Uphawu oluphambili lokwahlula kwezilwanyana ezincancisayo zeMarsupial yingxowa yangaphandle apho i-embryo yolu didi igqibezela uphuhliso lwayo. Imizekelo eqhelekileyo yee<em>marsupial yi<em>kangaroo, i<em>koala kunye ne<em>Tasmanian devil, ezigqalwa njengabameli abaqhelekileyo bezilwanyana zaseOstreliya. Ngokuqhubeka ufunda eli nqaku uya kukwazi ukufunda ngezinye iimpawu zolu hlobo olunomdla.
Yintoni iiMarsupials?
IiMarsupials (Marsupialia) zenza iqela lezilwanyana ezanyisayo ezineemazi 'ezinengxowa okanye ingxowa' apho ukuphuhliswa kweembumba zazo kugqityezelwa khona. Uninzi lwezi zilwanyana zanyisayo zizalelwa eOstreliya, nangona zikwafumaneka nakwilizwekazi laseMelika. Ngoku malunga neentlobo ze-270 ziyaziwa ngoku, apho i-80 ifumaneka eMelika kwaye malunga ne-200 e-Australia. Kwiintlobo ezithile isingxobo sincinane kakhulu ukuba singaqulatha onke amantshontsho azo.
Ukusuka kwimbono ebalaseleyo yebhayoloji, iimarsupials zenza inxalenye ye-taxonomic infraclass okanye icandelwana lezilwanyana ezanyisayo ze-metatherian (kufutshane ne-marsupials efanayo kunezilwanyana ezincancisayo eziphuma kwi-placenta ezinzala yazo ikhula ngokupheleleyo kwi-placenta). Enye yeempawu zayo kukukhula komntwana omfutshane esibelekweni ukuqhubeka uninzi lokukhula kwawo kuncamathela kumadlala amabele angaphakathi kwengxowa ye<em>marsupial sac okanye i<em>marsupium.
Iimpawu zeeMarsupials
Ziyahlulwa kwizilwanyana ezanyisayo ezikwi-placental ngokuzalwa kwangethuba kwenzala, eqhubeka ukukhula kwingxowa ekwisibeleko sikanina, ebizwa ngokuba yi<em>marsupium, apho amadlala ebele adibana khona. Le sac ixhaswa ngamathambo e-marsupial, angekhoyo kumathambo e-placenta, kwaye enza ukuba i-skeleton yabo ibe yimpawu.
Ibali libalisa okwenzeka kumqolomba ovulekileyo kwi-plaster yase-Eocene yaseMontmartre, eParis, apho kwafunyanwa amathambo abonisa loo mathambo athile, kwaye yavavanywa sisazinzulu saseFransi uGeorges Cuvier, owagqiba ukuba baphuma kwi-marsupial. yodidi lweDidelphis, iopossum yaseMelika yanamhlanje.
Xa kuthelekiswa ne-placentals, i-marsupials inokhakhayi oluncitshisiweyo kakhulu ngokwemiqathango yentloko yentloko, ngelixa ii-orbits (iziseko zamehlo) zivulekile ngasemva kwaye zibonisa i-sagittal crest eyomeleleyo yokufakwa kwezihlunu zexeshana. Okokugqibela, kukho inkqubo yophawu lwe-angular kwi-mandible eyijika ibe ngaphakathi.
Ngokubhekiselele kumazinyo abo, kukho i-molars enonxantathu, eyahluka ngokuphawulekayo, njengakwi-placental, ngokutya kwe-herbivorous okanye i-carnivorous eziye zaqhelaniswa nezi zilwanyana. Njengenxalenye ye-American marsupials, i-opossum ekhankanywe ngasentla (i-Didelphis) lelona lungu lidumileyo leqela lakudala kakhulu, i-polyprotodonts, apho ezinye ii-marsupials ezazikho eMzantsi Melika kulo lonke elaseMiocene, njengeProthylacynus kunye nePliocene, ziyinxalenye. njenge Thylacosmilus.
Kukho umdla ongaqhelekanga kakhulu kule yokugqibela ngenxa yobukho bezinja ezimbini ezibanzi eziphezulu, ezinika ukhakhayi imbonakalo efana kakhulu nekaSmilodon, iplacental enobundlobongela edla inyama, engasekhoyo ngoku. Eyona marsupial inkulu eyaziwayo yiDiprotodon, eyayihlala eOstreliya kuyo yonke iQuaternary. Eso sidalwa sasiphantse silingane nomkhombe, yaye sabelwa kwiqela elithi Diprotodonts, eliquka ngokukhethekileyo iimo zaseOstreliya, kuquka iikhangaru zanamhlanje.
Iimarsupials zaza zahlukana nesiqu sesilwanyana esanyisayo sangaphambili xa yayisekwinqanaba lakudala. EOstreliya, baxelisa ngendlela ehambelanayo nemitha eguquguqukayo eyenziwa yi<em>placentals kweminye imimandla yejografi yehlabathi. Uninzi lweempawu zabo zikhethekileyo, ukuze zingameli inqanaba lokuzivelela kwezilwanyana ezanyisayo ezikwi-placenta, kodwa zizimele kunye nomnombo wesiphelo. Ubushushu bomzimba buphezulu ngandlel’ ithile kwii<em>marsupials kunakwimiqolomba.
I-Marsupial herbivores ikwazile ukuphuhlisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokondla ukuze kusetyenziswe ngcono izondlo, kuba abanako ukusetyisa i-cellulose ngenxa yokunqongophala kwee-microorganisms ezifanelekileyo, njengoko kunjalo kwezinye iindawo.
Kwezinye iimeko, ukutya kunokubhekiswa kwi-caecum, apho ihlala khona ixesha elifunekayo, okanye inokumisa imetabolism yayo ukuze ifune ukutya okuncinci kwaye inike ixesha elaneleyo lokulinganisa into esele ifakwe. Ukutya kunokuhlafunwa ixesha elide njengewombat, okanye kunokuphinda kuligqume ilindle elithambileyo.
Ukuveliswa kwakhona
Kanye njenge-monotremes, izixhobo zabo ze-rectum kunye ne-urogenital zivula kunye zibe yi-cloaca eqhelekileyo. Ii<em>Marsupial zizilwanyana ezine-viviparous, kodwa inkqubo yazo yokuzala yahluke kakhulu kuleyo ye-placenta. Iqanda liqulethe i-yolk eninzi, "imhlophe" kwaye igqunywe yinwebu. Isibeleko sikhupha “ubisi” oluphunyezwa kwi-yolk sac, yaye kwii<em>marsupials ezininzi akukho nto ifana neplacenta. Kwiintlobo ezithile (i-Dasyurus) kukho i-placenta ekhohlisayo, indawo yoqhagamshelwano phakathi kodonga lwe-yolk sac kunye nodonga lwesibeleko.
Iimazi zineenkazana ezintathu, ezimbini emacaleni enye embindini. Ezisecaleni zisetyenziselwa ukuchumisa kwaye abatsha baphuma kumbindi welungu lobufazi. Iinkunzi zeMarsupial zinelungu lobudoda elihlala ngefolokhwe rhoqo, ukuze kutshayelwe isidoda kwilungu lobufazi elisecaleni. Iimbumba ziphuma kwangethuba lokukhula kwazo kwaye zirhubuluza kumgca wamathe athi umama awubeke ngolwimi phakathi kwecloaca kunye nengxowa yemarsupial. Xa ifika kwi-marsupium, incamathela kwiingono ize ihlale engxoweni ixesha elide.
Imvelaphi kunye neBiogeography
IiMarsupials zibandakanya iqela elincinane lezilwanyana ezanyisayo, ezisasazwe ngokuyinxenye lilizwekazi laseMelika kwaye ngokuyinxenye yiOstreliya, ekuphela kwezilwanyana ezincancisayo ezihlala emhlabeni kwaye, ngakumbi, eyona nxalenye iphambili yezilwanyana eziphila emhlabeni.
Emva kokuphela kweedayinaso, iintaka kunye ne-monotremes zahlukana, kwaye iireyithi kunye namaqela afanayo eza kuhlala kwi-ecological niche ye-herbivores kunye nezilwanyana ezizingelayo. Phakathi kwazo kukho iintaka zosapho i-Phorusrhacidae ezaziwa ngokuba ziintaka ezoyikisayo ezisuka kuMzantsi Merika wamandulo kunye neentaka ezinjengeGastornis kulo lonke elase-Eocene eYurophu nakuMntla Melika.
Iimarsupials zazinophuhliso lwazo kulo lonke ixesha elisezantsi leCretaceous ukusuka kwi-primitive pantotheria, emva kweplacentals ezivele kwiJurassic, umzekelo iJuramaia. Ngaphambi kokusasazeka kwe-placentals, i-marsupials yayisele isasazeke kuninzi lwelizwekazi, ifunyenwe ukuya ekupheleni kweCretaceous kwiindawo apho zingekho khona namhlanje, njenge-Asia.
Ukuqonda ukuba i-marsupials isasazwa njani ngoku, kuyafuneka ukwazi izehlo ezifunyanwa ngabantu belizwekazi kule mijikelo ikude yejoloji. Kuyafuneka ukuba ukhumbule, ngokwezinto ezininzi ezifunyenweyo ezenziweyo, ukuba ekupheleni kwexesha leCretaceous iimarsupials zazisasazwa ngokubanzi kumazwe aveleyo, apho zazihlala khona, ngoxolo, kunye ne-placentals yakudala.
Ngokomzekelo, iindawo eziye zanyamalala kuzo zisenokuba seAfrika, eYurophu nakuMntla Merika, nangona emva kweGreat American Interchange, iimarsupial ezithile ziye zabuyela kuMntla Merika. Ezona marsupials zindala zaziwa zisuka eTshayina, apho kwakha kwakho nezona ndawo zidala.
Ngelo xesha, izihlwele zelizwekazi zazingekaqalisi ukuqhekeka kunye nokuhamba njengoko kutyhilwa yingcamango ka-Alfred Wegener, isiganeko esaqala kuphela ekupheleni kwexesha leMesozoic. Ekuqaleni kwe-Cenozoic, ukuqhuma kwangaphambili kwe-placentals kwenzeka, okuthe, ngaphandle kokugxila ekuqaleni, kwahluka ngokukhawuleza ngenxa yokungabikho kokhuseleko lwabakhuphisana kwiindawo ezintsha ze-ikholoji ababehlala kuzo.
Iqela le-placental lalineembangi okanye izilwanyana ezincancisayo, ii-marsupials kunye ne-monotremes, le yokugqibela sele ikwazile ukugqwesa kwii-niches ezahlukeneyo. Kwaye ngaphandle kwezilwanyana ezanyisayo, iintaka ezinkulu zasemhlabeni. Ukuzimela kunye nenqanaba elipheleleyo lophuhliso eyavela ngalo inzala yaba baqalayo be-eutherian yagqitha amanye amaqela anegazi elifudumeleyo kumlinganiselo wokuphila kweentsana ezisanda kuzalwa, ngaloo ndlela ekhetha ukusasazwa kwawo ngokwenani labantu.
Ekuqaleni kwePaleocene, malunga ne-65 yezigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo, kwakungekho zilwanyana ezincancisayo ze-eutherian carnivorous, i-ecological niche yezilwanyana ezizingelayo yayisele izaliswe ngamaqela ezilwanyana awayevele ngaphambili: iintaka ezinkulu ezingenakubhabha, izirhubuluzi zangoku kunye neemarsupials.
Ukuchithwa kwePangea eyaqala ekuqaleni kweCretaceous, malunga ne-150-140 yezigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo, inika izitshixo kwindawo kunye nokusabalalisa amaqela ezilwanyana, xa ukuqhekeka kwe-Gondwana supercontinent kwaqala. EPangea kwenziwa intanda equka ukusuka kuLwandlekazi iTethys ukuya empuma, ukuya kutsho kwiPasifiki ngasentshona.
Lo msantsa wahlula iLaurasia, kunye nawo uMntla Merika, kwiGondwana kwaye wabangela ukuvela kolwandle olutsha lwexesha elizayo, uLwandlekazi lweAtlantiki. Olu bunzima bamanzi aluzange luvuleke ngokufanayo, kodwa lwaqala kuMntla-Mbindi weAtlantiki; i-Atlantiki yaseMzantsi yayingayi kuqalisa ukuvula kude kube yiCretaceous.
Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba i-Strigopoidea (izikhwenene zaseNew Zealand) kunye ne-Dinornithidae (moas), iindidi ezimbini zeentaka ezihlala eNew Zealand, zaphuhliswa zodwa ngexesha elide kakhulu njengoko iNew Zealand yayisahluliwe kwingingqi yaseGondwana (ngaphambili. ukuya kwiCenozoic kwiminyaka eyi-80 yezigidi eyadlulayo).
Oku kwenzeka kwanangaphambi kokuba ukusasazeka kwezilwanyana ezanyisayo, ezingazange zifike eNew Zealand kunye nezilwanyana ezanyisayo ezincancisayo ziye zafika eOstreliya, zidlula eAntarctica, zisuka eMzantsi Merika, xa iindimbane ezintathu zelizwekazi zazimanyene nangaphambi kokuphola kweAntarctica, yahlula iOstreliya ngaphambi kokufika kwelizwekazi. izilwanyana ezanyisayo. Ezi ntaka zikwazile ukuvela ngenxa yokungasebenzi kakuhle kwezilwanyana ezincancisayo, nto leyo eyenza ukuba zikwazi ukuhlasela i-niche yezilwanyana ezizingelayo kunye nazo.
UMzantsi Melika kunye ne-Afrika, kunye namanye amazwekazi, benza ilizwekazi elikhulu elibizwa ngokuba yiGondwana. Ngaphandle kwento yokuba iqela elibandakanya i-placentals kunye ne-marsupials lavela e-Asiya, kwi-China yangoku kwaye apho zahlulwa zibe yi-metatherian kunye ne-eutherian, inani leentlobo lalingekho phezulu kwaye babenolwazi oluncinci. Izilwanyana ezanyisayo ziye zaphindaphindeka zaza zahlukahlukene kulo mmandla mkhulu usemazantsi.
I-placentals okanye i-eutherian, enenkqubo yokuzala esebenza ngakumbi kunaleyo yee-marsupials kunye ne-monotremes, inyanzelise la maqela ukuba abe yimimandla emincinci njengoko ekhuphisana kwezinye iindawo ze-ikholoji. Kodwa azizange ziqalise ukwanda kwazo de zahlukana zaba yinxalenye yeAfrika-iMadagascar-Eurasia nenye iSouth America-Antarctica-Australia. I-placentals ayizange ikwazi ukuhlalisa ubunzima boMzantsi Melika-Antarctica-Australia.
Ngelo xesha, ezona zilwanyana zincancisayo zazininzi yayiziimonotremes ezifana neTeinolophos trusleri, eyayiza kuhlala kwi-supercontinent esemazantsi nangona i-Australia yayidityaniswe ne-Antarctica kwaye ke ngoko ikwindawo ebanda kakhulu kuneOstreliya namhlanje. Emva kokuba i-Antarctica imkile eOstreliya, iAntarctica yafudukela kwincam esemazantsi, iphola ngokuthe ngcembe, yaye iOstreliya yafudukela kwi-ikhweyitha, ngokuthe ngcembe ifudumala.
Ngaphandle kokuncipha kweyantlukwano yamaqela angengawo eeutherian, inkqubo yokutshintshwa yayihamba kancinci kwaye umzekelo iintlobo ezithile zemarsupial ezisaphilayo bezinokufumaneka eTertiary Europe. Imvelaphi yezi zilwanyana ingalandwa ukuya kuthi ga kwixesha lokwahlulwa kwelizwekazi kwiGondwana yonke; ixesha apho uphuhliso oluzimeleyo lwamaqela ezilwanyana eMzantsi Melika lwaqala.
Kuyabonakala ukuba iimetatheriya ezavela eMzantsi Melika zahamba, nkqu kunye nezihlwele zaseMazantsi elizwekazi, ukusuka kwimvelaphi yazo ukuya eOstreliya ngokudlula kwilizwekazi lase-Antarctic kwaye ngokuphendukileyo ekupheleni kwexesha leCretaceous. Le ngqikelelo yomelezwa ngokusekwe kuphononongo olwenziwe kwiimarsupials ezahlukeneyo zaseMelika, phakathi kwazo okubizwa ngokuba yi-monito del monte kugqame, esondelelene kakhulu nee-marsupials zase-Australia kunezo zaseMelika, ekuthi ngoku i-mammalian taxon yaseMelika. (Ameridelphia) kuqikelelwa ukuba iparaphyletic kwaye ayisetyenziswa.
Emva koko, i-Australasia yahlulwa ukusuka eMzantsi Melika-Antarctica, ngendlela yokuba i-marsupials ikwazi ukuhlala e-Australia, ngenxa yokuba eli lizwekazi lahlukana nabanye, kwixesha elingaphambi kokuqhuma kwe-placentals. Kwangaxeshanye, kwenzeka into efanayo nakuMzantsi Merika, owathi kwangaxeshanye wahlukana nelizwekazi elikuMntla Merika, nto leyo eyenza kube nokwenzeka ngokuzahlula okunjalo ukusinda kwezinto ezininzi eziphilayo zeli qela.
Noko ke, ekupheleni kweZiko leMfundo ePhakamileyo, ngokuchasene noko kwenzekayo ngeOstreliya, esekwanti ukuza kuthi ga namhlanje, uMzantsi Merika wajoyina uMntla Merika kwakhona ngeIsthmus yasePanama. Oku kudityaniswe kwenze ukuba kwenzeke kumaxesha amvanje ukufuduka ukuya emazantsi e-placentals, okwathi, okwangoku, ifumene inqanaba eliphezulu lokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Oko kufuduka kwalandelwa kukutshatyalaliswa kwezilwanyana ezininzi esele zikho.
Kuyo yonke iCretaceous kunye nakwizigaba zokuqala zeXesha Eliphezulu, iimarsupials zazixhaphake kakhulu, kubandakanywa nakweminye imimandla yehlabathi. Bahlala kumaxesha adlulileyo eAfrika, eAsia naseYurophu. Kwezi zihlwele zintathu zelizwekazi, ii-marsupials zanyamalala kuyo yonke i-Tertiary, kwaye isalathiso sokugqibela eYurophu sibuyela emva kwiMiocene.
Kumaxesha amandulo, izilwanyana ezanyisayo zemarsupial zazijongwa njengezo, ngokwembono yendaleko, zindala kunezilwanyana ezanyisayo ezikwi-placental. Nangona kunjalo, namhlanje kuyaziwa ukuba amasebe amabini avela kukhokho oqhelekileyo malunga ne-100 yezigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo, phakathi kwexesha leedinosaurs. Kuba naliphi na iqela lezilwanyana likhululekile kukhuphiswano lwebhayoloji, utshintsho aluthandwa, ngoko ke isingqisho sendaleko siyacotha xa sithelekisa naloo maqela aphantsi kotshintsho oluninzi.
Ngenxa yendawo encinci yejografi esasazeke, ukhuphiswano olusele lusengaphambili kunye neqela elifanayo lebhayoloji, kunye nokuzuza ezinye iindlela ezikhethekileyo zoluntu lwezilwanyana kwiindawo ezingenalo ukhuphiswano lwe-placenta, iimarsupials zithathwa, ubukhulu becala, njengezohlukeneyo ezincinci. ngaphezu kwe-placenta.
Eli qela lahluke kakhulu kwakudala, kodwa iintlobo ezinkulu kunye nezinye iindidi ezincinci zanyamalala kutshanje kwi-Quaternary xa zadibana namarhamncwa e-placental, kuquka umntu. Izilwanyana zaseMzantsi Melika zeli xesha zibandakanya iintlobo eziya kuhlala zinxulunyaniswa neOstreliya kunaseMzantsi Melika. Eminye yaloo mizekelo ibandakanya iimarsupials ezinkulu kunye neendmic monotremes zolandelelwano olufanayo neplatypus.
Iintlobo ngeentlobo zeemarsupials zaseMzantsi Melika zazisuka kwizilwanyana zolandelelwano lwe-opossums kunye namanye amaqela anomlinganiselo omncinci, ukuya kwizidalwa ezidla inyama ezinobukhulu obukhulu njenge-sparassodonts yohlobo lwe-Thylacosmilus kunye ne-Borhyaena. Kutshanje, kuye kwaphakanyiswa amathandabuzo malunga nokuhlelwa kwee<em>sparassodonts njengee<em>marsupial ngenxa yohlolisiso lwakutshanje lweefosili zezi zilwanyana.
Kukho iingqikelelo malunga neefosili zezilwanyana ezanyisayo eziphuma kwi-Eocene yaseOstreliya, eTingamarra. Ezi nkcazo zisekelwe kwizinyo elinye elifunyenweyo elibonisa iimpawu ze-condylarthrus kwaye oku kuye kwaxoxwa ngokubanzi. Kwakunye nobudala bayo, imeko yeplacenta yale fosili iye yathandatyuzwa ngabanye abaphengululi.
Inkqubo
Liqela elingaqhelekanga kakhulu, kunye neentlobo ezikhupha i-placentals (iigundane, i-marmots, i-moles, iingcuka ze-marsupial, njl.). Ukutya kwayo akunazinambuzane, kutyiwa inyama, kuyatya, kutyiwa imifuno, kwaye ngoku ubukhulu bayo buyaguquguquka kakhulu, ukusuka kokwempuku, i-pilbará ninguauí, emalunga neesentimitha ezi-5 ubude, ukuya kutsho kweyekhangaru enkulu, elinganisa ngokomntu. IDiprotodon eyaphelayo, eyona marsupial inkulu eyaziwayo, yayilingana nemvubu. I-marsupial enkulu ye-carnivorous yi-Thylacoleo carnifex, ilungu lomyalelo we-Diprotodonta.
Ngaphandle kwemiyalelo yeepossums (didelphimorphs) kunye nemouse-possums (paucituberculate), apho songeza ii<em>sparassodonts ezingasekhoyo (ekuthi maxa wambi zingagqalwa njenge<em>marsupials eziyinyani), ezinye ii<em>marsupials zonke zikho kummandla waseOstreliya: ikoala , i<em>kangaroos, icouscous. , ingcuka yemarsupial, wombats, njl. Kukho inani elikhulu leentlobo ze-arboreal, ezifana neepossums eMelika kunye neepossums e-Australia, kunye neentlobo ezihlala emhlabeni ngokupheleleyo njengekhangaroos.
Zilishumi zizonke iintsapho ezidityanelwe kumacandelo angaphantsi amabini, ngokutsho kwamazinyo; leyo yee-polyprodontos kunye neye-diprotodontos. Okwangoku kukho amacandelo amathathu aphilayo eemarsupials: iimarsupials zaseMelika (Ameridelphia), iimarsupials zaseAustralia (Australidelphia) kunye neclade elanyamalalayo lesparasodonts (Sparassodonta), nangona ngamanye amaxesha, njengoko sele kukhankanyiwe, ezi zamva aziqikelelwa njengeemarsupials zokwenyani. , kodwa izalamane ezisondeleyo kwaba.
Umyalelo weMicrobiotheria, ekuphela kwento ephilayo eyaziwayo: i-monito del monte, ifumaneka eMzantsi Melika, kodwa iqhelene kakhulu ne-marsupials yase-Australia kwaye ibhalwe kwi-Australidelphia kunye nabo. Iclade engasekhoyo ye-Sparassodonta ukuba kuqikelelwa njengeqela lokwenyani le-marsupial, amaqela kumacala amabini angaphambili.
I-polyprodontos (iqela elingasasetyenziswayo namhlanje), elalibizwa ngokuba zii-zoophages kumaxesha amandulo, yasekwa ngokoluhlu olungaphantsi ziintsapho ezineencisors ubuncinane ezisibhozo, kumhlathi ngamnye, ezi zisezantsi ziphantse zafana enye kwenye, kwaye zixhotyiswe ngamacanine phezulu nangaphezulu. phantsi. Zazahlulwe zaba ziintsapho ezahlukahlukeneyo, enye yaseMerika, leyo yeedidelphid, iiopossums; nezinye izilwanyana zaseOstreliya: iidasiurids, iTasmanian Devil; thylacinids, ingcuka marsupial; i-peramelidae, umvundla we-marsupial; i-notorictidae, i-marsupial mole; i-myrmecobids, i-marsupial anteater; njl.
I-suborder Diprotodonts (okwangoku ihlelwe njengomyalelo we-marsupials) yayingekho ngaphezu kwee-incisors ezintathu kwicala ngalinye lemihlathi, i-canines ephantsi, kwaye i-incisor yokuqala ephantsi yayinkulu kunabanye. Zidla ngokuba zii-herbivorous kwaye ziquka ezinye zezona zilwanyana zikhulu kwifauna yase-Australia.
Kwi-2005, i-prehistoric specimen ye-genus Diprotodon yafunyanwa kumbindi we-Australia, eyayiyi-6,09 yeemitha ubude kunye ne-1,82 yeemitha ubude. Ibandakanya iintsapho zePhalangerids, Macropods (kangaroos) kunye nePhascolomids, apho yongezwa i-Tilacoleonids, intsapho ye-carnivorous marsupials ephelileyo ngoku.
Uqoqosho
I-Biological taxonomy luqeqesho lwenzululwazi apho izinto eziphilayo zi-odolwa phantsi kweskimu sokuhlela esenziwe ngoluhlu lwemigangatho ethile. Apha ngezantsi luhlelo lweeodolo kunye neentsapho zeemarsupials:
- Iodolo yeDidelphimorphia
- Usapho iDidelphidae
- Oda iPaucituberculata
- Usapho Caenolestidae
- Clade Australidelphia
- Oda iMicrobiotheria
- Usapho lweMicrobiotheriidae
- Iodolo yeDasyuromorphia
- Usapho lwe-Thylacinidae
- Usapho lweDasyuridae
- Usapho lwaseMyrmecobiidae
- Iodolo yePeramelemorphia
- Usapho lwe-Thylacomyidae
- Usapho lwe-Chaeropodidae
- Usapho lwasePeramelidae
- Umyalelo weNotoryctemorphia
- Usapho lweNotoryctidae
- Umyalelo weDiprotodontia
- I-Phascolarctidae yosapho
- Usapho lweVombatidae
- Usapho lweDiprotodontidae
- Usapho lwePhalangeridae
- Usapho lweBurramyidae
- Usapho lweTarsipedidae
- Usapho Petauridae
- Pseudocheiridae yosapho
- Usapho lwasePotoridae
- Usapho lweAcrobatidae
- Usapho lwe-Hypsiprymnodontidae
- Usapho lweMacropodidae
- Usapho lwe-Thylacoleonidae
- Oda iMicrobiotheria
imizekelo yeemarsupial
Ii<em>marsupial liqela lamaqela ahlukeneyo, aquka i<em>moles, iikhangaru, i<em>groundhog, neempuku. Kananjalo inobukhulu obahlukeneyo kunye nolawulo lokutyisa: i-herbivore, i-carnivore, i-insectivore okanye i-frugivore. Uninzi lweentlobo zayo zikwilizwekazi laseOstreliya kunye nezinye eMelika, kuba kungekho mizekelo yalapha kwamanye amazwekazi. Eminye imizekelo yeemarsupial yile:
Kangaroo
Yeyona imele ii<em>marsupial, eyaziwa ehlabathini lonke ngendlela ezishukuma ngayo ngokuxhumaxhuma. Omnye wemifanekiso yakhe eqhelekileyo ngowomama othwele usana lwakhe engxoweni esesibelekweni. Enye yeekhangaru ezidumileyo yingxilimbela engwevu, ehlala kumathafa engca nasemahlathini akwimpuma yeOstreliya, itya imifuno nengca. Ifana kakhulu neentlobo zekhangaru ebomvu, apho ihluke kuphela kumbala woboya bayo, indoda yayo inokufikelela ukuphakama kweemitha ezimbini kunye nobunzima be-66 kilos.
I-Opossum yaseMntla yaseMelika
Esi sidalwa kuphela kwemarsupial ekhoyo kuMntla Merika, ngakumbi kumntla weRio Grande, kwaye isebusuku. Ukongeza, le opossum, elingana nekati eqhelekileyo, ihamba yodwa kwaye lithuba elimangalisayo. Ivakalelwa kukuba isengozini, ikhupha ivumba elibi kakhulu ize iziwise emhlabeni ngokungathi ifile.
Umgxobhozo Wallaby
Esi silwanyana, sixhaphake kakhulu kumantla eOstreliya yaye asikho sengozini yokunyamalala, siyafana nekhangaru kodwa sincinane. Ixesha lokumitha kwe-wallaby lithatha iintsuku ezingama-38 yaye kamva ithole lithwalwa ngumama kangangeenyanga ezisithoba kwisingxobo. Iqela lombhoxo lelo lizwe lithatha igama lalo kule marsupial.
Koala
Inzalelwane yaseOstreliya, i<em>koala sisidalwa esihamba kade, esinoxolo esinenkangeleko ekhethekileyo: umzimba omncinane, intloko enkulu (inqabile phakathi kweemarsupial), iindlebe ezingqukuva, ezinoboya, kunye nempumlo enkulu emnyama.
Ukutya kwayo ubukhulu becala yimithi ye-eucalyptus, yaye ekubeni oko kutya kungayiniki izondlo zaneleyo, ibangela ukuba ihlale phantsi. Ngokwenene, ichitha lonke ixesha layo isozela phakathi kwamasebe emithi kwaye, nangona ifana ne 'teddy bear', ayiyonxalenye yosapho lwe-ursid.
Overa Weasel
Isasazwe kulo lonke ilizwekazi laseMzantsi Melika, i-overa weasel ilungele naluphi na uhlobo lwendawo yokuhlala, kubandakanya neendawo zasezidolophini. Inokuphila ukuya kutsho kwiminyaka emine. Iinkunzi zinkulu kunemazi, kwaye zombini izini zinomsila omde olingana nomzimba wazo.
Iyakwazi ukuvelisa ukuya kuthi ga kathathu ngonyaka kwaye ukukhulelwa kwangaphakathi kuthatha iintsuku ezili-14. Emva kwelo xesha, izala amantshontsho anobude obuzisentimitha 'ancamathela' emabeleni kamama, aze ahlale apho iiveki ezintandathu. Kamva bakhwela emqolo baze bahambe kuphela ukuya kuncancisa ubisi lukanina kwiinyanga ezintandathu ezizayo.
Umtyholi waseTasmanian
Okokugqibela siza kuthetha ngenye yeemarsupial ezimbalwa ezidla inyama ezisekho emhlabeni kwaye inzalelwane yesiqithi saseTasmania, njengoko igama layo libonisa. Ilingana nenja encinci ngokobukhulu, umzimba wayo ugqunywe ngoboya obumnyama kwaye ineendlebe ezibomvu ezibomvu.
Ngokumalunga nokuziphatha kwayo, kunokuqatshelwa ukuba ibhomboloza kakhulu, itya ngokukrakra, inokuzingela, kodwa itya inyama efileyo kwaye ihlala yodwa. Amantshontsho ahlala ebotshelelwe kwisingxobo sikanina kangangeentsuku ezili-100, ebudeni belo xesha afikelela kubunzima obuziigram ezingama-200 aze alahlwe esibelekweni.
IMarsupial Ejongene Nenja
I<em>thylacine engasekhoyo ( Thylacinus cynocephalus ) yayisidalwa esinentloko nomzimba ofana nowenja, eyayithwala amantshontsho aso engxoweni enjengekhangaru yaye inoboya obunemigca obufana nobenkakazi. Esi silwanyana singaqondakaliyo nesimeleyo sase-Australia kunye neTasmania, ngamanye amaxesha sichazwa njenge "marsupial wolf" kunye nabanye "i-tiger yaseTasmanian", ibe yintloko yokwenyani kubaphandi amashumi eminyaka.
Kutshanje, kuphononongo olwenziwa ngabaphandi kwiYunivesithi yaseBrown (e-USA), apho amathambo abo afaniswa namathambo ezilwanyana ezanyisayo ezingama-31 (kubandakanywa iipumas, iipanther, oodyakalashe, iingcuka, iingcuka...), ibonise ukuba Isilwanyana sasisondelelene kakhulu neekati, nangona kwakucacile ukuba i-marsupial.
Ngokutsho kwaba baphandi abakupapashayo kwiphephancwadi i<em>Biology Letters , i<em>thylacine yayisebenza njengexhoba lodwa elabamba ixhoba lalo lizilalele, uphawu olwahlula ngokucacileyo kwiingcuka nezinja zasendle, ezidla ngokuzingela ngeepakethe nangokulitshutshisa.
I-Thylacinus cynocephalus ikhona kwizigidi zeminyaka kwilizwe lase-Australia, kwaye yaqala ukubhanga emva kokuhlaliswa kwabantu bokuqala kuloo ndawo kwiminyaka engama-40.000 eyadlulayo. Abemi bayo bachaphazeleka kakhulu ngokusungulwa kwe-dingo, isilwanyana esifana nenja, i-4 millennia edlulileyo. Isilwanyana sokugqibela solu hlobo, esibizwa ngokuba yi "Benjamin", satshabalala kumyezo wezilwanyana waseHobart ngo-1936.
Ukuphonononga iintsalela, bafumanisa ukuba i-humerus yengalo engaphezulu ye-thylacine yayi-oval kwaye yandiswe ekupheleni kufuphi nengqiniba, ebonisa ukuba amathambo e-forearm, i-radius kunye ne-ulna, ayizange idibane. Oko kwakuthetha ukuba “ingwe yaseTasmania” okanye i<em>thylacine yayinamandla okuguqula umlenze wayo ukuze intende yesandla ijonge phezulu, kanye njengeekati. Le ntshukumo yengalo yavumela ukuba isebenzise ulawulo olukhulu phezu kwexhoba layo emva kokuhlaselwa okumangalisayo, abaphandi bacebisa.
Ubomi beFossil Marsupial
Isazi ngenzululwazi ngezidalwa zamandulo sakha safanisa umsebenzi waso nokuphinda siwuhlanganise wonke umfanekiso oshukumayo kwiifreyimu ezine ezifunyenwe emlilweni. Okumangalisa kakhulu, iziganeko kunye nendalo zibonakala zidibanisa ukuze umsebenzi wenzululwazi uququzelelwe. Kwaye ngokokuqala ngqa ebomini, abaphandi bafumana yonke ifilimu. Oku koko kuye kwenzeka kwindawo esemagqagaleni eNew South Wales (eOstreliya), apho iqela leengcaphephe liye lafumana ubuncwane befosili obubonisa onke amanqanaba ophuhliso lwesilwanyana esanyisayo esasihlala kulo mmandla malunga nezigidi ezili-15 kwiminyaka eyadlulayo.
Le ndawo ibizwa ngokuba yiRiversleigh, indawo echumileyo yefosili eyaziwa njengeNdawo yeLifa leHlabathi kwiPaki yeSizwe yaseBoodjamulla, kwiphondo laseQueensland. Ilitye likalikalika lenze ukuba kube nokwenzeka ukumelwa okumangalisayo kwezilwanyana zaseOstreliya zangaphambili ukuba zibe ngumkhenkce ekuhambeni kwexesha. Kumhlaba obizwa ngokuba yi-AL90, uKaren Black nabancedisi bakhe bafumana indawo eyayikade ingumqolomba. “Uphahla kunye neendonga zomqolomba bezigugile kwizigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo, kodwa umgangatho usekumgangatho ophantsi,” utshilo uBlack.
“Kuyabonakala ukuba izilwanyana zawela kumnyango othe nkqo womqolomba ekusenokwenzeka ukuba wawungabonakali ngenxa yohlaza kwaye wawusebenza njengomgibe wendalo. Ezi zilwanyana, phakathi kwazo kwakukho oomama ababenamantshontsho azo ezingxoweni, mhlawumbi zawa zafa okanye zakwazi ukusinda ekwindla kodwa zavaleleka kungekho ndlela yokusaba,” yongeza ingcali yezidalwa zamandulo.
Ngenxa yaloo mgibe ubulalayo siye safumana uluhlu olupheleleyo lweefosili zobutyebi obungaqhelekanga. “Sisiza esimangalisayo nesingaqhelekanga,” utshilo uBlack. Iikhangaru, ii<em>bandicoots, amalulwane neentlobo ngeentlobo zempungutye ziphakathi kwamaxhoba alo mngxuma. Kodwa eyona nto ibalulekileyo kuye kwafunyaniswa ngokhakhayi oluninzi lwesilwanyana esifana ne-wombat yangoku, isilwanyana esikhupha ibhere encinane.
26 ukakayi
Izazinzulu ziye zakwazi ukudibanisa i-26 ye-skulls ye-Nimbadon lavarakorum egubungela zonke izigaba zobukho bayo, ukusuka kwiintsana engxoweni yonina ukuya kubantu abadala bakudala. Umnyama uchaza imeko yakhe yolondolozo "njengengaqhelekanga", eye yenza ukuba kube lula ukuphinda kwakhiwe ifilimu yonke yobukho besi silwanyana sanyisayo esinyamaleleyo.
Oko izazinzulu ziye zagqiba yapapashwa Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, kunye nesishwankathelo amaxwebhu indlela uqwalaselo amathambo entloko ezi marsupials kwahluka kulo lonke uphuhliso lwabo. Xa babesaxhomekeke kubisi lwebele ukuze baziphilise, amathambo obuso babo akhula ukuze avumele ukuncancisa. Njengoko ukutya kwabo kwakusahluka ukusuka kubisi ukuya engceni, ukhakhayi lwakhula kwindawo yokubamba ukuze lubambe izihlunu ezinamandla ezinoxanduva lokuhlafuna, lushiya imingxunya emininzi yasimahla.
Ngokutsho kocwaningo lombhali-mbhali uMike Archer, "Oku kunokuba ngumboniso wokuqala wendlela isilwanyana esanyisayo esikhulayo esihlawula ngayo xa sifuna ukutya okuluhlaza: ngokuguqula kwi-airhead." Kanye njengazo zanamhlanje, ii<em>marsupials zelo xesha zazalwa emva kokumitha ixesha elifutshane zaza zagqiba ukukhula kwazo okokuqala kwi<em>marsupial yoomama. Akukho theory eqinileyo ekhoyo malunga nokuba kutheni ezi zilwanyana zanyisayo, ezithe kwezinye iindawo zomhlaba zanikezela kwidabi lendaleko ngokuchasene ne-placentals, zakwazi ukoyisa eOstreliya.
Iinketho ezimbini zoBomi
Kumaxesha amandulo, izilwanyana ezanyisayo ze-marsupial zazijongwa njengezo, ngokwembono yendaleko, zamandulo kunezilwanyana ezanyisayo ze-placental. Nangona kunjalo, namhlanje siyazi ukuba amasebe amabini avela kumanduleli aqhelekileyo malunga ne-100 lezigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo, xa iidinosaur zazilawula umhlaba.
Idabi le-Evolution
Nangona namhlanje izilwanyana ezanyisayo ezikhulisela amantshontsho azo engxoweni zimela iOstreliya, ngaxa lithile zazihlala kuwo wonke umhlaba. I-Placentas kukholelwa ukuba iphumelele impumelelo enjalo yendaleko kangangokuba yoyisa iimarsupials, kodwa akukacaci ukuba kutheni bephumelele eOceania.
Usenokuba nomdla kula manqaku:
- Kangaroo
- Izilwanyana ezanyisayo
- Izilwanyana ezihlala zikho