Izilwanyana zaseFama zaziwa njengezo ntlobo zokuzala kwazo kwenziwa ngamandla ukuvelisa inyama eninzi, ubisi okanye amaqanda ukuze asetyenziswe ngabantu. Ngokunjalo, izilwanyana zasezifama ziintlobo ngeentlobo ezisetyenziswa njengesixhobo semveliso yezolimo okanye ukunyanyekelwa kwezo ndawo.
Izilwanyana zasefama
Izilwanyana zasezifama zizidalwa zasekhaya ezisetyenziswa ngabantu ukuze bafumane uncedo lwamandla abo omzimba okanye zisetyenziswe njengababoneleli bokutya okunje ngenyama yabo, ubisi okanye amaqanda. Kumaxesha akude yayiyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yokulahla ubomi bokuhlala nohambo kunye nokuziqhelanisa nobomi bokungalali esisabuphilayo namhlanje.
Ifama yindawo yomhlaba wasemaphandleni apho kusetyenziswa ulimo okanye imfuyo, kwaye inokubandakanya izakhiwo ezahlukeneyo, ezinikezelwe kwimveliso kunye nokulawulwa kokutya (imifuno, iinkozo okanye imfuyo), iifayibha kunye, kwezinye iimeko zamafutha. Ifama ithathwa njengesiseko senkqubo yemveliso yokutya.
Kukho iifama zoluntu okanye zabucala kwaye zihlala ziqhutywa ngumntu omnye, okanye lusapho, uluntu okanye inkampani. Ubungakanani befama buyaguquguquka kakhulu, kwaye bunokulinganisa ukusuka kwisiqingatha sehektare ukuya kumawaka aliqela kubo.
Iintlobo zeFama
Iifama zihlelwa ngokosetyenziso ezimiselwe kulo, zikwazi ukuba yimveliso yezolimo ebalaseleyo okanye ukufuya, okanye zisebenze njengeendawo zokufunda okanye ezizinikele kurhwebo. Apha sibhekisa kwezinye zokusetyenziswa kwayo:
Zorhwebo
Iifama ezibizwa ngokuba ziifama zentengiso zezo ngokwesithethe zisetyenziselwa ukuvelisa iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zokutya eziza kutyiwa ngabantu njengenyama, ubisi okanye amaqanda kunye nezinye iintlobo zemvelaphi yezilwanyana ezinjengoboya okanye izikhumba. Kuyaziwa ngobukho bezinye iifama ezinokusetyenziswa kancinci ngokwesiko, ezisetyenziselwa ikakhulu ukuveliswa kwenyama okanye izikhumba zangaphandle.
Phakathi kwezona ndawo zifuna ukwazi ngakumbi ziifama zeengwenya apho kuveliswa inyama kuze kuhlulwe izikhumba zazo ukuze kucaciswe izinto ezithile. Iifama ezibaluleke kakhulu zolu hlobo zifumaneka e-United States, e-Australia, eMzantsi Afrika, eMexico nasePhilippines. Inciniba ikwakhuliswa kwiifama zaseOstreliya kwaye inyama yayo isetyenziselwa ukutyiwa ngabantu kwakunye namaqanda ayo, iintsiba zayo zitsalwa ukwenza izinto zokuhombisa okanye zodidi oluphezulu.
iifama zeentlanzi
Iifama zeentlanzi ziyilelwe ukuzaliswa kweentlanzi ekuthinjweni, kwaye zisekwe ikakhulu emilanjeni naselwandle, zihlelwa zibe ziindidi ezimbini: ilizwekazi kunye nelaselwandle. Kwiifama zeentlanzi zohlobo lwelizwekazi, ii-eels, i-salmon kunye ne-trout ziyaphakanyiswa, ngelixa kwiifama zeentlanzi ezikumgangatho wolwandle i-turbot, i-sea bream okanye i-sea bass iphakanyiswa.
Iifama zeeNyosi
Ngombulelo kulo lonke ulwazi oluphuhliswe ngumsebenzi wenzululwazi owaziwa ngokuba ngukufuya iinyosi, iinyosi ziye zakhuliswa kwiindawo zohlobo lwefama, apho iimveliso ezahlukeneyo ezifana nobusi, i-pollen, i-jelly, i-propolis, i-wax kunye nezithambiso zendalo.
Izikolo zaseFama
Iifama zesikolo zezo zithuba eziye zayilwa ukuze abantu, ngokukodwa abantwana, bafumane ithuba lokufumana ulwazi malunga nokunyamekela nokugcinwa kwezilwanyana zasekhaya. Abantu abenza abafundi bayo bafunda ukuhlonela okusingqongileyo, ukuhoya iintlobo ngeentlobo zezilwanyana kunye nokuphatha ngendlela efanelekileyo iimveliso ezahlukahlukeneyo eziveliswa efama.
Iifama ezizinzileyo
Kutshanje, iifama ezibizwa ngokuba ziifama ezizixhasayo ziye zafumana umdla omkhulu, apho amandla elanga kunye nomoya womoya, oveliswa yimimoya, asetyenziswa kakhulu. Umsebenzi onemveliso yolu hlobo lwefama ujolise kwiimveliso zendalo ezikumgangatho ophezulu nezinyiniweyo. Izichumisi okanye izibulali-zinambuzane ezenziweyo okanye ezo zinokuba yingozi empilweni okanye kwindalo esingqongileyo azisetyenziswa ekuzifumaneni.
Ukusetyenziswa kwezilwanyana zaseFama
Izilwanyana ngoku esizigqala njengezasekhaya zazifudula zisendle. Yayiyimfuno yoluntu eyakhuthaza ukukhangelwa kweendlela zokuxhasa umsebenzi wasefama, ngendlela yokuba iintlobo ezithile zezilwanyana zifuywe ukuze zixhamle kuzo njengezibonelelo, abasebenzi okanye uthutho.
Izilwanyana zaseFama zokuKhuselwa kunye neMisebenzi
Inja isetyenziswa kwiifama ukukhusela ezinye izilwanyana zasekhaya kwizilwanyana ezinokudla njengeingcuka okanye iimpungutye. Zikwasetyenziselwa ukulawula imihlambi xa ikhokelwa ukusuka entabeni / ethafeni ukuya kwi-corral. Kanye njengenja, iikati zisetyenziselwa ukuzikhusela kwezinye izilwanyana ezincinci zasefama ezifana neempuku okanye ezinye izilwanyana.
Izilwanyana zaseFama eziSebenzayo
Kumaxesha amandulo, olu didi lwezilwanyana lwaluyinto ebalulekileyo kwiifama, kodwa namhlanje zitshintshwe ngoomatshini ababonelela ngokusebenza kakuhle. Nakuba kunjalo, kusekho iifama ezithile, mhlawumbi ezona zincinane, eziqhubeka zisebenzisa izilwanyana yaye zigatya ukusetyenziswa koomatshini. Ezona zilwanyana zazisetyenziswa kakhulu kule misebenzi yayiyidonki nehashe, ezazinamandla amakhulu kumsebenzi wokuthutha nokulima emasimini..
Izilwanyana zaseFama zokuVelisa
Eli qela libandakanya ezo zilwanyana zisetyenziselwa ukuveliswa kwezinto eziboniswe ngezantsi:
- Ubisi: Ifumaneka kwiinkomo kunye neebhokhwe, kwaye ithathwa njengomthombo omkhulu we-calcium ebantwini.
- Amaqanda: Afunyanwa ikakhulu kwiinkukhu, nangona amaqanda ezagwityi okanye enciniba nawo aveliswa ukuba atyiwe ngabantu.
- AmakhadiUkutya: Kufunyanwa kwiihagu, iigusha, iinkukhu, iinkomo, amadada.
- Iimveliso zelaphu: Uboya beegusha bufunyenwe ukucaciswa kweengubo zempahla
- Iimveliso eziphuma kuyo: Eli qela libandakanya iimveliso ezichazwe njenge-charcuterie, ezifunyenwe kwinyama yehagu okanye ezinye izilwanyana.
- Ukupasa: Isichumiso sezolimo sifumaneka kwilindle lezilwanyana ezithile.
Uluhlu lwezilwanyana zaseFama
Ngezantsi sikubonisa uluhlu oluneenkcukacha lwezilwanyana zasefama ezinokufunyanwa rhoqo kwezi ndawo:
Sisidenge
Idonki (Equus africanus asinus) okanye iesile ibisisisilwanyana sasekhaya ukusukela kwiminyaka engama 5.000 eyadlulayo, isuka kwiesile lasendle laseSomalia (Equus africanus somalicus) inzalelwane yaseMntla-mpuma Afrika. Ukufuywa kwayo kwasasazeka ngokukhawuleza kwihlabathi lonke inikwe amandla ayo amakhulu ngelo xesha, yayinokuthwala imithwalo enzima kunye nokuthengisa kumgama omde.
Idonki sisilwanyana esinevertebrate esodidi lwezilwanyana ezanyisayo kwaye ubukhulu bayo buyohluka ngokohlobo nokusetyenziswa kwalo. Ukuphakama kwi-buna ukusuka kwi-79 ukuya kwi-160 cm kunye nobunzima bayo ukusuka kwi-80 ukuya kwi-480 kg. Iidonki ezisebenza nzima kumazwe ahlwempuzekileyo ziphila ubomi obuncitshisiweyo ukuya kutsho kwiminyaka eli-12 okanye eli-15, ngoxa kumazwe afumileyo zinokuphila ukususela kwiminyaka engama-30 ukusa kwengama-50.
Ihashe
Ihashe ( Equus Caballus ) belikho malunga nezigidi ezingama-50 zeminyaka, yaye ngalo lonke elo xesha indaleko yalo iye yaqhubeka. Amahashe amandulo ayenenzwane ezininzi ezinyaweni zawo ngoxa amahashe anamhlanje amahle anozwane omnye kuphela. Ihashe lanamhlanje liye lathotywa ngabantu ukutyhubela iinkulungwane ngeenjongo zokuhamba okanye ukusetyenziselwa iimfazwe.
Iyingxenye yezilwanyana ze-vertebrate kwaye ukuphakama kwayo kunqunywe ngokubuna kwayo, oko kukuthi, indawo apho intamo idibana nomqolo. Amahashe alula aqhele ukuba phakathi kwe-142 kunye ne-163 yeesentimitha kwaye anobunzima obuphakathi kwe-380 kunye ne-550 yeekhilogram, ezo zesali zikhulu zinokufikelela kwi-157 ukuya kwi-173 yeesentimitha kwaye zinobunzima obususela kwi-550 ukuya kwi-700 yeekhilogram, ngelixa iindidi ezinkulu zilinganisa ukusuka kwi-163 ukuya kwi-183 ye-700 yeesentimitha ubunzima bayo. phakathi kwama-1000 kunye ne-XNUMX yeekhilogram.
Ibhokhwe
Ibhokhwe (Capra) luhlobo lwesilwanyana esanyisayo esine mpondo kunye neempuphu eziqhekekileyo. Bangamalungu osapho lweBovidae, olukwaquka iinyamakazi, iinkomo kunye neegusha. Amanye amalungu eCapragenus yibex, ii<em>markhors, nee<em>turs, maxa wambi ezibizwa ngokuba ziibhokhwe zasezintabeni.
Xa ucinga ngebhokhwe, usenokucinga ngesilwanyana sasefama sasekhaya. Ibhokhwe yasekhaya (Capra hircus) esiyibonayo namhlanje, nangona kunjalo, sisiphumo sokwenziwa mbuna kwebhokhwe yasezintabeni (Capra aegagrus). Iibhokhwe zasendle zisekho kulo lonke elaseMpuma Yurophu kunye nombindi kunye nomzantsi-ntshona we-Asia, kwaye nangona zifana nabalingane bazo basekhaya, nganye inobunikazi bayo.
Zebu
Izebu (Bos Primigenius Indicus) sisilwanyana esanyisayo esisetyenziswa njengemfuyo. Ivela kumahlathi aseMzantsi Asia, kwaye ithathwa njengokuphela kweentlobo zeenkomo ezinokuthi zilungelelaniswe kwiindawo ezishushu. I-hump yabo ekhethekileyo ibenza baqatshelwe "njengeenkomo ezizingelayo". Kuqikelelwa ukuba kukho iintlobo ezingaphezu kwama-75, ngaphezu kwesiqingatha ziseAfrika kwaye ezinye ziseAsia.
Izebu sisilwanyana esinobude obungaphezulwana nje kwemitha enye ubunzima obulingana nesiqingatha senkomo endala. Oku kuyenza ibe yenye yezona ntlobo zeenkomo ezincinci ehlabathini. Kukholelwa ukuba ubukhulu bayo bubo obuyivumela ukuba iphile kwindawo ezishushu apho ezinye iinkomo zingakwazi khona.
Ingulube
Ihagu (i-Sus Scrofa Scrofa) sisilwanyana esilwa nomqolo. Kuqikelelwa ukuba yathotywa kwi-9.000 BC ukusuka kwingulube yasendle, eyafunyanwa kumahlathi aseAsia naseYurophu. Okwangoku, inyama kunye nesikhumba zifumaneka kwihagu, kwaye iinwele zayo zisetyenziselwa ukwenza iibrashi. Isasazwa kulo lonke ihlabathi kwaye iphakanyiswe zizigidi ngezigidi ukwenzela ukuveliswa kwenyama, i-bacon, i-sausage, i-ham kunye ne-chops.
Inentloko enkulu ngokufanelekileyo kunye nekhala ende elomelezwe lithambo elithile elibizwa ngokuba yiprenasal kunye neringi yecartilage kwincam. Isebenzisa impumlo yayo ebukhali ukuze ikhangele kwaye igrumbe ukutya.
Umvundla
Umvundla (Oryctolagus cuniculus) sisilwanyana esanyisayo esithobekileyo esinomzimba ophakathi owomeleleyo, umqolo ogobileyo, umsila omfitshane omfutshane, amabhovu kunye neendlebe ezinde nezicacileyo. Kukho iintlobo ezingaphezu kwe-30 kwiplanethi yonke, kwaye nangona zihlala kwiindawo ezininzi ezahlukeneyo, zinezinto ezininzi ezifanayo. Ikwanayo nemilenze yangasemva enamandla kwaye ebanzi.
Nangona iintlobo zasekhaya ziba ngemibala emininzi eyahluka-hlukeneyo, imizekelo yasendle idla ngokuba nombala omdaka okanye omnyama woboya. Lo mbala uthintela amarhamncwa ukuba angawafumani lula, ngokungafaniyo noboya obumhlophe, obumnyama okanye obunamachokoza beentlobo ezithile zasekhaya.
Ganso
Irhanisi okanye igander ligama langoku elinikwe iintaka ezinkulu zasendle nezasekhaya ezidadayo ezidityaniswe nedada kunye nedada. Inomlomo o-orenji omkhulu kakhulu, ngelixa imilenze neminwe inethowuni yenyama. Kukho ubukho bamabala kuninzi lwabantu abadala, ngelixa abancinci bengabonakali ngawo kwaye imilenze yabo ingwevu. Ubude bentaka evuthiweyo bumalunga neesentimitha ezingama-80 kwaye ubunzima bayo bunokususela kwi-2,5 ukuya kwi-4,1 yeekhilogram.
ikati yasekhaya
Ikati (i-Felis silvestris catus) sisidalwa sasekhaya esaqala kumaxesha empucuko yaseYiputa, xa babegqalwa njengezilwanyana ezingcwele zoothixo, kwaye ke bahlonitshwa ngumntu wonke waseYiputa. Ukususela ngoko baye baba yinkampani yabantu baza baba ngamalungu eentsapho ezininzi ehlabathini lonke.
Zifana kakhulu nezinye iimazi kwaye zinobude obungama-23 ukuya kuma-25 eesentimitha kwaye malunga nama-46 ubude (intloko nomzimba kuphela) kunye nomsila omalunga nama-30. Ubunzima bayo buphakathi kwe-4 kunye ne-5 kilograms, nangona iintlobo ezithile zibhalise malunga neekhilogram ezili-11 kunye neekati zesitalato ezinokufikelela okuncinci kokutya kunokuba iikati zasekhaya zihlala zilula kunye neekhilogram ezingaphantsi kwe-2 kubantu abadala kwiimeko ezinzima. Irekhodi yehlabathi yeyona kati inzima yi-21 kilogram.
Llama
I-llama (i-Lama glama) sisilwanyana esanyisayo esivela eMzantsi Melika, ilungu losapho lwe-camelid, i-Camelidae (i-oda ye-Artiodactyla). Inyama, uboya, ulusu zifumaneka kuyo kwaye zisetyenziselwa ukuthutha imithwalo enzima. Inokufikelela kubude obuyi-1,7 ukuya kwi-1,8 yeemitha phezulu kwentloko yayo kunye ne-1,2 yeemitha ukuya emagxeni ayo. Ubunzima bayo bunokuba phakathi kwe-130 ukuya kwi-200 yeekhilogram. Ithole elisandul’ ukuzalwa linobunzima obususela kwi-9 ukuya kwi-14 yeekhilogram. Illama emalunga neekhilogram ezili-114 inokuthwala iikhilogram ezingama-45 ukuya kwezingama-60 yaye inokuhamba umyinge weekhilomitha ezingama-25 ngosuku.
Mule
Imeyile (Equus Mule) yimveliso yomnqamlezo phakathi kwenkunzi yedonki kunye nemazi yemazi. Imbonakalo yayo ifana kakhulu neyeedonki kwaye kunzima ukuhlula, ngaphandle kokuba sijonga umsila. Imeyile sisidalwa esingumxube esidalwe ngabantu, ekubeni ingekho, ngokwayo, ngokwemvelo. Ukudalwa kwayo kwaba sisiphumo senyathelo lokuqala lomntu lokusetyenziswa kuphela njengezidalwa zokukhwela, ukulayisha kunye nokulima.
Iigusha
Iigusha (Ovis orientalis aries) zizilwanyana zodidi oluphakathi lwezilwanyana ezanyisayo ezitya imifuno kunye nezityalo. Izalelwa kuMbindi Yurophu kunye ne-Asiya kwaye ngokusisiseko ikhuliselwa ukukhupha inyama kunye noboya, kodwa kunye nokufumana ubisi lwayo (nangona ukusengwa kwayo akusoloko kufana nokwebhokhwe okanye inkomo). Ubude nobunzima bazo ziyahluka ngokwenzala. Ukukhula kwawo kuluphawu oluzuzwa njengelifa olukhethwa ngabantu ngenjongo yokuzalanisa. Zidla ngokuba nobunzima obususela kwi-45 ukuya kwi-100 yeekhilogram kunye neenkunzi zeegusha ukusuka kwi-45 ukuya kwi-160 yeekhilogram.
ETurkey
I-turkey (i-Meleagris) yaziwa kwezinye iintlanga njenge-turkey okanye i-pisco. I-turkey yasendle yintaka enkulu kakhulu kwaye imile okwengqukuva, imilenze yayo mide kwaye ibhityile ineenzwane ezintathu kunyawo ngalunye ezisebenza ukugcina ulungelelwano.
Zinobude obuziimitha eziyi-1,17, nto leyo ezenza zibe zezona ntaka zinkulu emahlathini. Endle, inkunzi inobunzima obuziikhilogram ezisi-8 ukuya kwezili-10 yaye iimazi zinobunzima obusisiqingatha senkunzi. Kwii-turkeys zasekhaya ubunzima bukhulu, amadoda anobunzima obufikelela kwiikhilogram ezili-15 ngokukhethwa kofuzo.
Inja
Inja (Canis lupus familiaris) ikwabizwa ngokuba yinja yasekhaya okanye inkonkxa. Abantu ikakhulu basebenzisa izinja ukukhusela abazingeli kunye nokugada impahla. Ubukhulu kunye nobukhulu bawo buguquguquka kakhulu, nokuba ngaphakathi kohlobo olufanayo.
Eyona nja incinane yakha yaziwa yayiyiYorkshire Terrier eyayiziisentimitha ezi-6,3 ubude, i-9,5 yeesentimitha ubude kwaye inobunzima obumalunga ne-113 grams. Eyona nja inkulu eyaziwayo yayiyiMastiff yamaNgesi ubunzima bayo babuziikhilogram ezingama-155 kwaye inobude obuziisentimitha ezingama-250 (ukusuka empumlweni ukuya emsileni) kwaye eyona nja inkulu yayiyiGreat Dane ene-106 centimeters ukuphakama.
Pollo
Inkukhu (Gallus Gallus) ithathwa njengephuma kwi-red jungle fowl kunye ne-gray jungle fowl, efumaneka kumahlathi ashushu aseIndiya. Kuqikelelwa ukuba kukho iinkuku ezimalunga neebhiliyoni ezingama-25 ehlabathini lonke, nto leyo elelona lizwe likhulu kwiintaka. Inkukhu idla ngokuba nobukhulu obungama-40 eesentimitha ubude kwaye, nangona iyintaka, ayizange ikwazi ukubhabha ngokufanelekileyo, kuba eyona ndlela inde yokubhabha yarekhodwa malunga nemizuzwana eyi-13 ukuya kuthi ga kwi-90 yeemitha.
impuku eqhelekileyo
Impuku eqhelekileyo (Mus musculus) yimpuku ethobekileyo efumaneka kwihlabathi jikelele, kuquka imimandla ethile yase-Antarctica. Ibonwa ngokukhawuleza ngempumlo yayo etsolo, iindlebe ezinkulu ezingqukuva, kunye nomsila omde onamatyholo. Imouse eqhelekileyo inobude obuphakathi kwe-7,5 kunye ne-10 yeesentimitha (ukusuka kwi-snout ukuya kumsila) kunye nokwandiswa komsila we-5 ukuya kwi-10 centimeters, ngelixa ubunzima bayo buvela kwi-40 ukuya kwi-45 grams.
Inkomo
Iinkomo zizilwanyana ezanyisayo ezinkulu ezinemilenze efikelela incopho ngamanqina. Ukwandiswa kweempondo zabo kuyahluka phakathi kweentlobo, kodwa azikho iinkomo ezingenazo iimpondo ngenxa yokuba ziye zaphela ngenxa yokhetho olululo lwemfuza. Zichitha imini zingamaqela eenkomo ezingama-40 ukuya kwezingama-50, zisitya emathafeni nasematyholweni.
Ubunzima bayo buyahluka ngokohlobo lweentlobo. Uhlobo lwabantu abadala lweDexter kunye neJersey lunobunzima obuphakathi kwama-270 ukuya kuma-450 eekhilogram, ngelixa iindidi ezinkulu ezifana neCharolais, iMarchigiana, iBelgian Blue kunye neChianina inokufikelela kubunzima obuyi-635 ukuya kwi-1.150 yeekhilogram. Iinkunzi zazo zonke iindidi zinkulu kancinci kuneenkomo ngamakhulu ambalwa eekhilos ezongezelelweyo.
Amanye amanqaku anokuba nomdla kuwe ngala:
- Izilwanyana zasemhlabeni
- Izilwanyana ezanyisayo
- Izilwanyana zaselwandle