Kukho iintlobo ngeentlobo zezinto eziphilayo ehlabathini, apho izifundo ezininzi ziye zagqiba kwelokuba malunga ne-8,7 yezigidi zezinto eziphilayo ezihlala kulo mhlaba. Phakathi kolu didi lukhulu lweentlobo zezilwanyana sinokuzifumana ezo zilwanyana zinentsiba, ebezikho kwimbali. Kweli nqaku siza kubonelela ngalo lonke ulwazi malunga nabo, ke ndiyakumema ukuba uqhubeke ufunda kwaye ke ufunde ngakumbi ngabo.
Izilwanyana ezineentsiba
Inani elikhulu leentlobo ezahlukeneyo zezinto eziphilayo zihlala kulo mhlaba, kuqikelelwa ukuba kukho iintlobo ezingaphezu kwezigidi ezisi-8, ezineempawu ezahlukeneyo. Kodwa kuphela i-15% yazo zonke izinto eziphilayo emhlabeni ezaziwa. Ngaphakathi kweli qela lincinane esilaziyo, lihlulwe lazintlobo ezininzi. Izilwanyana ezenza olu luhlu lwahlulahlulwe ngeempawu ezithile zomzimba, ezi mpawu zifanayo ezenza zibe zingaqhelekanga kwaye zizodwa.
Kolu didi lukhulu lweentlobo ngeentlobo sifumana izilwanyana ezinentsiba. Olu phawu lukhethekileyo, iintsiba, zikho iminyaka emininzi. Izilwanyana ezininzi zezo zinentsiba kwimbali yonke yendaleko, umzekelo woku zizilwanyana ezirhubuluzayo ze-prehistory. Nangona kunjalo, okwangoku izilwanyana ezinamaphiko kuphela kwisakhiwo sazo somzimba ziintaka. Awuyi kuqwalasela nasiphi na esinye isilwanyana ngaphandle kweentaka ezineentsiba, ezinye iintlobo ziye zavela kwaye ziye zavelisa ezinye iimpawu ukuze ziphile.
Zintoni Izilwanyana Ezineentsiba
Xa sibuza ngezo zilwanyana zinolu phawu, sibhekisa kwezo ntlobo zezinto eziphilayo eziza kuba neentsiba, oko kukuthi, ezinentsiba. Olu hlobo luya kukwazi ukuhlala ngaphakathi kweqela lezilwanyana ze-vertebrate kwaye xa sithetha ngezilwanyana ezinentsiba, sithetha ngokuthe ngqo ngeentaka, njengoko sele sikhankanyile. Eli qela lezilwanyana zizo zodwa ezinentsiba kwaye ezi ntlobo zezilwanyana ziyakwazi ukuhlala kuyo nayiphi na indawo yokuhlala ekhoyo kuzo.
Oku kwenzeka ngenxa yokuba ineempawu ezimbini ezinkulu eziya kuzivumela ukuba zilungelelanise ngaphandle kwengxaki kuyo nayiphi na imeko. Ezona mpawu zibalulekileyo kwezi zilwanyana zinentsiba okanye iintaka, zintsiba ezifanayo kwaye zibonakala ngokuba zii endotherms. Ngokuphathelele iintsiba kunye nokuguqulwa okufumaneka kwiziphelo ezimbini zangaphambili ezikhoyo kumaphiko, eziya kuba zinkulu kwaye zomelele, ziya kugqiba umthamo kunye nokukwazi ukubhabha. Oku kuya kuxhomekeka kuhlobo lwentaka ekulo.
Njengoko besesitshilo ngaphambili, iintaka zizilwanyana ezihlala kwi-endothermic, ngoku sithetha ukuba ezi zilwanyana zinencasa yokulawula ubushushu bomzimba wazo. Ukongeza ekugcineni umzimba wakho kwiqondo lobushushu rhoqo, ngaphandle naluphi na utshintsho. Kwaneentsiba zezi zilwanyana ziya kunceda nge-thermoregulation. Ngoko ke izilwanyana ezinentsiba ziintlobo ezingaqhelekanga, kungekhona nje ngenxa yoboya bazo, kodwa nangenxa yokuba ziyakwazi ukulawula ubushushu bazo ngaphandle kwemfuneko yoncedo lwangaphandle.
Iindidi zeePeni kunye nento eziyiyo
Njengoko kubonisiwe ngaphambili, iintsiba zizinto ezingaqhelekanga kwiintaka ezichazwa ngokukwazi kwazo ukubhabha. Kodwa kufuneka sikhumbule ukuba ezi nazo zinendima ebalulekileyo, oku kuya kuxhomekeka kuhlobo lweentsiba ezinazo ezi zilwanyana zinentsiba. Umzekelo woku kukuba iintsiba ziya kuba nomsebenzi wokugquma kwe-thermal, eminye imisebenzi esinokuyifumana kukuba inika ukhuseleko kwisilwanyana, inika umbala kunye nokumila kweentaka, phakathi kweminye imisebenzi. Kukho iintlobo ngeentlobo zeepeni kwaye ukusebenza kwazo kuya kuxhomekeka kuzo zonke, kwaye ezi zilandelayo:
Ukubhabha
Olu hlobo lweentsiba luya kuthatha inxaxheba kubuchule bentaka bokubhabha. Ezi ntsiba zinokufumaneka zombini emsileni nakumaphiko eentaka. Malunga neempawu zolu hlobo lweentsiba sinokuthetha ngezinto ezimbini ezibaluleke kakhulu kwaye zezona zibalaseleyo, sifumanisa ukuba zinobunzima obunzima kwaye zine-asymmetry.
Ulwandlalo
Iintsiba zeContour ziya kuba nomsebenzi wokukhusela, kuba zikhusela intaka emvuleni. Olu hlobo lweentsiba lunokufumaneka kuwo wonke umzimba weentaka, lugutyungelwe ngokupheleleyo ngabo. Ezi ntsiba zibonakala ngokuthambileyo, zinika umbala kwaye zimise umzobo wentaka.
isiqingatha-iintsiba
Iintsiba ezizisiqingatha zinokufunyanwa zibekwe ngaphantsi kweentsiba zecontour. Ezi ntsiba ziya kuba nomsebenzi wokugquma, oko kukuthi, ziya kukhusela intaka kutshintsho olunjalo lwequbuliso lobushushu. Ngoko baya kuyikhusela enoba kukho amaqondo obushushu abandayo okanye kwimitha yelanga.
Isiphawuli
Olu hlobo lweentsiba luya kufana neentsiba ezisezantsi, kuba ziya kuba ne-thermal insulation njengomsebenzi wazo. Ngaphandle koko, umsebenzi wayo kukuvumela ezo ntaka zasemanzini ukuba zidada. Ezi ntsiba zifumaneka ecaleni kwesikhumba sentaka.
iintsiba zeblade
I-Filofeathers, njengeentsiba ezisezantsi, zinokubekwa ngaphantsi kweentsiba zecontour. Olu hlobo lweentsiba lungaqhelekanga kakhulu njengoko lusebenza ngokuziva kweentaka, nto leyo eyenza ukuba zibone izinto ezizingqongileyo.
Ubukrelekrele
Ezi ntlobo zeentsiba ziphuma kwiqela leentsiba zeemvakalelo. Oku kunomsebenzi wokuvumela intaka ukuba ifumane izinambuzane kwindawo yayo ngomlomo wayo. Olu hlobo lweentsiba lubonakala kakhulu kwiintaka ezinambuzane. Ngoko, ngenxa yazo, iintaka ziyakwazi ukubona lula izinambuzane ezizingqongileyo.
Izilwanyana Ezineentsiba Ezibhabhayo
Kweli candelo lenqaku siza kuthetha ngelo qela lezilwanyana ezinentsiba ezinokubhabha. Siza kuthetha ngeempawu zomnye wabo kunye neenkcukacha zabo. Ke, ezinye zezi zilwanyana zinentsiba ezinokubhabha zezi zilandelayo:
Umthi womthi
Iintsiba ezinazo olu hlobo lweentaka ziyamangalisa kakhulu, ngenxa yemibala yazo eqaqambileyo nemangalisayo. Nangona kunjalo, oku kungaqhelekanga kuya kuxhomekeka kwiindawo ezihlala kuzo. Singafumana imizekelo yolu hlobo lwenkuni okanye njengoko yaziwa ngokuba yiPicidae, eya kuba neentsiba ezibomvu kunye ne-beige. Kodwa nangona kukho into ephambili kule mibala, inokufumaneka kwityheli kunye nepinki.
Cuckoo okanye Cuckoo
Phakathi kweqela lezilwanyana ezinentsiba ezibhabhayo sinokufumana i-cuckoo, i-cuckoo, okanye njengoko yaziwa ngokwesayensi Cuculidae. Le yintaka encinci, ebonakala ngokuba nomsila obhityileyo kunye nomde kunye namaphiko. Ngokubhekiselele kwiintsiba zayo, sinokufumanisa ukuba iintlobo ze-shades zegrey ziya kunqoba kumadoda, ngakumbi entloko, entanyeni nasemva. Ke wona amalungu azo aya kuba mhlophe. Kwelinye icala, siye safumanisa ukuba kwamabhinqa iintsiba zinokufana nezo zamadoda. Nangona kunjalo, banokuphinda bathathe umbala obomvu, nangona lo mthunzi wokugqibela awuqhelekanga.
indlu undlunkulu
Undlunkulu wendlu okanye njengoko yaziwa ngokuba yiPasser domesticus, Olu luhlobo lwentaka olufumaneka kwiindawo ezisemaphandleni njengezixeko. Ngokuphathelele iintsiba, zahlukile kuzo zombini izini, kuba imibala ekhoyo kwiintsiba zendoda ithandeka ngakumbi, kwaye naxa ikwixesha lokukhwelana, idla ngokubonisa ibhayi eqaqambileyo nenomtsalane kakhulu ukuze ikwazi ukutsala ngale ndlela.
Merganser ephakathi
I-serreta median okanye ikwaziwa njenge Mergus serrator, yintaka ekwiqela lezilwanyana ezinentsiba ezibhabhayo. Ezi ntaka ziluhlobo lwasemanzini, njengeentsiba zenkunzi, iza kufaka iintsiba ezithile ezimnyama entlokweni yayo. Ezinye iintsiba zemizimba yazo ziya kusuka zibe ngwevu ziye mhlophe, kodwa kwimeko yeemazi, iintsiba zazo ziya kuba bomvu. Ekuphela kokufana okuya kuba nayo inkunzi nemazi ziintsiba zesibini, eziya kuba mhlophe. Olona phawu lubalaseleyo kolu didi kukuba xa luza kubhabha lukhawuleza kakhulu.
I-Falcon yaseYurophu
I-Falcon yaseYurophu igqame ngokuba nentsiba eyenziwe ngemibala emi-3. Iintsiba ezisesifubeni zenziwe ziintsiba ezimdaka ngebala, ngoxa iintsiba ezisemaphikweni nasebusweni zingwevu. Nangona kunjalo, kukho iimeko apho iintsiba ezimhlophe zinokufumaneka kwezi ndawo. I-European Falcon okanye i-Falco subbuteo nayo yaziwa, intaka encinci, enamaphiko aphela kwinqanaba, uphawu olukhethekileyo kubo.
Ukhozi Lwegolide
Ngoku sinokhozi lwegolide okanye njengoko lusaziwa ngokwesayensi njengeAquila chrysaetos. Le yintaka yodidi lwe-raptor, enokufikelela kwisantya esimalunga nama-280 km/h. Ngokuphathelele umbala weentsiba zayo ezimdaka ngokuntsundu, le ntaka yahlulahlulwe kwezinye ngemilenze yayo, ekubeni igqunywe ngokupheleleyo ziintsiba. Sinento yokuba iintsiba ezigquma intloko yayo ziya kuba zegolide kwaye iintsiba ezigqume amagxa kunye neziphelo zomsila ziya kuba neentsiba ezimhlophe.
Khawuleza
Olu luhlobo lweqela lezilwanyana ezinentsiba, nekwaziwa ngegama lenzululwazi elithi Apus apus. Le ntaka ayikhawulezi njengokhozi olubugolide, kodwa isantya esifikelela kuma-200 km/h. Isantya sifumaneka phantse ngalo lonke ixesha sisemoyeni, njengoko ukondla kwayo kusekelwe kwizinambuzane. Into ekhethekileyo kakhulu kukuba amaphiko abo avame ukuba mkhulu, ngokuchaseneyo, imilenze yabo idla ngokufutshane. Oku kungaqhelekanga kubenza babe nesakhiwo somzimba esikhethekileyo.
iintaka ezingabhabhayo
Sele sizazisile ezinye zezilwanyana ezinentsiba ezibhabhayo, ngoku siza kucacisa iimpawu zezo zilwanyana zinentsiba ezingabhabhayo okanye zikwabizwa ngokuba ziintaka ezingabhabhayo. Phakathi kweli qela singafumana oku kulandelayo:
Ipenguin
Nangona oonombombiya bengakwazi ukubhabha, kwaye ngenxa yesi sizathu babakwiqela leentaka ezingabhabhayo, bahlala kwiindawo ezihlala emanzini. Ngenxa yoku bakwazile ukuphuhlisa amaphiko abo, nto leyo ebenza babe ziindadi ezibalaseleyo. Ngaphandle kwamaphiko abo, banomsila, ovumela ukuba bagcine ibhalansi yabo xa behamba. Oonombombiya okanye njengoko zaziwa ngokwenzululwazi i-Spheniscidae zifunyanwa zihlala kwiikholoni ezinkulu apho kuhlale imizekelo yewaka yohlobo lwazo.
Inciniba
Kolu hlobo lweentaka ezingabhabhayo, iintsiba ziya kwahluka phakathi kwenkunzi nemazi. Kwinkunzi, iintsiba zenziwa ziintsiba ezimnyama ezigquma umzimba wayo neentsiba ezimhlophe ezigqume umsila namaphiko ayo. Kodwa kwiimazi, zinentsiba ezingwevu okanye zinokude zibe mdaka okhanyayo. Ngenxa yokuba iinciniba zingakwazi ukubhabha ngenxa yobukhulu bazo, ngenxa yamaphiko azo amancinci ngokomlinganiselo wemizimba yazo nangenxa yokuba zibonakala ngeentsiba ezixekethileyo nezijingayo, ezi ziya kuzivumela ukuba zilungelelane xa zisenza nayiphi na intshukumo. Olunye uphawu esinokulukhankanya kukuba inciniba okanye njengoko ngokwenzululwazi yaziwa ngokuba yiStruthio camelus, iyakwazi ukufikelela kwisantya esingama-65 km/h.
ikiwi
Ikiwi okanye njengoko yaziwa ngokwesayensi njengeApteryx. Yintaka encinci ebonakala ngokuba nomlomo omde nogobileyo kancinci. Iintsiba zayo aziqhelekanga, kuba kubonakala ngathi inoboya endaweni yeentsiba. I-Apteryx ayibhabhi kwaye ngoko ke yeyeqela lezilwanyana ezinentsiba ezingabhabhiyo, kodwa olu hlobo lunokufikelela kwisantya esikhulu. Isibakala sokuba le ntaka ayikwazi ukubhabha kungenxa yokuba amaphiko ayo mancinane kakhulu ngokomlinganiselo womzimba wayo, ngoko ke ayiyivumeli ukuba ixhase ubunzima bayo. Amaphiko abo athanda ukulinganisa malunga ne-3 cm.
ICassowary
I-cassowary okanye njengoko yaziwa ngokuba yiCasuarius, ibalulekile ekugcineni indalo eyahlukeneyo yehlathi. Le ntaka ikwiqela lezilwanyana ezineentsiba, eziya kubonakala kuba iintsiba zazo ziyafana nezo dyasi zinentsiba. Le ntsiba iya kuba nomsebenzi we-thermoregulation, ukwenzela ukukhusela nokukhusela amantshontsho abo. Olunye uphawu lwezi ntaka kukuba iintloko zazo ziya kuba luhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ngombala kwaye zibe ne-crest eqinile ekhethekileyo phezu kwentloko yazo, ngaphezu kokuba nomgca obomvu obomvu entanyeni yazo. Ezi ntaka zibonakala ngokuba nkulu kakhulu kwaye zinzima, zifana kakhulu neenciniba kwaye ngenxa yesi sizathu ziintaka eziwela kwiqela elingenakubhabha.
IKakapo
I-kakapo okanye njengoko yaziwa njalo i-Strigops habroptilus, luhlobo oluthile oluhlala eNew Zealand. Olu hlobo lweentaka lolodidi lwasebusuku, zisebenzisa iintsiba zazo eziluhlaza ezingaqhelekanga ukuze zizifihle kumaxhoba azo kunye namarhamncwa azo emahlathini. Ikakapo kuphela kweentlobo zayo, isikhwenene, esingabhabhiyo ehlabathini. Oku kungenxa yokuba isikhwenene esikhulu samaphiko aso.
idada lasekhaya
Kweli qela leentlobo zedada sinokufumana ngokubanzi idada lasekhaya kunye nedada lasendle. Umahluko ophawulayo kwaye uyawahlula omabini kukuba idada lasekhaya okanye njengoko yaziwa ngokwesayensi i-Anas platyrhynchos domesticus ayikwazi ukubhabha, umthamo wayo awunanto. Oku kungenxa yokuba le ntlobo iye yatshintsha kwaye ngoko ilahlekelwe amandla ayo emaphikweni ayo, kuba ezi zifutshane kwaye zilula kakhulu.
Gallina
Iinkukhu okanye njengoko zisaziwa ngegama lenzululwazi elithi Gallus gallus domesticus, zinentsiba ethile engazivumeli ukuba zibhabhe. Kodwa ezi ntsiba zineminye imisebenzi efunekayo ukuze ezi ntaka ziphile. Le misebenzi yeyokukhusela utshintsho lwemozulu, mhlawumbi ngenxa yengqele okanye ubushushu, kwaye ikwakhusela kwizithonga ezinokuthi zibandezeleke ngaxa lithile. Iinkukhu ziwela kwiqela lezilwanyana ezinentsiba ezingabhabhiyo, kodwa oku azizithinteli. Babonakala ngokungalawuleki kakhulu, baphinda bacebe kwaye baphile kwi-hierarchy, ebenza babe ngummandla omkhulu.
Ukuba ubunomdla kwesi sihloko malunga nezilwanyana ezinentsiba, ndiyakumema ukuba uqhubeke ufunda la manqaku alandelayo: