidu noGilgamesh ithi shwaka ngokupheleleyo, kangangokuba ekupheleni kwebali bagqalwa phantse njengabazalwana; konke oku kukho kumabali amaninzi angoku, ke ngoko, lo mbongo ungathathwa njengempembelelo entle yokwenza nokudala amabali amatsha akwindidi yoncwadi.
Ngaphakathi kombongo kubalulekile ukukhankanya ezona ngongoma zibalulekileyo kuxoxwa ngazo, njengokudlula kokufa kunye nentsingiselo yento nganye; ixesha, nayo yonke into enokususwa okanye iphunyezwe ngayo. Okokugqibela, ivelisa inkxalabo enkulu ngokunxulumene nomxholo wokufa komntu kwaye oku kuxhaphake kakhulu kumabali anamhlanje kunokuba adalwe ngonyaka wama-2.500 BC.
Umbongo kaGilgamesh usishiya nemfundiso enkulu, ubomi bufutshane kwaye sonke simiselwe ukuba buphele, nangona kunjalo, kuxhomekeke kumntu ngamnye wethu ukuba siwasebenzise njani onke amathuba esiwafumanayo ooThixo, ngcono okanye kakubi. . UGilgamesh wayenqwenela ukuba wayenamandla okusinda ekufeni; kwimbali yonke kubonisiwe ukuba ekuphela kwabantu abakwaziyo ukwenza esi senzo ngooThixo kwaye asinako ukuwuguqula lo mba.
Okokugqibela, sisicatshulwa esicetyiswa ngamaxesha amaninzi ngenxa yomgangatho womxholo wayo. Ngombongo ongaqhelekanga kancinane, zonke iintlekele neemeko ahlangabezana nazo umntu zibaliswa; Oku kubandakanya indlela yokuziphatha kwendalo kunye nendlela ephembelela ngayo uthando kunye nohambo lwabalinganiswa babalaseleyo.
[su_box title=“The Gilgamesh Poem” radius=”6″][su_youtube url=”https://youtu.be/HCQiFTaUAVc”][/su_box]