UJosé de la Cruz Porfirio Díaz Mori, waphuhliswa njengomkhosi waseMexico okwazile ukuphuhlisa phantsi kwesikhundla sikaMongameli weRiphabhlikhi.
UPorfirio Diaz
Abaninzi bayazibuzaNgubani uPorfirio Diaz? Eli yayilijoni laseMexico kunye nezopolitiko owayekwigunya likamongameli iminyaka engamashumi amathathu ananye, eyakhiwe ngamaxesha asixhenxe. Imimiselo yakhe yesikhundla yayibizwa ngokuba ngababhali-mbali baseMexico, ixesha lePorfiriato.
Ixesha lakhe lokuqala njengentloko yelizwe lenzeka emva koloyiso olwasekwa emva kweentshukumo zeNguquko yaseTuxtepec. Idabi elaqhutywa phakathi kwe-28 kaNovemba wonyaka we-1876 ukuya kutsho nge-6 kaDisemba kwaloo nyaka.
Uphuhliso lwesibini lorhulumente wakhe lwenzeka phakathi kwexesha elisusela kuFebruwari 17, 1877 ukusa kuMeyi 5 kwaloo nyaka. Emva koko, yaphuhliswa kumgaqo-siseko ngoNovemba 30, 1880, emva kokumisela imigaqo efunekayo kumgaqo-siseko welizwe.
Emva kwazo zonke ezi ziganeko, wathatha igunya likamongameli waseMexico ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka ukusuka kunyaka we-1884 ukuya ku-1911. Kubalulekile ukukhankanya ukuba ngaphambi kokuba aphuhlise njengomongameli waziphatha njengendoda yasemkhosini.
imiba yomkhosi
UPorfirio Díaz wagqama njengejoni kumadabi afana noNgenelelo lwesiBini lwesiFrentshi eMexico. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, wenza ngokugqwesileyo kwiMfazwe yasePuebla, kunye neSiege of Puebla, iMfazwe yaseMiahuatlán kunye neMfazwe yaseLa Carbonera.
Kwakhona, kubalulekile ukukhankanya ukuba ngo-Oktobha 15, 1863, ngoko uMongameli uBenito Juárez wagqiba ekubeni atyumbe i-Porfirio Díaz Division General. Emva koku, ngomhla wama-28 kwaloo nyanga inye, imikhosi yomkhosi egxile kwigunya lomkhosi yenziwa kumazwe aseVeracruz, e-Oaxaca, eTlaxcala nasePuebla.
Kubalulekile ukugqamisa ukuba phakathi kwabalinganiswa uPorfirio Díaz wabalaselisa, wakwenza oko ngezigqibo zakhe zomkhosi kwiimfazwe ezenzeka ngaphakathi kwilizwe lase-Oaxaca. Phakathi kwezigqibo zakhe ezilungileyo, watsala amaqela ama-guerrilla ngokuchasene namaFrentshi, ngenjongo yokuphelisa iinzame zeFransi zokulawula.
Ekuqaleni kuka-Aprili 1867, uPorfirio Díaz wagqiba kwelokuba aye ePuebla, ukuze emva koAprili 15 abe noloyiso aze ngaloo ndlela akhokele imikhosi ekwinqanaba leriphabliki ukuya kwikomkhulu laseMexico.
UPorfirio Díaz uthatha isigqibo sokwenza uvukelo lwezixhobo ngokuchasene norhulumente womanyano eqhutywa ziimbono ezichaseneyo izihlandlo ezibini. Isenzo sakhe sokuqala ngeengalo sasichasene noBenito Juárez, eqhuba iSicwangciso saseNoria. Ukuba uyafuna unokufunda ngakumbi malunga namanqaku afana neli Ignatius Manuel Altamirano
Ezi ziganeko zakhokelela ekulweni kunye noSebastián Lerdo de Tejada. Kusemva koku athi acacise iSicwangciso seTuxtepec. Esi sicwangciso saphunyezwa ngempumelelo, nto leyo eyakhokelela ekubeni uPorfirio Díaz aphuhle njengomongameli wommandla waseMexico.
Uzichaze njengomkhuseli opheleleyo wezinto ezikhokelela kwindaleko kunye nenkqubela phambili. Phakathi kwezona zenzo zibalulekileyo awazenzayo ngelixa wayehleli kwisikhundla sobuntloko belizwe kukuphumelela kokuqhubela phambili ukwandiswa komgaqo kaloliwe eMexico.
I-Biography
La Ubomi bukaPorfirio Diaz ibonisa ukuba wazalelwa eOaxaca, eMexico, kwiphondo laseAntequera elathiywa ngaphambili, ngoSeptemba 15, 1830. Wabhaptizwa nguJosé Agustín Domínguez njengothixo, kwangolo suku awazalwa ngalo.
Kubalulekile ukukhankanya ukuba wayengunyana wesithandathu womanyano kaJosé Faustino Díaz Orozco kunye noMaría Petrona uCecilia Mori Cortés, isibini esihlangene nomtshato ongcwele ngo-1808. Kufuneka kukhankanywe ukuba uyise walo mlingiswa obalulekileyo kwimbali yaseMexico. yayikwindawo yemigodi kunye neentsimbi.
Ukongeza koku, uJosé Faustino uthatha isigqibo sokujoyina imikhosi yabavukeli ekhokelwa nguVicente Guerrero. Kukule mikhosi yasemkhosini apho uJóse Faustino waphuhla njengogqirha wezilwanyana, kamva ebulela umsebenzi wakhe wokubizwa ngokuba ngumphathiswa.
Ngo-1819 abazali bakaPorfirio Díaz bakwazi ukukhulelwa intombi yabo yokuqala ebizwa ngokuba nguDesideria. Emva koko, amawele uCayetano kunye noPablo bayazalwa, nangona kunjalo, ubomi babo bugqunywe ngamashwa emva kokusweleka besebancinci. Kwandula ke kuzalwa amanye amantombazana amabini uManuela noNicolasa. UPorfirio wazalwa ngowe-1830 yaye ekugqibeleni umninawa wakhe omncinane ogama linguFelipe Díaz Mori, owazalwa ngowe-1833.
Kubalulekile ukukhankanya ukuba ngo-1820 abazali bakaPorfirio bafudukela kumbindi wesixeko sase-Oaxaca. Apha bagqiba kwelokuba bathenge indlu yabahambi ekufuphi netempile yaseVirgen de la Soledad. Yaziwa ngokwamkela abahambi abadlula kweso sixeko.
Ekugqibeleni, uJosé Faustino Díaz ukhuthazwa ukuba aqale ishishini elizinikele kwi-blacksmithing. Oku kwavumela intsapho ukuba ibe nemeko entle yezoqoqosho kangangeminyaka embalwa.
ikholera morbus ubhubhane
Ngehlobo lowe-1833, kwabakho ubhubhani wekholera kwisixeko saseOaxaca. Kungenxa yesi sizathu ukuba uJosé Faustino Díaz wasulelwa sisifo ekuqaleni kuka-Agasti kwaye wagqiba ekubeni enze ukuthanda kwakhe ekupheleni kwenyanga efanayo. Ii-asethi zanikezelwa ngokupheleleyo kumfazi wakhe.
Emva kwaloo ntlekele, intsapho ayizange ikwazi ukuhlala kwindlu yabahambi ngoko yagqiba ekubeni ifudukele eSolar del Toronjo. Ejongene neemeko ezazisenzeka ngaloo maxesha, ezinye zazo amabinzana akhumbulekayo kaPorfirio Díaz, ephefumlelwe ziinkumbulo zakhe “Ingqiqo yakhe nemisebenzi yakhe njengomama yamnceda wakwazi ukolula ezo zinto zincinane kangangexesha elide”
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amantombazana uDíaz Mori, uManuela, uDesideria kunye noNicolasa, bagqiba ekubeni baqale ngemisebenzi yokuluka, ukuthunga nokwenza ukutya kunye needessert, ngenjongo yokuzithengisa ukuze kugcinwe uqoqosho oluzinzile ngaphakathi kwinucleus yentsapho.
I-matriarch, ngokuqhubekayo, ihlwayela i-nopales ngenjongo yokuyivelisa ukuba ithengise emva kwesiphumo. Ngelo xesha, waqala ukufuya iihagu, emva kokuqeqesha enye yeepalati zekhaya lakhe ukwenza lo msebenzi.
Iminyaka yokuqala yokufunda
Kwakungowe-1835 xa uPorfirio Díaz wangena kwiSikolo Sobuhlobo. Olu lwakhiwo lwemfundo lwaluphakathi kwemida yolawulo lwelizwe lase-Oaxaca. Kulapha apho umlinganiswa ekwazile ukufunda ukufunda aze naye abhale.
Ngokutsho kwe-biography yakhe, kuthiwa njengenkwenkwana wayechitha ixesha elininzi edlala kunye nokuchitha ixesha kunye nabahlobo kunye nabamelwane ababenabo eSolar del Toronjo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ngokutsho kweengxelo, ngexesha elithile phakathi komsindo phakathi kwabazalwana, unquma ukubeka isibhamu empumlweni kaFeliksi, ngelixa wayephumle, ngaloo ndlela ebeka umlilo. Oku kwabangela ukuba babize uFélix el chato Díaz.
Seminar
Uthixo kaPorfirio wayebizwa ngokuba nguJosé Agustín Domínguez y Díaz, isifundo esakhula njengomfundisi kwaye kamva waba nguBhishophu waseAntequera. Ucebisa ukuba umama kaPorfirio amngenise kwisikolo sabefundisi.
Ke ngoko, ngo-1843 umlinganiswa wangena kwiSeminari yeTridentine yase-Oaxaca, ephuhlisa ngaphakathi kuluhlu lwesidanga se-bachelor kubugcisa. Le nkqubo yenzeka kwisithuba seminyaka emithathu. Kungenxa yesi sizathu le nto kwathi ngowe-1846, uPorfirio wafunda ngefiziksi, imathematika, ingqiqo, igrama, isiLatini, kunye nentetho.
Kwakhona wayenamanqaku amahle, ngokukodwa kwiiklasi zesiLatini. Kungenxa yesi sizathu ukuba aqhubele phambili nokubonelela ngeeklasi ngolu lwimi kuGuadalupe Pérez, owayengunyana kaMnu Marcos Pérez, ngenjongo yokusombulula iingxaki zezoqoqosho zentsapho.
Ungenelelo olwenziwe yiUnited States ngokubhekiselele kummandla waseMexico, lweza nemvukelo ethile kunye nemvukelo kwicala lamalungu eesemina. Owase-Oaxaca wayengekho ngasemva ngezi zenzo, kungoko amalungu ayo aqalisa ukukhuthazwa ngumlo ochasene naba bahlaseli.
Ngenxa yesi sizathu, baqalisa ngeembono zemvukelo ezazixhaswa ngabefundisi nabafundisi-ntsapho ababesebenza kwelo ziko. Kungenxa yesi sizathu, ukuba ngo-Oktobha wonyaka weentshukumo ezihlaselayo zamaMerika, iqela labafundi lithatha isigqibo sokudibana nerhuluneli yeSizwe, ngenjongo yokucela ukuba banikwe imvume yokungena kwimikhosi yelizwe. Kubalulekile ukukhankanya ukuba uPorfirio Díaz wayeyinxalenye yelo qela.
Eli qela lamakhwenkwe laliphakathi kweSan Clemente Battalion. Phezu kwazo zonke ezi zenzo, imfazwe yaphela kungekudala emva koko kwaye akukho namnye kumalungu eqela owakwaziyo ukusebenza emfazweni.
iiklasi latin
U-Porfirio Díaz wasebenza njengomfundisi wesiLatini kunye noGuadalupe Pérez, owayengunyana wegqwetha elibalulekileyo uMarcos Pérez, umlingiswa onobudlelwane obukhulu noBenito Juárez.
Kufuneka kukhankanywe ukuba ngenye imini emva kokugqiba iiklasi kunye noGuadalupe, uyise, unquma ukumema uPorfirio ukuba athathe inxaxheba kunye nabo kumsitho wamabhaso owenzeka kwiKholeji yeLiberal.
Emva kokwamkela umqeqeshi wePérez encinci, udibana nerhuluneli yelizwe ngelo xesha, owayenguBenito Juárez. Apho inkwenkwe ibona indlela abalinganiswa abafana noMarcos Pérez kunye noBenito Juárez abaqhubeka ngayo, kwaye ukongeza koko, uyaqhubeka nokuphulaphula amagama abonisa ulwazi olungafunyanwanga ngaphakathi kwisemina. Yiyo loo nto, emva kwesi siganeko, uthatha isigqibo sokuyibekela bucala isemina.
Iziko leNzululwazi kunye noBugcisa base-Oaxaca
I-Porfirio ikhuthazekile emva kwezenzo zakhe zokungena kwiZiko leSayensi kunye noBugcisa base-Oaxaca, ngelixa umfana ethatha isigqibo sokungena kwiziko, le ndawo yayisaziwa ngokuba ineempawu zoqhekeko. Ngesi sizathu, uthixo wakhe, owayesele esebenza njengobhishophu, ugqiba kwelokuba ayirhoxise inkxaso yemali awayemnike yona, kunye neyeemvakalelo.
Ngaphandle kwemeko yakhe entsha, uPorfirio Díaz uyakwazi ukuguquka kwizifundo zakhe kwindawo yomthetho. Yintoni eyakhokelela ekubeni afumane ekupheleni konyaka we-1850 iwonga lokuba ngutitshala kwiZiko leSayensi nobuGcisa laseOaxaca.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, imeko yezoqoqosho apho intsapho yakhe yafunyanwa yabangela ukuba uPorfirio abe yi-bolero. Kamva uthatha isigqibo sokusebenza kwindawo yokugcina izixhobo apho asebenza phantsi korhwebo lokulungisa imipu aze emva koko abe ngumchweli.
Ngo-1854 uqhubela phambili nokuthatha indawo kaRafael Urquiza ngaphakathi komsebenzi wethala leencwadi leZiko leSayensi kunye noBugcisa base-Oaxaca. Yonke le misebenzi yayinenjongo yokuphucula imeko yezoqoqosho intsapho yakhe eyayizifumane ikuyo.
Kubalulekile ukukhankanya ukuba emva kokuba isihlalo somthetho wendalo kaManuel Iturribarrí sishiywe ngenxa yokugula, nguPorfirio Díaz owamtshintsha. Esi sikhundla sitsha siyiphucula kakhulu imeko yezoqoqosho kwintsapho yakhe yaye emva koko simthatha simbeke kwinqanaba elitsha kubomi bakhe bomsebenzi.
Uphuhliso kwizifundo
Kufuneka kukhankanywe ukuba lo mlinganiswa uphuhliswe ngobuchule obukhulu kumthetho waseRoma. Nto leyo yamkhokelela ekubeni abe ngumfundi ofumene awona mabanga abalaseleyo kwisizukulwana sakhe.
Phakathi kwabo wayesebenza nabo yayinguMatías Romero noJosé Justo Benítez. Kwelinye icala, wayengumfundi kaBenito Juárez kumthetho woluntu ukusuka ngo-1852 ukuya ku-1853.
ubomi boodade wabo
Xa uyise efa, udadewabo kaPorfirio, uDesideria, unquma ukutshata no-Antonio Tapia, osebenza njengomthengisi kwintsimi yaseMichoacán. Yile ndoda enabantwana abaliqela. Nangona kunjalo, zimbini kuphela ezikwaziyo ukusinda. Eli bhinqa lahlala eMichoacán de kwalixesha lokufa kwalo.
Kwelakhe icala, uNicolasa ugqiba kwelokuba atshate esemncinane kakhulu aze naye abe ngumhlolokazi kamsinya nje emva kokutshata. Kusemva kwezi ziganeko, awathi akashiyi naluphi na uhlobo lwenzala.
UManuela, kwelinye icala, waba nolwalamano olungaphandle komtshato nogqirha ogama linguManuel Ortega Reyes. Kungemva kokuba uDelfina Ortega Díaz azalwe, othi njengoko iminyaka ihamba ibe ngumfazi kamalume wakhe uPorfirio.
Umsebenzi wasemkhosini
Ngo-Matshi 1854, i-1853, kwimeko yangoku yaseGuerrero, uFlorencio Villareal kunye noJuan N. Álvarez bagqiba ekubeni bakhuphe ngaphandle iSicwangciso se-Ayutla, esasifuna ukuphelisa uphuhliso lukamongameli ka-Antonio López de Santa Anna. Umlinganiswa wezopolitiko owayesebenzisa ubongameli ixesha leshumi elinanye, ukusukela ngoAprili XNUMX.
Kungalo mpapasho apho into ebizwa ngokuba yi-Ayutla Revolution iqala. Kufuneka kukhankanywe ukuba oyena uququzelele eyona ntshukumo inkulu e-Oaxaca yayinguMarcos Pérez, kunye namaqabane akhe abalulekileyo eembono. Yiyo loo nto, phakathi kwabo bonke, beqala ukuzoba isicwangciso ngenjongo yokusebenzisana nombutho wenguqu.
Emva koku, baqhubeka nokuba nonxibelelwano olunxulumene ngokuthe ngqo nabalinganiswa bemvelaphi yaseMexico ababekwisixeko saseMelika saseNew Orleans phantsi koluhlu lwabathinjwa. Phakathi kwezi yayilixesha likaBenito Juárez, owayefudukele kuloo mmandla ngenxa yeengxabano noSanta Anna.
Nangona kunjalo, oku kuzisa ukuvalelwa kukaMarcos Pérez kunye namanye amalungu anxibelelana ngeeleta nabathinjwa, ekubeni amapolisa afihlakeleyo karhulumente akwazi ukufumanisa izenzo zabo.
UPorfirio Díaz kukhangelo lwakhe lwenguquko uzama ukutyelela uPérez, nangona kunjalo, akukho lula kuye ngenxa yezithintelo ezibekwe ngurhulumente ngokuchasene nala mabanjwa.
Ngaphandle koku, uPorfirio akanikezeli, ngoko uyakwazi ukunyuka iinqaba ze-convent kunye nentsebenziswano yomntakwabo ngobusuku obunye ngoNovemba. Oku kumkhokelela ekubeni anxibelelane noPérez ngolwimi lwesiLatini.
Emva kwale meko, uxolelo lunikezelwa kwiintolongo kwaye ngoko uPorfirio unquma ukwazisa uPérez ngesigqibo. NgoDisemba waloo nyaka, uPérez wagxothwa yirhuluneli yaye, emva koko, kwakhutshwa incwadi egunyazisa ukubanjwa kukaPorfirio Díaz, ekubeni yena ngokwakhe wagqiba kwelokuba avotele esidlangalaleni nxamnye noSanta Anna, ngaloo ndlela exhasa u-Álvarez.
UJuan Álvarez ngelo xesha, uthatha isigqibo sokuseka iqela labanqolobi, ngenjongo yokujongana nemikhosi ye-federal kwintsimi yaseTeotongo ngoFebruwari wonyaka we-d 1855. Qinisekisa ukuba uzazise ngamanqaku afana ne Biography Guadalupe Victoria
Ukurhoxa kukaSanta Anna
Ngo-Agasti 9, 1855, uSanta Anna, uthatha isigqibo sokurhoxa isikhundla sakhe njengomongameli, emva kweziganeko eziphakanyiswe kuye. Kungenxa yoko le nto ekhwela kwizibuko laseVeracruz ukuya eCuba.
NguJuan N. Álvarez oba ngumongameli wommandla waseMexico, ekubeni nguye owakhokela iintshukumo zoguqulo ngokuchasene noSanta Anna. Ngo-Agasti 27 waloo nyaka, uBenito Juárez uyabuya, emva kokuchitha iminyaka embalwa elubhacweni eUnited States. Emva koko, uBenito Juárez wonyulwa njengerhuluneli yase-Oaxaca.
Kwelinye icala, uCelestino Macedonia, wayesebenza njengonobhala kurhulumente weLizwe. Kungenxa yesi sizathu ukuba inkcazo yokumisela uPorfirio Díaz njengomphathi wezopolitiko ophethe iSithili sase-Ixtlán kuthathwa.
UDíaz uyakwazi ukwenza umlindi wokuqala kule ndawo, nangona enabalinganiswa abaliqela ngokuchasene naye, njengoko kwakunjalo kumphathi-mkhosi waseburhulumenteni. Kukunye nale mikhosi emitsha ukuba uDíaz athathe inxaxheba e-Oaxaca edabini ngonyaka we-1856. Kulo mcimbi wembali uhlaselwe yimbumbulu kwaye emva kokuba le Esteban Calderón iqhubela phambili ukusebenza kuye.
Imbasa ngeenkonzo zakho
UPorfirio Díaz wawongwa ngezenzo zenkululeko awazenzayo ngelixa wayekwinkonzo yakhe yasemkhosini. Umntu owamnika le ngqalelo nguMongameli Ignacio Comonfort. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, nguye owanikezela ubunkokeli bemikhosi ye-Isthmus yaseTehuantepec, eyayiseSanto Domingo Tehuantepec.
Emva kwesi siganeko, kwavela imvukelo engqongqo, ngoko ke uPorfirio Díaz wagqiba ekubeni athathe umyalelo weJamiltepec, ekummandla we-Ixcapa. Kungumbulelo kwesi senzo ukuba imisitho equlunqwe ngabagcini bendalo yagcinwa kude.
Kufuneka kukhankanywe ukuba kwintsimi yeTehuantepec, kukuba uDíaz wazana noMauricio López, osebenza phantsi kweenkalo zenkululeko. Ukongeza koku, waba nethuba lokusebenzisana nomphathi weposi wendawo, owayebizwa ngokuba nguJuan Calvo. Kwakunye noJuan A. Avendaño, owayesebenza kuloo mmandla njengejaji nomrhwebi, noCharles Etienne Brasseur, umFrentshi owayetyhutyha loo mmandla.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-Díaz ngexesha, iphuhlise uxhulumaniso kunye nezinto zenkcubeko yaseZapotec kunye nokujika inkcubeko ye-Mixtec. Kwakhona kubalulekile ukukhankanya ukuba wayenomdla wokufunda ngakumbi malunga neeMixtec yonke imihla kuba unina wayeyinzala yaba bantu bomthonyama.
Emva koko, waba nethuba lokwabelana noJuana C. Romero, umfazi obalulekileyo ovela kwintsapho ebalaseleyo yezopolitiko. Ngokufanayo, ngoxa iPorfiriato yayikhula, le ndoda yagqiba ekubeni ibe yinxalenye yeenkalo ezibalaseleyo zeIsthmus.
Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba kwakungowe-1860 apho uPorfirio Díaz wawushiya ummandla wase-Oaxaca okokuqala. Ebonisa kwezinye iindawo zelizwe ngokobungqina obufana nobo bukaBrasseur, ukuba wayeyindoda ehloniphekileyo, ekubeni wayeneempawu zobuhandiba. Ngaphandle kokushiya ecaleni, izinto eziqhelekileyo zaseMexico.
Kwabaninzi, uDíaz wayenehalo ethile ye-aristocracy. Kwangaxeshanye, ubuntu bakhe obuhle nobukrelekrele bakhe babukhazimla xa esenza izigqibo ezinxulumene nendaleko yelizwe lakhe. Kungesi sizathu ke waqala ukubizwa ngokuba yindoda yaseOaxaca.
imfazwe yohlaziyo
Ngexesha lokuqalisa kweMfazwe yoHlaziyo, uPorfirio Díaz wayeyinxalenye yomkhosi owawukhokelwa nguJosé María Díaz Ordaz no-Ignacio Mejía kumadabi awayeqhutyelwa eCalpulalpan.
Kuyafaneleka ukuveza ukuba emva kophuhliso lwakhe olukhulu, wanikwa izikhundla zekholoneli kunye no-lieutenant jikelele kwiminyaka emithathu nje. Ekugqibeleni, emva koloyiso lwenkululeko olwamiselwa ngokusesikweni ngoJanuwari 11, 1861, uPorfirio wagqiba ekubeni angenele usekela-burhulumente, kwiphondo awazalelwa kulo. Oku kuzuza uloyiso kwipalamente, phantsi kokumelwa yi-Oaxaca, kwinto ebizwa ngokuba yiCongress of the Union.
Ngaphandle kolu loyiso, uDíaz uthatha isigqibo sokuhlala kude nesikhundla sakhe kangangexesha elithile ngenjongo yokujoyina amanqanaba edabi, emva kokubulawa okucwangciswe ngabagcini bokhuseleko ngokuchasene noMelchor Ocampo, uSantos Degollado noLeandro Valle, owathatha indawo yakhe ngelixa wayengekho. isikhundla sakhe yayinguJusto Benítez.
Indibano eLondon
Ngo-Oktobha 31, 1861, kwabakho intlanganiso eLondon apho kwakubandakanyeke abameli baseSpeyin, eFransi naseNgilani. Onke la mazwe ayenenjongo enye eyayinxulumene ngokuthe ngqo nokufumana indlela yokunyanzela iMexico ukuba ihlawule amatyala ayo.
Le meko yaveliswa emva kokunqunyanyiswa kweentlawulo ezenziwe nguBenito Juárez, ekubeni ilizwe lalingenamali. Yintoni eyakhuthaza isiFrentshi, iSpanish kunye nesiNgesi ukuya kumhlaba waseMexico ukusuka kumanxweme aseVeracruz, e-Orizaba naseCórdoba.
Le mikhosi yomkhosi yangaphandle yayikhokelwa nguJuan Prim, uDubois de Saligny noJohn Russell. Nangona kunjalo, sibulela kuManuel Doblado, owayesebenza njengoMphathiswa wezeMicimbi yezangaphandle ngelo xesha, imikhosi yaseSpeyin nesiNgesi yarhoxa, ekubeni kwavela iSivumelwano saseLa Soledad.
Ngaphandle kothethathethwano, akukho nto yavunyelwana ngayo nemikhosi yaseFransi, ngoko bagqiba kwelokuba bahlale kummandla waseMexico. Kusekuqaleni kukaMatshi ka-1862 ukuba baqhubeke bezinza kumbindi welizwe. Aba babenamajoni angama-5000, awayeyalelwe nguCharles Ferdinand Latrille, owayephethe isihloko sokubala kukaLorencez.
Kwakusekupheleni kuka-Epreli waloo nyaka apho imikhosi yaseFransi yahlala eLas Flores, indawo eyayisenza ummandla waseVeracruz. Emva kwezi ziganeko, uBenito Juárez unquma ukubonisa u-Ignacio Zaragoza, ukuba abe yinxalenye yomkhosi okhululayo osebenzayo ekugqibeleni kwiMfazwe yoHlaziyo, ngenjongo yokuphelisa imikhosi yaseFransi eyayihlala ePuebla.
Ekuqaleni kukaMeyi, uPorfirio Díaz, ngokubambisana namanye amajoni, uthatha isigqibo sokubonelela ngenkxaso kumaFrentshi kwiMfazwe yasePuebla. Kusemva koku uloyiso lufezekisiwe, olukhokelela ukuba imikhosi yotshaba ibuyele e-Orizaba.
Kufuneka kukhankanywe ukuba uDíaz wayenomsebenzi wokukhusela ummandla osekhohlo wesixeko. Apho yahlala ixhathisa uhlaselo oluququzelelwa yimikhosi yaseFransi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, emva kokutshatyalaliswa kunye nokubaleka, nguPorfirio Díaz noGonzález Ortega, abazinikele kumsebenzi wokuxosha imikhosi ehlaselayo, ngenjongo yokutshabalalisa ngokupheleleyo.
Nangona kunjalo, uZaragoza uthatha isigqibo sokuthintela izenzo zabo, ekhokelela amaFrentshi ukuba abaleke ngempumelelo. Emva kwesi senzo sikaZaragoza, ijoni lithatha isigqibo sokumthumela ileta kuJuárez, ngenjongo yokumazisa ngayo yonke into eyenzekayo edabini. Kuyo, wabonisa ngendlela ebalaseleyo zonke izinto ezenziwa nguPorfirio Díaz.
Ukufa kukaSaragossa
Ekuqaleni kukaSeptemba, uZaragoza wafela kummandla wasePuebla. Kwelinye icala, ekuqaleni konyaka we-1863, uMlawuli waseFransi uNapoleon III wagqiba ekubeni athumele imikhosi engakumbi eMexico, ngenjongo yokufumana uloyiso olupheleleyo kwaye ngaloo ndlela iphuhlisa inkqubo ye-European geopolitical kwakhona kwilizwekazi laseMelika.
UFederico Forey wayeyinkokeli yomkhosi owawusePuebla ukususela ngoAprili 1863. Kwelinye icala, yayinguJesús González Ortega owaqhubeka ekhusela iplaza nemikhosi yakhe. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba wafumana intsebenziswano kaMiguel Negrete kunye noFelipe Berriozábal y Díaz.
Konke oku kukhokelele kumadabi ambalwa aneziphumo ezingaphumeleliyo kumacala omabini omdlalo. Nangona kunjalo, emva kokulinda kakhulu, amaFrentshi afumana ulawulo phakathi kuMeyi. Kungenxa yesi sizathu ukuba uPorfirio Díaz wagqiba ekubeni atshabalalise zonke izixhobo kunye namaxwebhu ukuze amaFrentshi angazibambi.
Ngeli xesha apho amaFrentshi ekwazi ukudlula iinqaba apho amajoni aseMexico akhuselwe khona, onke amajoni awayeyinxalenye yeembono zeriphabliki athatyathwa njengamabanjwa esithsaba saseFransi.
Ukubamba kunye nokuvalelwa
UPorfirio Diaz. Kunye nabanye abathathi-nxaxheba bemikhosi yedabi lomkhosi, babanjwa kwaye babanjwa ngaphakathi kweConvent yaseSanta Inés, eyayisePuebla. Emva kokuqeshwa, amabanjwa omkhosi athunyelwa eVeracruz. Kulapho babeza kusiwa eMartinique.
Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yobuqili babo obumangalisayo, bobabini uBerriozábal noDíaz bakwazi ukubalekela kwikomkhulu lendawo yaseMexico. Ngelixa oku kwakusenzeka, inkqubo yokubaleka yayisenzeka kwicala likaJuárez kunye nawona malungu akhe athembekileyo ekhabhinethi. Oku kwakungenxa yokuba imikhosi ehlaselayo kaJuan Nepomuceno Almonte yayisemva kwabo ngentsebenziswano yomkhosi waseFransi.
Konke oku kukhokelela uDíaz ukuba anxibelelane noJuárez ekupheleni kukaMeyi, kule ncoko umbuzo obuzwe ngumongameli umi, unxulumene nendlela uDíaz awayezimisele ngayo ukulwa nenkululeko yelizwe lakhe.
Ngenxa yoku, uPorfirio ubonisa ukuba kufuneka aququzelele kwaye athumele ibutho lempi ukuya kwinqanaba kunye nemikhosi yaseFransi kunye namahlakani abo alondolozayo. Kungenxa yale nto kwaye phantsi kweempembelelo zikaSebastián Lerdo de Tejada, ukuba umongameli unike uDíaz 30000 amalungu emikhosi yakhe yomkhosi ethembekileyo.
Ekunye nale mikhosi uDíaz ugqiba kwelokuba aye kumhlaba we-Oaxaca. Ukongeza koku, udweliswe njengerhuluneli yethutyana. Ngenyanga kaJuni ufika e-Oaxaca kunye noManuel González kunye nomntakwabo uFelipe. Kubalulekile ukukhankanya ukuba uGonzález wayebalekile kwi-Conservatives emva kokusweleka kukaComfort.
Amadabi phakathi kwabanqolobi
Ebudeni bonyaka we-1864, kwabakho amadabi amaninzi phakathi kwabanqolobi ababekhokelwa nguDíaz noGonzález. Oku kwavumela i-Oaxaca ukuba ingaze ilawulwe ngamaFrentshi.
Ngaphandle kolu loyiso lobuqu lukarhulumente, imeko yayixhalabisa, kuba abo balondolozayo babefumana umhlaba ongakumbi yonke imihla emva koloyiso oluninzi edabini. Kungenxa yesi sizathu ukuba uJuárez athathe isigqibo sokuhamba eMonterrey ukuya ePaso Norte. Funda ngakumbi kancinci malunga namanqaku afana Amaqhawe abantwana
Njengoko kwakusenzeka ezi ziganeko, iqela lamajoni kunye nabefundisi abaneembono ezilungeleleneyo bagqiba kwelokuba bafudukele eVienna, eOstriya, ngenjongo yokunikezela ngesithsaba soBukhosi baseMexico kuArchduke Maximilian waseHabsburg kunye nomfazi wakhe uCarlota ngo-Oktobha 1863.
Isigqibo sokunikezela ngegunya kuMaximilian senziwa emva kwengxoxo phakathi kwezopolitiko kunye namalungu oluntu oluphezulu eMexico, apho i-archduke yayiyeyona nto ilungileyo yokusebenza njengomlawuli. Kungelo xesha apho uBukhosi obutsha baseMexico bumiselwe ngoJuni 10, 1864.
Ukuqiniswa kwe-Oaxaca
Ekuqaleni kukaFebruwari wonyaka we-1865, i-Porfirio Díaz iqhubela phambili ukwenza izinto ezilawula ukuqinisa imeko apho i-Oaxaca izifumana khona. Konke oku kukukhangela ukunciphisa imikhosi ekhokelwa ngu-Aquiles Bazaine eyayisele imbalwa nje ukusuka ekuthatheni i-Antequera.
U-Bazaine uqala inkqubo yakhe yokuzimisa kwintsimi yase-Oaxaca phakathi kuFebruwari kwaye emva kweemeko ezininzi apho eqhubela phambili ukulwa nentsimi, u-Díaz ugqiba ekubeni anikezele phakathi kuJuni.
Ngenxa yoko, uBazaine uyalela ukuba uDíaz adutyulwe, kodwa uJusto Benítez uyakwazi ukumqinisekisa ukuba kwakungeyomfuneko ukuphelisa ubomi bakhe. Emva koko bamthabatha bamsa kwintolongo eyayikwiNkomfa yaseKarmele, kummandla wasePuebhela.
Nangona la maxesha amnyama ebomini bakhe, kulapho uDíaz ekwazi ukuseka iimvuthuluka kunye ne-baron yaseHungary uLouis de Salignac, ekubeni lo nguye owayezinikezele ekulawuleni intolongo.
Kwelinye icala, uDíaz uzama ukubaleka ngemela nentambo ngenye imini xa umphathi-mkhosi wayengekho ngaphakathi kwizakhiwo zentolongo. Ukujongana nale meko, i-baron iyamfumana kodwa ngenxa yobuhlobo babo uye athule kwaye amyeke abaleke.
Ngoxa kwakusenzeka oku, kwabekwa iqela lamadoda ngenjongo yokuya kulwa. Ukongezelela, ngaphambi kokuba benze nayiphi na into, baqhubela phambili bazisa uJuárez ngeleta yezenzo eziza kuthathwa.
Umkhosi waseMpuma
UDíaz uqhuba imisebenzi yokuqesha unyaka kunye nesiqingatha kwaye emva kokufezekisa injongo yakhe uthatha isigqibo sokubuyela emazantsi kwintsimi yaseMexico. Kukule ndawo apho wafumana uncedo oluvela kwi-cacique eneenjongo zenkululeko uJuan Álvarez.
Emva koku, uthatha isigqibo sokuseka uMkhosi waseMpuma, apho waphumelela uloyiso lwakhe ngo-Okthobha 3, 1866, kwimfazwe ebizwa ngokuba yi-Battle of Miahuatlán. Kamva ngo-Oktobha 18 waloo nyaka, impumelelo yemikhosi kaDíaz yenzeke kwi-Battle of La Carbonera.
U-Porfirio Díaz unquma ukuhlasela isixeko sase-Oaxaca, emva kokulungiselela imikhosi yakhe iinyanga ezimbini. Uyakwazi ukulawula isixeko sase-Oaxaca ngobusuku be-27 kaDisemba. Ngoko ke uthatha isigqibo sokukhetha irhuluneli ukuba iphathe izigqibo zezopolitiko, ezoqoqosho kunye nezomkhosi karhulumente.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ngokuthatha ulawulo lwe-Oaxaca, u-Díaz waqhubeka nokugxotha kwaye kwiimeko ezithile waphinda wasebenzisa abalinganiswa abenza imikhosi yaseFransi. Ngokunjalo, ubhishophu omkhulu wase-Oaxaca uthatha isigqibo sokuzivakalisa ngokuchasene nemibutho yezopolitiko yeriphabliki, apho uDíaz aqhubeka nokumbulala, ngenjongo yokuchitha naluphi na uhlobo lwemvukelo. UJuan de Dios Borja, nguye obesebenza njengerhuluneli ukususela ngo-1867.
Ukurhoxiswa kweFransi
Emva kwazo zonke iziganeko ezikhokelele ekusilelekeni kukaNapoleon III, uthatha isigqibo sokurhoxisa imikhosi yakhe ekuqaleni kukaFebruwari 1867. Ngoko uBazaine ucela ukurhoxiswa kwamadoda akhe. Kubalulekile ukukhankanya ukuba i-press yadlala indima ebalulekileyo kwizenzo ezithathwe yi-emperor yaseFransi, ekubeni zivelise ulwahlulo lwezimvo ezichaphazela ngendlela ethile izenzo zepalamente yaseFransi.
Kuba yintoni eyazama ngale nyathelo ukutshabalalisa izinto ezithile zamaPrussia eziya kuthi kwixesha elizayo zibe ngabadlali abaza kukhokelela kwiMfazwe yaseFranco-Pursian kwintsimi yaseFransi.
Ukuwa koBukhosi baseMexico
Amanyathelo awathatyathwa nguMlawuli uNapoleon III weza nawo ekuqaleni kokuwa koBukhosi baseMexico. Phakathi kwezizathu ezinxulumene nale meko kukuba umlawuli, ngaphandle kwenkxaso yamaFrentshi, wayenamadoda angama-500 kuphela kumkhosi wakhe womkhosi.
Emva koku, kwagqitywa ukuba kuqhutywe iintshukumo zenkululeko, apho uMaximilian wayenabagcini abanjengoMiguel Miramón kunye noTomás Mejía, abaqhubela phambili nemikhosi yabo encinci ukuya eQuerétaro, apho bamkelwa khona nguMariano Escobedo, owahlulwa ngoMeyi 15. Ukususela ngowe-1867.
Ngoxa kwakusenzeka oku uCarlota waseBelgium, umfazi kaMaximilian, waqhubeka esiya eParis naseRome, ngenjongo yokuthetha noNapoleon III, uFrancisco José I, uPopu Pio IX noEugenia de Montijo, efuna inkxaso ukuze bahlale bephila. ubukhosi.
Kwiincoko akazange aphumelele oko kwakulindelekile, ngoko akazange afumane inkxaso kumyeni wakhe. Konke oku kwamkhokelela ekubeni ahlaselwe yimpambano eRoma, usapho lwakhe lwagqiba ekubeni lumvalele kwinqaba yaseBrussels, apho wafela khona nge-19 kaJanuwari ngo-1927, eneminyaka eyi-87.
NgoMatshi 1867, uDíaz waqalisa inkqubo yokubuyisela ummandla wasePuebla. Ezi zenzo zenziwa kwiiveki ezintathu, eziye zazisa ukulungiswa okufunekayo ukuphelisa imikhosi eyalelwe nguLeonardo Márquez, umlingiswa owagqiba ekubeni afudukele eToluca emva kokutshatyalaliswa kwakhe.
KwakungoAprili 2, 1867, xa uhlaselo lokugqibela lwasePuebla lwaqhutywa nguPorfirio Díaz. Ngoko ke, iPuebla yayeka ukuba sisixeko esisemazantsi esasiphantsi kolawulo lwamaFrentshi. Emva koku, konke okwakusele kukuphelisa ulawulo lwesiFrentshi eQueretaro kunye nesixeko esikhulu saseMexico.
imikhosi enqatyisiweyo
Ngoxa uPorfirio Díaz wayesendleleni eya eToluca, uMárquez, owayephethe loo mmandla, waqeqeshwa amadoda amalunga nama-700. Phakathi ko-Epreli, imikhosi ekhokelwa nguGonzalo Montes de Oca yaqhubeka nokuqhubana noMárquez.
Abaphumeleleyo kolu hlaselo yayiyimikhosi eyayisilwela inkululeko yaseMexico. Kuba yintoni uMárquez enquma ukuya eCuba, apho ahlala khona de wafa ngo-1913. Oku kubizwa ngokuba yimbali iMfazwe yaseLomas de San Lorenzo.
Ngolu loyiso, ekuphela kwento eyayisele yayikukuphelisa amandla aseleyo amaFrentshi. Njengoko imeko efanelekileyo yohlaselo iphuhlisiwe, uPorfirio Díaz ugqiba kwelokuba athintele naluphi na uhlobo lohlaselo, ukuphanga okanye ukuphanga. Ngenxa yoku, amadoda amabini omkhosi wakhe agqiba ekubeni angathobeli, aza ohlwaywa ngokudutyulwa.
UMaximiliano, ngakolunye uhlangothi, uqhubela phambili ukuhambisa amandla e-Querétaro plaza kuMariano Escobedo, emva kokuvalelwa kwikona, okwamzisa entolongweni kunye noMejías noMiramón.
Bonke aba balinganiswa badutyulwe emva kokwaphula imithetho yamazwe ngamazwe neyesizwe kunye neSivumelwano sokuZidwa. Kubalulekile ukukhankanya ukuba baninzi abo bacela ukuxolelwa ngumlawuli nakwabanye abalandeli bakhe ababini. Nangona kunjalo, uBenito Juárez wagqiba ekubeni angabi nanceba.
Kufuneka kukhankanywe ukuba ngokweerekhodi, abantu baseMexico benziwa ukuba bakholelwe ukuba uMaximiliano akazange afe, edala ingcamango yokuba uya kubuyela kwikomkhulu ukuze alwele amalungelo akhe karhulumente. Nangona kunjalo, uPorfirio Díaz unquma ukupapasha ukufa kwakhe, ngenjongo yokuphelisa la marhe angenasiseko.
Ukuqatshelwa kweJuarez
UBenito Juárez emva kwazo zonke izimo zengqondo ezenziwa nguPorfirio Díaz unquma ukukhupha kwileta ebhekiswe kuGuillermo Prieto, amandla okuba uDíaz osemncinci abenayo, egxininisa uphuhliso lokuba ukuhlala kwakhe kwindawo yamandla kunokuvelisa.
Ukongeza koku, kwintetho eyenziwe ngoJulayi 15, uBenito Juárez waqhubeka nokuqaphela iimpawu zikaPorfirio Díaz esidlangalaleni. Emva koko, ndimnika ibhaso lokuqaphela izakhono kunye noloyiso olwenziwa yimikhosi yase-Oaxaca.
Ngokufanayo, iHacienda de La Noria yanikezelwa, apho iSicwangciso seLa Noria sasiya kwenziwa kamva. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, umntakwabo kaDiaz, uFelipe, ngenxa yobuchule bakhe obukhulu ubizwa ngokuba yirhuluneli yase-Oaxaca. Oku kwenziwa ngevoti edumileyo. Naye, uPorfirio ugqiba kwelokuba abuyele kumhlaba waseOaxaca.
Uthando ubudlelwane
Ngoxa wayekho ngamaxesha emfazwe, uPorfirio Díaz wayenobudlelwane bothando. Phakathi kwezona zinto zibalaseleyo luthando awayenalo iminyaka embalwa noJuana Catalina Romero. Ibhinqa elathi, ukongezelela ekumncedeni kwiinxalenye zeMfazwe yoHlaziyo, lamxhasa ngokweemvakalelo.
Kubalulekile ukukhankanya ukuba ubudlelwane buhlala emva kwemfazwe. Kukholelwa ukuba ngela xesha wayesongelwa ngokubulawa wayesingise kwikhaya lesithandwa sakhe.
Ngokufanayo, ngokweengxelo zembali, uDíaz naye wayenobudlelwane noRafaela Quiñones, owayelijoni kwimfazwe yokungenelela. Kungemva kolu lwalamano lothando apho intombi egama linguAmanda Díaz yazalwa ngo-1867, eyahlala noPorfirio de kwangowe-1879.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ngo-Aprili 15, 1867, uPorfirio Díaz watshata nomtshana wakhe uDelfina Ortega de Díaz, emva kokuxolelwa nguBenito Juárez ngomanyano phakathi kwesibini esinobudlelwane bofuzo.
Emva koko, umntwana wokuqala womtshato wazalwa ngo-1869, le nkwenkwe yabizwa ngokuba nguPorfirio Germán, kodwa wafa kwiinyanga ezimbalwa emva kokuzalwa. Emva kweminyaka emibini bayakwazi ukuzala amawele, kodwa aba, njengomntwana wabo wokuqala, bafa kamsinya nje emva kokuzalwa.
Ngo-1873, uPorfirio Díaz Ortega wazalwa, owayengunyana wokuqala ukuhlala emdala. Kwelinye icala, ngoMeyi 1875 kwazalwa uLuz Victoria, onelo gama emva koloyiso olwafunyanwa ePuebla.
Unyulo lwe-1867 kunye neminyaka elandelayo
Kamva, xa imfazwe kunye nemikhosi yaseFransi iphela. UBenito Juárez, phantsi kwenkxaso yenqaku le-128 loMgaqo-siseko owenzelwe i-1857, uyakwazi ukuvakalisa umongameli. Ngesi sizathu, unyulo lukamongameli lubanjwe ngeCawa, Agasti 25, 1867.
Oyena mgqatswa ubalulekileyo yayinguBenito Juárez. Lowo wayejongene naye kwiivoti zonyulo nguPorfirio Díaz. Kubalulekile ukukhankanya ukuba urhulumente ukuba Porfirio Diaz ukunikezelwa kwakusekwe phezu kwemiba yophuhliso lwelizwe. Iziphumo zabagqatswa babini kolonyulo zaba ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:
- Benito Juarez 2344 iivoti.
- Porfirio Diaz 785 iivoti.
Emva kweziphumo, iCongress, eyayimelwe nguManuel Romero Rubio njengomongameli webhodi, iqhubekile nokubhengeza esidlangalaleni uBenito Juárez njengomongameli weRiphabhlikhi yaseMexico ngokomgaqo-siseko.
Ixesha likaJuarez ukususela ngoko laqala ngoDisemba 1, 1867 kwaye laphela ngoNovemba 30, 1871. Ezi zenzo zafakwa kwizitrato zedolophu enkulu ukususela ngoSeptemba 23 wonyaka wonyulo. Ngenjongo yokucacisa ebantwini iziganeko ezazisenzeka.
Ukoyiswa kukaDiaz
Ngomzuzu apho iziphumo zixelwa khona, uPorfirio Díaz uziva edakumbile ngokupheleleyo emva kokoyiswa kunye noloyiso lukaJuárez kunyulo lukamongameli. Kungenxa yesi sizathu ukuba aqhubele phambili ukuya kwi-hacienda yakhe yaseLa Noria.
Kukule ndawo apho ekuqaleni kukaFebruwari 1868 waxelelwa ngokumiswa koMkhosi waseMpuma, owathi ngoJulayi wonyaka ophelileyo wawuncitshisiwe waba ngamadoda angama-4000 ngaphakathi kophuhliso lomkhosi.
Emva koko, uBenito Juárez ngoMatías Romero, owayesebenza ngelo xesha njengoMphathiswa Wezangaphakathi, wanika uPorfirio Díaz isikhundla sokuba ngumongameli wegosa laseMexico eWashington DC, ngenxa yemisebenzi yakhe emangalisayo. Nangona kunjalo, nangona isikhundla esiphezulu kakhulu, uDíaz ukhetha ukungasamkeli isindululo.
Uphuhliso lobomi bakho
Ukusukela ngo-1869 ukuya ku-1870, uPorfirio Díaz uthatha isigqibo sokuhlala kwi-hacienda yakhe yaseLa Noria, kunye nenkosikazi yakhe uDelfina, befuna ukuzola. Phantsi kweli xesha lobomi bakhe, abantwana abathathu abafa kamsinya nje emva kokuzalwa bayazala.
Ejongene nale meko ibuhlungu, umfazi wakhe uDelfina ukholelwa ukuba ezi ziganeko zinento yokwenza nonqulo. Oku kungenxa yokuba umtshato wabo wenziwa phezu kwako nje ukuba nolwalamano lwezalamane zegazi.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ngelixa oku kusenzeka, iLa Noria yayiyindawo ephambili apho iPorfirio Díaz yaqala khona ngesiseko esijoliswe kwimisebenzi enxulumene neenkanunu, izibhamu kunye nezixhobo. Ngokufanayo, i-Diaz ilawulwa, izinto zezolimo.
Ngokufanayo, umntakwabo uFélix Díaz Mori ngelo xesha waba yirhuluneli yase-Oaxaca. Ngoxa wayehleli njengerhuluneli, wachatshazelwa ziingxoxo ezithile kunye neengxabano ezithile, ngenxa yerhafu yeenkuni, kunye neeregents ezivela eJuchitán.
Phakathi kuFebruwari 1870, irhuluneli kunye nemikhosi yakhe, eyenziwe ngamadoda angamakhulu amahlanu, bangena esixekweni baza baqalisa ukubulala abantu bazo zonke iindidi, isini kunye nobudala, kuquka abafazi abamsulwa nabantwana. Ezi zenzo zenziwa ngenjongo yokuchitha naluphi na uhlobo lovukelo.
Ngaphambi kokuba imke kuloo ndawo, irhuluneli igqiba kwelokuba ingene kwicawa yasekuhlaleni ngenjongo yokuyiphanga. Yiyo loo nto wayalela ukuba uthotywe umfanekiso oqingqiweyo wengcwele engumxhasi waseJuchitán, efuna ukulucacisa kakuhle ulawulo awayenalo kuloo dolophu.
Ixesha kamva uDíaz Mori uthatha isigqibo sokuthumela iziqwenga ezitshatyalalisiwe edolophini. Ezi zenzo zabangela ukuba ngoMatshi 1872, kwenziwe icebo elaliza kubangela ukuba kubanjwe irhuluneli. Emva koko, baqhubela phambili nokumthenwa ukuze ekugqibeleni bambulale. Izenzo zenziwa ngenjongo yokucacisa ukuba kufuneka ahlawule izenzo ezenziwa eJuchitán.
Ivili revolution kaFerris
Ngo-1871, uPorfirio Díaz wagqiba ekubeni aqhubele phambili kunyulo lukamongameli. Kubalulekile ukukhankanya ukuba uBenito Juárez wayebaleka okwesithathu.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uSebastián Lerdo de Tejada naye wayengumchasi wonyulo, ngelo xesha wayesebenza njengomongameli weNkundla ePhakamileyo yoBulungisa yelizwe.
Olu lonyulo lukamongameli lwaqhutywa ngoAgasti 27, 1871. Noko ke, iziphumo zapapashwa ngo-Oktobha waloo nyaka, zaphinda zanika uJuarez uloyiso. Iziphumo eziphathekayo ziya kubonwa ngezantsi:
- UBenito Juárez kunye neevoti ze-5837.
- UPorfirio Díaz wayenevoti ze-3555.
- Ngoxa uSebastián Lerdo de Tejada wafumana iivoti ze-2874.
ukungangqinelani
Iziphumo zolonyulo zeza nokungavisisani kukaDíaz noLerdo. Yiyo loo nto bekhuthazwa ukuba bacele umngeni kwiziphumo ezivezwe yiCongress.
Emva kwezenzo ezingazange ziphumelele iziphumo ezilungileyo, uLerdo unquma ukubuyela kwindawo yakhe kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo yoBulungisa. Nangona kunjalo, uPorfirio Díaz akayeki xa ejongene nokusilela. Yiyo loo nto emva kwezenzo ezinkulu ufumana imvume yabemi abaninzi basemazantsi ommandla waseMexico.
Uninzi lwabalandeli bakaDíaz lwaluzinze kwiphondo lase-Oaxaca. Phakathi kwabo kwakukho amalungu omkhosi kunye nabanini beehaciendas. Zonke ezi zenzo zakhokelela uDíaz kunye neqela lakhe ukuba baqhube iSicwangciso seLa Noria ekuqaleni kukaNovemba waloo nyaka. Oku kwakusekwe kumanyano lomkhosi ngokuchasene noBenito Juárez. Ke ngoku iqala iRevolution yeLa Noria.
Izenzo ezikhokelwa nguPorfirio Díaz zaza nelizwe lase-Oaxaca, iChiapas kunye neGuerrero ukujoyina imikhosi kaDíaz. Ngaloo nto, uloyiso lwafunyanwa kwintsimi yaseToluca. Nangona kunjalo, kulapho kwaqala khona ukoyiswa, ngaphandle kokukwazi ukuyeka.
Abo bakwaziyo ukutshabalalisa izenzo zikaDíaz kunye nemikhosi yakhe nguIgnacio Mejías kunye noSóstenes Rocha. Kwelinye icala, abavukeli baseLa Noria, nangona babenokoyiswa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, bakwazi ukufumana abalandeli phakathi kwabantu abakumgangatho ophantsi waseMexico. Okuze nayo inani elikhulu lamahlakani.
Kwangelo xesha, ngelo xesha imikhosi kaDíaz ifuna ukudlula ePuerto Ángel e-Oaxaca, ngenjongo yokuya ngasePanama ngo-1872, umkhosi weJuchitecos ukwazi ukuxhwila uFélix Díaz, owabulawa njengempindezelo ngenxa yolwaphulo-mthetho lwakhe. ngokuchasene nabantu beJuchitec kwixesha elidlulileyo.
Ngobusuku bokufa kwakhe uManuel González, owathi ngaphezu kokuba yinxalenye yobunkokeli bemvukelo wayengumlingane kaPorfirio Díaz, ufumana ileta ebonisa ukuba uFélix Díaz wabulawa.
UBenito Juarez wasweleka
NgoJulayi 18, 1872, uBenito Juárez uyafa kwikomkhulu laseMexico. Ngelixa oku kwenzekayo, uDíaz noGonzález babamba intlanganiso befuna inkxaso, kunye noManuel Lozada, owenza njenge-cacique yaseNayarit.
Ngokutsho kwebali, kuboniswa ukuba xa uDíaz weva i-cannon shot ebonisa ukufa komongameli, wabuza ukuba kwenzekani, apho abo basondelene nendoda bamxelela ukuba uJuárez ufile.
Kusemva koku ukuba uLerdo de Tejada wonyulwa njengomongameli wethutyana. Ngoko ke, izicwangciso ezenziwe nguDíaz zayeka ukwenza ingqiqo, kuba kwakungekho sizathu sokulwa namahlakani kaJuárez.
Imeko yashukumisela uDíaz ukuba aqhubeke nokugcina unxibelelwano kunye noLozada, kodwa xa ebonisa izicwangciso zakhe, akamnikeli nayiphi na inkxaso. Okubangele imvukelo yabavukeli. Kubalulekile ukukhankanya ukuba ngo-Oktobha waloo nyaka, unyulo lukamongameli lubanjwe.
Abagqatswa yayinguPorfirio Díaz noSebastián Lerdo de Tejada. Lowo wathabatha uloyiso nguLerdo de Tejada, ngoko ke iNkongolo iyaqhubeka nokupapasha ixesha likaLerdo elaliza kuba lisusela kuDisemba 1, 1872, ukuya kutsho ngoNovemba 30, 1876.
Kwelinye icala, uxolelo lumiselwe kubaguquli baseLa Noria, nguMariano Escobedo. Noko ke, esi sigqibo samkelwa ukuze abathathi-nxaxheba kulo mbutho wovukelo bangabi yinxalenye yoMkhosi waseMexico.
Uloyiso lweLerdo
Ukoyiswa kukaPorfirio Díaz kweza nokugculelwa esidlangalaleni ngabameli boonondaba belo xesha. Kusemva kokuba uDíaz ethatha isigqibo sokubuyela e-Oaxaca.
Ekufikeni kwakhe ekhaya, wafumanisa ukuba enye yeentombi zakhe ifile. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, imeko yezoqoqosho engathandekiyo yabangela ukuba athathe isigqibo sokuthengisa indawo yaseLa Noria. Ngapha koko, inxulunyaniswa nefama eyayisebenza njengomlimi weswekile, eseTlacotalpan, indawo eyinxalenye yeVeracruz. unokufunda nawe Ubomi buka-Agustin de Iturbide
Kukwindawo yaseVeracruz ukuba iDiaz ifumana uzinzo oluthile kuluhlu lwezoqoqosho kwakhona. Oku kungenxa yokuba uPorfirio Díaz wayesebenza ekhulisa iswekile kwaye esenza imisebenzi yokuchwela. Kubalulekile ukukhankanya ukuba ngelixa wayephuhlisa lo msebenzi wayila isitulo esishukumayo esinabalandeli abazenzekelayo.
amabhongo ezopolitiko
Ngaphandle kwayo yonke into eyenzekayo uPorfirio Díaz, usazigcina zicace kakhulu iinjongo zakhe zezopolitiko. Yiyo loo nto ngo-Okthobha ka-1874, ebalekela isekela lomfelandawonye, isikhundla athe wakwazi ukusiphumelela emva konyulo. Emva koku, uqhubela phambili ukuthetha neGunya lamaSekela.
Kwelinye icala, njengamanye amasekela awayekade eyinxalenye yomkhosi waseMexico, uyasikhaba isindululo sokunciphisa imali yomhlala-phantsi yamajoni awayengasasebenzi kwisizwe.
Wayekwachasene nemibutho eyayifuna ukunciphisa umvuzo wamajoni awayesabumba uMkhosi wesizwe. Konke oku kumkhokelela ekubeni azichaze ngokuchasene nesindululo sikaNondyebo.
UJusto Benítez ngelo xesha yayinguye owayencedisa uPorfirio Díaz, ngoko ke wamcebisa ukuba aqhubele phambili nokwenza intetho ebonisa inkuthazo yezenzo zakhe ngaphakathi kweNdlu yoWiso-mthetho.
Esi siphakamiso samkelwa nguDíaz, nangona wayesazi ubuchule bakhe obuhlwempuzekileyo njenge-orator. Wayevakalelwa kukuba eso sihlandlo sasifaneleka ngokupheleleyo. Yiyo loo nto ezama ukwenza intetho emnandi.
Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba nangona umzamo omkhulu, uyasilela ukufezekisa okulindelweyo kwaye ude ukhale phakathi kwesenzo sowiso-mthetho. Oku kwabangela ukuba abaninzi bezopolitiko bahlekise isikhundla sikaDíaz, ngokutsho kweengxelo ezisungulwe nguJosé López Portillo y Rojas.
Diaz intshukumo yezopolitiko
Ngaphandle kwesibakala sokuba oko kwenzeka epalamente ngandlel’ ithile konakalisa inkangeleko yoluntu kaPorfirio Díaz, iqela lezobupolitika elalinemibono engqongqo phantsi komyalelo kaLerdo, leza nolwakheko oluluqilima ngakumbi lwentshukumo yePorfirista.
Kancinci kancinci, abaxhasi bePorfirista banda, ngelixa abalandeli bakaLerdo behla. Kubalulekile ukubonisa ukuba iklasi yentlalo ephakamileyo yayiye yakhuthazwa kakhulu ukulandela iinjongo zikaDíaz. Oku kwakubangelwa kukuba uLerdo wagqiba kwelokuba ayishenxise imibutho yonqulo egunyeni waza wanyusa ukuhlawulwa kweerhafu ukususela ngonyaka we-1874.
Kwelinye icala, kufanele kuphawulwe ukuba oorhulumente bezinye iintlanga babengavumelani nezigqibo ezazinikelwa yimibutho yamaLerdista. Phakathi kwezinto ezathi zahluka kwizigqibo zabo yayikukuba ukuthengiswa kweemveliso kumazwe athile anjengeNgilani neFransi, kwehle kakhulu.
Le meko yezopolitiko, kuzwelonke nakwamanye amazwe, yakhokelela uPorfirio Díaz ukuba afumane inkxaso eninzi kwaye ngoko ke amandla yonke imihla. Kungenxa yesi sizathu ukuba amalungu eqela lezopolitiko likaLerdo athathe umsebenzi wokubeka iliso kwizenzo zikaDíaz kwiinyanga ezimbalwa.
Emva koko, uManuel Romero Rubio, owayengumcebisi wezopolitiko kaLerdo, wanika uPorfirio Díaz umongameli weNkundla ePhakamileyo yoBulungisa, njengeqhinga lezopolitiko. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yeemeko zezopolitiko zangaphakathi zelizwe, u-Díaz wagqiba ekubeni asala isindululo.
INguquko yaseTuxtepec
Ekupheleni kowe-1875, uSebastián Lerdo de Tejada wagqiba ekubeni avakalise umnqweno wakhe wokuphinda angenele unyulo olwaluza kuqhutywa ngowe-1876. Esi sibhengezo senziwa ngokusemthethweni ngoDisemba 23 waloo nyaka mnye, neza neembono ezahlukahlukeneyo kwicala. yemibutho yezopolitiko eyavela eMexico ngelo xesha.
Kwelinye icala, uPorfirio Díaz uyaqhubeka nokuzibhengeza njengomgqatswa osemthethweni kunyulo lukamongameli. Ukongeza koku, wavakalisa esidlangalaleni iinjongo zakhe ngokuchasene ngokupheleleyo nolawulo lwezopolitiko uLerdo kunye nekhabhinethi yakhe ababeyiqulunqe ngexesha lakhe likamongameli.
Noko ke, olu qhanqalazo lwacinezelwa ngokukhawuleza nguLerdo, ekubeni wayecinga ukuba bafuna ukumgculela esidlangalaleni ngezi zenzo. Ezi meko zokuhlolwa ziphenjelelwe ngamapolisa asecupheni. Okuthe kwabangela ukungakholiseki okukhulu ngamaqela ezopolitiko eLerdismo.
NgoJanuwari 10, 1876, kwaqalisa iSicwangciso saseTuxtepec, esasiququzelelwa nguPorfirio Díaz. Oku kubunjwe ngamajoni aphuma kulo lonke ilizwe yaye ade axhaswa yiCawa yamaKatolika.
Ukwamkelwa okukhulu kungenxa yendlela uLerdo kunye nekhabhinethi yakhe bajongana ngayo noluntu lwaseMexico. Ukuphembelela ukuqalisa kwento ebizwa ngokuba yiMvukelo yaseTuxtepec, eyaba yimfazwe yokugqibela yenkulungwane ye-XNUMX eqhutywa kummandla waseMexico.
Ukunyaniseka kuLerdo
Kubalulekile ukukhankanya ukuba nangona kukho inani elihle labaxhasi, phantse bonke babengabemi, kuba uninzi lomkhosi waseMexico lwahlala luthembekile kwimiyalelo kaLerdo. Ngoko imikhosi eyayikhokelwa nguDíaz yayifumana ukoyiswa emva kokuba yoyisiwe.
UMariano Escobedo, nguye okhokela uloyiso ngo-Matshi 1876 ngokuchasene noDíaz, kwintsimi yase-Icamole, eyenza iNueva León. Abaninzi baqinisekisile ukuba emva kokutshatyalaliswa kwakhe uPorfirio Díaz uqhubeka nokukhala phambi komntu wonke, nangona kunjalo, akwaziwa ukuba le ngcamango ifakwe ngumcimbi wepalamente.
I-rumor eyasasazeka ngexesha lemfazwe yezenzo ezithathwe nguDíaz zamkhokelela ekubeni aziwe edabini njengo-El Llorón de Icamole. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-Lerdistas emva kokunqoba kwe-Icamole baziva beqiniseka ngokupheleleyo kwimpumelelo yabo elandelayo, ngenxa yesi sizathu banciphisa ukulinda kwabo ngokunciphisa izenzo zomkhosi kulo lonke ilizwe.
Ngaphandle kwezenzo, abalinganiswa abanjengoDonato Guerrero, uManuel González kunye noJusto Benítez, basahlala kumadabi asasazwe kumbindi welizwe. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uPorfirio Díaz, unquma ukufudukela eCuba, ngokusebenzisa inqanawa eyayisuka eTampico Tamaulipas. Ukuhamba ngesikhephe ngaphandle kwengxaki, uDíaz udlala umlingiswa wogqirha waseSpain ogama linguGustavo Romero.
Kuxa efika kumhlaba waseCuba apho uDíaz ekwazile ukufumana iintlobo ngeentlobo zezixhobo kwaye emva koko abalandeli bakhe benze uluhlu lwamakhoboka kuloo ndawo. Iimeko zayo zazibangelwa lulawulo olupheleleyo nelizwe laseSpeyin elalinalo kulo mmandla.
Ndibuyela eMexico
Ngexesha apho uPorfirio Díaz ebuyela eMexico, ulawula ukulawula imimandla yaseVeracruz naseSan Luis Potosí. Ngelixa le meko isenzeka, uManuel González kunye noBenítez bahlala belawula ummandla waseGuerrero.
NgoNovemba, baqala ngeentshukumo zabanqolobi kwindawo yasePuebla. Ngelixa oku kwenzekayo, u-Alatorre uyasuswa esikhundleni sakhe njengoMphathiswa weMfazwe, kwaye uMejía uthatha indawo yakhe.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, u-Escobedo, u-Alatorre kunye namanye amalungu eqela leLerdista ahlala eTecoac, indawo ephakathi kweedolophu zaseTlaxcalan. Phakathi kuNovemba uDíaz noEscobedo bajongana edabini, ekuqaleni kwale Escobedo kunye nemikhosi yakhe babephumelela. Kodwa uManuel González, kunye nomkhosi wakhe, bavumela imikhosi ehlangeneyo ukuba yoyiswe.
Ngokwamabali, ekupheleni kweli dabi, uPorfirio Díaz usondela kuGonzález, owayenzakele kwaye wambiza ngegama elithi El Manco de Tecoac. Ukongeza koku, uyambulela, ekubeni uDíaz uyazi ukuba ngaphandle koncedo lwakhe uloyiso aluyi kufezekiswa. Kwakhona ethembisa ukuba xa uGonzález ethatha ulawulo uya kunyulwa njengoMphathiswa weMfazwe.
uvuthondaba lwemfazwe yamakhaya
Ekupheleni kwemfazwe yamakhaya, uPorfirio Díaz, kunye neqela lamajoni, uyakwazi ukufikelela kwikomkhulu laseMexico. Nge-21 kaNovemba, uDíaz uba ngumongameli wethutyana.
Emva koku uJosé María Iglesias, ngelo xesha owayengumongameli weNkundla Ephakamileyo Yobulungisa, ubonisa ukuba ngokomgaqo-siseko ufanele athabathe isikhundla. Oku kwazisa intshukumo yeDecembrist. Ngoko ke, kwiibhokisi zokuvota kwakukho amaqela amathathu azimisele ukufumana amandla kamongameli, ayengama-Decembrists, i-Lerdistas kunye ne-Porfiristas.
Ngelixa oku kusenzeka, i-Decembrists ithatha isigqibo sokuhlanganisana eGuanajuato. Kubalulekile ukukhankanya ukuba lowo ulawula imiba yomkhosi weqela nguFelipe Berriozábal.
Oku kukhokelela ekubeni uDíaz ashiye uJuan N. Méndez ophethe umongameli wethutyana. Ke phakathi kuDisemba uDiaz kunye nemikhosi ethile yalishiya ikomkhulu, ngqo ukuya eGuanajuato. Kulapha apho akwazi ukufumana uloyiso ngokuchasene nemikhosi kaDecembrist ngoMatshi 1877.
Emva koko, izivumelwano zenziwe kunye noJusto Benítez kunye ne-Iglesias, ekhokelela uBenítez ukuba aqaphele uPorfirio Díaz njengomongameli. Ngoko ngokutshintshela inkxaso yakhe, uDíaz umnika urhuluneli waseMichoacán, urhulumente apho umlingiswa wazalelwa khona.
Zonke izenzo ezenziwa nguBenítez kunye noGonzález zasebenza njengenkxaso yokuphumelela uloyiso lukaDiaz kwibhokisi yokuvota, ebangela ukuba uPorfirio Díaz abe ngumongameli osemthethweni waseMexico ngoMeyi 1877.
I-Porfiriato
Ngo-1877 uPorfirio Díaz wabhengezwa yiCongress njengomongameli weRiphabhlikhi yaseMexico, phantsi kwezinto zomgaqo-siseko. Ixesha lokuqala lika-Díaz likamongameli laphela ngo-1880. Wagqama ngokuba neempawu ezinxulumene neenjongo awayezibalile ngelixa wayehleli kwimibutho yenguqu.
Wakhuthaza uhlaziyo lwenqanaba lomgaqo-siseko. Emva koko, ekupheleni kweli nqanaba likamongameli, unika indawo yakhe uManuel González, owayesebenza njengomongameli ukusuka kwi-1880 ukuya kwi-1884.
Ngexesha likamongameli waseGonzález, uDíaz wakhula njengoMphathiswa woPhuhliso kwaye emva koko wasebenza njengerhuluneli yelizwe lakhe lokuzalwa e-Oaxaca. Xa ixesha likaGonzález liphelile, uDíaz uphinde wagqiba ekubeni abe yinxalenye yabaviwa kunyulo lukamongameli. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ngelo xesha, ngokomgaqo-siseko, owayesakuba ngumongameli wayenokuphinda angenele, ukuba nje kungalandelelanisi.
Ngenxa yako konke oku, uDíaz uyakwazi ukuphinda anyulwe kwaye athathe isikhundla kwakhona nge-1 kaDisemba. Kubalulekile ukukhankanya ukuba emva kweminyaka emithathu yalo rhulumente, ukhuthaza ukulungiswa okuvunyiweyo yiCongress, apho ukunyulwa kwakhona okulandelelanayo kuvunyelwe. Le meko yabangela ukuba uPorfirio Díaz aqhubeke elawula de kwangowe-1911.
Ukuncitshiswa kwamaziko ezopolitiko akhululekileyo
Ukunyulwa kwakhona okungapheliyo okuvunyiweyo yiCongress kuveliswa emva kwezenzo zangaphambili ezenziwe nguPorfirio Díaz. Apho kuqhubeka kancinci kancinci ukunciphisa amandla amaziko ezopolitiko akwinqanaba lenkululeko. Ke ngoko, idemokhrasi yobuxoki iqala ukumiselwa ngaphakathi kwingingqi yaseMexico.
Ngelixa wayehlala kumongameli, uDíaz wazinikela ekupheliseni amandla abachasi bakhe, kuba wayesazi ukuba banokumela isoyikiso esithembekileyo kwisigunyaziso sakhe.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, u-Díaz unquma ukugcina umshicileli, obangela ukuba ungabi nokuzimela okufuneka kwisizwe sentando yesininzi. Emva koko, ngenxa yezenzo zakhe, kunokuqinisekiswa ukuba ukususela ngo-1890 uPorfirio Díaz ukhokele ilizwe ngaphandle komgaqo-siseko.
Ukongeza koku, wafumana ukungeniswa kweCongress, apho wavunyelwa ukuba aguqule imithetho ngaphandle kwengxaki. Imeko eyabangela ukuba indoda izinike amandla angeyomfuneko nangalunganga ngumongameli wedemokhrasi.
izithembiso zoxolo
Abemi baseMexico babediniwe ziimfazwe eziqhubekayo. Kungenxa yesi sizathu uDíaz uthembisa abantu bakhe ukuba ekugqibeleni bamisele uxolo kuwo wonke ummandla welizwe.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kubalulekile ukukhankanya ukuba iMexico ngelo xesha yayingenayo imali eyaneleyo yokuhlawula onke amatyala ahambelanayo ngexesha. Yiyo loo nto kufuneka kuqhutywe amaqhinga okuzisa inkunzi yangaphandle kunye nabo. Nangona kunjalo, kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba akukho mntu uya kuqhubeka nokutyalomali kwintsimi ukuba ayinakho uzinzo lwezoqoqosho kwaye ngokuqhubekayo uxolo lwentlalo.
Emva kwemeko, u-Porfirio Díaz unquma ukugcina umgaqo-nkqubo oqinileyo, apho ephelisa khona iimbono ezithile ezahlukileyo kwezakhe, ebiza le ntshukumo yokuphucula umsebenzi karhulumente. Ngelo xesha lorhulumente wakhe Intetho kaPorfirio Diaz yayiyi "Iipolitiki ezincinci kunye nolawulo oluninzi".
Noko ke, uxolo olwaluthenjiswe ngumlawuli aluzange lubekho ngokupheleleyo. Ekubeni uDíaz egqiba kwelokuba agcine ucwangco eluntwini esebenzisa amandla, eyalela amapolisa namajoni ukuba aphelise imibutho ephikisayo enokuzisa isoyikiso kuhlobo lwakhe lorhulumente.
Phezu kwazo nje iimpawu zobuzwilakhe kurhulumente wakhe, imeko yezoqoqosho yayisiya izinza. Okuthe kwavumela imfuno ebanzi kakhulu yomsebenzi kunamaxesha angaphambili.
impumelelo ekhethiweyo
Njengoko iminyaka yayihamba, urhulumente wasePorfirio Díaz wabonisa ukuba impumelelo awayeyinikela yayikhetha ngokupheleleyo. Oku kwabangela ukuba kancinci kancinci, ukunganeliseki kwabo bangathathi ntweni kwanda. Ngaloo ndlela, abantu baseMexico baqala ukuqonda ukuba uPorfirio Díaz wayesele eofisini ixesha elide.
Ezi ziganeko zabangela ukuba uDíaz aphulukane nolawulo lwezentlalo nezopolitiko alugcinayo. Ke uqhubela phambili nokuqalisa ngamaphulo ocinezelo esebenzisa imikhosi exhobileyo.
Phakathi kwezenzo ezichasene norhulumente wakhe waphathwa ngqwabalala ngakumbi yayilugwayimbo lwaseCananea olwaqhutywa ngo-1906, ugwayimbo lweSonora kunye nogwayimbo lwaseRío Blanco olwaqhutywa ngo-1907.
Kwelinye icala, kumazwe afana neVeracruz, amalungu oonondaba agqiba ekubeni avakalise izimvo ezingafanelekanga nxamnye nohlobo lukarhulumente lukaPorfirio Díaz atshutshiswa aza ohlwaywa.
impumelelo kunye nokungabikho kokusesikweni
Ngaphandle kweemeko zengcinezelo, ixesha likamongameli wePorfirio Díaz naye wagqama ngokuba nemisebenzi emikhulu enxulumene namachweba enza intsimi yelizwe. Kwelinye icala, iikhilomitha ezingama-20.000 ezinikezelwe kumzila kaloliwe zakhiwe ngokufanelekileyo. Ngokulandelayo, le migca inikezelwe ekufikeleleni kumazibuko abalaseleyo.
Ngendlela efanayo, iindlela zazibekwe ngokulula ngakumbi kumda welizwe elingummelwane, iUnited States, ekubeni iintshukumo zorhwebo ngayo zazinokwenziwa ngokulula ngakumbi ngale ndlela, ngaloo ndlela kuncitshiswa iindleko zokuthutha imveliso.
Kwangale ndlela inye, uguquko oluqhubekayo lomzila kaloliwe lwavumela iimveliso zaseMexico ukuba zithunyelwe ngaphandle ukusuka kwenye indawo ukuya kwenye ngaphakathi kwendawo enye ngokulula ngakumbi. Kwelinye icala, zazikwasetyenziswa njengendlela ephaphileyo yezobupolitika yelizwe.
Ngokukwanjalo, iindlela zonxibelelwano ezinjengeposi neetelegraph zisasazeke phantse kuwo wonke umhlaba waseMexico. Ngokufanayo, ngenxa yenkqubela yezoqoqosho, iibhanki ezintsha zenziwe, nto leyo eyavumela ukuba amatyala aseMexico ahlawulwe kancinci kancinci.
Imisebenzi yaqalwa kwakhona eya kuvumela ukusetyenziswa kwe-oyile kwintsimi, eyazisa inani elikhulu labatyali-mali bangaphandle. Ukukhuthaza ukuba ubutyebi bezoqoqosho nethekhinoloji elizweni buphathwe ngendlela efanelekileyo kwintsimi.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, iphinda iqale kwakhona ngemisebenzi yezimayini, isenzo esavumela iMexico ukuba ibe ngumvelisi wesibini omkhulu wobhedu kwihlabathi kwi-1901.
Ngelo xesha, ixesha lika-Diaz likarhulumente laqala ngokunyuka kweenkampani zelaphu. Ukuphuhlisa ngokuchanekileyo ngenkxaso yesiFrentshi kunye neSpanishi. Iinkampani ezibaluleke kakhulu zolu luhlu kweli lizwe zazisePuebla naseVeracruz.
Ngendlela efanayo, imfuyo kunye nophuhliso lwezolimo lwaphumelela kakhulu ngexesha likaDíaz likarhulumente. Esona sizwe sibalaseleyo kule misebenzi yayiyiYucatán, ngakumbi eMorales naseLa Laguna. Ukuveliswa kommoba kunye nomqhaphu kuye kwaba yinto ebalulekileyo kuphuhliso lwezoqoqosho lwelizwe.
Ukukhula koqoqosho kunye nemiba engalunganga
Ngexesha likarhulumente wePorfirio Díaz, iMexico iyakwazi ukukhula kakuhle kwezoqoqosho. Abemi abazange batyhubele kolu phuhliso ngaphambili, ngoko abaninzi babenokufumana imali-mboleko ngaphandle kwengxaki enkulu kwaye batyale imali kumashishini amakhulu okanye kwiipropathi.
Kungeso sizathu abaninzi bazalwa baza bazuza abantu basemzini ngaphakathi kummandla welizwe. Kwakhona kwakunokwenzeka ukuhlawula ityala langaphandle elalinalo. Kwelinye icala, oosomashishini base-US bayakwazi ukuthimba iindawo zokuhluza ezinikezelwe kwioyile, okukhokelela kulawulo lobu butyebi bendalo esizweni. Ngendlela efanayo, utyalo-mali lwaseMelika lungenelele kakhulu kuphuhliso lukaloliwe.
Nangona kunjalo, ukungalingani okwakukhona phakathi kwezityebi kakhulu kunye namahlwempu kakhulu kunokubonwa ngokulula, okubangele ikhefu elikhulu lokusekwa kuluntu lwaseMexico.
Kwelinye icala, ngenxa yotyalo-mali, imimandla yabalimi bemveli yaqala ukuhluthwa. Imeko ethe yavelisa ilahleko yenxalenye ethile yembali yemveli yelizwe. Oku kwabangela ukuba abaninzi baqalise ukusebenza njengabasebenzi phakathi kwabanini-mhlaba abatsha.
Uphuhliso lwemfundo
Ngelixa uPorfirio Díaz wayehlala esemandleni, kwafunwa izicwangciso zezakhiwo ezaziza kuvumela ubukhulu becala uphuhliso oluhle kwezemfundo, lugxile kakhulu ezixekweni kunasemaphandleni.
Ezi zenzo zenze inani elikhulu labemi abaye bafundiswa ngaphakathi kwingingqi yaseMexico. Yintoni eza nophuhliso oluqhubekayo kunye nokukhula okuphakathi kweengcali.
Ke ngoko, uphuhliso lwenkcubeko yelizwe luyanda kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo, ukwandisa iingcali kubuntatheli, kwimidlalo yeqonga kunye neenkampani eziphuhlisa imisebenzi eyahlukeneyo elungele isizwe.
Indaleko yobukrelekrele yenziwa ngendlela eyakhayo. Ukongeza koku, abalinganiswa abafana noJusto Sierra baqale ngamaziko emfundo ephakamileyo, njengoko kwakunjalo kwiYunivesithi yeSizwe. Kanye noJosé María Velasco owagqama ngokuba ngumzobi olungileyo wemvelaphi yaseMexico okanye uSaturnino Herrán naye owagqama njengomzobi. Ngelixa uJosé Guadalupe Posada ephuhliswe ngendlela engaqhelekanga erekhoda imifanekiso eqhelekileyo yobomi bemihla ngemihla baseMexico.
Ukusuka kwiPorfiriato ukuya kwiNguquko yaseMexico
Kwi-1908, uPorfirio Díaz ugqiba ekubeni aqhube udliwano-ndlebe noJames Creelman, owayesebenza njengentatheli yemvelaphi yaseMelika. Kulo msitho, kwagxininiswa ukuba iMexico yayiza kufumana intshukumo yonyulo yasimahla.
Le nkcazelo yabangela ukuba abemi abaninzi baloo mmandla bazive bonwabile, ekubeni ngoku babenokuba nenxaxheba ngokukhutheleyo kwinkqubela yezobupolitika yaseMexico. Ke iinkokeli ezimbalwa ezazifuna ukuba ngumongameli zivela. Ngendlela efanayo, amanqaku ayenziwa kwaye kwabhalwa iincwadi ezibonisa le meko.
Phakathi kwabona bantu babalaseleyo kule mibutho yezobupolitika yayinguFrancisco I. Madero. Lo mlinganiswa wayezilungiselele kwaye wahamba waya kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zehlabathi, ekubeni wayenosapho olucebileyo, umnini weenkampani kunye neefama.
UMadero uthatha isigqibo sokufumana iqela le-Anti-reelection, ngaloo ndlela eqhuba njengomgqatswa kamongameli. Emva koko waqalisa ngephulo lokuhambahamba kulo lonke elaseMexico, efuna ukuchazela abantu ngeenjongo zakhe kwezopolitiko.
Uhlobo lweentshukumo zezopolitiko ezenziwa nguMadero aluzange lwenziwe ukususela kwixesha likamongameli apho uBenito Juárez wathatha isikhundla. Kubalulekile ukukhankanya ukuba emva kwezenzo zakhe kunye neenjongo zakhe uMadero wakwazi ukuba nenani labalandeli abaninzi.
Ingozi kurhulumente weDíaz
Izenzo ezithathwe nguMadero zabangela inkxalabo enkulu kwicala likaPorfirio Díaz. Ekubeni wayesazi ukuba inkqubo yomkhankaso wezopolitiko kaMadero yayibangela ithemba lokutshintsha kwinxalenye yabemi.
Kungenxa yesi sizathu ukuba uDíaz uyalele ukuba abanjwe eMonterrey ngo-1910, kungekudala ngaphambi konyulo lukamongameli kweli lizwe. Ngoxa uMadero wayevalelwe, waxelelwa ukuba uDiaz uphinde waphumelela ukhetho lukamongameli.
Kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba ixesha lo mlingiswa entolongweni lalingekude kakhulu, ekubeni ibheyile yakhe ihlawulwe ngokukhawuleza, nangona kunjalo, unyanzelekile ukuba ahlale esixekweni. Kodwa ngenxa yemeko, uMadero unquma ukubalekela phakathi ko-Oktobha ukuya eUnited States, apho waqala khona ngokubizwa ngokuba yiSicwangciso saseSan Luis.
Kwakule nkqubo apho uMadero eqhubeka ebonisa izenzo ezingekho mthethweni ezinxulumene nonyulo lokugqibela lukamongameli olubanjwe kwilizwe lakhe. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uMadero uthatha isigqibo sokuvakalisa umongameli wexeshana, efuna ukuba kubanjwe unyulo olutsha.
Ukongeza koku, wazihlanganisa nabalinganiswa ababegxothiwe eMexico, ngenjongo yokuba kunye naye baya kukhusela unyulo lukamongameli ngaphandle kokulawulwa kunye nobuqhophololo.
Emva koko, ucela abantu ukuba bajoyine injongo yakhe. Phakathi kuNovemba 1910, ekunye neqela labantu ababenganelisekanga nguDíaz, waqalisa ukuqalisa imvukelo exhobileyo nxamnye norhulumente.
Diaz Army
Imikhosi kaPorfirio Díaz yayikholelwa ukuba yakhiwe kwiziseko eziqinileyo, kuba yayigcine uxolo ixesha elide. Nangona kunjalo, le mbono yakhe yayingeyonyani, kuba kwakukho ukunganeliseki kumanqanaba akhe.
Kwiinyanga nje ezintandathu, uMadero kunye nabalandeli bakhe baphumelela. Uphawu lokuqala lolu loyiso lwalunokubonwa xa beza kulawula iSixeko saseJuárez. Kukule ndawo apho ngoMeyi 1911 kwenziwa isivumelwano soxolo noDíaz nabaxhasi bakhe.
Iziganeko zenza ukuba uPorfirio Díaz aqhubeke nokurhoxa isikhundla sakhe njengomongameli, eshiya uMadero ephethe emva konyulo. Yintoni eyakhokelela ekubeni uDíaz athabathe umhlala-phantsi aye elubhacweni eFransi, wafa ngowe-1915.