Ukususela ekuqaleni kokudalwa koluntu, kukho impucuko ezingenakubalwa eziye zanegalelo kwinkcubeko yehlabathi, umYiputa ungomnye wabo. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba uqaphele le Iiphiramidi zaseYiputa kunye noBugcisa boMngcwabo. Hlala nathi kwaye sonke sifunde ngayo kunye!
Iiphiramidi zaseYiputa kunye neFunerary Architecture
Ngokungathandabuzekiyo, impucuko yaseYiputa yanika uluntu lonke igalelo elingenasiphelo ngokwenzululwazi nenkcubeko, enye yezi yayiluyilo lwezakhiwo. Kwi-Egypt yaMandulo, i-architecture yayiphawulwe ngokuseka inkqubo epheleleyo yokwakha kwizakhiwo zayo ezikhulu.
Oku kwenziwa ngokusetyenziswa kwenani elikhulu le-ashlar eqingqwe kwiibhloko ezinkulu kunye neentsika ezomeleleyo. Ukuze kuqondwe ubukhulu bayo, izinto ezithile zokumisela imeko kufuneka zithathelwe ingqalelo, njengamandla ezopolitiko abekwe embindini kunye namagunya ezopolitiko, adityaniswe nembono enzulu yenkolo yokungafi kukafaro kwinto ethathwa ngokuba "obunye ubomi. ".
Ngokubhekiselele kwizithintelo zobugcisa, oko kukuthi, ulwazi lwemathematika kunye noomatshini, ngamanye amaxesha luphazamisa kakhulu ixesha, ubukho bamagcisa kunye neengcibi ezinamava achukumisayo zingakhankanywa, kunye nobuninzi bamatye aqingqwe ngokulula.
Ngaphakathi kwezona zakhiwo zinemifuziselo yezakhiwo ezikhulu zaseJiphutha, sifumana iiphiramidi ezingaqhelekanga, iitempile ezintle kunye namangcwaba ahloniphekileyo, ubungangamsha bawo obahlukeneyo ngokusekelwe kudidi lwentlalo lomntu owayeza kungcwatywa. Enyanisweni, amangcwaba amaninzi oFaro babo bakhiwe njengohlobo lwephiramidi.
Abona baziwa kakhulu bachazwa kooFaro Seneferu, Cheops kunye noKhafre. Ngokuphathelele iphiramidi yeKhufu, ebizwa ngokuba yi "Piramidi Enkulu yaseGiza", yaziwa ngokuba yodwa kwimimangaliso esixhenxe yeHlabathi laMandulo ekhoyo. Lo ngumzekelo ocacileyo wenqanaba lophuculo olufikelelwe ngamaJiphutha kwindawo yesayensi esetyenziswayo.
Kwangokunjalo, amabhotwe amakhulu nawo akhiwa ukuze athuthuzeleke ngakumbi kuFaro olawulayo, kuphela obo bomi basemhlabeni babugqalwa bungabalulekanga kangako xa buthelekiswa nobo bobomi basemva kokufa. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, ilitye alizange lisetyenziswe njengeyona nto iphambili kwezi kwaye, ngenxa yoko, abazange babe nesiphelo esifanayo.
Nangona kunjalo, ukuqonda ngakumbi malunga neephiramidi zaseYiputa kunye noyilo lomngcwabo, kuyafuneka ukukhangela kubudlelwane amaJiphutha awayenabo nokufa. Ngokweenkolelo zabo, umzimba wawuphathwa njengenxalenye ebalulekileyo yobomi, ngoko kwakufuneka ugcinwe ukuze kuqinisekwe ukuba ubomi bomfi bukhuselekile kubomi basemva kokufa.
Ukusuka apho kuvela inkcubeko yokucwiliswa kwezidumbu. Nangona kunjalo, oku kwakungeyona iinkqubo ezilula ekuqaleni, ekubeni isitali kwaye, ngaphezu kwakho konke, indawo ekhuselekileyo yayifuneka, apho umama unokugcinwa khona. Kungenjalo, bekungayi kuba nantsingiselo.
Yiyo loo nto iziseko zayo zomngcwabo zaye zaguquka ngokuthe ngcembe ngokweenjongo ezintathu eziziintloko: ukwenza uhambo lwalowo uswelekileyo lube lula, ukubhekisela kwintsomi ethile yonqulo nokuthintela ukungena kwamasela, awafumana ubuncwane babafileyo buhenda gqitha. .ooFaro
Ngaphandle kwento yokuba, nangona kuyinyani ukuba i-architecture yaseYiputa ngexesha leminyaka emithathu emide yobukho bayo yayinemigaqo engqongqo kakhulu, oko akuthethi ukuba ezinye iinguqu azizange zixatyiswe kuyo kwiminyaka. Ngoko ke, sinokuyahlula imbali yayo ngokusekelwe kwiindidi zayo zokwakha.
Ukusuka kweyona yamandulo, i-mastaba, ngeyona idumileyo, iphiramidi, kunye neyokugqibela, i-hypogeum efihliweyo. Okulandelayo, siya kuphuhlisa nganye kunye nomsebenzi wabo omele kakhulu:
iimaslaba
Ekuqaleni, phakathi kwexesha le-pre-dynastic kunye ne-proto-dynastic (4000 BC - 3200 BC), amangcwaba abantu base-Egypt yayiyimigodi elula efana ne-oval. Rhoqo, le mingxunya yayigqunywe ngesikhumba sesilwanyana kwaye umfi ufakwa kwinkampani ye-trousseau encinci esasazwa phakathi kweenqanawa ezahlukeneyo.
Yakuba igqityiwe yonke le nkqubo, umzimba wawugqunywe yinduli enkulu yesanti, konke oku kubhekisela kwinduli yokuqala ye-cosmogony yaseYiputa. Ngokuthe ngcembe*, lo mhlaba wokungcwaba wathatyathelw’ indawo yizakhiwo zezitena ezibizwa ngokuba yi-“Mastabas”, elisuka kwisiArabhu, nentsingiselo yalo ngeSpanish yibhanki.
Lo mzekelo wengcwaba, umdala kunabo bonke eYiputa, ukhunjwe njenge-typology yezokwakha edityaniswe ngokunyanisekileyo nembeko yempucuko: oFaro, ababingeleli, amagosa aseburhulumenteni aphakamileyo, njl. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba, ngenxa yokungcwatywa kukaFaro Menes woBukhosi bokuQala, ingcwaba lakhe lasabela kulo mzekelo.
Imizekelo yokuqala yayakhiwe ngezitena ze-adobe ekrwada kunye neendiza, kodwa ngokukhawuleza zenziwe ngokupheleleyo ngamatye. Ngokwayo, baphefumlelwe ngokuma kwezindlu zamandulo zaseYiputa, zaziluhlobo lwezakhiwo eziphezulu ezifana ne-trapezoid enesiseko soxande kunye neendonga ze-talus.
Iminyango yamastaba yayinika ithuba lokungena kwi-chapel encinci apho izalamane zazijongene nokufaka iminikelo emininzi kumfi wabo, ukuze bayonwabele kwelinye ilizwe. Emva kwakhe kwakukho ucango lobuxoki oluhonjiswe ngemizobo nemizobo ebonisa ukungena okufuziselayo kubomi basemva kokufa.
Ngaphakathi kwesi sakhiwo, kwakukho negumbi elibizwa ngokuba yiSerdab, apho kwakuhlala khona umfanekiso oqingqiweyo kamfi, owaziwa ngokuba ngu "Ka". Ngaphantsi kwayo safumana iqula, ngokubanzi, livalwe ngemiphetho kwaye livunyelwe ukuba lingene kwigumbi lokungcwaba elikhusela i-sarcophagus.
Ukutyhubela iminyaka, nganye kwezi zakhiwo kancinci kancinci yaba yinto entsonkothileyo ngakumbi, oko kukuthi, amagumbi angaphantsi komhlaba amaninzi, iingubo ezibekekileyo kunye nomzimba omnye okanye omnye wenziwa ngelitye likalika endaweni yokusetyenziswa kwelitye.
Yonke imihlobiso yangaphakathi ithande ukumelwa zombini kunye nezihloko zobomi bemihla ngemihla bomfi, kunye neetekisi ezingcwele. Ngale ndlela, yayifuna ukuba ngumqinisekisi wempumelelo yabantu abangaphandle kwale nqwelomoya. IiMastabas zahlala kwibala lemidlalo yomngcwabo yaseYiputa de kwasekwa uBukumkani obutsha.
Babeyimbonakalo yobugcisa ebonisa i-Egypt esezantsi, njengoko kunokubonwa kwisiXeko sabafileyo okanye iCairo Necropolis, ekufutshane kakhulu kwindawo eyayisakuba likomkhulu labo, iMemphis. Kuphela, ukususela kuBukhosi beSithathu, ooFaro bayeka ukuzingcwaba kuzo, kuba ookumkani babefuna ukuphawula umahluko wezoqoqosho phakathi kwabo nabalawulwa babo.
Iiphiramidi
Nangona iimastaba ngokucacileyo zazingamangcwaba oluntu oluphezulu ngokugqwesileyo, iiphiramidi, ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo, yayiyeyona nto imele umngcwabo wabalawuli baseYiputa. Iiphiramidi zaseYiputa kunye noyilo lomngcwabo lwavela ngolo hlobo ngexesha lobuKumkani obudala.
Oku kwakungenxa yomnqweno omkhulu wokuba impucuko yayimele imele izinyuko zasezulwini (okanye iirempu njengoko zazisaziwa njalo kwizizukulwana) ezathi zavela kwimitha yelanga, ababeza kuthi ngazo oofaro banyukele kwindawo yabo, izulu.
Ngokufanayo, kwixesha elidlulileyo, ingqungquthela yayo yayicetywayo njengomfanekiso ocacileyo wenduli yokuqala, njengokuba iimastaba kunye nezinye iindlela zokungcwaba zakudala zaziqwalaselwa. Ngokusisiseko bakhawulwa njengoluhlobo lwenkolo kwaye ngokungathandabuzekiyo isimboli sezopolitiko, ngenjongo ephambili yokuba iya kuhlala ixesha elide.
Ngokuphathelele umfuziselo wayo wonqulo, sibhekisela kuthixo welanga “uRa” kubo bonke ubungangamsha bawo. I-Ra ibekwe phezulu kwezi kwaye ifikelela emhlabeni ngamacala ayo, iphinda igubungele yonke imimandla yaseYiputa. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ipolitiki iya kuba lubudlelwane esibufumanayo phakathi koothixo abahlukeneyo kunye noFaro.
Kuzo zodwa, iiphiramidi zazingenayo i-façade, yaye ngaphakathi asizange sifumane iipaseji ezinqamlezileyo ezazinqumla izakhiwo ezinkulu zamatye, ezazivuleleka kuphela kumagumbi amxinwa okungcwaba. Emva kokuba umngcwabo ugqityiwe, zombini ezi paseji kunye neminyango yazo yayivaliwe kwaye ifihliwe.
Iingcali ezininzi namhlanje zibajonga njengobunzima obuvaliwe ngokupheleleyo, izakhiwo ezingenalo naluphi na uhlobo lweengcango okanye ukubonakaliswa ngaphandle. Phantsi kweendawo ezininzi zeepiramidi zakudala, ii-complex okanye iitempile zakhiwe apho iindawo ezithile zenziwe.
Ngamnye wayenomsebenzi othile, onjengoku: ukuya kuFaro ongasekhoyo, ukwenza izithethe zonqulo nezithethe, nokugcina ubutyebi bakhe namanzi akhe ukuze “asele”. Ngelo xesha, eYiputa kwakukho umngcelele ogutyungelweyo owawudibanisa zonke ezi zinto zixhomekeke kwingqameko, kanye kufuphi noMlambo umNayile.
Iiphiramidi zokuqala ezenziwe kwimbali yaseYiputa zezo zikaFaro Djoser we-III yobukhosi, kunye nezo zikaSeneferu zobukhosi be-IV. UZoser, okwabizwa ngokuba yiDyeser, ubengomnye wabalawuli abangumzekelo kwi-Egypt yaMandulo. Oku, ngexesha lakhe, wayalela ukwakhiwa kwePiramidi yaseSaqqara kumakhi ofundileyo, u-Imhotep.
Yayisisihlandlo sokuqala ukuba izitena zodongwe zitshintshwe ngeebhloko ze-limestone. Le inezinyuko ezintandathu zokunyuka, kunye nobude obujikeleza i-60 yeemitha. Ukongezelela, isihloko se-precursor kwintsimi yeepiramidi ze-stepped-type pyramid zibangelwa kuyo, ezityala imilo yazo kwi-superposition ye-mastabas.
Ukutshintshela kwinto eyaziwa ngokuba yiphiramidi yokwenene, njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngaphambili, kwenzeka ngexesha likaFaro Seneferu, kwi-necropolis yaseDahshur. Le yayiyiPiramidi eBent edumileyo, eyaziwa kwihlabathi njengenye yeephiramidi zokuqala zejiyometri ezadalwa.
Nangona kunjalo, kubalulekile ukugxininisa ukuba akuzange kube njalo, kuba ngaphezu kwesiqingatha sokwakhiwa, i-angle yayo yokuthambekela yancitshiswa. Enye iphiramidi eyaphuhliswa ngulo faro kwigunya lakhe yayiyiMeidum, ikwimo ecuthiweyo kuphela ngenxa yokuba isambatho sayo esigudileyo sasuswa kudala.
Iphiramidi eBomvu yanikezwa isihloko sokuqala esakhiwe ngokugqibeleleyo kwijometri kunye nethambeka, kwaye yenziwe nguSeneferu. Uyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yesakhiwo somngcwabo esipheleleyo, esithe umbono wakhe waba sisithethe kuyilo lwezakhiwo zaseJiphutha.
Ngokusisiseko yayinamacandelo amane asisiseko: iTempile yaseNtilini, indawo apho amanzi omkhukula woMlambo umNayile afika khona, iCauseway, kulapho ulwakhiwo lufikelelwa khona, iFunerary Temple, isakhiwo esikufuphi namangcwaba asebukhosini kwaye, ekugqibeleni, Iphiramidi injalo.
Lo mkhwa wokwenza iiphiramidi zejometri ezibalaseleyo, zafikelela kwinjongo yayo ngakumbi ngokufika kwihlabathi lePiramidi yeCheops, ebandakanyiweyo phakathi kwezinto ezimangalisayo ze-7 zehlabathi lakudala. Okwangoku, le kuphela kwesixhenxe esiye sahlala ixesha elide.
Xa sithetha ngayo, sibhekisela kweyona nto ibalulekileyo kuzo zonke, kunye nomlinganiselo oqikelelwayo weemitha ezili-146 ukuphakama. Umnyango wayo umalunga neemitha ezili-18 ukuphakama. Ukongeza, ecaleni kwayo kukho ezinye iiphiramidi ezintathu zoofaro abathathu abahlukeneyo bobukhosi be-IV: iCheops, iKhafre kunye neMicerino.
Ngokubhekiselele kwicala elingasempuma, kukho imida yetempile kunye nesixeko somngcwabo, esenzelwe abasebenzi, ababingeleli, phakathi kwabanye. Phantse akukho nto yayo iye yagcinwa ukutyhubela iminyaka. Ukwenza obu bunzima bukhulu bamatye, malunga ne-2.3 yezigidi zeebhloko zamatye kwafuneka zisuswe, ezinobunzima obuphakathi kwe-2.5 kunye ne-45 yeetoni.
Ngokunjalo, kubalulekile ukuyicacisa into yokuba luhlobo lwesithathu lwephiramidi, kwaye eyona ixhaphakileyo kuzo zonke, le inethambeka elithe tye. Phakathi kwabameli bayo abadumileyo sinokukhankanya iiphiramidi ezinkulu zeGizeh iiphiramidi, ezikwabizwa ngokuba yiGiza Necropolis, emalunga neekhilomitha ezingamashumi amabini ukusuka kwisixeko saseCairo.
Kamva, ngenxa yesidingo esiphuthumayo sokunciphisa iindleko, iipiramidi zakhiwe ngendlela efanayo negobolondo le-limestone enendawo yangaphakathi eyenziwe ngokupheleleyo ngezitena ze-adobe. Oko kwakusetyenziselwe ukwenza, ngokomzekelo, ubukhulu obukhulu bezakhiwo zabo, kwafuneka kuncitshiswe ngexesha elifanayo ukuba imizobo kwiindonga ezahlukahlukeneyo ezazenzayo zandiswa.
Ngelo xesha, kwakuxa imibhalo emininzi kwiiphiramidi ivela. Ngendlela efanayo, abaphangi bamangcwaba baqhubeka behlambalaza izinto zabo zangaphakathi, ngoko ke, kwi-Middle Kingdom, inkqubo ebanzi kunye neyinkimbinkimbi ye-labyrinths, imigibe kunye namagumbi afihlakeleyo angeniswa kwiiplani zabo zokwakha.
Izinto ezisetyenzisiweyo azizange zifumaneke kwezi zakhiwo, enye emva kwenye yafikelela ezandleni zabasebenzi kunye nabakhi bezakhiwo ngokusebenzisa izibuko lendawo, elibekwe ukuze ukufika kwabo kube yimpumelelo kwaye ngokukhawuleza kangangoko kunokwenzeka kumntu wonke.
Ngapha koko, xa kujongwa ukubaluleka kwezakhiwo zayo zokungcwaba, bobabini uFaro kunye neentsapho zakhe babedla ngokundwendwela okanye bahlale kwindawo eyingqongileyo, ngoko ke ubukho bezindlu zasebukhosini okanye amabhotwe kwakungeyonto ingaqhelekanga. Kwaye, ngaphandle kwemigudu emininzi yeenjineli kunye nabakhi, iiphiramidi zazisamangalisa kakhulu.
Kungoko abaphangi bamangcwaba beqhubeka bebeka uzinzo lomfi wabo emngciphekweni. Ngenxa yoko, ooFaro abasakhulayo boBukumkani obutsha bakhetha ukuqalisa kwakhona ukungcwatywa kwemizimba. Ngale ndlela, ukusekwa kweNtlambo yeeKumkani kwaqala.
i-hypogea
Njengoko kuchaziwe kwicandelo langaphambili, ngenxa yokuphangwa okuqhubekayo kwamangcwaba e-pharaonic yamandulo, kunye nokuba yimalini echithwe ekwakhiweni kwabo, izigqibo ezikhawulezayo nezinamandla kufuneka zenziwe. Ngenxa yoko, i-hypogea yavela kwaye yoyisa ngokulula okukhulu.
Olu hlobo lokungcwaba ngokusisiseko lwalubandakanya ingcwaba elagrunjwa ematyeni. Nangona yayisele isetyenzisiwe ngexesha loBukumkani obuMbindi kwi-necropolis yaseBeni Hassan, kwakungekho kude kube buBukumkani obutsha xa kwakunokwenzeka ukungcwatywa kwee-dynasties ezahlukeneyo kummandla waseThebes, ngokuchanekileyo kwelinye icala loMlambo umNayile.
Lo mmandla ukhankanywe ngasentla, loo mhlaba wentlango unomtsalane, wawusaziwa ngokuba Intlambo yeeKumkani kunye neeKumkanikazi. Ekuqaleni, i-hypogea yokuqala yayilula kakhulu, babenepaseji kuphela kunye negumbi lokungcwaba. Kanye abo bobungangamsha oofaro kunye noofaro boBukumkani obutsha, ezi zazinobunkunkqele ngakumbi kwaye zazihonjiswe ngemizobo engapheliyo yobunewunewu kunye neyothusayo.
Ukongeza koku, babeneendawo zabo zokungcwaba, ezibekwe kuphela kwelinye icala leentaba, ecaleni koMlambo iNayile owaziwayo nobanzi.Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba, nangona indalo efihlakeleyo yaloo ndawo, idityaniswa ne esweni ukuba ooFaro babekwe yi-necropolis yaseThebes, ngokunjalo ke onke amangcwaba ahluthwa kwiXesha laMandulo.
Kuphela kufunyanwa phantse ngokupheleleyo kwi-1922 yengcwaba le-KV62, likaFaro we-XVIII yobukhosi, uTutankhamun, ngu-archaeologist wesiNgesi kunye ne-Egyptologist, uHoward Carter, nguye owavumela ihlabathi ukuba lazi ubutyebi obungenakubalwa obunabo le mpucuko, kwaye oko. bagcinwa emangcwabeni abo.
Ukuba eli nqaku belithanda, musa ukuphuma ngaphandle kokufunda kuqala: