El Uhlalutyo lwe-morphological, chaza imo, udidi kunye neklasi kwinqanaba legrama yegama ngalinye kwisivakalisi. Oku kunxulumene nokwahlulahlula kodwa akuqulathanga uphononongo olufanayo.
Yintoni uhlalutyo lwe-morphological?
El uhlalutyo lwe-morphological kunye ne-syntactic, inezinto ezifanayo kodwa azifani. Ekubeni elokuqala lijolise ekufundeni iklasi kwaye ngokulandelelana kwinqanaba kwinqanaba legrama yegama ngalinye eliyinxalenye yesivakalisi. Okwangoku, i-syntactician izama ukufumanisa imisebenzi yamagama afumaneka kwisivakalisi.
Uhlalutyo lwe-morphological kunye ne-syntactic luhamba kunye, kuba zombini ziqhuba izifundo zamagama afunyenwe kwisivakalisi, kodwa azizalisekisi umsebenzi ofanayo.
Isetyenziswa njani?
Ukuba ufuna ukwenza uhlalutyo lwe-morphological, kufuneka ube nesivakalisi njengomthombo wakho oyintloko. Kuyimfuneko ukuba uthathe igama ngalinye kwaye uqhubeke ukugqiba ukuba leliphi icandelo ngalinye kwabo benza isivakalisi.
Emva koku singenza a uhlalutyo lwe-morphological njengomsebenzi Ukufumana umbono obambekayo wolu hlobo lohlalutyo:
Intaka emhlophe iyabhabha
I: linqaku, ubufazi, isinye.
Intaka: esi sisibizo, sesini sobufazi, sikwakwisinye.
Mhlophe: Iyinxalenye yezichazi, ibhinqa, isinye.
Ukubhabha: eli gama sisenzi ukubhabha, ukongezelela koko, lithethwa kumntu wesithathu kwisinye. Ukongeza koku, kwixesha langoku elibonisayo.
Ngaba uhlalutyo lwe-morphosyntactic kunye nohlalutyo lwe-morphological luyinto enye?
Ukuba kunokubakho naluphi na ulwalamano oludibanisa uhlalutyo lwe-morphological kunye ne-syntactic. Oku kungenxa yokuba ngokwenene akukho mida kuzo zombini iindlela zokuhlalutya.
Xa olu hlobo lweemeko zegrama zenziwa, uhlalutyo luba yi-morphosyntactic, ekubeni kumanyano lwazo zombini iindlela zokufunda i-syntagm kunye negama le-morphological.
Iiklasi zamagama kuhlalutyo lwe-morphological
Kwindawo yokuqala, ukwenza ngokuchanekileyo uhlalutyo lwe-morphological yazo zonke iinkalo eziya kwisivakalisi. Ezithi zona zinxulumane nazo zonke iindidi ezizisa izakhi zegrama njengesalathiso. Indlela yokuchonga yile ilandelayo:
Ukuzimisela
Izilathisi zichazwa njengamagama ahamba nesibizo. Konke oku, ngenjongo yokuvelisa ulwazi malunga nento ekuthethwa ngayo kwisivakalisi.
Ezi zahlulwe zibe: isini, inani, imeko emisela indawo kunye nokuphatha. Kuya kufuneka sikhumbule ukuba kukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeempawu, ezi zilandelayo:
zihloko
Ziqulunqwe ziziqalelo zokumisela ezinguye, yena, yena kunye no. Kwelinye icala, i-indeterminatives yenziwe ngenye, enye, enye, enye.
bonisa
Oku kusekelwe ngokukodwa ekumiseleni ukusondela okanye, nangayiphi na imeko, umgama esinawo isibizo. Yiyo loo nto, yahlulwe ngoku kulandelayo: le, le, leya, leya, leya, naleya.
Abanezinto
Igxininisa ekuchongeni ukuba iziqalelo ezityunjwe ngesibizo zezikabani. Bandim, abam, wena, bakho, abethu nabakho.
Ayichazwanga
Bagxila ekuvezeni izixa ezingamiselwanga ezithe zathiywa, zenziwe ngabanye, bambalwa, abaninzi kwaye kancinane.
amanani
Ezi zijongana nokuchonga ulandelelwano okanye ngokutshintshana ubungakanani ngokuchanekileyo. Zinye, zimbini, zesithathu, zine, isiqingatha kunye nezimbini.
Iimibuzo
Zenzelwe ukukhapha isibizo. Konke oku ngenjongo yokubuza imibuzo efana nokuba yintoni, yimalini kwaye yintoni.
Umkhuzo
Bajolisa ekuvezeni izinto ezizisa umothuko kunye novakalelo olufana nokuba yintoni, ingakanani kwaye yeyiphi.
Kubalulekile ukugqamisa ukuba kufuneka ukhumbule ukuba izinto ezichazayo ngaphakathi kohlalutyo lwe-morphological zenziwe ngamanqaku kwaye, ke, ezo zibizwa ngokuba zizichazi zemveli. Ngale ndlela, uya kuba nakho ukuqonda ngakumbi malunga nendlela onokuthi wenze ngayo olu hlobo lomsebenzi.
Amagama okanye izibizo
Izibizo ngamagama abunjwe ngamagama athetha ngezinto eziphilayo, izinto, izimvo, iimvakalelo kunye neempawu. Kubalulekile ukuba ugcine engqondweni ukuba ngokuxhomekeke kwintsingiselo enayo, yahlulwe ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:
Eqhelekileyo
Oku kusekelwe kwizinto ezifanelekileyo kunye nezinto eziphantsi kwemiba eqhelekileyo. Njengomzekelo umthi, umfazi kunye nenja. Ngendlela efanayo, isekelwe kwiinkalo ezifanelekileyo, ezijongene nokutyunjwa kwezidalwa kunye neendawo, ngenjongo yokuzahlula omnye komnye phantsi kweentlobo ezifanayo. Njengoko kunjalo ngemeko kaMaria neGuatemala.
Ekhonkrithi
Igxininisa kwizinto esikwaziyo ukuzibona ngeemvakalelo. Njengoko kunjalo ngencwadi, inyama okanye itafile. Kwelinye icala, zizinto ezicingelwayo ezithetha ngokumisela imiba engenakuqondwa lula. Kuba iimvakalelo azikwazi ukulawula okanye ukubona ubuhlobo, intlungu kunye noloyiko.
AbaGcini zincwadi
Ziyinxalenye yezinto ezinokuthi zibalwe. Njengoko kunjalo ngezinja, iibhedi kunye nama-apile. Ngokufanayo, igxininisa kwizinto ezingenakubalwa. Ezi zijongene nokuthetha malunga neenkalo ezinxulumene nezinto kunye nezinto ezingenako ukwahlukana, njengoko kunjalo uthando, amanzi kunye nomoya.
Akunakubalwa
Izinto ezingenakubalwa zihambelana nezinto okanye ezinye izinto ezingenakho ukuhlukana, njengoko kunjalo uthando, umoya kunye namanzi.
umntu ngamnye
Oku kugxininisa kwizinto ezinokubaleka, ezinjengomthi, ingcuka kunye nomntu. Ngokukwanjalo, imele imiba edityanisiweyo edweliswe kwiqela lezinto ezinokubalwa, njengehlathi, umhlambi, nabantu.
Kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuba izibizo zizama ukuba yinxalenye yawo onke amaqela, njengoko kunjalo: itafile sisibizo esiqhelekileyo. Ngendlela efanayo, yezinto eziphathekayo, ukubala kwaye ngexesha elifanayo umntu.
Izibizo zikwanalo noku kulandelayo
Zahlulwe ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:
Inani
Zisekelwe kwisinye kwaye ngokulandelelanayo isininzi.
Isini
Ijolisa kwinkazana, ebudodeni kwaye ngokujika isini esingaqondakaliyo, esinokuthi siphinde sibe ngumfazi okanye yindoda njengoko kunjalo elwandle. Kwelinye icala, isekelwe kwi-epicene emelwa njengesini esinye segrama, njengoko kunjalo ngokhozi.
Isichazi
Izichazi ngamagama anyamekela ukuzalisekisa yonke into efunwa zizibizo. Kungale ndlela ke apho izibizo zinokuguqulwa, kuba inika ulwazi ngayo.
Oku ke kunethuba lokuvakalisa zonke iimpawu zeempawu ezisasazwa njengeempawu zesibizo. Oku ke kujolisa kwiimpawu, amanani kunye nokuba ngowabo.
Kubalulekile ukuba ugcine engqondweni ukuba phantsi kohlalutyo lwe-morphological luhlelwa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:
Inani: egxininisa kwisinye kunye neziqalelo zesininzi.
Isini: ubudoda kunye nobufazi.
Izenzi
Izenzi ngamagama anenjongo yokuchaza izenzo, ezi kunye neemeko zomntu. Yakhiwe ngengcambu njengoko ithathwa njengenxalenye engaguquguqukiyo eyenza isenzi.
Ukongeza koku, inesiphelo, kuba yiyo eyenza yonke into eguquguqukayo ngexesha apho isenzi sihlanganiswa khona. Ewe, ivumela ukuba siqonde inani, ixesha kunye nendlela yomxholo.
Okwangoku senza uhlalutyo lwe-morphological, sigxile kwisenzi phantsi kwezenzo ezilula ezenziwe ngale miba ilandelayo:
Ukudibanisa: yenziwe ngamalungu adityanisiweyo kwinqanaba elingapheliyo, njengoko kunjalo kwimeko yokuba sibaleka, ephuma kwisenzi ukubaleka.
Umntu: igxininisa kumntu wokuqala, owesibini nowesithathu.
Inani: igxininisa kwizinto ezikwisinye ize ilandele isininzi.
Ixesha: igxininisa kwixesha langoku, ixesha eladlulayo, nakwixesha elizayo kunye nomqathango.
Indlela: ngokukodwa kwisalathiso, i-subjunctive kunye nesinyanzeliso.
Isimelabizo
La magama agxininisa ekumiseleni igama, ngenjongo yokuphepha ukuphindaphinda kwawo. Ukongeza koku, zohlulwe zibe zezi zilandelayo:
Ubuqu : bagxila ekutshintsheni umntu kwinqanaba legrama, ngaphezu koko, kufuneka babe phambi kwesenzi, njengoko kunjalo: mna, wena, yena, yena, thina, thina, wena, wena, bona. kwaye bona.
Ukubonakaliswa, kokuphatha, okungapheliyo, amanani, imibuzo kunye nezikhuzo: ziyafana neziqinisekiso ebezicacisiwe ngaphambili.
Isichazamazwi
Banenjongo yokumanyanisa baze badibanise izalathandawo namanye amagama. Ngenjongo yokuqonda ubudlelwane bamagama omabini. Kufuneka ukhumbule ukuba uhlalutyo lwe-morphological kufuneka luluhlu lwegama kuphela xa liyisichazamazwi, ngaphandle kokwenza olunye uhlalutyo.
Isihlomelo
Inomsebenzi wokuphelelisa isenzi, njengezichazi nezinye izakhi ezenza isihlomelo kwisivakalisi. Izihlomelo zifumaneka ngaphakathi: imo, indawo, ixesha, ukuchasa, ukungaqiniseki kunye nocwangco.
Umdibaniso
Inenjongo yokudibanisa amagama afumaneka kwisivakalisi kwaye yahlulwe ngokwemiba ilandelayo:
Abaququzeleli: bajolisa ekudibaniseni izivakalisi baze bajike amagama ngendlela yesintaksi kwaye zezi: kunye, kwaye, okanye, okanye, kodwa, kunye nokunye.
Abaphantsi: Bagxininisa ekudibaniseni amagama phantsi kweziqalelo ezingaphantsi ezifana nezi: kuhle, kuba, sele, ukuba, nokuba.
Umzekelo
Ekubeni ithathela ingqalelo icandelo ngalinye elifunyenwe kumagama xa kusenziwa uhlalutyo lwe-morphological. Kusemva koku uthi unikwe umzekelo wesivakalisi:
Intle ngakumbi indlu yakho kuneyam
Wena: igxininisa kwisicacisi somnini.
Indlu: ichazwa njengesibizo esiqhelekileyo, phantsi kwesini sobufazi kunye nesinye.
Yi: yinxalenye yesenzi ukwenzeka kwaye ngokulandelayo kugxilwe kwisinye umntu, phantsi kwexesha langoku lesalathiso kwisinye.
Kwaye: Iyinxalenye yesihlomelo sobungakanani.
Intle: yinxalenye yesichazi, phantsi kwesini sobufazi kunye nesinye.
Ewe: Iyinxalenye yokudibanisa.
I: sisigqibo, esiyinxalenye yamanqaku akwisinye amabhinqa.
Eyam: sisimelabizo somnini.
Ukuzivocavoca
Ukuba sele ucacile malunga nezinto ezisivumela ukuba senze uhlalutyo lwe-morphological, unokwenza izivakalisi eziboniswe ngezantsi:
- Ikati yam uMateo uyagula ukusukela izolo.
- Inkanyamba yavuthuza uphahla lwendlu yam.
- Usapho lwam olusempilweni alutshayi.
- Masiyothengela abantwana bam iilekese.
Imvelaphi kunye nembali
Uhlalutyo lwe-morphological lwenziwa ngo-1969 nguFritz Zwicky. Oku kwakunyamekela ukukwenza ngokusebenzisa ezinye iindlela ezifana nokuhlalutya ingxaki. Ke ngoko, uhlalutyo lwe-morphological lunomsebenzi wokunokwenzeka koyilo kwaye ngokulandelelana uphuhliso ngokusebenzisa ubuchule benoveli kwinkqubo.
Yonke into oyikhangelayo uncwadi inokufumaneka kule bhlog. Ndiyakumema ukuba ujonge la manqaku alandelayo kwaye ke ufunde ngakumbi malunga noncwadi:
UWilliam Shakespeare kunye neencwadi zakhe