Iintaka zolwandle ludidi lweentaka eziqhelana nemekobume yaselwandle. Kunokuthiwa ukuphila kwabo kuxhomekeke elwandle. Kukho iintlobo ezininzi zeentaka zaselwandle ezinezithethe ezingaqhelekanga kunye nemibala enemibala kunye neemilo, ngoko siyakumema ukuba ufunde ngakumbi ngazo ngokufunda eli nqaku.
iintaka zolwandle
Uya kuba nakho ukuqaphela ukuba zahluke kakhulu omnye komnye, malunga nendlela yokuphila, amasiko, indlela yokuziphatha kunye nemiba yomzimba. Ngokufunda kubo uya kuqonda ukuba phakathi kwabo kukho iimeko zokuguquguquka okuguquguqukayo, kuba ziye zavela kunye nokulungelelaniswa okufanayo nobunzima bohlobo olufanayo, ngakumbi ngokumalunga nokusingqongileyo kunye neengxaki zokutya.
Iintaka zaselwandle zokuqala ziyaziwa ukuba zivele kwixesha leCretaceous, nangona iintsapho zanamhlanje zivela kwiPaleogene. Uphawu oluqhelekileyo lweentaka zaselwandle kukuba zihlala ixesha elide, ukukhula kwazo ngokwesondo kunye nokuzala kwenzeka emva kwexesha kuneentaka zasemhlabeni, kwaye bambalwa abantu abancinci ababonwayo kuluntu lwabo, olufuna ixesha elininzi kunye nokuzinikela kubantu abadala.
Uninzi lwezi ntlobo zakha iindlwane zazo ngokweendidi, ezinobukhulu obahlukeneyo, ukusuka kwishumi elinesibini leentaka ukuya kwizigidi. Ezinye iintlobo zezilwanyana zaziwa ngokufuduka rhoqo ngonyaka, ngenxa yokuba zinokuwela i-ikhweyitha okanye kwiimeko ezininzi zinokuwujikeleza umhlaba.
Baneendlela ezininzi zokufumana ukutya kwabo. Abanye bangayenza phezu kwamanzi olwandle kwaye abanye bangayenza ebunzulwini bayo, kwaye kunye nomnye. Singafumanisa ukuba kukho iintlobo zezilwanyana zaselunxwemeni okanye zepelagic, ngelixa ezinye zinokuba kude ngokupheleleyo nolwandle ngamaxesha athile onyaka.
Ngokubhekiselele kwi-morphology yeentaka zolwandle, siya kuthi le nto ibangelwa yizizathu ezininzi. Singathatha umzekelo wokulinganisa umzimba weentaka, omiselwa ngohlobo kunye nomsebenzi ekufuneka zenze ngexesha lokubhabha, kwaye ezinokuthi zihlelwe ngokweendidi ezifana nokuzingela, ukuhlanganiswa kwiindawo zokuhlala okanye ukuzala kunye ukufuduka.
Ubunzima bomzimba weentaka zaselwandle eziqhelekileyo malunga ne-700 g, amaphiko angama-1,09 m, kwaye indawo yonke yamaphiko yi-0,103 m2. Kodwa le milinganiselo iya kuxhomekeka kwizinto ezifana nendlela yokubhabha kunye ne-etiology yeentlobo.
Imbali yobudlelwane phakathi kweentaka zaselwandle nabantu ibanzi kakhulu. Ayesoloko enika abazingeli ukutya, enikela ulwalathiso kubalobi xa besiya kwiindawo zabo zokuloba, yaye ekhokela oomatiloshe ukuya elunxwemeni. Ngenxa yokuba uninzi lwezi ntlobo zisemngciphekweni ngenxa yemisebenzi eyenziwa ngabantu, zithathelwa ingqalelo ziintshukumo ezixhasa ukulondolozwa kwendalo.
Ukwahlula
Siza kuqala ngokubonisa ukuba akukho ngqikelelo inye yenzululwazi ekunokuthi kusekwe ngayo, ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo, ngawaphi amaqela, iintsapho kunye neentlobo zeentaka zaselwandle kwaye uninzi lwezo zikhoyo, ngokwendlela ethile, zichazwa ngendlela engaqondakaliyo. akanalo naliphi na ixabiso letaxonomic; luhlobo nje lweqela, elenziweyo ngandlel’ ithile, elingasetyenziswa zizazinzulu kuhlelo lwazo.
Kungacingelwa ukuba luhlobo lolwahlulo lwesithethe lwesithethe okanye lwe-colloquial taxonomic, njengoko luqulathe amaqela amaninzi e-taxonomic, kodwa ayibandakanyi ezinye iintlobo. Okanye njengeengcali ezimbini zenzululwazi kulo mmandla, u-EA Schreiber kunye no-J. Burger, bathe, kumalunga nokutyunjwa kwabo ngophawu lokuba zonke iintaka zolwandle zinento efanayo kwaye kukuba zondla emanzini olwandle, kodwa, njengoko kwenzeka kwamanye amabango ebhayoloji. , abanye babo abakwenzi.
Ngokwesiko, zonke i-sphenisciforms kunye ne-procellariiforms ziye zahlelwa njengeentaka zaselwandle, kunye nazo zonke i-pelecaniformes, ngaphandle kwe-aningids kunye ne-caradriforms ethile, ehlanganiswe ne-stercorarids, i-larids, i-sterids, i-alcids kunye ne-rhynchopids. Kuqhelekile ukuba i-phalaropes nayo ibandakanywe, kuba, nangona iintaka ezibhabhayo, ezimbini kwezi zintathu iintlobo zazo zihlala elwandle kangangeenyanga ezilithoba ngonyaka, apho ziwela i-ikhweyitha kwaye zitya kulwandle oluvulekileyo.
Ii-gaviforms kunye ne-podicipediforms, ezingahlali emachibini kodwa zichitha ubusika elwandle, zihlelwa njengeentaka zamanzi. Kukho neemergynes ngaphakathi kusapho lwe-Anatidae eziselwandle ngokwenene ngexesha lasebusika, kodwa zikhutshelwa ngaphandle yindibano kweli qela. Uninzi lweewader kunye ne-herons zinokugqalwa njengezolwandle, kuba zihlala elunxwemeni, kodwa azihlelwa ngolo hlobo.
I-Evolution kunye nerekhodi yefosili
Ngenxa yokuba iintaka zaselwandle kufuneka zichithe inxalenye enkulu yobomi bazo kwindawo enentlenga, oko kukuthi, kwindawo apho kukho intlenga ephantse ibe yintlenga, zimelwe kakuhle kwiirekhodi zefosili.Kuyaziwa ukuba zavela kwiCretaceous ixesha.
Kuyaziwa ukuba iiHesperornithiformes zelo xesha, liqela leentaka ezingabhabhayo, ezifana neeloon, ezikwazi ukuntywila ngendlela efanayo nezi, namaloon, asebenzisa imilenze yawo ukuhamba ngaphantsi kwamanzi, nangona olusapho lwalunomlomo onamazinyo abukhali.
Nangona kubonakala ngathi i-Hesperornis ayibonakali ishiya inzala, iintaka zaselwandle zokuqala zanamhlanje nazo zinemvelaphi yazo kwixesha leCretaceous, kunye neentlobo ezibizwa ngokuba yiTytthostonyx glauconiticus, kwaye oko kubonakala kuhambelana neprocellariforms okanye i-pelecaniformes.
KwiPaleogene, ulwandle lwalulawulwa ziiprocellariids zokuqala, ezaziziingxilimbela zoonombombiya kunye neentsapho ezimbini ezingasekhoyo, iPelagornithidae kunye nePlotopteridae, ezaziliqela leentaka ezinkulu ezifana noonombombiya. I-Puffinus, ebandakanya i-shearwater yangoku enemingxuma kunye ne-sooty shearwater, zisuka kwixesha le-Oligocene.
Olona didi lukhulu lweentaka zaselwandle lubonakala lwenzekile ekupheleni kwexesha leMiocene kunye nePliocene. Ekupheleni kokugqibela, ikhonkco lokutya le-oceanic liye lafumana utshintsho olukhulu ngenxa yokuphela kwenani elikhulu leentlobo zehlabathi, kwaye emva koko kwafika ukwanda kwenani lezilwanyana ezincancisayo elwandle, nto leyo eyathintela into yokuba iintaka zolwandle ziphinde ziphinde zibuyele kwindalo yayo yakudala. iyantlukwano.
Izixhobo
Kunokuthiwa ukuba iintaka zaselwandle zineempawu ezininzi eziqhelekileyo kuzo, kodwa zinezinye ezininzi ezahlukileyo, ezininzi njengenani leentlobo ezinokuthi zifumaneke, kuba nganye inento ethile, ngoko siza kwenza. Uqikelelo lweempawu zeentaka zolwandle, ngokuxhomekeke kwiimbono ezahlukeneyo:
Ngeenguqu zayo kuBomi baseLwandle
I-Cormorants, njenge-cormorant enendlebe ezinde, ibonisa umaleko owodwa weentsiba, ezivumela umoya omncinci ukuba udlule, kodwa zifunxa amanzi. Olu lungelelwaniso luguquguqukayo lukwenza kube lula kubo ukuba balawule i-thermoregulate kunye nokulwa ne-buoyancy yendalo.
Iintaka zaselwandle zineendlela ezininzi zokuziqhelanisa ukuze zikwazi ukuphila kwaye zithathe ukutya kwazo elwandle. I-morphology yamaphiko azo ibangelwa lixesha apho zavela khona, ngendlela yokuba, ngokuziqwalasela, umphandi unokufunda ulwazi malunga nendlela yokuziphatha kunye nendlela yazo yokutya.
Amaphiko amade kunye nomthwalo ophantsi wamaphiko zizinto eziqhelekileyo zeentlobo zepelagic, ngelixa iintaka ezikwazi ukuntywila zikholisa ukuba namaphiko amafutshane. Ukutyibilika okuthe kwafumana igama lokutyibilika, kuba kolu hlobo lokutyibilika, umoya ujikwa ngamaza, nto leyo eyenza ukuba intaka ikwazi ukuphakama, kwakunye nokuba kungenzeka ukuba ityibilike ezantsi okanye ezantsi.
Ezinye iipetrel, ialcid kunye noonombombiya banamaphiko alungele ukuhamba ngaphantsi kwamanzi kwaye, kwezinye iimeko, njengale yokugqibela, abanawo amandla okubhabha. Ezi ntaka zilungele ukuntywila ukuya kwi-250 m kwaye ziyakwazi ukugcina ioksijini, nokuba kwiingxowa zomoya okanye nge-myoglobin kwimisipha yazo.
Oonombombiya banomthamo omkhulu wegazi, nto leyo eyenza kube lula kubo ukugcina ioksijini eninzi. Ngexesha lokuntywila, basenokubangela ukuba ukubetha kwentliziyo yabo kucothe kwaye bahambise igazi kumalungu abalulekileyo kuphela.
Ngokubanzi, iintaka zaselwandle zineentambo zeenyawo, nto leyo evumela ukuba zihambe lula phezu kwamanzi kwaye, kwimeko yeentlobo ezininzi, ziluncedo ekuntywileni. Iiprocellariiforms zinezivamvo ezingaqhelekanga zokujoja intaka, kwaye ziyisebenzisela ukufumana ukutya kwazo kwi-expanses ezinkulu zolwandle, kwaye mhlawumbi nazo ukufumana iindawo apho amakholoni abo afunyanwa khona.
Iingqungquthela ze-supraorbital zinomsebenzi wokunceda iintaka zaselwandle ukuba zifake i-osmoregulate kwaye ziphelise ityuwa xa zisela kwaye zondla, ngakumbi xa zondla kwi-crustaceans. Ukukhutshelwa kwala madlala, abekwe entloko, aphuma kumngxuma wempumlo kwaye aqulunqwe phantse ngokukodwa i-sodium chloride, nangona ukugxininiswa kwimilinganiselo encinci ye-potassium kunye ne-bicarbonate nayo inokufumaneka, kunye nenxalenye encinci ye-urea.
La madlala aphantsi kwempembelelo ye-nerve parasympathetic kwaye anokumiswa kunye ne-anesthesia kunye neziyobisi ezifana ne-carbon dioxide inhibitors. Oku kukulungelelaniswa okuyimfuneko, kuba izintso zezi ntaka azikwazi ukucubungula kunye nokuphelisa ukugxila okuphezulu kakhulu kwesi sixhobo; yaye ngoxa kuyinyaniso ukuba zonke iintaka zinedlala lempumlo, alikhulanga njengeecormorants okanye iipenguin.
Enyanisweni, iintaka zaselwandle zineedlala ze<em>supraorbital ezinkulu ngokuphindwe kalishumi ukuya kwikhulu kunezo zeentaka zasemhlabeni, kuba ubungakanani bazo bunxulumene nomlinganiselo wetyuwa ezithi zihlawulwe kuwo. Ukulawulwa kwe-Hyposmotic, oko kukuthi, indlela yokugcinwa kwezinto eziphilayo ezihlala kwiimeko ezinobutyu obugqithisileyo, kwenzeka kwakhona ngokunciphisa ukuhamba okukhutshiweyo, njengoko kunjalo kwimeko yomchamo, oncitshisiweyo ukuthintela ukulahleka kwamanzi.
Ngaphandle kwee<em>cormorants nezinye ii<em>tern, kwaye ngokufanayo neentaka ezininzi, zonke iintaka zaselwandle zineentsiba ezikwaziyo ukumelana namanzi. Kodwa, ukuba sizithelekisa neentlobo zeentaka ezihlala emhlabeni, zineentsiba ezininzi, ukuze zikhuseleke ngakumbi imizimba yazo.
Ngenxa yokuxinana kweentsiba zazo, kuko okubangela ukuba intaka ingabi manzi, lo gama ingqele ithintelwa kuba inomaleko oshinyeneyo wokuya ezantsi. I-Cormorants inomaleko okhethekileyo wentsiba, ovumela umoya omncinci ukuba udlule kwaye ngoko ke ifunxa amanzi.Enkosi kolu qhelaniso, iyakwazi ukudada ngaphandle kokulwa ne-buoyancy ebangelwa kukugcina umoya phakathi kweentsiba, kodwa ikwagcina ngokwaneleyo zithintele ekulahlekelweni bubushushu obuninzi xa zidibene namanzi.
Iintsiba zoninzi lweentaka zaselwandle, ezilinganiselwe kumbala omnyama, omhlophe, okanye ongwevu, azibonakali kangako kuneentaka zasemhlabeni.Iitropikhi okanye ezinye iipenguin, kodwa owona mbala mkhulu ufumaneka emilonyeni nasemilenzeni.
Iintaka zaselwandle zinomsebenzi wokufihla ngenxa yeentsiba zazo njengendlela yokuzikhusela, umbala we-Antarctic duck-petrel, umbala ofanayo osetyenziswa kwiinqanawa zokulwa ze-United States Navy, unciphisa ukubonakala kwayo elwandle; kwaye inxalenye engaphantsi emhlophe ezinayo iintlobo ezininzi inokuba nomsebenzi ozincedayo ukuba zizimele kumaxhoba. Inyaniso yokuba iincam zamaphiko azo zihlala zimnyama, ngenxa ye-melanin, zibanceda ukuba baphephe ukonakala kunye nokukhuhlana kwiintsiba.
Ukutya kunye nokondla
Iintaka zaselwandle zavela ukuze zikwazi ukufumana ukutya kwazo elwandle naselwandle. Ukuba ziqwalaselwe ngononophelo, kuya kwenzeka ukuba kuqinisekiswe ukuba i-physiology kunye nokuziphatha kwabo kuyilwe ngokutya kwabo.Iimeko zabo zokuhlala zibangele iintlobo zeentsapho ezahlukeneyo kunye nemiyalelo eyahlukileyo ukuba iphuhlise amaqhinga afanayo ebusweni bobunzima obufanayo, obuthi ngumzekelo obalaseleyo wenguquko eguqukayo. Oku kunokubonwa kukudibana phakathi koonombombiya kunye neealcids.
Kuye kwafunyaniswa ukuba iintaka zaselwandle zineendlela ezine ezisisiseko zokuzondla elwandle: ukutya phezu komhlaba, ukuleqa ukutya ngokuntywila, ukuntywila, kunye nokuxhwila izilwanyana ezinkulu ezinomqolo. Kakade ke, kuzo zonke ezi ndidi kukho ukwahluka okuninzi.
ukutya okungaphezulu
Ngokubanzi, iintaka zaselwandle zifumana ukutya kwazo kumphezulu wolwandle, kuba imisinga ikholisa ukugxila kukutya okunje ngekrill, intlanzi yefula, isquid kunye namanye amaxhoba eziya kuba nawo ekufikeleleni kwawo zisebenzisa iqhinga lokutshona kwentloko kuphela.
Ngaloo ndlela, le ndlela inokuthi ihlelwe ibe yimbini: ukutya okungaphezulu ngexesha lokuhamba, oko kukuthi i-petrels, i-frigatebirds kunye ne-hydrobatids; kunye nokutya ngexesha lokuqubha, njengoko kwenzeka ngeefulmar, iingabangaba, iishearwaters ezahlukeneyo, kunye neepetrels.
Kudidi lokuqala siya kufumana ezinye zeentaka zaselwandle ezinesitayile esine-acrobatic ngakumbi. Abanye bathatha i-snacks emanzini, njengoko i-frigatebirds kunye nezinye i-ternids zisenza, kwaye ezinye zi-scamper kwaye zijikeleze phezu kwamanzi, njengama-hydrobatids athile. Uninzi lwazo aluzihluphi nokuhlala emanzini, kwaye ezinye, njengeentaka ze-frigate, zikufumanisa kunzima ukubhabha kwakhona ukuba zihamba.
Olunye uhlobo lwentaka yolwandle olungahlaliyo ukuze luzondle yiRynchopidae, enendlela eyodwa yokuzingela equka ukubhabha kufutshane nomphezulu nemihlathi emanzini, ethi ivale ngokuzenzekelayo xa amatyala azo echukumise into ethile. Umlomo wayo ubonisa indlela yokuphila engaqhelekanga kuba umhlathi ongezantsi mkhulu kunomhlathi ongasentla.
Kweli qela sinokufumanisa ukuba uninzi lweentaka ezikwaziyo ukuqubha zinemilomo engaqhelekanga, ezilungele ixhoba elithile. Ijena iPachyptila kunye neHalobaena zinemilomo enezihluzi ezibizwa ngokuba yilamellae, ezikwazi ngayo ukuhluza iiplankton emanzini eziwaselayo.Ialbatross ezininzi kunye neepetrels zinemilomo emile okwegwegwe, nto leyo eyenza kube lula ukuba zizingele amaxhoba azo xa zihamba. ngokukhawuleza.
Iingabangaba zibonwa zinemilomo engacaciswanga kangako, nto leyo ebonisa indlela yokuphila ethatha amathuba. Kwiphondo laseBuenos Aires, ama-seagulls axhamla kwiindawo zokuloba kwaye atya iisampuli ezincinci ze-anchovy kunye ne-croaker ephuzi. Ingabangaba, ngaphakathi kusapho lwelaridae, yeyona inowona mabona kude wetrophic; Olrog's gull kunokuba ingcali. Yonke into iya kuxhomekeka kwindlela ephila ngayo intaka yolwandle.
ukulandela ukuntywila
Olu hlobo lokuziqhelanisa lelona lwenza uxhatshazo olukhulu kwiintaka zolwandle ngenxa yemisebenzi yazo kunye neepateni zazo zokuziphendukela kwemvelo, kodwa umvuzo ukwazi ukuba nendawo yokutya enkulu kunezo ntaka zihlala phezu komhlaba. Bayakwazi ukwenza iintshukumo zokuqhuba ngaphantsi kwamanzi ngoncedo lwamaphiko abo, njengakwimeko yeepenguins, i-alcids, pelecanoids kunye nezinye iintlobo zepetrels, okanye ngoncedo lwemilenze yabo, njenge-cormorants, i-loons, i-loons kunye nezinye iintlobo zezilwanyana. amadada atya intlanzi.
Ngokuqhelekileyo, ezo zinokuthi ziqhutywe ngamaphiko azo zikhawuleza kunezo zinokuthi ziqhutywe ngemilenze yazo. Kodwa kuzo zombini ezi meko, ukusebenzisa amaphiko okanye iinyawo zokuntywila kuthintele ukusebenza kwazo kwezinye izinto: iiloon neeloon zihamba nzima, oonombombiya abakwazi ukubhabha, yaye iialcid ziye zancama ukubhabha endaweni yoko.
Umzekelo, irazorbill ifuna amandla angama-64% ngaphezulu ukubhabha kune petrel enobungakanani obufanayo.Amanzi amaninzi eshearwater awela ndaweni ithile phakathi kwezi zibini ngenxa yokuba anamaphiko amade kunezinye ii-jet-powered divers. bafumane ukutya kwabo ukusuka phezulu, okubenza bakwazi ukuntywila kubunzulu obukhulu, ngelixa bebavumela ukuba bahambe iindawo ezinkulu ngokufanelekileyo.
Phakathi kolu sapho, oyena mntywizisi ubalaseleyo yiTasmanian shearwater, ekuye kwarekhodishwa ukuba idada ngaphantsi kolwandle kangangeemitha ezingama-70. Iintlobo ezininzi zeealbatross nazo ziyakwazi ukuntywila, nangona kuncinane; i<em>sooty albatross ifikelela kubunzulu obuziimitha ezili-12. Kuzo zonke iindidi ezisukela amaxhoba azo, abona basebenza kakuhle emoyeni zii<em>albatross, yaye akufane kwenzeke ukuba zezona zindadi zimbi.
Kwimozulu epholileyo kunye ne-subpolar, ukuntywila yeyona ndlela ixhaphakileyo yokutya, kuba ayisebenzi ngamandla emanzini ashushu. Ngenxa yokuba bengenakho ukubhabha, iintaka ezininzi ze-diving zikhawulelwe ngakumbi kwindawo yazo yokutya kunabanye, ngokukodwa kwixesha lokuzalisa xa i-nestlings idinga ukutya rhoqo kwaye ininzi.
ithontsi
Iiganethi, iiboobies, fetontiformes, ezinye iiternids kunye nepelican emdaka zintywila emoyeni. Oku kuluncedo kakhulu, kuba kubavumela ukuba basebenzise amandla okukhawuleza kwabo ukoyisa ukuxhathisa kwe-buoyancy yendalo, okubangelwa ngumoya obanjwe kwiintsiba zabo, kwaye basebenzise amandla amancinci kunabanye abahlukeneyo.
Ngale ndlela banokusebenzisa amasuntswana okutya asasazwa ngokubanzi ngakumbi, ngakumbi kwimeko yokuhlwempuzeka kolwandle lwetropiki. Ngokubanzi, le yeyona ndlela ikhethekileyo yokuzingela ekhoyo phakathi kweentaka zolwandle; ezinye iintaka ezikwaziyo ukusebenzisa izinto ezininzi, njengengabangaba neeskuas, ziyayisebenzisa, kodwa ngobuchule obuncinane kunye nobude obuphantsi.
Iipelicans eziBrown zithatha iminyaka ukuphuhlisa ngokupheleleyo i-dexterity efunekayo ukuze ukwazi ukuntywila; xa sele zikhulile, ziya kukwazi ukuntywila ukusuka kumphakamo we-20 m ngaphezu komphezulu wamanzi kwaye zilungelelanise umzimba wazo phambi kwempembelelo, ukuphepha nawuphi na umonakalo. Kuye kwathiwa eli qela leentaka likwazi ukuzingela kuphela emanzini acwengileyo, njengoko oku kuya kuzivumela ukuba zilibone kakuhle ixhoba lazo emoyeni.
Nangona le ndlela ixhaphake kakhulu kwiindawo ezitshatyalaliswayo, ikhonkco eliye lasekwa phakathi kobu buchule kunye nokucaca kwamanzi ayikaqinisekiswa. Ezinye iintlobo ezisebenzisa esi sicwangciso, njengeentaka ezitya umphezulu, zixhomekeke kwituna kunye namahlengesi ukuhambisa izikolo phezulu.
I-Kleptoparasitism, i-carrion kunye ne-predation
Kolu didi lubanzi kakhulu lwesicwangciso sokutyisa, ezinye iindlela zobuchule zeentaka zolwandle ezikwinqanaba letrophic elilandelayo zibandakanyiwe. IiKleptoparasites ziintaka zaselwandle ezidla ngokutya ukutya kwezinye iintaka. Ngokukodwa, ii-frigatebirds kunye neeskuas zisebenzisa obu buchule, kodwa namangabangaba, iitern kunye nezinye iintlobo zezilwanyana ziye zeba ukutya.
Umkhwa ezinye iintaka zaselwandle ezinawo wokuzalela ebusuku uye waqondwa njengendlela yokubaleka kuxinzelelo olubangelwa kukuphanga emoyeni. Ngokuqhelekileyo, le ndlela yokuziphatha iba yinto eqhelekileyo ngexesha lokuzala kwamantshontsho, xa abazali kufuneka baphathe ukutya kwiindlwane kwaye bathintelwe ngamancinci amadala, ngokukhawuleza kuneentaka ezindala.
Kuye kwangqinwa ukuba i-kleptoparasites inamandla okukhetha amaxhoba abo kakuhle. Nangona kunjalo, i-kleptoparasitism ayidlali indima ebalulekileyo ekutyeni kwayo nayiphi na intlobo, kunoko isondlo esifumaneka ngokuzingela.
Isiphumo sophononongo kwindlela i-frigatebird eqhelekileyo ibamba ngayo ukutya kwi-masked gannet yagqiba ukuba lowo wangaphambili wakwazi ukufumana, ngeyona ndlela ingcono yokucinga, i-40% yokutya efunekayo, kodwa ngokomyinge wafumana amanqaku angama-5 kuphela. Iintlobo ezininzi zengabangaba zitya inyama efileyo yeentaka okanye ezanyisayo zaselwandle xa zinikwe ithuba, njengoko zisenza ii-giant petrels.
Ezinye iintlobo ze-albatross nazo zitya inyama ebolileyo: uhlalutyo lwemilomo yeskwidi lubonise ukuba uninzi lweskwidi ezityiwa ziialbatross zininzi kakhulu ukuba iintaka azinakubanjwa ziphila, kwaye ziquka neentlobo zamanzi anzulu aphakathi, angenakufikeleleka kwezi ntaka.
Sinokufumana iintaka zolwandle ezitya ezinye iintaka zaselwandle, ezifana nengabangaba, i-skuas kunye ne-pelicans, ngamanye amaxesha zidla amaqanda, amantshontsho kunye nolutsha olusuka kwiindawo zokuhlala. Kwelinye icala, ii-petrels ezinkulu zinokuthatha amaxhoba alingana noonombombiya abancinci kunye namantshontsho etywina.
Umnqa wobomi
Ubomi beentaka zaselwandle bahluke kakhulu kwiintaka ezihlala emhlabeni. Ngokubanzi, kunokuthiwa bangamachule, baphila ixesha elide, phakathi kweminyaka engamashumi amabini ukuya kwamashumi amathandathu, balibazisa ukukhwelana kwabo de babe neminyaka elishumi ubudala kwaye batyala imali eninzi kwinani elincinci lenzala.Iindidi ezininzi zineclutch enye ngonyaka , ngaphandle kokuba ulahlekelwe okokuqala. Ngaphandle kokuba oko kwenzeka kwi-mowl ebumnyama kunye neentlobo ezininzi, ezifana ne-procellariiforms okanye i-sulids, ebeka iqanda elinye kuphela ngonyaka.
Iintaka zaselwandle zinomkhwa wokukhathalela amantshontsho azo ixesha elide kakhulu, elinokuhlala iinyanga ezintandathu, elinye lawona maxesha amade okuzala phakathi kweentaka. Esinye sezi meko sesokuba amantshontsho awo ehluma iintsiba, ahlala ecaleni kwabazali bawo elwandle kangangeenyanga eziliqela.
I-Frigatebirds ziintaka ezisebenzisa olona khathalelo lwabazali, ngaphandle kweentaka ezimbalwa ezidla inyama kunye ne-southern ground hornbill, uhlobo apho amantshontsho abaleka emva kweenyanga ezine okanye ezintandathu aze aqhubeke ephantsi kogcino lwabazali bawo de kube yiminyaka elishumi elinesine. iinyanga ezininzi. Ngenxa yexesha elide lokunyamekela amantshontsho azo, ukuzala kwezi ntaka kwenzeka rhoqo emva kweminyaka emibini, endaweni yokuba njalo ngonyaka.
Eli xesha ligqithileyo lomjikelo wobomi bokuzala kusenokwenzeka ukuba yinguquko ekuphenduleni ukungalungi kobomi baselwandle, phakathi kwabo kukuzingela amaxhoba asasazwe ngokubanzi, kunye namaxesha apho ukusilela kokuzala kwenzeka, ngenxa yeemeko ezingathandekiyo zaselwandle kunye nendalo. ukungabikho kwamarhamncwa xa kuthelekiswa neentaka ezihlala emhlabeni.
Ngenxa yomgudu omkhulu obandakanyekayo ekukhuliseni abancinci kwaye ngenxa yokuba, ngamanye amaxesha, ukufumana ukutya kuthetha ukuhamba kude nendawo apho indlwane ikhona, kuzo zonke iintlobo zaselwandle, ngaphandle kwe-phalaropes, abazali ababini bathatha inxaxheba ekunyamekeleni amantshontsho kunye nababini batshata nomfazi omnye, ubuncinane ixesha lonyaka.
Ezinye iindidi zeentaka zaselwandle, njengengabangaba, ii<em>alcid noonombombiya, zihlala kwiqabane elinye kangangezihlandlo ezininzi zonyaka, yaye iintlobo ezininzi zee<em>petrels zikwenza oko ubomi babo bonke. Iialbatross kunye neeprocellarids, ezidibana ubomi bonke, zithatha iminyaka eliqela ukwenza iqhina lesibini ngaphambi kokuba zibe nabantwana; iialbatross zenza umdaniso wokuthandana ocacileyo kakhulu, ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, eziyinxalenye yokwenziwa kwesi sibophelelo.
I-ecological niches kwiintaka zolwandle
Unokusibona isibakala sokuba iindidi ngeendidi zeentaka zaselwandle zihlala kunye kwindawo enye apho ukutya kunganelanga, yiyo loo nto kufuneka zitshintshe indlela ezitya ngayo ukuze zikwazi ukuphila kuloo ndawo. Obu buchule bokwenza ukutya kwabo buyaziwa kwizazinzulu njenge-ecology niche.
Iqela labaphandi beMax Planck Institute for Ornithology eRadolfzell, eJamani, baye bafunda ukuba bhetyebhetye kangakanani na i-ikholoji. Ukufumanisa ukuba imikhwa apho iintaka zaselwandle ezintywilayo ziqhuba khona ukuxhwaleka kwazo yahluke kakhulu, ngokwexesha kunye nendawo, nangaphakathi kweentlobo ezifanayo, kunye nakwimeko yeentlobo ezahlukeneyo.
Kukwafikelelwe kwisigqibo sokuba i-ecological niches ayiguquki, kwaye ayikhathazwa kuphela ziimpembelelo zeempawu ezahlukeneyo ezinokubakho indawo yokuhlala nganye yendalo yeentaka zaselwandle, kodwa zikwachatshazelwa yimfuneko yokuba iintaka zizimele kumarhamncwa azo. ukuba nokwenzeka kokhuphiswano phakathi kwabamelwane babo, kwaye kananjalo kubangele iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokuziphatha phakathi kohlobo olufanayo.
Iintaka zaselwandle zintlobo ezifanelekileyo kakhulu ukuba ziphandwe kuba zizilwanyana ezabelana ngokutya okulinganiselweyo kwindawo yazo. Iintaka zaselwandle kufuneka zihlale emhlabeni ngexesha lokuzala kwazo nokuzala, yaye ngelo xesha zinyanzeleka ukuba zabelane ngesithuba nokutya nezinye iintaka ezininzi.
Sele kusithiwa amantshontsho akhuliswa kwiindawo ezizalela kuzo, adla ngokubekwa kwiindawo eziqinisekisa ukhuseleko kwiintaka ezizingelayo. Kodwa kufuneka sithathele ingqalelo ukuba indawo apho ukutya kufumaneka khona ikakhulu kumanzi onxweme. Ngoko ke, ezi ntaka kufuneka zahlukane neqela lazo ukuze zifumane ukutya kwaye zikwazi ukubuyela kwindawo yazo ukuze zondle amantshontsho.
Kwesinye seZiqithi zeMalvinas, iqela elivela kwiMax Planck Institute for Ornithology lakwazi ukujonga ngokweenkcukacha iindlela zokuzingela iintaka ezine zolwandle ezintywilayo. Uphononongo lubonisa ukuba iintaka zaselwandle zeentlobo ezahlukeneyo, kunye namakoloni ohlobo olufanayo, ziyahluka ngokusabalalisa kwazo okwethutyana kunye nendawo, kwaye zifuna ukutya kwazo kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zolwandle, zihlala zikude kakhulu, kwaye kumaqondo obushushu kunye nobunzulu obahlukeneyo.
I-ecological niches yeentlobo eziphononongwayo aziqinanga kakhulu kunokuba bezibonwa ngaphambili. Kwagqitywa ukuba utshintsho olumbalwa kwindawo abahlala kuyo, ekuziphatheni kwabo, okanye imfuneko yokuphepha amarhamncwa kunye nabachasayo, kunceda ukudibanisa olu hlobo lobungcali.
Ukwakhiwa kwendlwane kunye nekoloni
Uphononongo lufumanise ukuba i95% yeentaka zaselwandle zihlala kwiikoloni kwaye ezi zezona ndawo zinkulu zokudityaniswa kweentaka ehlabathini. Iikholoni ezinabantu abangaphezu kwesigidi ziye zabhalwa, zombini kwiindawo ezitshatyalaliswayo, njengoko kwenzeka eKiritimati, ebekwe kwiPasifiki, nakwi-polar latitudes, imeko ye-Antarctica.
La maqela makhulu anenjongo zokuzalela kuphela.Nanini na xa zingaphandle kwexesha lokukhwelana, iintaka ezingazalisiyo ziyakuzama ukuzibeka kwindawo apho kukho amaxhoba amaninzi.
Ulungelelwaniso kunye nokuziphatha kwamakholoni kuyatshintsha kakhulu. Kuyenzeka ukuba ufumane iindlwane ezenziwe ngabanye, zihlulwe zizithuba phakathi kwazo, njenge-albatross colony, okanye i-concentrated nests, njenge-colony ye-guillemot. Kuninzi lwezi ndawo zokuhlala iintlobo ezininzi zinokuzalela, zidla ngokubonakala zahlulwe ngokwahlukileyo.
Iintaka zaselwandle zinokuzalela emithini, ukuba zikhona, kwizityalo, njengoko maxa wambi zakha iindlwane zazo kuyo, emaweni, kwimingxuma engaphantsi komhlaba nakwimingxuma enamatye. Kuyinto eqhelekileyo ukuqaphela ukuba kukho ukhuphiswano olukhulu phakathi kweentaka zohlobo olunye okanye olwahlukileyo. Iintaka ezindlongondlongo ezifana nee-sooty tern ngamanye amaxesha ziyakwazi ukukhupha iindidi ezingalawulekiyo kwiindawo ezinqwenelekayo zokuzalela.
Ngexesha lasebusika, i-petrel igwema ukukhuphisana ne-Pacific shearwater, kuba le yokugqibela inamandla kakhulu. Ngamaxesha xa ixesha lokukhwelana lidibana, i-Pacific shearwaters ziyakwazi ukubulala iipetrels ezincinci ukuze zisebenzise imingxuma yazo.
Iintaka ezininzi zolwandle zigcina ukuthembeka kwendawo yokuzalela kwaye zisebenzisa indawo yokufihla enye, indlwane okanye indawo yokuhlala kangangexesha elinokwandisa iminyaka eliqela kwaye ngokuhlaselayo zikhusele loo mmandla kwizimbangi.Oku kuziphatha kwandisa amathuba okuphumelela kwabo kokuzala, kubonelela ngendawo efanelekileyo yokuba izibini zifumane. kunye kwaye kunciphisa umzamo wokuba ukhangele indawo entsha.
Noko ke, ukuphinda kukhangelwe kwakhona kunokuba nemiphumo emihle, ukuba nje umhlaba omtsha unemveliso.
Umthamo weentaka zolwandle, obizwa ngokuba yiphilopatry, unamandla kangangokuba uphando ngeLaysan albatross lwafumanisa ukuba umgama ophakathi phakathi kwendawo yokuqandusela nendawo eyathi yaqandusela kuyo intaka wawuziimitha ezingama-22; olunye uhlolisiso, ngeli xesha kwiShearwaters yaseCory. ukwakha indlwane kufuphi neCorsica, kwafumanisa ukuba abafana abasithoba kwabangama-61 babuyela kumaqabane kwindawo ababezalelwe kuyo baza baseka indlwane yabo kwindawo ababezifihle kuyo, kwanababini badibana nonina.
I-Philopatry ngokucacileyo ithanda impumelelo yokukhwelana kwaye iphembelela ukhetho lweqabane kwimeko ye-gannet yase-Cape kunye ne-gannet yase-Australia. Amathanga abekwe kwiziqithi, amawa okanye amacape, kwindawo apho izilwanyana ezanyisayo zinofikelelo olunzima kakhulu.Banokukhetha iindawo zabo zokukhwelana ngokusekelwe kukhuseleko olunokuthi lunikwe ziimpawu zomhlaba, ukongeza iintaka zolwandleBajika babhidekile emhlabeni.
Ubukoloniyali bubonwa kwiintaka ezingazikhuseli iindawo ezityela kuzo, ezifana neeswiftlets, ezinomthombo wokutya oguquguqukayo, kwaye mhlawumbi yiloo nto ibonwa rhoqo kwiintaka zolwandle. iindawo, apho iintaka zaselwandle ezisiya elwandle ukuya kutya zinokufunda ngamaxhoba akhoyo ngokubukela amaqabane azo abuyayo.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, phakathi kweentsilelo kukuba iikoloni zinokuba nefuthe elibi lezifo ezisasazeka ngokukhawuleza. Enye into embi kukuba zikhawuleza zitsale ingqalelo yezilwanyana ezizingelayo, ingakumbi ezinye iintaka. Iintlobo ezininzi zezilwanyana zinyanzelekile ukuba zithathe amanyathelo akhethekileyo, njengokubuyela kwiindlwane zazo ebusuku, ukuze ziphephe ukuhlaselwa.
Imfuduko
Njengezinye iindidi, iintaka zaselwandle zinesiqhelo sokufuduka emva kwexesha lokukhwelana. Kuzo zonke, uhambo olwenziwa yi-arctic tern lolona lude, kuba inqumla i-ikhweyitha esemhlabeni ukuya kuchitha ihlobo e-Antarctica. Iindidi ezininzi zikwaqhuba i-trans-equatorial, zombini ukusuka emantla ukuya emazantsi nakwelinye icala.
Iqela leetern ezintle ezihlala e-Baja California zahlukana emva kwexesha lokukhwelana zibe ngamaqela aya emantla ukuya kunxweme olusembindini weKhalifoniya, ngelixa ezinye zisiya emazantsi ePeru naseChile ukuze zihlale kwindawo yangoku yaseHumboldt. I-Sooty Shearwaters yenza umjikelo wonyaka wokufuduka okhuphisana ne-Arctic Terns. Eli qela leentaka lihlala eNew Zealand naseChile kwaye ngexesha lasehlotyeni lifudukela kumanxweme aseMntla wePasifiki, afana neJapan, Alaska kunye neCalifornia, oku kuthetha uhambo lonyaka lwe-64 km.
Ezinye iintlobo zezilwanyana zifuduka kumgama omfutshane ukusuka kwiindawo ezizalela kuzo kwaye ukusasazeka kwazo kulwandle oluphezulu kumiselwa bubukho bokutya. Ukuba iimeko zaselwandle azifanelekanga, iintaka zaselwandle zifudukela kwindawo ezineemeko ezingcono, mhlawumbi ngokusisigxina ukuba intaka isencinci.
Emva kokuba zihlumile, iintaka ezincinci zinomdla wokuchithakala ngaphezu kwabantu abadala nakwiindawo ezahlukeneyo, ngoko zihlala zibonwa ngaphandle koluhlu oluqhelekileyo lolo hlobo. Ezinye iintaka, ezinjengee<em>alcid, azifuduki ngendlela elungeleleneyo, kodwa kusenokwenzeka ukuba elo qela lisenokusinga emazantsi njengoko kusondela ubusika. Nangona kunjalo, ezinye iintlobo azihlakazi, njengoko kwenzeka kwezinye i-hydrobatids, i-pelecanoids kunye ne-phalacrocoracids, kodwa zihlala zisondele kwi-coloni yazo ye-nesting unyaka wonke.
elwandle
Iimpawu zeli qela leentaka zibonisa ukuba zichitha ubomi bazo bonke elwandle, iintlobo ezininzi zeentaka zaselwandle, kubo bonke ubomi bazo, zihlala kwindawo enkulu okanye encinci phakathi kwelizwe.Iindidi ezininzi zivelisa amashumi, amakhulu okanye amawaka eekhilomitha kude nelizwe. unxweme. Uninzi lwezi ntlobo zibuyela elwandle ukuze ziyokutya.
Abaphandi ngezilwanyana zaselwandle baye bafumana iindlwane zekhephu kumgama oziikhilomitha ezingama-480 phakathi kwelizwekazi lase-Antarctic, nangona befumana ukutya okuncinci kufutshane nezo ndawo. Ezinye izidalwa, ezifana nengabangaba laseCalifornian, ziyakwazi ukufukama nokuzondla emachibini, zize ziye elunxwemeni ebusika.
Iindidi ezininzi ze-phalacrocoracids, i-pelicans, i-gull kunye ne-tern azizange zidlule elwandle, kuba zihlala kumachibi, imilambo, imigxobhozo, kwaye ezinye iigull zihlala kwizixeko kunye nomhlaba wezolimo. Kwezi ngcinga, kucingwa ukuba ziintaka zasemhlabeni okanye zasemanzini aneminyanya yaselwandle.
Ezinye iintaka zaselwandle, ngakumbi ezo zenza iindlwane zazo kwi-tundra, njenge-stercorariids kunye ne-phalaropes, zifuduka emhlabeni nazo. Ezinye iintlobo zezilwanyana, ezinjengeepetrels, iirazorbills, neegannet, zithintelwe ngakumbi kwimikhwa yazo, kodwa ngamanye amaxesha ziyabhadula elwandle njengeendwendwe. Oku ngokuqhelekileyo kwenzeka kwiintaka ezincinci ezingenalwazi, kodwa nakubantu abadala abaninzi abadiniweyo xa benyamezele izivunguvungu ezinzima, isiganeko esaziwa ngokuba yi-wreck, apho izinto ezininzi ezibonwayo zixabiswa ngabantu beentaka.
Ubudlelwane nomntu
Kukho amakhonkco amaninzi adibanisa iintaka zaselwandle kunye nabantu, kwaye kweli nqaku siza kuchaza ezininzi zazo:
iintaka zolwandle kunye nokuloba
Iintaka zolwandle ziye zagcina ubudlelwane obude kunye nokuloba kunye noomatiloshe, kwaye kuyo siya kufumanisa ukuba kukho iinzuzo kunye nokungonakali. Ngokwesithethe, amadoda azinikele ekulobeni asebenzise iintaka zolwandle njengemiqondiso yobukho bezikolo, iibhanki zolwandle ezinemithombo yokuloba enokubakho kunye neendawo ezinokubakho zokumisa nokubeka iminatha yazo.
Oku kudityaniswa kweentaka zaselwandle nomhlaba kwakubalulekile ekwenzeni kube lula ngabantu basePolynesia ukufumana iziqithi ezincinane kwiPasifiki. Ngokufanayo, ezi ntaka ziye zanika abalobi abakude nelizwe ukutya ngendlela efanayo nesithiyelo. Kwaneecormorants ezibotshiweyo ziye zasetyenziselwa ukubambisa iintlanzi. Ngokungathanga ngqo, ukuloba kuye kwaxhamla kwi-guano eveliswa ngamakholoni, kuba inomsebenzi wesichumisi kwiilwandle ezijikelezileyo.
Ngokwahlukileyo koko, iziphumo ezibi zeentaka zolwandle kushishino lokuloba zilinganiselwe, kwiimeko ezininzi, ekuphangweni kwezixhobo zeaquaculture.Kwelinye icala, kuhlobo lokuloba ngeentambo ezinde, iintaka ziba izithiyelo. Kukho iingxelo zokunciphisa amaxhoba ngenxa yeentaka zolwandle, kodwa, nangona ubungqina obuhlukeneyo boku buqokelelwe, imiphumo yayo ithathwa njengencinci kunezo zezilwanyana zaselwandle kunye neentlanzi ezidliwayo, ezifana ityhuna.
Iintlobo ezininzi zeentaka zolwandle zixhamle kwiinkampani zokuloba, ngakumbi iintlanzi ezilahliweyo kunye ne-offal. Umzekelo, ezi zamva zenza i-30% yokutya kwezi ntaka kuLwandle lwaseMantla kwaye ukuya kuthi ga kwi-70% yokutya kwezinye iintaka zolwandle. Oku kunokubangela ezinye iziphumo, ezifana nokusasazeka kwe-fulmar esemantla ngaphakathi kwintsimi yaseBritani, ebangelwa ngokuyinxenye kubukho bokubulela kokutya ukulahla.
Olu luhlobo lokutyisa olukholisa ukuba luncedo kwiintaka ezitya umphezulu njenge gannets kunye ne petrels, kodwa akuloncedo kwiintaka ezisukela ukutya kwazo ngokuntywila, ezifana noonombombiya.
Ishishini lokuloba likwavelisa iziphumo zalo ezingalunganga kwiintaka zolwandle, ngakumbi iialbatross, ezithanda ukuhlala ixesha elide kwaye zicotha ukukhwelana; Le yeyona nto ixhalabisa kakhulu kulondolozo lwendalo. Ukubanjiswa kweentaka ezibanjiswa ngeminatha okanye ezibanjiswe kwiintambo zokuloba kuye kwaba nempembelelo enamandla kumanani abemi.
Iialbatross zirhaxwa kwimigca yokuloba ityhuna ebekwe ngamashishini okuloba asebenzisa indlela emide.. Ngokuqhelekileyo, nyaka ngamnye amakhulu amawaka eentaka ayabanjwa aze afe, nto leyo exhalabisa kakhulu, xa ucinga ukuba uthi uninzi lwezi ntlobo zinqabile kwaye aziqhelekanga. , njengokuba kunjalo nge<em>albatross enomsila omfutshane, eye yancitshiswa yaba ngabantu abangama-2000 XNUMX.
Ngokophononongo olwenziwe yiNkqubo yeSizwe yaBakhi-mkhanya abakwi-Uruguayan Tuna Fleet, iintlobo eziye zachatshazelwa kakhulu kwezi ziganeko ngokuloba ngomtya omde yi<em>albatross emnyama, i<em>albatross ene<em>fine-billed kunye ne-white-throated shearwater. Iintaka zaselwandle nazo kucingelwa ukuba zithwaxwa yimiphumo yokuloba ngokugqithisileyo.
Ukuxhaphaza
Enye yezinto ezibangela ukuhla kwemizekelo yeentlobo ezininzi zezilwanyana zibangelwa ukuzingela kunye nokuqokelela amaqanda eentaka zaselwandle, phakathi kwazo i-auk enkulu kunye ne-cormorant eqaqambileyo. Ezi ntaka zazizingelwa inyama yazo ngabantu ababehlala elunxwemeni kuyo yonke imbali yeendawo zabo zokuhlala. Emazantsi eChile, ukumbiwa kwezinto zakudala kwimiddens kuye kwanika ubungqina bokuzingela iialbatross, cormorants kunye neshearwaters ukusuka kwiminyaka engama-5000 eyadlulayo.
Oku kubangele ukuba iintlobo ezininzi zeentlobo zingabikho kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo. Esinye isibakala esothusa kakhulu sikukuba ubuncinane izilwanyana ezingama-20 kwezingama-29 azisazali eEaster Island. Ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX, ukuzingela ezi ntaka ukuze zifumane amanqatha neentsiba zazo ukuze kuthengiswe iminqwazi kwafikelela kwinqanaba lemizi-mveliso.
I-muttonbirding okanye i-shearwater ukuvunwa kwamantshontsho kwaba lishishini elikhulu eNew Zealand naseTasmania, kwaye i-petrel ye-Solander, eyaziwa kwezo ndawo njenge-Providence petrel, yaziwa kakhulu ngokufika kwayo okumangalisayo kwisiqithi saseNorfolk, apho yayimele umoya wokulamba kwabalambileyo. Abahlali baseYurophu.
KwiZiqithi zeMalvinas, amakhulu amawaka oonombombiya nyaka ngamnye athinjwa ukuze athengise ioli yawo.” Kangangexesha elide, amaqanda eentaka zaselwandle ebengumthombo obalulekileyo wokutya koomatiloshe abahamba uhambo olude; Omnye unobangela wokonyuka kokusetyenziswa kukwanda kweendawo zokuhlala ezidolophini kwimimandla eselunxwemeni kufutshane neqela leentaka.
Embindini wenkulungwane ye-XNUMX, abaqokeleli bamaqanda eSan Francisco bakwazile ukuqokelela malunga nesiqingatha sesigidi samaqanda ngonyaka omnye kwiZiqithi zaseFarallon, nto leyo ephawula isiganeko esiyimbali apho iintaka zingekabuyi.
Ngelishwa, ukuzingela kunye nokuqokelela iqanda imisebenzi isaqhubeka nanamhlanje, nangona incinci kakhulu kunamaxesha angaphambili, kwaye imilinganiselo imiselwe ukulawula okukhulu.
Umzekelo woku ngowokuba amaMaori aseStewart Island ayaqhubeka nokuqokelela amantshontsho eSooty Shearwater, ngendlela awayesenza ngayo kangangeenkulungwane, esebenzisa iindlela zesintu, ezibizwa ngokuba yi<em>kaitiakitanga, ukuze aqhube ukuqokelela, kodwa namhlanje asebenzisana neYunivesithi. yaseOtago kuphononongo lwaba bantu. Kwelinye icala, eGreenland ukuzingela ngokungakhethi buso kubeka iindidi ezininzi engozini enkulu.
Ezinye izoyikiso
Kukho ezinye izizathu zobuntu ezikhokelele ekwehleni okanye ekuphelisweni kwabantu, amakoloni kunye neentlobo zeentaka zolwandle. Kwezi, mhlawumbi eyona iyingozi kakhulu kukuqaliswa kwezinye iintlobo zezilwanyana. Iintaka zaselwandle, ezihlala ngokukodwa kwiziqithi ezincinci ezikude, zilibale imisebenzi yazo yokuzikhusela kumarhamncwa.
Iikati ezifuywayo ziyakwazi ukubambisa iintaka ezilingana nealbatross, yaye iimpuku ezininzi eziye zafika, njengeempuku zasePolynesia, zidla ngokuba amaqanda afihlwe emingxunyeni yazo. Ezinye iintlobo eziveliswayo ezinokuthi zibangele iingxaki ziibhokhwe, iinkomo, imivundla kunye nezinye izilwanyana ezitya utyani, ngakumbi njengoko iintaka zifuna uhlaza ukuze zikhuseleke kunye nomthunzi kumantshontsho azo.
Ukuphazamiseka kwekholoni okubangelwa ngabantu nako kuyingxaki enkulu. Abakhenkethi, kuquka nabakhenkethi abaneenjongo ezintle, banokuboyikisa abantu abadala kwiindlwane zabo, beshiya amaqanda namantshontsho echanabeke kwizilwanyana ezizingelayo.Kukwakho neengxelo zokutshatyalaliswa kwendlwane ngabakhenkethi.
Uphando oluninzi olwenziweyo malunga noonombombiya e-Argentine Patagonia naseNew Zealand lungqina ukuba ukhenketho lunefuthe elibi kwiimeko zezi ntaka. Uhlalutyo lwempembelelo yokhenketho lwendalo kuluntu lwePenguin enamehlo amade luqaqambise ukuba ubukho babantu elunxwemeni benza kube nzima kubantu abadala ukufumana ukutya okwaneleyo kwamantshontsho abo, nto leyo enefuthe elithe ngqo kubunzima bemizimba yabo kunye namathuba abo. yokusinda.
Kodwa, iziphumo zolunye uphando zibonise ukuba i-penguin ye-Magellanic, ehlala e-Patagonia, ayishiyi indlwane yayo phambi kwabantu, ebonakala iqinisekisa ukuba kunokwenzeka ukwenza ukuveliswa kolu hlobo kuhambelane nokhenketho olulawulwayo.
Ingxaki enkulu ibe lungcoliso, kuba ingunobangela wokuwohloka ngendlela eyothusayo kwezinye izilwanyana. Ukunyangwa kwetyhefu kunye nezinto ezingcolisa umoya kukwangunobangela omkhulu wokothusayo.Yinyani eqinisekisiweyo yokuba iintaka zaselwandle bezingamaxhoba e-DDT de kwangavunyelwa ukusetyenziswa kwaloo khemikhali, ngenxa yomonakalo omkhulu ewubangeleyo kwindalo esingqongileyo.
Uphononongo lubonise ukuba iziphumo ze-DDT kwi-western gull zibangele ukungalingani kwabantu okubangele ukugqwesa kwabasetyhini ngabanye, iingxaki ekuphuhlisweni kwe-embryo kunye nobunzima bokuvelisa. Ngeminyaka yoo-90, ukusetyenziswa kwesi sixhobo kwavelisa iziphumo ezibi kwi-Magellan penguin kunye ne-Kelp Gull kulwandle lwase-Argentina.
Iintaka zaselwandle nazo zisesichengeni sokuchitheka kweoyile, njengoko i-oyile itshabalalisa iintsiba zazo ezingangenwa ngamanzi, nto leyo ebangela ukuba iintaka zirhaxwe okanye zife ngenxa ye-hypothermia. Olunye uhlobo longcoliseko, olulula, nalo lunefuthe elibi kwezinye iintlobo, ngakumbi kwiintaka zaselwandle ezidla ngokulala ebusuku njengeepetrels.
Ulondolozo
Umdla wokulondoloza ezi ntaka kunye namanyathelo okukhusela aphunyeziwe ukususela kumaxesha akude kakhulu. Ngenkulungwane yesi-XNUMX, uCuthbert waseLindisfarne wayesele ebhengeze umthetho ogqalwa njengomthetho wokuqala wolondolozo lweentaka kwiZiqithi zaseFarne.” Phezu kwako nje oku, iintlobo ezininzi zezinto eziphilayo zazingasekho ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX, njengoko kwakunjalo nge<em>auk enkulu, I-Pallas cormorant okanye idada laseLabrador.
Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-XNUMX, imithetho yokuqala yokukhusela iintaka kunye nemimiselo yokuqala yokuzingela yadalwa eyayithintela ukudutyulwa kwelothe, kuba kwakubonakaliswe ukuba yayityhefe iintaka ezininzi. inkqubo yokujikeleza kwegazi, i-immune kunye ne-nervous, kunye nokwenza umonakalo kwisibindi, izintso kunye nokuchuma kweentaka.
Inyaniso yeyokuba ityhefu yelothe inokubangela ukufa ngeentsuku okanye iiveki, kwaye ineziphumo eziyingozi kwisakhono seentaka zaselwandle ukwenza inkqubo yazo yokufuduka.
EUnited States, izisongelo ezijamelene neentaka zaselwandle azaziwa kwizazinzulu ezikumbutho wolondolozo lwendalo. Ngowe-1903, uMongameli Theodore Roosevelt wakhupha umyalelo wokuba iPelican Island, eFlorida, ibe yindawo yokusabela yelizwe yezilwanyana zasendle, ukuze kukhuselwe amaqela eentaka ezihlala apho, ngakumbi i-pelican emdaka ehlala apho. Ngowe-1909 wakhusela iFarallon Islands.
Sithetha nje, amathanga amaninzi afumene amanyathelo okhuseleko, njengalawo ayenziwe kwiSiqithi iHeron eOstreliya okanye kwiSiqithi iTriangle eBritish Columbia.Ubuchule bokubuyisela izinto eziphilayo buye baphunyezwa, apho iNew Zealand ililizwe elingoovulindlela, evumela ukususwa kwabahlaseli bangaphandle abavela kwamanye amazwe. iziqithi eziya ziba nkulu ngokukhula.
Iikati zasendle ziye zagxothwa kwisiqithi sase-Ascension, njengeempungutye ze-polar ezivela kwi-Aleutian Islands kunye neempuku ezivela eCampbell Island. iphunyeziwe. Emva kokuba ezi kati zisishiyile iSiqithi iAscension, iintaka zaselwandle zabuyela ezindlwaneni apho okwesihlandlo sokuqala kwisithuba esingaphezu kweminyaka elikhulu.
Uphando lwamathanga eentaka zaselwandle luye lwaba ngundoqo ekuphuculeni ulondolozo lwazo nokukhusela iindawo ezizisebenzisayo xa zizala. Kwimeko ye-shag yaseYurophu, ehlala kwi-Western Palearctic, ukufuduka kwayo kunqunywe ngokunyaniseka kwindawo ethile.
Uphando kunye nezifundo eziqhutywe kwikoloni yeCíes Islands eSpain zibonisa ukuba, ekubeni ukuzala ngokuqhelekileyo kuphumelela ngakumbi xa iintaka zaselwandle zithatha iindawo ezintsha, iindlela zokukhetha iindawo ezikhuselweyo akufanele zisekelwe kuphela kwinani okanye ubungakanani benani labantu. kodwa kufuneka kwakhona ithathele ingqalelo i-etiology yohlobo.
Kwimeko yengabangaba, ehlala kunxweme lwaseArgentina kunye nePatagonia, kubonwa kuyimfuneko kakhulu ukuseka inkqubo yolondolozo ethathela ingqalelo imikhwa yazo yokukhwelana. impilo yayo kunye nemeko yolondolozo isebenza njengesalathiso kwabanye abantu, oku kwenzeka ntoni ngevuba elimdaka kwiziqithi zeGulf of California, eMexico.
Imeko yolondolozo lweentaka zaselwandle eSpeyin yayingaziwa de kwangoo-1980, xa ulwazi lwaqalisa ukwenziwa luluntu. Oku kungakhathaliseki ukuba ngowe-1954 kwasekwa iSpanish Society of Ornithology. Ukususela ngeminyaka yee-1980, ubungqina bubonisa ukuba imeko yeentaka yaphucuka eSpeyin.
Kwi-2016, i-O Grove Ornithological Reserve yadalwa ePontevedra, eGalicia, eyona nto yokuqala kuloo mmandla. Inemimandla yaselwandle kwaye kuyo unokufumana iintlobo ezifana ne-Balearic shearwater kunye ne-European shag. Ngokunxuseneyo, eLatin America kukwakho amanyathelo aliqela azama ukukhusela izilwanyana ngokubanzi ingakumbi iintaka zolwandle.
Umzekelo wala manyathelo luphando olwenziwa kwindawo yogcino lwendalo yeSiqithi saseGorgona eKholombiya, okanye iindawo ezininzi ezikhuselweyo kwiphondo laseBuenos Aires, eArgentina. Kodwa ukuba ngokwenene sifuna ukuqinisekisa ukulondolozwa kweentaka zaselwandle, i-ethology yazo kunye nemijikelo yokukhwelana kufuneka iqwalaselwe.
Elinye lamanyathelo anokuthathwa inokuba kukunciphisa inani leentaka zolwandle ezibulawayo ngenxa yokuloba ngeentambo ezinde, kusetyenziswa ubuchule obunjengokuseta iintambo zokuloba ebusuku, ukudaya amagwegwe abhlowu okanye ukuwabeka phantsi kwamanzi, ukwandisa imigca yobunzima okanye ukusebenzisa iintambo zokoyikisa. .
Ngokuhamba kwexesha, iinqanawa ezininzi zokuloba zamazwe ngamazwe ziyanyanzeleka ukuba zisebenzise obu buchule. Ukuvalwa komsebenzi wokuloba ngomnatha kumazwe ngamazwe kuye kwaphumelela ekunciphiseni ngokuphawulekayo inani leentaka ezilahlekileyo nezinye izilwanyana zaselwandle. Enoba kuyintoni na, iminatha ekhukulisekayo, ingozi edla ngokuba ngumphumo wolu hlobo lokuloba ngokungekho mthethweni, isaqhubeka iyingxaki enkulu kwizilwanyana zaselwandle.
Enye yeeprojekthi zenyathelo leMillennium, elibandakanya inyathelo langaphambili lokufikelela kwiiNjongo zoPhuhliso lweMillennium, ezibandakanya oko wazalelwa eUnited Kingdom njengeZiko leentaka zaseScottish Seabird, elalikufuphi neendawo zokuhlala zeentaka ezinkulu kwiRock Bass, kwiFidra. nakwiziqithi eziwujikelezileyo. Le ndawo yindawo yokuhlala yamakholoni amakhulu e-gannet, i-auks, i-stercorariids kunye nezinye iintlobo ezahlukeneyo.
Eli ziko lenza ukuba abakhenkethi bakwazi ukubukela iividiyo ngqo ezithatyathwe eziqithini kwaye babe nolwazi ngezoyikiso ezichaphazela ezi ntaka kunye nendlela ezinokukhuselwa ngayo. Ukongezelela, le ndlela yokunxibelelana ngokuphila kweentaka zaselwandle iye yawuhlaziya umfanekiso wolondolozo lweentaka eNgilani.
Omnye umba ekufuneka uqwalaselwe kukuba ukhenketho olugxile kwiintaka zolwandle lungenisa ingeniso kuluntu olunendawo yokuhlala elunxwemeni kwaye lunika upapasho olukhulu kwindlela amanyathelo okhathalelo lwazo ekufuneka aphunyezwe kwaye ahlonitshwe ngayo. Umzekelo woku koko kwenzeka kwikoloni yaseNorthern royal albatross eTaiaroa Head eNew Zealand etsala abakhenkethi abangamashumi amane amawaka ngonyaka.
Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane yama-XNUMX, ugxininiso ekukhuselweni kweentaka zaselwandle kwalandelwa koko kulondolozwa kweendawo ezihlala kuzo, nto leyo eyayibandakanya ukulondolozwa nokubuyiselwa kwamachibi, amachweba, amachibi, iindawo zokuchitha ubusika okanye zokuphumla ezi ntaka, nokutya kwazo. izibonelelo, ngokusebenzisa imimiselo yobume beentlobo ezinokuthi zizingelwe kwaye azikho umxholo wezifundo zenzululwazi.
Phakathi kwezivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe kunye neengqungquthela ezikhoyo, iSivumelwano sokuGcinwa kweAlbatrosses kunye nePetrels, esamkelwa yiArgentina, iAustralia, iBrazil, iChile, i-Ecuador, iSpain, iFransi, iNorway, iNew Zealand, iPeru, iUnited Kingdom, iSouth. IAfrika kunye neUruguay; iNgqungquthela yaseBern kunye ne-AEWA.
Kwinkcubeko eyaziwayo
Kukho iindidi ezininzi zeentaka zaselwandle ezingafundwanga kangako nezingaziwa kangako. Nangona kunjalo, ezinye, ngakumbi iialbatross kunye nengabangaba, zifumene indawo yazo kwingqondo edumileyo. IiAlbatross zichazwe njengezona ntaka zaziwayo kwaye zinxulunyaniswa neentsomi ezahlukeneyo kunye neentsomi.
Okokuqala, ukutyunjwa kwesayensi yentsapho apho i-albatross iphantsi kwayo, i-Diomedeidae, inesihlalo sayo kwintsomi yokoyiswa kwe-Argive hero Diomedes kunye nokuguqulwa kwakhe kwintaka. Omnye umzekelo wentsomi edumileyo yinkolelo esasazeke phakathi koomatiloshe yokuba kulishwa ukubenzakalisa.
Le ntsomi ivela kumbongo kaSamuel Taylor Coleridge obizwa ngokuba yiRime of the Ancient Mariner, apho umatiloshe egwetyelwa ukuthwala entanyeni yakhe isidumbu sealbatross awasibulalayo.
Umbongo wesibini oye wavelisa iintsomi ezidumileyo ngulowo ubizwa ngokuba ziintyatyambo zoBubi nguCharles Baudelaire kwaye ubizwa ngokuba yiAlbatross (L'albatros), umqambi owenziwe kwiiquatrains ezintathu nakwindinyana yase-Alexandria; apho, umbhali uchaza umkhwa oomatiloshe abanawo wokuzingela ezi ntaka kunye nesiphumo sokuba oku kuvelisa kuzo, iintaka eziqala ngokuba nobungangamsha nezingacacanga.
Kulo mbongo wokugqibela, imbongi izifanisa nealbatross, kuba amaphiko ayo amakhulu ayayinqanda ukuba ihambe.Ekuyilweni komculo othandwayo le ntaka nayo yayibalulekile. Ingoma ye-electro house ye-2014 ndiyi-Albatraoz, eyafumana ukuqashelwa ngokubanzi kwezorhwebo kunye nodumo, isekelwe kwibali lomfazi ochonga i-albatross, ngokuchasene nomnye, ogama linguLaurie, ehambelana nemouse.
Iingabangaba lolona hlobo lwaziwayo lwentaka yolwandle, njengoko isoloko ifumaneka kwiindawo zokuhlala ezenziwe ngabantu ezifana nezixeko eziselunxwemeni okanye iindawo zokulahla inkunkuma, kwaye zihlala zingoyiki ngokwendalo. Ke ngoko, banendawo yabo kwiintsomi ezidumileyo.
Ngokutsho kwentsomi yabantu bomthonyama baseLilloet, ingabangaba yiyo eyayinembopheleleko yokugada ukukhanya kwasemini, de labiwa lihlungulu, nto leyo ehlobene ngokusondeleyo nomfuziselo weentaka ngokubanzi, omele iimpembelelo zokuphakama nomoya.
Kwakhona siye safumana kuncwadi, njengesikweko, njengoko kunokubonwa kumsebenzi uJuan Salvador Seagull nguRichard Bach, okanye ukubonisa ukusondelelana nolwandle, okanye indlela eyasetyenziswa ngayo kwiNkosi yeRings yeJRR Tolkien, zombini kwi-insignia ye-Gondor kwaye ngoko ke iNúmenor, eyayisetyenziselwa ukuhlobisa isiteji sokulungelelaniswa kwefilimu, kunye nengoma uLegolas ayicula kwihlathi lase-Ithilien, apho atyhila khona i-nostalgia yakhe ngomhlaba aya kuhamba kuwo, indawo yokuhlala yokugqibela yeelves.
Ngaphaya koko, kwincwadi ka-Anton Chekhov ethi, The Seagull, umdlali weqonga ongaphumelelanga ongoyena mlinganiswa uphambili ebalini, uNina, ubona ingabangaba eqholiweyo kwaye uluthatha njengophawu angaluqondi ncam; lo mboniso yiprolepsis yokuzibulala kwesithandwa sakhe, esasidlala ngumbhali wemidlalo yeqonga uTréplev. Ingabangaba kwesi siqwengana soncwadi singabonakalisa impambano nenkululeko.
Kodwa asiyontaka ialbatross okanye ingabangaba. Iintlobo ezininzi zezilwanyana nazo ziye zasebenza njengomthombo wokhuthazo ebantwini. I-Pelicans kudala inxulunyaniswa nenceba kunye nokuthanda abanye, ngokusekelwe kwintsomi kwinkolo yamaKristu yaseNtshona, ngokutsho ezi ntaka zavula izifuba ukuze zondle amantshontsho azo alambileyo. Lo mzobo ukwangumfuziselo kaKristu.
iintaka zolwandle ezisengozini yokuphela
Kuyaziwa ukuba kukho malunga namakhulu amathathu eentlobo zeentaka zaselwandle, phakathi kwazo kukho ikhulu elineshumi leentlobo ezisengozini enkulu, ezibandakanya abantu abamalunga nezigidi ezingamashumi amathandathu, nto leyo ethetha ukuba bafumene ukuhla kwe-70% ukususela ngo-1950.
Ezona zoyikiso zivelisa ezona ziphumo zinkulu zezo zikwaziyo ukuguqula indawo abahlala kuyo, njengongcoliseko, ukutshintsha kwemozulu kunye noshishino lokuloba. Ngokolwazi lwezenzululwazi kukho iiodolo zeentaka zaselwandle ezilithoba ezi:
- i-fetontiformes, eneentlobo ezintathu ezaziwa ngokuba zii-rabijuncos;
- i-pelecaniformes, ehlulwe kwiintlobo ezintathu ze-pelicans, kwaye azisongelwa okanye zisengozini;
- podicipediformes, kunye neentlobo ezine zeegrebes kunye neegrebes, phakathi kwazo kukho uhlobo olusengozini yokuphela, igrebe enentamo ebomvu;
- iigaviformes, ezineentlobo ezintlanu zeeloni, iidivers, ezingenazo izoyikiso okanye imingcipheko kubukho bazo;
- ii-sphenisciformes, ezahlulwe zaba zintlobo ezilishumi elinesibhozo zoonombombiya, ezineentlobo ezilishumi ezisesichengeni nezisemngciphekweni;
- ii-anseriformes, ezahlulwe zaba ziindidi ezilikhulu elinamashumi asibhozo kwiintsapho ezintathu, kodwa zingamashumi amabini ananye kuphela iindidi zeentaka zaselwandle, eziquka amadada, ii<em>serreta kunye nee<em>eider, ezine kuzo zisemngciphekweni kwaye zisemngciphekweni;
- suliforms, kunye neentlobo ezingamashumi amane anesihlanu zeentaka zaselwandle, kubandakanywa iifrigatebirds kunye ne-cormorants, apho ishumi elinesihlanu lisengozini kwaye lisengozini;
- ii<em>caradriiformes, ezineentlobo ezili-XNUMX, kuquka iingabangaba, ii<em>tern nee<em>puffins, ezili-XNUMX kuzo ezisengozini yaye zisemngciphekweni; kwaye
- procellariiforms, ezineentlobo ezilikhulu elinamashumi amane, kubandakanywa ialbatross, shearwaters, petrels, apho amashumi amathandathu anesine asengozini).
Iintaka zolwandle kunye neplastiki
Imiphumo yokubonakala kweplastiki elwandle kwii-turtles, i-whales kunye namahlengethwa ziyaziwa kakhulu ngabachwephesha kunye nabangezona iingcali, kwaye kukho amaxwebhu angqina oko. Nangona kunjalo, into engekabhalwa kakuhle yimpembelelo eyenziwe ngeplastiki kwiintaka zolwandle kwaye iqala ukuxhalabisa ngakumbi namhlanje, kuba kubonakaliswe ukuba ukulahla inkunkuma elwandle ngumsebenzi ongakhange uyeke.
Isiphumo esiveliswa ziiplastiki siya sisaziwa ngakumbi ngendlela engcono. Iintlobo ezingama-80 kwezili-135 zeentaka eziye zaphononongwa phakathi konyaka we-1962 no-2012 ziye zaginya iplastiki.
Ngaphezu koko, ngokomyinge, i-29% yeentaka, ezithathelwe ingqalelo nganye, zineentsalela zeplastiki emathunjini abo ngexesha lokuhlalutywa. Ezi ziziphumo zokuqulunqwa kophando olupapashwe kwiphephancwadi i-PNAS (Iinkqubo ze-Academy yeSizwe yeSayensi yase-United States of America) kwi-2015 kwaye iqhutywe ngoososayensi abavela kwiYunivesithi yaseCalifornia.
Kukholelwa ukuba ukuba olu hlalutyo lunye beluqhutywa namhlanje, ipesenti yokungeniswa kweplastiki ingafikelela kwi-90% yeentaka. Enyanisweni, kuye kwathiwa ukungeniswa kweplastiki kuyanda kwiintaka zolwandle kwaye kuya kubonakala kwi-99% yeentlobo zezilwanyana ngonyaka we-2050, ngoko ke, isisombululo kuphela sokuthintela oku kungenzeki kukuphumeza amanyathelo anceda ukulawula inkunkuma ngokufanelekileyo. .
i-toxins emzimbeni
Esona siphumo sibi kakhulu ekusetyenzisweni kwenkunkuma yeplastiki ethi, ngenxa yokuqokelelana kwayo esiswini, inokuphelisa umgudu wokugaya ukutya, kwaye ide ibangele ukufa kwentaka ngenxa yendlala okanye ukufuthaniselwa. Esinye isiphumo kukuba iiplastiki ziyakwazi ukuthotywa esiswini kwaye zifake i-toxins emzimbeni, into echaphazela impilo kunye ne-physiology yeentaka. Kwaye ekugqibeleni, ukuphonswa kunye ne-snags kwenzeka ngeminatha, iigwegwe kunye nezinye iindawo zezixhobo zokuloba okanye kunye nenkunkuma edadayo evela kumhlaba omkhulu.
Isixa seplastiki esetyenzisiweyo ziintaka zolwandle sirekhodwe ngokumangalisayo yiLaysan albatrosses (Phoebastria immutabilis), indidi yendalo yaseHawaii. Ngalo mmandla woLwandlekazi lwePasifiki kuqhuba enye yeendawo apho kukho ukujika kwemisinga yolwandle, kugxininise isixa esikhulu senkunkuma. Kusenokucinga ukuba iialbatross ezikhulileyo aziyi kuyihoya inkunkuma, yaye ukuba ziye zakwenza oko, ziyakwazi ukukhupha inkunkuma ngemilomo yazo.
Ingxaki ibakho xa etyisa amantshontsho, athi aqokelele yonke inkunkuma yeplastiki aziswa ngabazali. Imiphumo ibonakala, emva kokuphela kwexesha lokukhwelana kunye nokuzala, xa zonke iintaka zifuduka kwaye zishiya ngasemva, kwikoloni, izidumbu eziveziweyo apho ukufa okuveliswa kukuqokelelwa kweplastiki esetyenziswe yinzala kunokubonwa. Ezi ntlobo zemifanekiso zinokufumaneka kwi-intanethi kwaye isifundo esicokisekileyo asifunwa ukucacisa izizathu.
Zeziphi izinto ezichaza oku kuselwa?
Kukho iintaka ezininzi zolwandle ezinezivamvo zokujoja ezingaqhelekanga, kwaye zikhokelwa yiyo ukuze zifumane ukutya. Basoloko besebenzisa i-dimethyl sulfate njengekhompawundi yesikhokelo, eyikhemikhali ephuma kwiplankton. Iindaba ezimbi kukuba kwaloo nto inye iphinda ikhutshwe yiplastiki ebolileyo, nto leyo ebangela ukuba iintaka zibhideke zize ziyigqibe.
Oku kufunyanisiweyo kukhutshwe kwijenali yeSayensi ye-Advances, ngoososayensi abavela kwiYunivesithi yaseCalifornia. Ngenxa yoko, iintaka zichonga elo vumba kunye neendawo zaselwandle zeplankton, ezivelisa kakhulu ngokwendalo, zilungele ukufumana amaxhoba azo, kodwa aziveli kwindawo apho zinokuzifumana khona, kwaye zivumela ukuba zikhokelwe livumba ukuze zifumane. ixhoba labo.ukutya, ukuba ngumxube wesikhokelo sabo sokunuka kunye nesikhokelo sabo esibonakalayo into ekhokelela iintaka ukuba zitye iplastiki.
Ukungeniswa kwezinto zeplastiki kuvelisa iziphumo ezingalunganga, ngakumbi kwiqela le-procellariiformes, iintaka ze-pelagic, ezifumana ukutya kwazo ngokuloba kude nonxweme, kumbindi wolwandle, njengoko kunjalo nge-petrels, albatross, shearwaters kunye ne-fulmars. .
KuLwandle lweMeditera, lo mbandela uchaphazela ngokukodwa iintlobo ezintathu ze-shearwater ezihlala apho, iMeditera, iCoryx kunye neBalearic, kunye ne-European storm-petrel, iintaka ezihlala zihamba ngaphesheya kolwandle kwaye ziyamangalisa ukubona ukusuka elunxwemeni. , kwanokuba zisondela kumathanga azo, ekubeni zityelela kuphela iindlwane zazo ebusuku.
Iigulls okanye ii-cormorants azinakufa ngokufaka iplastiki, njengoko zikwazi ukubuyisela inkunkuma yokutya ezingakwaziyo ukugaya, kwaye ziyikhuphe ngemilomo yazo. Kodwa iintlobo ezininzi zeentaka, njengeeshearwater, azinabo obo buchule. Nantoni na engena emzimbeni wakho ihlala kuyo okanye ikhutshwe nge-cloaca.
Kuye kwagqitywa ukuba kwimeko ye-shearwaters, kukho iqondo eliphezulu lokungeniswa kweplastiki, nangona ngokuqhelekileyo ziyiziqhekeza ezincinci. Kodwa ungcoliseko oluyingozi kakhulu yi-microplastics, ubukho bayo buye babonwa phantse kuzo zonke iintaka ezibonwayo. Kule meko, umcimbi awukho ukuba iplastiki ibangela izithintelo emzimbeni wentaka, kodwa iba yityhefu, ngenxa yetyhefu eyenziwa yiplastiki kwaye idlulela emzimbeni xa iyancipha.
Kuxhaphakile ukufumana iintaka ezizixakekise ngezixhobo zokuloba okanye inkunkuma. Uphononongo malunga noku lugqibe kwelokuba iigannethi zithande ukubhijelwa ziiplastiki, ngakumbi iminatha. Kucingelwa ukuba isizathu sikukuba zibhidanisa iminatha ethile namaxhoba azo, ingakumbi xa zinemibala eqaqambileyo, njengobomvu okanye eluhlaza. Ezi ntaka ziyakwazi ukubona ngaphantsi kwamanzi, ngoko zibona into enombala otsalela ingqalelo yazo, ziyayifuna zize zibambeke.
Ukuba eli nqaku belinjengokuthanda kwakho, unokuthanda: