La ijografi yabantu Ibalwa njengoqeqesho olusisiseko sofundo loluntu kwakunye nokusingqongileyo abahlala kuzo. Kweli nqaku, amanqaku ahlukeneyo aya kunikwa malunga nezona mpawu zibalaseleyo, amasebe okufunda, iindlela zethiyori kunye nokunye okuninzi.
Yintoni ijografi yomntu?
Igama elithi ijografi yoluntu liqulethe imfundiso enjongo yayo iphambili ikukufunda uluntu, olubandakanya uluntu ngokubanzi. Imigaqo yayo isekelwe ekuqondeni amajelo eendaba agxile kwinkcubeko nakwingingqi.
Phantsi kolu qikelelo, ijografi yabantu idla ngokuqwalaselwa ngolo hlobo, ngokwembono yejografi esekwe kumagama engingqi ngokwentlalo yoluntu ephononongwayo. Ezinye zeenjongo ezenziwe kuhlalutyo ziquka:
- Isifundo semisebenzi yabantu
- Inkcubeko
- Inzululwazi
- Ukusasazwa kwabemi
- Amagama ezoqoqosho, ezopolitiko kunye nezentlalo
Ezi ziguquguqukayo zinegalelo kwiimpendulo ezifunwayo ukuze zazi ngeengxaki uluntu olukhoyo, kuthathelwa ingqalelo ukuba ukudityaniswa kwehlabathi kuzise utshintsho olukhulu oludla ngokuchaphazela ipesenti ethile yabemi. Kubalulekile ukuqaqambisa ukuba uninzi lweengxaki ezikhoyo kuluntu namhlanje zinxulunyaniswa neengxaki zentlalo nezoqoqosho kunye nezinye izinto ezithatha isigqibo.
Enye yezinto eziphambili eziphawula ijografi yabantu kukudityaniswa kwezihlwele, oko kukuthi, inani labantu abadityaniswe ngokomlinganiselo omkhulu kwihlabathi liphela. Yintoni eza nayo inkqubo enkulu eguqulela kubume boluntu, ehamba ngokwemidla eyenziwayo ngokweemfuno abanazo.
Intsimi yezoqoqosho, ezopolitiko, ezentlalo kunye nenkcubeko idlala indima ebalulekileyo kuluntu, kungekhona nje kwixesha langoku, ukususela kumaxesha amandulo uluntu lutshintsha kwaye luguqule ngokwendaleko kunye nefuthe elithe ngqo kuyo nayiphi na imiba ekhankanywe ngasentla. Uphando lweenkqubo zejografi lunobubanzi obukhulu ngokwe-superstructure eyenza uluntu, le yeyona nto iphambili ekugxilwe kuyo ukuba lo mkhuba unenjongo yokuyazi.
imbali yejografi yoluntu
Yazalwa yaza yaphuhliswa ngokukodwa ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX. Ngelo xesha, ezinye iiofisi zejografi zesebe zaziqalisa ukuyilwa kumaziko athile emfundo ephakamileyo, zizama ukufikelela kwigumbi lokufundela ngezitulo eziya kuqhuba isifundo esisesikweni sejografi, zinikwe eyazo inkalo yendlela yokusebenza kunye nethiyori.
Eyona njongo yayo iphambili yayikukusasaza ulwazi lwejografi, kuba ngelo xesha uhambo lokuhlola lwaluqala apho ulwazi lwemimandla ethile ephakathi lwaluphunyezwa. Ndiyabulela ekwandisweni kobukumkani kunye nezinye izinto ezibandakanyekayo kulo mba, ukubaluleka kunye nokuqatshelwa kwejografi njengokuziphatha kwachaphazeleka kwaye kwangavunyelwa ngexesha lelo xesha.
Nangona kunjalo, ezinye izifundo ezisekelwe kwijografi yengingqi ziye zadityaniswa, ezithe nangona zahlukile kwinto yokufunda ijografi yabantu, zombini zahlala zinxibelelene ngexesha lokukhula kweminyaka ephambili apho omabini amacandelo asetyenziswayo.
Olu qeqesho luhamba kunye nejografi yommandla luye lwaphunyezwa ziingcali ezithile zejografi eziye zazama ukuchonga iindawo ezibonelelwe ngemimandla, zivelisa iimpawu ezithile ezihamba nayo ukuze kufumaneke ulwazi olupheleleyo kunye nokuhlelwa kwemimandla ekhankanyiweyo.
Abalinganiswa abafana noRichard Hartshorne bakuthathela phezulu ukubaluleka kokuphononongwa kwejografi yommandla kunye nophuhliso lwayo, ngokwenza oku kuyenzeka ukuseka ijografi njengoqeqesho olwabonelelwa kuphononongo lwayo kunye nophando olunenkqubela.
Ukusuka kule nto, kunokwenzeka ukuqinisa indlela yokuzinzisa ezinye iinkalo ezibhekiselele kubuntu, zihamba kunye neendawo ezibonakalayo kunye neendawo. Ngesi sizathu, kuyaqondwa ukuba ijografi yengingqi yabeka iziseko zokuqhuba isiqalo sethiyori ye ijografi yabantu, oku ngokukodwa kwilizwekazi laseYurophu.
Iintambo
Eminye imisinga ethe yanegalelo ngexesha layo kufundo lwejografi yabantu yayiyi geographic determinism. Oku kusekelwe kulwazi lokusingqongileyo, ekubeni olu tshintsho lwaqatshelwa ngenxa yemisebenzi eyahlukeneyo eyenziwa kwimimandla emincinci, eyanika ukubaluleka okuthile kwinqanaba lezoqoqosho kunye nezoshishino.
Ngempembelelo enkulu kwiindlela zikaCharles Darwin, ngenxa yengcamango yakhe yendaleko, uluntu lwaseka uluvo lwalo kwithiyori ethe, eza ukutolika ukuba imeko okanye imeko-bume yendalo idlala indima esisiseko kungekuphela nje kwimisebenzi ethile eyenziwa ngumntu, kodwa nakwimeko yendalo iphela. ubume bomntu ngamnye.
Iziseko zethiyori zejografi yengingqi zasekwa kwilizwekazi laseYurophu, kunye noPaúl Vidal waba ngomnye wabaxhasi bayo abaphambili. Lo mlinganiswa waphuhliswa kwaye waphula inkcazo-bungcali yakhe kakuhle, wade wakhaba iziphakamiso zethiyori eqinisekileyo, etyhola ukuba indawo engqongileyo iyinxalenye yomsebenzi womntu, kodwa akawumiselanga ngokubanzi, nangona kunjalo uyavuma ukuba zombini ezi zinto zinempembelelo omnye komnye. indlela ethe ngqo.
Ngelo xesha, impikiswano phakathi kwazo zombini izikhundla zethiyori yaqala, inyani ekwazileyo ukuba negalelo kunye nesiseko esiphambili sokuvela kwejografi yoluntu phakathi kophuhliso lwenkulungwane yama-XNUMX. Nangona kunjalo, iingxoxo ze-deterministic ziye zancipha ixesha elide, ngoko ingcamango yakhe yachithwa ngokukhawuleza.
Emva kophuhliso lwenkulungwane yama-XNUMX, ijografi iveliswa ngeendlela ezicwangcisiweyo, oku kungenxa yophando olwenziwa ngokuzimeleyo kwisimilo sommandla ebesiphuhla kwiminyaka edlulileyo.
Ngaloo nto, i ijografi yabantu iqala ukuthatha i-boom njengentsimi enomdla kubaphengululi abaninzi. Le nkululeko yeza kunye nophuhliso lwezifundo ezintsha, ezaqala ukwenza iithiyori zabo kunye neendlela ezinengqiqo. Phakathi kwabo sifumana oku kulandelayo:
- Ijografi yezoqoqosho
- ijografi yentlalo
- Ijografi yezopolitiko
La masebe ezifundo ngokuthe ngcembe afumana ukubaluleka okukhulu kwihlabathi liphela, ngenxa yenkululeko akwazileyo ukuyenza ngempumelelo. Namhlanje baqatshelwa kuthathelwa ingqalelo amanqanaba abawenzayo ngokweenkcazo-bungcali zophononongo abazenzayo, ngenxa yophuculo.
inkqubela yejografi yabantu
Ngelixa ulwahlulo lwamacandelo ahlukeneyo lweethiyori ezikhankanywe ngasentla lwenziwa, nganye kuzo iphumelele ubungcali bomxholo wayo wethiyori. Ngokomzekelo, ijografi yezoqoqosho ikhethekileyo kwiindawo ezininzi, ukufikelela kuphuhliso lwejografi yezoshishino kunye nolwazi lwejografi yezolimo. Nangona kunjalo, i ijografi yabantu ikwazile ukuhlala phantsi kobume bayo bendalo.
Ngonyaka ka-1950, ukuzinziswa kolu qeqesho kwachaphazeleka kakhulu, ngenxa yokugxekwa okuqatha okwaphunyezwa ngamanye amaziko. Oku kube nefuthe kudumo oludumileyo ethi kancinci kancinci ikwazile ukulenza, isiza kuthandabuza ubunyani beendlela zayo ezisekelwe kwiithiyori zesayensi.
Kwangelo xesha, ijografi yengingqi yabethwa ngamagqabaza angalunganga athandabuza imvelaphi yophononongo olulwenzileyo. Oku kwakungenxa yogxininiso lophando elwenzileyo kwimimandla, apho inkqubela ethe yalufumana ngokuvelisa okanye uphuhliso lwenzululwazi yejografi entsha ayizange ithathelwe ngqalelo.
Inzululwazi nganye eyaphuhliswayo yayifuna ukuvelisa iindlela ezisemgangathweni, ngophando olusekelwe kwiindlela ezithe ngqo, nangona kunjalo iinzame azizange ziphumelele, kuba ezi khange ziphumelele ukwamkelwa kweenzululwazi zentlalo ezazisasebenza ngelo xesha. Phakathi kwabo sinokukhankanya inzululwazi yezoqoqosho neyengqondo.
Kwakucingelwa ukuba ijografi yabantu yayingenawo amandla okufikelela inkqubela, oku ngenxa yokunqongophala kobunzulu bomxholo wethiyori owawusekwe kwiindlela eziqinisekisiweyo zenzululwazi. Noko ke, ngenxa yokugxekwa okuqatha eyaye yaxhonywa kuko, iinzame zaba nkulu ngakumbi.
Ngeziganeko ezidlulileyo ebezingekho mhle kwaphela, ijografi yabantu iyazivuselela ngokuhlaziya ubume bayo bokuhlalutya. Oku kuyiphakamisela kwinqanaba elitsha lokuqatshelwa, kuthathelwa ingqalelo ukuba kancinci kancinci ikwazile ukuba yinzululwazi yemethodological ephuhlisa indlela ebaluleke kakhulu kwaye iyinyani.
Izixhobo
Olona phawu luphambili lwejografi yoqoqosho lwenziwa okokuqala kukubheja kwiindlela ze-positivism, oku kuchongwa njengento yangoku enikwe ifilosofi ekwaziyo ukudibanisa indlela yesayensi kunye neziseko zolwazi, yenziwe ngendlela yobungqina kunye nexesha layo elinokuqinisekiswa.
Indlela yokusebenza ayisebenzisayo, ivela ngenxa yombulelo kwamanye amacandelo, yayigxininiswe kwiimodeli ezithile zohlalutyo kwaye yanikwa indlela yokubala, eyamvumela ukuba aqinisekise ngokupheleleyo kwaye aqinisekise uphuhliso lwethiyori yakhe ngedatha yamanani ekwazile ukungqinisisa ukucinga ukuba uphando luya kuphosa.
Olunye uphawu olukhoyo kwijografi yabantu yayiyimbono yendawo. Oku kuphunyezwa ngeempembelelo eziveliswayo ngokubhekiselele kwiindawo kunye nobudlelwane obusekiweyo phakathi koluntu kunye nezi zithuba zejografi. Ngesi sizathu, le njongo ikhokelela ukuba uqeqesho luqatshelwe phantsi kokubaluleka kophononongo lwesithuba.
Ngenxa yokubaluleka koqeqesho lwe-methodological, uninzi lotshintsho olwenziweyo kungekuphela nje kule ndawo, kodwa nakwamanye amacandelo akhokelela ekuveleni kweendlela zabo, le nyaniso ibonwa njengenguquko yobungakanani.
Iindaba
Inguquko yejografi yabantu yayiqhubela phambili de kwaba ngunyaka ka-XNUMX, eyayineenjongo ezinkulu zethiyori ezithi ngokuthe ngcembe, ekuhambeni kweminyaka, ziphucule kwaye zihlaziye indlela nganye esetyenziswayo ekwamkelweni koqeqesho njengenzululwazi.
Nangona kunjalo, ijografi yabantu ayizange iziphelise iindlela ezahlukahlukeneyo eziye zavelisa ngayo, ngokuchaseneyo, yayisekelwe ekuphunyezweni kweminye imixholo ephikisanayo, ezibonakalisa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo omnye komnye, phantsi kweethiyori ezithile zefilosofi, oku ukuze kungathathi indawo. nazo zonke. Oku kwavelisa ukukhula okwahlukileyo kuqeqesho ngalunye, ngalinye likwazi ukuzondla ngeethiyori ezithile.
Kula maxesha angoku, ipesenti ephezulu yeengcali kwintsimi, njengeejografi, zichongwa ngobuchule abazenzayo, njengabo bazinikele kwijografi yezoqoqosho, ijografi yentlalo okanye yasezidolophini.
Enye yeenkalo eziphambili esinokuzibalula kulo msebenzi yijografi yobuntu. Enesiqalo sayo phantsi kweendlela ezifuna ukuvelisa uphononongo ngokujongwa kwezithuba. Eli sebe lejografi lizama ukukhangela ngokwembono yobuntu imvakalelo yobuntu ithathela ingqalelo ijografi njengendawo yokuqala.
Uninzi lweengcali ezizinikele kumsebenzi wentanda-bulumko kule ndawo yejografi ziyala ngamandla umbono wokwenza ithiyori eyenziwayo. Ngengqiqo ebanzi, ezi zichaza isigwebo esinxibelelene ngokusondeleyo neemvakalelo eziphantsi kweengcinga zabo ezinxibelelene ngokusondeleyo nendawo. Ke ngoko uphononongo oluzimeleyo lolona gxininiso lwejografi yobuntu.
Kufuneka kucace ukuba ukufundwa kwejografi yabantu akugxilwanga kwindawo yejografi njengoko kunjalo, yile nto sibhekisa kuyo njengendawo ebonakalayo. Kuba igama elithi ijografi yabantu lingakhankanywa ngokubanzi okanye liqatshelwe kakhulu, sithande ukudibanisa ijografi eqhuba ufundo lweemephu okanye cartography ngalo mbandela wejografi yabantu.
Nangona kuyinyani ukuba isithuba sejografi sinendima ebalulekileyo ekufundweni kwejografi yabantu, oku ayisosiseko kanye sendlela esiyiphumezayo. Ukubaluleka kunye nenqanaba lokubaluleka okuye kwaqulunqwa ekuhambeni kwexesha kuya kuphawuleka ngakumbi kwaye kuphawu. Ukuthathela ingqalelo i-boom ethe yayifumana njengoko iphumelele ukugqwesa imixholo yayo okanye iinjongo zokuzilandela.
Iindawo zokufunda
Njengoko besesitshilo ngaphambili, ekuqaleni, ijografi yabantu yavela kuphononongo lwejografi yommandla. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yokuvela kokuzimela kwethiyori eyaphuhliswayo, ezinye iinkalo zokufunda zenziwa kwiminyaka edlulileyo, ezinobudlelwane obuthile kunye nejografi yabantu, phakathi kwabo sifumana oku kulandelayo:
ijografi yabemi
Olu didi lwejografi lugxile kufundo lweepateni apho abantu basasazwa khona emhlabeni. Oku kubulela kwizizathu ezahlukeneyo zembali eziye zaphuhliswa, kwaye ezilawula ukuguqula ukuhanjiswa kwabantu emhlabeni.
Ijografi yezoqoqosho
Le yenye yejografi ekhoyo ngoku kwizitulo ezininzi kwinqanaba eliphezulu leyunivesithi lenani elikhulu lamakhondo emisebenzi. Ukuthathela ingqalelo ukuba iindlela zabo zisekelwe kufundo lweenkqubo zenqanaba loqoqosho. Kwangaxeshanye, ifunda iziphumo kunye neempembelelo zoqoqosho kwizizwe okanye kumazwe athile, ezichaphazela ngqo uluntu. Inolungelelaniso phakathi kofundo lweenkqubo zoqoqosho kunye nokusasazwa kwejografi.
ijografi yenkcubeko
Ugxininisa kwisifundo sakhe kwiindlela zoluntu kunye nobudlelwane babo obusondeleyo kunye neendawo ezithile, kunye nokufuna ukufunda oonobangela bo Ukonakala kwendalo. Ivela kwinkulungwane ye-XIX ngenxa yeVidal Blache. Nangona kunjalo, uye wafumana ukubaluleka kwiminyaka. Ezinye zeempumelelo zayo zisekelwe ekudalweni kwezikolo ezenza izifundo nzulu ngesi sifundo.
ijografi yasezidolophini
Oku kumela omnye wemixholo ekungoku nje enike kakhulu ukuba kuthethwe ngayo. Uphononongo lwakhe lusekelwe kubuninzi babantu abadla ngokuxinana kumbindi wamazwe bekhangela umgangatho wobomi obungcono. Olu hlobo lwejografi luhlala lufunda i Iimpawu zabemi basezidolophini.
Ijografi yasemaphandleni
Isekelwe kuphononongo olubanzi lwejografi yasemaphandleni. Eyona njongo yayo kukucacisa iinkqubo zoqoqosho ezinxulunyaniswa nezolimo, kunye nokuveliswa kwemithombo eyahlukeneyo.
Uphononongo lwakhe lukwabandakanya amanqanaba okhenketho oluqhutywayo, kunye noonobangela befuthe elibi elinegalelo ekulahlweni kweendawo ezixeliweyo ngabemi abafuna ukuya kwimimandla yasezidolophini.
Ijografi yezopolitiko
Inxulumene nokufunda isayensi esekelwe kulwazi lweenkqubo zezopolitiko nezentlalo ezibonakaliswa kuluntu lwanamhlanje. Umzekelo wale nto yinzululwazi yezopolitiko, ejongene nokucubungula ukufundwa kweendlela zeziko kwinqanaba lehlabathi, ngokulandela ukuqonda inkqubo yezopolitiko ebandakanya yonke into.
ijografi yezonyango
Ibonakaliswe kuphononongo lwesiphumo esisetyenziswa yimekobume kwimpilo yabantu. Ithathela ingqalelo ukusasazwa kwezifo ezithile ezisasazeka kwiindawo zejografi.
Ezi zimele amanye amasebe ejografi aphuhliswe njengoko iminyaka yayihamba ngokuchasene nokuvela kwesebe ngalinye lejografi yoluntu.