Iintaka zasemanzini ezisuka kwimo engqongileyo yaselwandle ziluhlobo lweentaka eziye zakwazi ukuziqhelanisa nobomi kuloo ndawo inetyuwa. Nangona kuyinyani ukuba bahluke kakhulu omnye komnye, ngokubhekisele kuhlobo lobomi abaluphilayo, kunye nomlingiswa wabo, ukuziphatha kunye ne-physiology, kuqhelekile ukuqaphela ukuba iimeko zokuguquguquka kwemvelo zenzekile. Ukuba ufuna ukwazi ngakumbi malunga ne-Waterfowl, siyakumema ukuba uqhubeke nokufunda.
intaka zamanzi
Njengoko besesitshilo ngaphambili, kwiiklasi ezahlukeneyo zeentaka zasemanzini ezihlala kwindawo yaselwandle, izinto eziguquguqukayo eziguquguqukayo ziye zafunyanwa, nto leyo ethetha ukuba bafikelele ekuphuhliseni ulungelelwaniso olufanayo lwendalo ebusweni beengxaki zendalo efanayo, Ubudlelwane kunye nokusingqongileyo, ngakumbi ngokubhekiselele kwiindawo zabo zokutya.
Ukuphila kwamanzi okuqala kwindawo yaselwandle kukwazi ukuguquka ngexesha leCretaceous, ngokwezifundo ze-paleontological, kodwa iintsapho zanamhlanje zibonakaliswe ukuba zinemvelaphi yazo kwixesha lePaleogene.
Ngokubanzi, iintaka zamanzi ezihlala elwandle zihlala ixesha elide, okuthetha ukuba zinexesha elide lokuphila, zifikelela nasekukhuleni ngokwesondo ukuze zivelise kade kakhulu kwaye bambalwa abantu abancinci abaya kufunyanwa kuluntu lwabo, apho imizekelo yabantu abadala ukuchitha ixesha elininzi, ukuphumelela ekukhuleni kwabo.
Uninzi lweentlobo zeentaka zasemanzini zinomkhwa wokuzalela kwiikoloni, ezinokuthi, ngokuxhomekeka kwiintlobo, zinokwahluka ngokwenani labantu ukusuka kwishumi elinesibini leentaka ukuya kwizigidi zazo. Ezinye iintlobo zezilwanyana zaziwa ngokufuduka ixesha elide lonyaka, nto leyo ekhokelela ekubeni ziwele i-ikhweyitha yaye, kwiimeko ezininzi, zijikeleze umhlaba.
Oludidi lweentaka ziyakwazi ukutya phezu kolwandle okanye ziyakwazi ukuntywila zifumane ukutya enzulwini, okanye zingakwenza ngeendlela zombini. Ezinye iintlobo zithathwa njenge pelagic, okuthetha ukuba zingaselunxwemeni, ngelixa ezinye iintlobo zichitha ixesha elikhulu lonyaka kude nolwandle.
Ukwakheka kweentaka zasemanzini kwimekobume yaselwandle kuya kulungiswa ngezinto ezininzi. Umzekelo wale nto yi-symmetry yomzimba weentaka, osisiphumo sohlobo kunye nomsebenzi wokubhabha kwazo, ezinokuthi zihlelwe ngokweendidi zokuzingela, ukuhamba kwiindawo zokuzalela okanye ukuzalela, kunye nokufuduka.
Intaka yasemanzini, ngokomndilili, ubunzima bomzimba obumalunga ne-700 g, amaphiko e-1,09 m kunye nommandla wamaphiko we-0,103 m². Nangona kunjalo, le milinganiselo iya kuxhomekeka kwindlela yokubhabha kunye nemvelaphi yohlobo.
Iintaka zasemanzini ezihlala elwandle ziye zagcina imbali ende yokuhlalisana nomntu, ukususela kwixesha elidlulileyo beziyinxalenye yokutya kwabazingeli, abalobi baye bazisebenzisa ukufumana iibhanki zokuloba kwaye baye bakwazi ukulawula ukukhokela intlanzi. oomatiloshe besiya ngaselunxwemeni. Ngenxa yokuba uninzi lwezi ntlobo zisongelwa yimisebenzi yabantu, iintshukumo ezixhasa ukulondolozwa kwendalo zizifunda kakhulu kwaye zizazi ngalo lonke ixesha.
Ukuhlelwa kweentaka zamanzi
Kufuneka sikuxelele ukuba akukho nkcazo enye onokumisela ngayo ukuba ngawaphi amaqela, iintsapho kunye neentlobo zeentaka zamanzi elwandle kwaye uninzi lwazo, ngandlela-thile, lunokuthi luthathwe njengolwahlulo olungenamkhethe. Igama elithi intaka zamanzi okanye intaka yolwandle ayinaxabiso letaxonomic; lulwahlulo nje, olunokuthi luthatyathwe njengolwenziweyo, olungasetyenziswanga kwimimandla yenzululwazi yokuhlelwa.
Yintoni umntu anokucinga ukuba luhlobo oluthile lwe-taxonomic classification, kuba lubandakanya amaqela amaninzi e-taxonomic, nangona ingabandakanyi ezinye iintlobo. Mhlawumbi eyona nto ingaqhelekanga ezi ntaka zifana ngayo kukuba zondla kwiindawo ezinkulu zamanzi olwandle, kodwa, njengokuba kunjalo kwiingxelo ezininzi ezisetyenziswa kwibhayoloji, ezinye azikwenzi oko.
Ngendlela eqhelekileyo, kunokwenzeka ukuba uhlele njengeentaka zamanzi zendawo yaselwandle zonke i-sphenisciforms kunye neprocellariiforms, kunye nazo zonke i-pelecaniformes, ngaphandle kwe-aningids kunye nezinye i-caradriforms, phakathi kwazo i-stercorariids, i-lárids, i-sterids, i-alcids. kunye neekona. Kuqhelekile ukuba i-phalaropes nayo iqukiwe, kuba, nangona iintaka ezijikelezayo, ezimbini kwiintlobo zazo ezintathu ziselwandle kwiinyanga ezilithoba ngonyaka, ixesha apho ziwela i-ikhweyitha kwaye zidla elwandle.
Kwakhona kubandakanywa i-gaviformes kunye ne-podicipediforms, ezenza iindlwane zabo kumachibi, kodwa zichitha ubusika elwandle, ngoko zihlelwa njengeentaka zamanzi. Nangona kukho ezinye i-mergynes ezibandakanyiweyo kwintsapho yase-Anatidae, eneneni yaselwandle ebusika, baye bakhutshelwa ngaphandle yingqungquthela kolu luhlu. Iidava ezininzi kunye neengqukuva zinokujongwa njengezolwandle, kuba indawo yazo iselunxwemeni, kodwa azihlelwa ngolu hlobo.
Ukuzivelela kweentaka zasemanzini kunye neRekhodi yeFossil
Iintaka zasemanzini ezihlala elwandle, ngenxa yokuba zichitha ubomi bazo kwindawo enentlenga, oko kukuthi, kwiindawo zokuhlala apho kukho intlenge ephantse ibe yinto esisigxina yezinto, zimelwe kakuhle kakhulu kwingxelo yefosili. imvelaphi yabo kwixesha leCretaceous.
Umzekelo woku kukuba i-hesperornithiformes yeyalo xesha, eziliqela leentaka ezingazange zibhabha, ezazifana namaloni, ezazinamandla okuntywila ngendlela efanayo nezi kunye namabhulu, zisebenzisa imilenze yazo ukuntywila emanzini. hamba ngaphantsi kwamanzi, nangona olu sapho lwaseCretaceous lwalunomlomo onamazinyo abukhali.
Nangona i-hesperornis ibonakala ingabonakali nayiphi na inzala, inyoni yokuqala yamanzi yaselwandle yanamhlanje nayo yavela kwixesha le-Cretaceous, kunye neentlobo ezibizwa ngokuba yiTytthostonyx glauconiticus, ebonakala ngathi ihambelana ne-procellariiforms okanye i-pelecaniformes.
Ngexesha le Paleogene, iilwandle zilawulwa ziiprocellariids zokuqala, iipenguin ezinkulu kunye neentsapho ezimbini ezingasekhoyo, ezaziyi Pelagornithidae kunye ne Plotopteridae, ezaziliqela leentaka ezinkulu ezifana noonombombiya. Isizukulwana sale mihla saqala ukwanda kwixesha leMiocene, nangona ipuffinus, equka iManed shearwater eyaziwayo ngoku kunye neSooty shearwater, isukela kwixesha le-Oligocene.
Iintaka zamanzi ezininzi ezihlala elwandle kubonakala ukuba zinemvelaphi ekupheleni kwexesha leMiocene kunye nePliocene. Ekupheleni kokugqibela, ikhonkco lokutya kwe-oceanic latshintshwa, ngenxa yokuba kwakukho ukutshabalala okukhulu kwenani leentlobo, kunye nokwandiswa okukhulu kwenani lezilwanyana ezincelisayo elwandle, imiba ethintela iintaka zasemanzini. ekufumaneni kwakhona iyantlukwano yayo yangaphambili.
Iimpawu zeentaka zasemanzini
Iimpawu zeentaka zasemanzini ezihlala elwandle ziyahlukahlukana, ngoko siza kuzama ukuchaza nganye yazo:
Uhlengahlengiso kubomi baselwandle
IiCormorants, njenge cormorant enendlebe ezinde, zibonisa umaleko weentsiba ezikhethekileyo, kuba zivumela umoya omncinci ukuba udlule, kodwa zikwazi ukufunxa amanzi. Olu lungelelaniso lubavumela ukuba balawule i-thermoregulate kwaye balwe nokuxhamla kwendalo.
Iintaka zasemanzini zolwandle zineevolution ezininzi eziguquguqukayo ukuze zikwazi ukuphila nokutya elwandle. Ukumila kwamaphiko azo kwavela kwindawo eziye zazivelela kuyo, ngendlela yokuba xa isazinzulu sizijonga, zibe nako ukuqaphela inkcazelo ephathelele indlela eziziphatha ngayo nokondla kwazo.
Enyanisweni, amaphiko amade kunye nokulayishwa kwamaphiko aphantsi ngokukodwa kwiintlobo ze-pelagic, kanti iintaka ezihlukeneyo ziza kubonisa amaphiko amafutshane. Ezinye izinto eziphilayo, njenge<em>albatross ehambahambayo, efumana ukutya kwayo phezu kolwandle, azikwazi kubhabha yaye zixhomekeke kuhlobo lokubhabha olubizwa ngokuba yi<em>dynamic, apho umoya uphetshwa ngamaza ubangela le ntaka. ukunyuka, kunye nokutyibilika phezulu okanye phantsi.
Imeko yee-alcids ezininzi, iipenguin kunye neepetrels zibonisa amaphiko apho banokuqubha phantsi kolwandle kwaye kwezinye iimeko, njengoonombombiya, abanakho ukubhabha. Ezi ntaka azikwazi ukuntywila ukuya kwi-250 yeemitha kwaye zinokugcina ioksijini, nokuba kwiingxowa zomoya okanye nge-myoglobin kwizihlunu zazo.
Oonombombiya banomthamo omkhulu wegazi, nto leyo eyenza kube lula kubo ukugcina ioksijini eninzi. Ngexesha lokuntywila, ziyakwazi nokuthoba isantya sentliziyo yazo kwaye zizise igazi kuphela kumalungu azo abalulekileyo.Phantse zonke iintaka zasemanzini ezihlala elwandle zineenyawo ezinentambo, ezivumela ukuba zihambe lula phezu komhlaba kwaye, kwimeko yeentlobo ezininzi, ukuntywila.
Iiprocellariiforms zinemvakalelo yokunuka eyomelele ngokungaqhelekanga kwintaka, kwaye ziyisebenzisela ukufumana ukutya kwindawo enkulu yolwandle, kwaye mhlawumbi ziyisebenzisela ukufumana iindawo zazo.
I-supraorbital glands ephethwe ziintaka zaselwandle zasemanzini zivumela ukuba zikwazi ukukhupha i-osmoregulate kwaye ziphelise ityuwa eziyigilayo xa zisela kwaye zityisa kula manzi, ngakumbi ukuba ziyi-crustaceans. Ukukhutshelwa kwezi dlala, ezibekwe kwindawo yentloko yentaka, ziphuma kumngxunya wempumlo kwaye ziphantse zibe yi-sodium chloride ngokupheleleyo, nangona umlinganiselo omncinci we-potassium kunye ne-bicarbonate unokufumaneka, kunye nenxalenye encinci ye-urea. ...
Ezi ngqungquthela ziphantsi kolawulo lwe-nerve ye-parasympathetic kwaye umsebenzi wabo unokuyekwa kunye ne-anesthesia kunye neziyobisi ezifana ne-carbon dioxide inhibitors. Le yinguqu eguquguqukayo ebiyeyona nto ibalulekileyo, kuba izintso zezi ntaka azinawo amandla okucubungula nokuphelisa oku kugxininiswa okuphezulu kwetyuwa.
Nangona kuyinyani ukuba zonke iintaka zinedlala lempumlo, kodwa akukhulanga njengeecormorants okanye iipenguin.Ngaphezu koko, iintaka zasemanzini zinamadlala amakhulu ngokuphindwe kalishumi ukuya kwikhulu kunalawo aneentaka zasemhlabeni, kuba oku kuya kuxhomekeka kwiintaka eziphila emhlabeni. isixa setyuwa ezithi zityhileke kuhambo lwazo nasekutyeni kwazo.
I-Hyposmotic regulation, oko kukuthi, indlela apho izinto eziphilayo ezihlala kwindawo yazo enetyuwa eninzi zikwazi ukuzigcina ngokwazo, zinokuthi zenzeke ngokunciphisa ukuhamba kwe-trigger, njengoko kunjalo kwimeko yomchamo, oncitshisiweyo, ukunqanda ukulahlekelwa ngamanzi. umzimba ngokungeyomfuneko.
Ngaphandle kwee<em>cormorants nee<em>tern eziliqela, kwaye ngokufanayo neentaka ezininzi, zonke iintaka zasemanzini ezihlala elwandle zinentsiba ezikwaziyo ukumelana namanzi. Nangona kunjalo, xa zithelekiswa neentlobo ezihlala emhlabeni, zinentsiba ezininzi, ukuze zikhusele umzimba wazo. Le ntsiba ixineneyo yiyo eyenza intaka ingabi manzi; Ngokunjalo, lo maleko osezantsi ukhusela intaka ekubeni ibanda.
I-Cormorants ibonisa umaleko owodwa weentsiba, kuba zivumela umoya omncinci ukuba ungene kwaye, ngenxa yoko, zifunxa amanzi, zenza kube lula ukuba zidade ngaphandle kokulwa nokunyuka okubangelwa kukugcinwa komoya phakathi kweentsiba, nangona ziyakwazi ukugcina umoya owaneleyo ukubathintela ekulahlekelweni bubushushu obuninzi xa bedibene namanzi.
Iintsiba zenkoliso yeentaka zasemanzini zolwandle, ezithe ngendaleko zanamathela kwimibala enjengomnyama, omhlophe okanye ongwevu, ngokuqinisekileyo azinambalanga kangako kuneentaka ezihlala emhlabeni. njengeentaka zasemanzini okanye oonombombiya abathile, kodwa olo tshintsho lombala luya kufumaneka emilonyeni nasemilenzeni.
Iintsiba zeentaka zasemanzini ezinendawo yazo elwandle zisebenza njengokuzifihla, ngokuzikhusela, njengoko kunjalo ngombala weentsiba ze-Antarctic duck-petrel, eyakhutshelwa ukupeyinta iinqanawa zokulwa zoMkhosi waManzi wase-United States. ukunciphisa ukubonakala kwayo elwandle; ngelixa inokuba nomsebenzi ondlongondlongo kwimeko yecandelo elingaphantsi elimhlophe elineentlobo ezininzi, ezinceda ukuba zizimele kwixhoba elingezantsi.Isizathu sokuba amaphiko alolu hlobo lweentaka abe mnyama ngenxa yokuqokelela kwe-melanin, ukwazi ukunqanda ukuba iintsiba ziwohloke ngakumbi ngokukhuhlana.
Ukutya kunye nokutya
Iintaka zasemanzini ezihlala elwandle zikwazile ukuvela ukuze zikwazi ukufumana ukutya kwazo elwandle naselwandle; ngaphezu koko, iphysiology kunye nokuziphatha kwabo kuye kwafuneka baqhelane nokutya kwabo.
Ezi meko zokuphila ziye zabangela ukuba iintlobo ezivela kwiintsapho ezahlukeneyo, kwaye nakwii-odolo ezahlukeneyo, ziye zakwazi ukuphuhlisa izicwangciso ezifanayo ebusweni beengxaki ezifanayo zokusingqongileyo, umzekelo obalaseleyo wokuguquguquka kwemvelo, njengoko kunokubonwa phakathi kweepenguins kunye ne-alcids. .
Ngokophononongo olwenziweyo, kwafunyaniswa ukuba iindlela ezine ezisisiseko zinokubonwa ezisetyenziswa ziintaka ekutyeni elwandle, ezitya phezu komhlaba, zileqa ukutya ngokuntywila, ukuntywila, kunye nokuxhwila. Nangona, ewe, phakathi kwezi zicwangciso zine iinguqulelo ezininzi zinokufezekiswa.
ukutya okungaphezulu
Iindidi ezininzi zeentaka zamanzi ezihlala kwindawo yaselwandle zifumana ukutya kwazo kumhlaba wolwandle, kuba imisinga inamandla okufikelela kugxininiso lokutya okunje ngekrill, intlanzi yefula, isquid kunye namanye amaxhoba anokuthi afikelele kumlomo wawo ngokungena nje emanzini. intloko yayo emanzini.
Le ndlela yokusebenza inokohlulwa ibe ziindidi ezimbini: ukutya phezu kwamanzi ngokubhabha ngokupheleleyo, into ekwaziyo ukuyenza i-petrels, i-frigatebirds kunye ne-hydrobatids, kunye nokutya ngelixa bequbha, yindlela abafumana ngayo ukutya kwabo. iishearwater kunye neepetrels.
Masithi kudidi lokuqala siza kudibana nezinye zeentaka zasemanzini olwandle ezidlala ngesantya esiphezulu. Abanye bayakwazi ukuthatha i-snacks zabo emanzini, njengoko kunjalo ngeefrigatebirds kunye nezinye iiternids, kwaye abanye benza uhlobo lokuhamba baze balawule ukujikeleza kwaye bajikeleze phezu kwamanzi, njengoko kunjalo ngezinye ii-hydrobatids. .
Uninzi lwazo aludingi kwakuhlala emanzini ukuze lutye, kwaye ezinye, njengee-frigatebirds, ziya kuba nobunzima bokuphinda ziqalise ukubhabha ukuba zithe zahlala emanzini. Olunye usapho ekungeyomfuneko ukuba luhlale emanzini ukuze lutye yiRynchopidae, enobuchule obukhethekileyo bokuzingela, njengoko ibhabhela kufutshane nomphezulu wamanzi ivule imihlathi, eya kuzivala ngokuzenzekelayo xa umlomo wayo uchukumisa okuthile. Yiyo loo nto umlomo wayo ubonisa olu hlobo lwendlela yokuzingela ekhethekileyo yaye umhlathi wayo ongezantsi mkhulu kunowo ungasentla.
Kweli qela, uninzi lweentaka eziqubhayo zikwabonisa imilomo ekhethekileyo, elungiselelwe ukuhlala uhlobo oluthile lwexhoba. Iintaka zePachyptila kunye neHalobaena genera zinemilomo enezihluzi, ezibizwa ngokuba yilamellae, ezinokuthi ngayo zihluze iplankton kumanzi eziwaselayo.
Iialbatross ezininzi kunye neepetrel zineemali ezimile okwegwegwe ezinokuthi zibambe ngazo ixhoba elihamba ngokukhawuleza. Iingabangaba zinemilomo engeyiyo ikhethekileyo, nto leyo ebonisa indlela yazo yokuphila, enethuba ngakumbi.Kwiphondo laseBuenos Aires, iingabangaba zifumana inzuzo enkulu kwimisebenzi yokuloba kwaye zitya iisampulu eziselula zeanchovy kunye necroaker etyheli. I-kelp gull, ngaphakathi kweqela le-larids, eyona ine-trophic spectrum enkulu; ngelixa i-Olrog's Gull ikhethekileyo.
ukulandela ukuntywila
I-chinstrap penguin lolunye lweentlobo zeentaka zasemanzini elwandle ezisukela ukutya ngokuntywila. Ukutyhubela ukuntywila yeyona nto ifuna olona xinzelelo luninzi kwiintaka zolwandle ngokunxulumene nefiziyoloji yazo kunye neepateni zazo zokuzivelela, kodwa bafumana umvuzo wokukwazi ukuba nendawo yokutya enkulu kunaleyo yeentaka ezihlala kuphela elwandle. umphezulu.
Ziyakwazi ukuziqhubela ngaphantsi kwamanzi ngoncedo lwamaphiko azo, njengoko kunjalo ngeepenguin, i-alcids, pelecanoids kunye nezinye iintlobo ze-petrels, okanye ziqhube ngeenyawo zazo, njengoko kunjalo nge-cormorants, i-loons, i-loons kunye nezinye iintlobo. yamadada atya intlanzi.
Ngokubanzi, iintaka ezinamaphiko zithande ukuba msinya kuneentaka eziqhutywa ngemilenze.Kodwa, kuzo zombini ezi meko, ukukwazi ukusebenzisa amaphiko okanye imilenze ukuntywila kube nefuthe lokunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwazo kwezinye iimeko, njengoko kwenzeka kwiiloon kunye neeloon. , ezihamba ngobunzima obukhulu, oonombombiya abangakwaziyo ukubhabha kunye neealcid eziphulukene nokusebenza kokubhabha kwazo ukuze zikwazi ukuntywila ngcono.
Umzekelo woku yirazorbill eqhelekileyo, efuna amandla angama 64% ngaphezulu ukubhabha kune petrel enobukhulu obulinganayo.Intlobo ezininzi ze shearwaters zikwindawo ethile phakathi kwezi zixhobo zimbini, kuba zinamaphiko amade. babe nomthwalo ophezulu wamaphiko kunezinye iiprocellariids zokutyisa umphezulu; oku kubanika ukukwazi ukuntywila kubunzulu obukhulu, ngelixa kukwavumela ukuba bagubungele imigama emide ngokufanelekileyo.
Kule ntsapho, eyona ntaka intywilayo kakuhle yiTasmanian shearwater, ekuye kwarekhodishwa ukuba idada kwiimitha ezingama-70 ngaphantsi komphakamo wolwandle. .
Kuzo zonke iintaka ezintywilayo ezizimisele ukuleqa amaxhoba azo, ezona ntaka zisebenza kakuhle emoyeni zii<em>albatross, yaye akuzange kwenzeke nje ngamabona-ndenzile ukuba zezona zidadi zimbi. Kwimeko yommandla we-polar kunye ne-subpolar, le yeyona ndlela isetyenziswa kakhulu ziintaka zasemanzini zolwandle ukufumana ukutya kwazo, kuba akunakwenzeka ngamandla ukwenza njalo kumanzi afudumeleyo. Ngenxa yokuba abanalo amandla okubhabha, iintaka ezininzi zokuntywila zincinci kuluhlu lwazo lokutya kunabanye, ngakumbi kwixesha lokuzalisa, xa iintsana zifuna ukutya rhoqo ngabazali babo.
ithontsi
Iiganethi, iibhoobies, fetontiformes, ezinye iiternids kunye nepelican emdaka ziyakwazi ukuntywila emoyeni. Oku kwenza kube lula kubo ukuba basebenzise amandla aloo tyholo ukophula umgca wendalo wokunyakazela, obangelwa kukuba umoya uvaleleke kwiintsiba, kwaye usebenzise amandla amancinci kunabanye abantywili.
Ngenxa yoku, bayakwazi ukusebenzisa ubuncwane bokutya obusasazwa ngokubanzi ngakumbi, ngokukodwa kwimeko yeelwandle ezishinyeneyo eziye zaxhatshazwa ngokugqithiseleyo. Ngokubanzi, yindlela ekhethekileyo yokuzingela phakathi kweentaka zolwandle; abanye abanemikhwa eqhelekileyo ngakumbi, njengengabangaba kunye neeskuas, bayayisebenzisa, kodwa ngobuchule obuncinane kunye nobude obuphantsi.
I-peliccans emdaka ithatha iminyaka ukuphuhlisa ngokupheleleyo isakhono esifunekayo ukwenza ukuntywila, xa sele beyifezile, bayakwazi ukuntywila ukusuka kwiimitha ezingama-20 ngaphezulu komphezulu wamanzi kwaye balungelelanise umzimba wabo ngaphambi kokuba impembelelo yenzeke, ngaloo ndlela iphephe ukwenzakala. Into ecetyisiweyo yeyokuba eli qela leentaka likwazi ukuzingela kuphela kumanzi acwengileyo, kuba linokuba nombono ongcono wexhoba lazo phezulu.
Nangona le ndlela isetyenziswa kakhulu kwimimandla etshisayo, ikhonkco phakathi kobu buchule kunye nokucaca kwamanzi akukabonakali ngokupheleleyo.Iintlobo ezininzi ezisebenzisa obu buchule, kunye neentaka ezitya phezu komhlaba, zixhomekeke ngokupheleleyo kwi-tuna kunye namahlengesi okuyizona. ezithatha izikolo zizise phezulu, zikwazi ukondla.
I-Kleptoparasitism, i-carrion kunye ne-predation
Olu didi lubanzi kakhulu kwaye lubhekisa kwamanye amaqhinga asetyenziswa ziintaka zasemanzini ezihlala kwindawo yaselwandle, eziyinxalenye yenqanaba elilandelayo letrophic. IiKleptoparasites ziintaka zaselwandle ezidla ngokutya ukutya kwezinye iintaka. Oku kunjalo ikakhulu kwiifrigatebirds kunye neeskuas, ezisebenzisa obu buchule bokutyisa, nangona amangabangaba, iitern kunye nezinye iindidi ziyakwazi ukuba ukutya ngokungena mathuba.
Umkhwa ezinye iintlobo zeentaka eziba nawo wokuzalela ebusuku uye watolikwa njengendlela yokuphepha uxinezeleko olubekwa kuzo kobu buqhetseba be-airport. Ngokuqhelekileyo, olu hlobo lokuziphatha luba luqhelekileyo malunga nexesha lokuhlala, xa abazali bezisa ukutya kwiindlwana kwaye bathatyathwa ngabantu abadala abancinci, abakhawulezayo nabanobudlova kuneentaka ezindala.
Ngaphezu koko, kuye kwangqinwa ukuba i-kleptoparasites inokukhetha amaxhoba abo kakuhle. Nangona kunjalo, i-kleptoparasitism ayidlali indima enkulu ekutyeni kwazo naziphi na iintlobo zeentaka, yintoni isondlo esifumaneka ngokuzingela. Uphononongo olwenziwayo malunga nendlela i-frigatebird eqhelekileyo ezinikele ngayo ekubileni ukutya kwi-gannet egqunyiweyo, yagqiba kwelokuba eyokuqala yakwazi ukufumana eyona 40% yokutya eyidingayo, kodwa ngokomndilili yafumana kuphela i-5%.
Iindidi ezininzi zengabangaba zitya inyama efileyo yeentaka okanye izilwanyana zaselwandle nanini na ithuba livela, njengoko kunjalo ngezilwanyana ezinkulu. Iintlobo ezininzi zeealbatross nazo ziintaka ezitya inyama efileyo, uhlolisiso lwemilomo yealbatross lubonise ukuba uninzi lweskwidi ezizityileyo zikhulu kakhulu ukuba zingabanjwa ziphila yaye oko kuquka nezidalwa ezisuka phakathi emanzini, ezingenakufikeleleka. kwezi ntaka.
Kuye kwaboniswa ukuba ezinye iindidi zitya ezinye iintaka zaselwandle, njengengabangaba, ii<em>skuas nee<em>pelicans, ezitya amaqanda, amantshontsho, namantshontsho asele ekhulile asuka kwiindawo ezalela kuzo xa enikwa ithuba. Ngokufanayo, ii-petrels ezinkulu zinokuthatha amaxhoba alingana noonombombiya abancinci kunye namantshontsho etywina.
Umjikelo woBomi beentaka zasemanzini
Ubomi beentaka zasemanzini ezihlala elwandle zahlukile kwiintaka ezinendawo yazo emhlabeni. Ngokubanzi, zizidalwa ezicwangcisiweyo, kwaye ziyakwazi ukuphila ixesha elide, elibalwe phakathi kweminyaka engamashumi amabini anamashumi amathandathu ubudala, kodwa kuyinyaniso ukuba ukukhwelana kwabo kokuqala akwenzeki de babe neminyaka elishumi ubudala. kananjalo utyale imali eninzi yomzamo wexesha kwinzala embalwa.
Uninzi lwezi ntlobo ziba nembewu enye kuphela ngonyaka, ngaphandle kokuba ngengozi ethile ziye zaphulukana nenzala yokuqala, ngaphandle kwemida enjengeesooty megule kunye neentlobo ezininzi, ezifana neprocellariiforms okanye i-sulids, zikwazi kuphela ukubeka iqanda ngonyaka. .
Iintaka zasemanzini ezinendawo yokuhlala yaselwandle zikhathalela amantshontsho ixesha elide kakhulu, anokuhlala iinyanga ezintandathu, elixesha elide kakhulu phakathi kweentaka. Umzekelo woku ngowokuba, xa amantshontsho e<em>guillemot ebalekile, asaya kuhlala nabazali bawo elwandle kangangeenyanga ezininzi.
I-Frigatebirds ziintaka ezibonisa eyona nkathalo yabazali, ngaphandle kweentaka ezimbalwa ezidla inyama kunye ne-southern ground hornbill, luhlobo apho amantshontsho afumana iintsiba zawo emva kweenyanga ezine okanye ezintandathu aze ahlale elugcinweni lwawo. abazali abaselula kwezinye iinyanga ezilishumi elinesine.
Ngenxa yexesha elibanzi lokhathalelo lwabazali kumantshontsho azo, ukuzala kwezi ntaka kwenzeka kuphela emva kweminyaka emibini, endaweni yokuba kube minyaka le. Lo mjikelo wobomi kunokwenzeka ukuba uvele ngenxa yobunzima bobomi baselwandle, ngakumbi into enento yokwenza nokuzingela amaxhoba asasazwe ngokubanzi, kunye nenani lokusilela ekuveliseni ngenxa yokuba kukho iilwandle ezingathandekiyo. Iimeko kunye nokunqongophala kwamarhamncwa xa kuthelekiswa neentaka ezihlala emhlabeni.
Enkosi kwinto yokuba bachitha umzamo omkhulu wokukwazi ukukhulisa abancinci kwaye ngenxa yokuba ukufumana ukutya kudla ngokubanyanzela ukuba bahambe kude nendlwane yabo, kuzo zonke iintlobo zaselwandle, ngaphandle kwe-phalaropes, bobabini abazali kufuneka bathathe inxaxheba. ukukhathalelwa kwamantshontsho kunye nezibini zitshatile omnye, ubuncinane okwexesha elithile.
Iindidi ezininzi, ezifana nengabangaba, ialcid kunye noonombombiya, ziyakwazi ukugcina iqabane elinye amaxesha onyaka amaninzi, kwaye iintlobo ezininzi zeepetrels zingamaqabane ubomi bonke. Albatross kunye procellarids, apho iqabane ubomi, kufuneka iminyaka eliqela ukuthandana ukuze bakwazi ukuseka isibini bond phambi kokuba inzala, kwimeko albatross, kukho umdaniso oluchubekileyo kakhulu ukuthandana ukuba yinxalenye yokwenziwa kweli khonkco.
Ukubunjwa kwendlwane kunye neColony
I-95% yeentaka zasemanzini zenza amakoloni, aphakathi kwezona ndawo zininzi zokuhlala iintaka ehlabathini. Iikholoni zeentaka ezingaphezu kwesigidi ziye zabhalwa, zombini kwiindawo ezitshatyalaliswayo, njengoko kwenzeka eKiritimati ePasifiki, nakwii-polar latitudes, njengoko kunjalo e-Antarctica. La maqela makhulu anceda ngokuzalela kuphela.Xa zingekho kwixesha lokukhwelana, intaka ezingazaliyo zihlala kwindawo apho kukho amaxhoba amaninzi.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fl-0UF-CLVU
Indlela amakholoni abekwe ngayo iyatshintsha kakhulu. Kunokwenzeka ukufezekisa izidleke zomntu ngamnye ezisasazwa ngesithuba esaneleyo phakathi kwazo, njengoko kwenzeka kwi-albatross colony, okanye igxininise, njengoko kwenzeka ngekholoni ye-guillemot. Kuninzi lwezi koloni iintlobo ezininzi zinokuzalela, nangona zibonakala zahlulwe luhlobo oluthile lokwahlulahlula.
Iintaka zasemanzini ezihlala elwandle ziyakwazi ukuhlala emithini, ukuba zifunyenwe apho, kodwa nakwizityalo, ngamanye amaxesha zakha iindlwana zazo phezu kwazo, amawa, imingxuma engaphantsi komhlaba kunye nemingxuma enamatye. Kulo mba, kube nokwenzeka ukujonga indawo eyomeleleyo yokuziphatha kweentaka zaselwandle zohlobo olufanayo okanye olwahlukileyo. Enyanisweni kukho iintaka ezindlongondlongo njengee-sooty tern ezikhupha iindidi ezingalawulekiyo kwiindawo ezinqwenelekayo zokuzalela.
Ngexesha lasebusika, i-petrel iyakuphepha ukukhuphisana ne-Pacific shearwater enobundlongondlongo kwimihlaba yokuzalela. Ukuba amaxesha okukhwelana athe agqithana, amanzi asePasifiki anokubulala iipetrels ezincinci ukuze zisebenzise imingxuma yazo.
Banyanisekile kwindawo abazalelwe kuyo, ngendlela efanayo basebenzisa indawo enye yokufihla okanye indawo yokuhlala iminyaka emininzi, beqhubeka ngokungqongqo bekhusela oko bakugqala njengommandla wabo kwabo babagqala njengeentshaba zabo.Oku kwandise ukuthandwa kwabo. Impumelelo yokuzala ngokubonelela ngendawo yokuba izibini zihlangane kunye nokunciphisa umzamo wokukhangela indawo entsha yendlwane.
Nangona kunjalo, ukufumana indawo yokuzalela kunokuba neziphumo ezihle kwimeko yokukhwelana, ukuba umhlaba omtsha ungqineka unemveliso.Ulutsha olukhula lukhwelana okokuqala ludla ngokubuyela kwindlwane yalo yokubeleka nakwindlwane kufuphi nalapho luzalelwe khona. Eli siko, elaziwa ngokuba yiphilopatry, linamandla kangangokuba uhlolisiso lweLaysan albatross lwafumanisa ukuba umgama ophakathi phakathi kwendawo ekuqandusela kuyo le ntaka nendawo ezalela kuyo wawuziimitha ezingama-22.
Olunye uhlolisiso, kodwa olwenziwa ngeCory’s shearwaters kwindlwane ekufuphi nesiqithi saseCorsica, lubonise ukuba abafana abasithoba kwabangama-61 babuyela kumaqabane abo kwindawo ababezalelwe kuyo baza bahlala kwindawo ababezifihle kuyo, ababini bade bakwazi nokukhwelana. umama wabo. I-Philopatry ibonakala ikhuthaza impumelelo yokukhwelana kwaye inefuthe kukhetho lweqabane kwimeko ye-Cape gannet kunye ne-gannet yase-Australia.
Iziqwenga zezi ntaka zidla ngokuhlala kwiziqithi, emaweni okanye kwimimango, kwindawo apho izilwanyana ezanyisayo zingenako ukufikeleleka nzima.Oku mhlawumbi kunika ukhuseleko olongezelelweyo kwezi ntaka, ezidla ngokufunyanwa zingakhuselekanga emhlabeni. Ukubunjwa kwamakholoni kubonakala kwiintsapho zeentaka ezingakhuseli indawo yazo yokutya, njengoko kunjalo nge-swiftlet, enomthombo wokutya oguqukayo kakhulu kwaye mhlawumbi kungenxa yokuba kungenxa yokuba ibonakala rhoqo kwiintaka zasemanzini. ezihlala elwandle.
Olunye uncedo olunokubakho ngokuhlala kumathanga kukuba asebenza njengamaziko olwazi, apho iintaka zaselwandle, ezibhabha zisiya kutya elwandle, zikwaziyo ukwazi ukuba luhlobo luni lwexhoba elikhoyo. , ngokujonga nje ezinye iintaka ezihlala elwandle. ikoloni xa bebuya.
Kwelinye icala, kukwakho nezinto ezingeloncedo, njengoko ukuhlala kwikoloni kuthetha ukuba izifo zinokusasazeka ngokukhawuleza. Enye kukuba amathanga adla ngokutsala ingqalelo yezilwanyana ezizingelayo, ngakumbi ezinye iintaka. Iindidi ezininzi zeentaka zamathanga ziye zanyanzeleka ukuba zibuyele kwiindlwane zazo ebusuku ukuze ziphephe ukuhlaselwa.
Imfuduko
Umzekelo weentaka zasemanzini ezinendawo yazo elwandle kwaye ezifudukayo zii-pelicans ezifika minyaka le eCuba zisuka eMntla Melika ngexesha lasebusika kumantla ehemisphere. Ngokufanayo nezinye iintlobo zezilwanyana, iintaka zaselwandle zinesiqhelo sokufuduka xa ixesha lokukhwelana liphelile.
Kuzo zonke iintaka ezifudukayo, uhambo olwenziwa yi<em>arctic tern lolona lude, njengoko le ntaka inqumla i-ikhweyitha esemhlabeni ukuya kuchitha ihlobo laseAntarctica. Ezinye iintlobo zezilwanyana nazo zenza uhambo olunqumla i-ikhweyitha, zombini ukusuka kwinkosi ukuya emantla nakwelinye icala. Abemi beetern ezintle ezinendlwane zabo eBaja California bahlukana emva kwexesha lokukhwelana babe ngamaqela ahamba emantla ukuya kunxweme olusembindini weCalifornia, ngelixa abanye behambela emazantsi ePeru naseChile ukuze bazinze kwindawo yangoku.
I-Sooty Shearwaters yenza umjikelo wonyaka wokufuduka okhuphisana ne-Arctic Terns. Ezi ziintaka ezenza iindlwane zazo eNew Zealand naseChile kwaye ngexesha lasehlotyeni zifudukela kunxweme oluseMntla wePasifiki, kwindawo ezifana neJapan, Alaska kunye neCalifornia, zithatha uhambo lonyaka lweekhilomitha ezingama-64.
Ezinye iintlobo zeentaka zasemanzini zifuduka imigama emifutshane ukusuka kwiindawo ezizalela kuzo kwaye ukusasazwa kwazo kulwandle oluphezulu kumiselwa bubukho bokutya. Kwimeko apho iimeko zolwandle zingonelanga, iintaka zamanzi zaselwandle zifudukela kwiindawo apho kukho iimeko ezingcono, zibe yindawo esisigxina ukuba yintaka encinci kakhulu.
Emva kokubaleka, iintaka ezincinci zivame ukusasazeka ngaphezu kwabantu abadala nakwiindawo ezahlukeneyo, ngoko ke akuqhelekanga ukuba zibonwe ngaphandle kokusabalalisa okuqhelekileyo kwendawo. Abanye babo, njenge-alcids, abanalo ukufuduka okuhleliweyo, kodwa iqela liyakwazi ukuya emazantsi xa kufika ixesha lasebusika. Nangona kunjalo, ezinye iintlobo zeentaka azisasazeki, njengoko kwenzeka kwezinye ii-hydrobatids, pelecanoids kunye ne-phalacrocoracids, kodwa zihlale kufuphi nommandla wee-colonies zazo zokuhlala unyaka wonke.
elwandle
Nangona inkcazo yeli qela leentaka inika uluvo lokuba zichitha ubomi bazo elwandle, uninzi lweentlobo zeentaka zaselwandle kubo bonke ubomi bazo ziye zihlale kancinane okanye ngaphezulu kwiindawo ezingaphakathi elizweni. yeekhilomitha ukusuka elunxwemeni. Ezinye zezi ntlobo zibuyela elwandle ukuze ziyokutya; njengomzekelo woku, iindlwane ze-snow petrels zifunyenwe kwiikhilomitha ezingama-480 ngaphakathi kwelizwekazi lase-Antarctic, nangona kungenakwenzeka ukuba yindawo apho banokufumana into yokutya kufuphi nezo ndawo.
I-marbled murrelet inendlwane kumahlathi angundoqo kwaye ijonge i-conifers enkulu kunye namasebe amaninzi okwakha indlwane yawo apho.Ezinye iintlobo, ezifana ne-Californian gull, zenza iindlwane zazo kwaye zidla emachibini, nangona kamva ziya emanxwemeni.. ebusika. Ezinye iintlobo ze-phalacrocoracids, i-pelicans, i-gulls kunye ne-tern azizange ziye elwandle, kodwa zihlala kumachibi, imilambo kunye nemigxobhozo; ezinye iingabangaba zihlala ezidolophini nakwiifama. Kwezi meko, kuthiwa ziintaka zasemhlabeni okanye zasemanzini aneminyanya yaselwandle.
Ezinye iintaka zamanzi zaselwandle, ngakumbi ezo zihlala kwi-tundra, njenge-stercorarids kunye ne-phalaropes, nazo zifuduka emhlabeni. Ezinye iintlobo, ezifana neepetrels, iirazorbills kunye neegannet, zinemikhwa elinganiselweyo, kodwa ngamanye amaxesha ziyabhadula elwandle njengababhaduli. Oku kwenzeka rhoqo kwiintaka eziselula ezingenamava, kodwa kuyenzeka nakwinkoliso yabantu abadala abadiniweyo abadlula kwizaqhwithi ezinkulu, ezibizwa ngokuba yi-wreck, ngokoqobo ethetha ukwaphuka kwenqanawa, abathi abo babukele iintaka babone izihlandlo ezininzi.
Ubudlelwane nomntu
Ukususela kwixesha elidlulileyo, olu hlobo lweentaka lugcine ubudlelwane nabantu, ngoko siza kuhlalutya iinkalo ezininzi zazo:
iintaka zolwandle kunye nokuloba
Iintaka zasemanzini ezihlala elwandle zinobudlelwane obude nokuloba kunye noomatiloshe, apho izibonelelo kunye nokungonakali kuye kwafunyanwa. Ngokwesithethe, abalobi bebesebenzisa iintaka zolwandle njengemiqondiso yobukho bezikolo ezininzi zeentlanzi, kunye neebhanki zolwandle ezinemithombo yokuloba enokubakho kunye neendawo ezinokufikela kuzo.
Enyanisweni, ukunxulumana kweentaka zaselwandle nomhlaba okwakuyimfuneko ukuze abantu basePolynesia bakwazi ukufumana iziqithi ezincinane kwiPasifiki yaziwa kakuhle. Ngokufanayo, ezi ntaka ziye zabonelela ngokutya kubalobi ababekude nelizwekazi, kunye nesithiyelo. Kwaneecormorants ezibotshiweyo ziye zasetyenziselwa ukubambisa iintlanzi. Ngokungathanga ngqo, ushishino lokuloba luxhamle kwiguano eveliswe ngamaqela eentaka, kuba isichumiso esigqwesileyo kumanxweme ajikelezileyo.
Ngokubhekiselele kwiziphumo ezibi eziveliswa ziintaka zasemanzini zolwandle kumashishini okuloba, ubukhulu becala zilinganiselwe kuphango olwenzeka kwizityalo zasemanzini. Kwelazo icala, ekulobeni iintambo ezinde, ezi ntaka zisiba izithiyelo. Enyanisweni, kukwakho neengxelo zokuncipha kwamaxhoba ngenxa yeentaka zolwandle, kodwa, nangona kukho ubungqina boku, iziphumo zako zijongwa ngaphantsi kwezo ziveliswa zizilwanyana ezincancisayo zaselwandle kunye neentlanzi ezizingelayo, ezifana ityhuna.
Iindidi ezininzi zeentaka zaselwandle zixhamle kwiindawo zokuloba, ngakumbi iintlanzi ezilahliweyo kunye ne-offal. Umzekelo woku kukuba i-30% yokutya kwezi ntaka kuLwandle lwaseMntla kunye ne-70% yokutya kwezinye iindidi zeentaka zolwandle. ukwanda kwe-boreal fulmar ngaphakathi kommandla waseBritane, okuye kwabalelwa ngokuyinxenye kubukho bolu didi lokulahla.
I-Discards inceda kakhulu kwiintaka ezitya phezu kolwandle, njenge-gannet kunye ne-petrels, kodwa kungekhona kwiintaka ezisukela ukutya ngokuntywila, njengoonombombiya.Kwelinye icala, ushishino lokuloba luvelisa iziphumo ezibi kwiintaka zasemanzini zolwandle, ngakumbi kwi-albatross, enobomi obude kakhulu kwaye ithatha ixesha elide ukufikelela ekukhuleni ngokwesondo kunye nokulawula ukutshata; le yinkxalabo efanelekileyo yabalondolozi bendalo.
Imeko yokubambisa ngempazamo iintaka ezibanjiswa kwiminatha okanye ezilotywe kwiintambo zokuloba zibe nefuthe elibi kakhulu kwinani labantu kuluntu lwazo; Njengomzekelo woku, abaphengululi baqikelela ukuba iialbatross ezili-100 000 ziyabhijelwa zize zirhaxwe nyaka ngamnye kwiintambo zetyhuna ezibekwa kukuloba ngeentambo ezinde.
Kodwa, ngokubanzi, nyaka ngamnye amakhulu amawaka eentaka aye abanjwa aze afe, into exhalabisa kakhulu xa kuqwalaselwa ezinye zeentlobo ezinqabileyo, ezifana ne-albatross emfutshane, kukuba inani labo liye lancitshiswa laya kutsho kuphela. 2000 abantu ngabanye. Ngokophononongo olwenziwa yiNkqubo yeSizwe yaBakhi-mkhanya abakwi-Uruguayan Tuna Fleet, ezona ntlobo zezona zichaphazeleka kakhulu kolu hlobo lokuloba ngeentambo ezinde ziialbatross ezimnyama, i-albatross ehlawuliswa kakuhle kunye nentlanzi. i-shearwater enemiqala emhlophe. Iintaka zaselwandle nazo kukholelwa ukuba ziyabandezeleka ngenxa yeziphumo zokuloba ngokugqithisileyo.
Ukuxhaphaza
Enye into ethe yanegalelo ekuncipheni ngendlela ekhwankqisayo kwenani leentaka zasemanzini kukuzingelwa ezibe zizinto zazo kunye nokuqokelelwa kwamaqanda azo, ukuze zisetyenziswe ngabantu, nkqu oku kubangele ukutshabalala kwezinye iintlobo, phakathi kwazo kukho i-auk enkulu kunye ne-cormorant eqaqambileyo. Ezi ntlobo zeentaka zazizingelwa inyama yazo ngabemi baselunxwemeni ixesha elide kakhulu; Ngaphaya koko, ngasemazantsi eChile, ukugrunjwa kwezinto zakudala eziye kwenziwa kwimiddens kubonise ukuba ukuzingela iialbatross, iicormorants kunye neshearwater yayiyinto eqhelekileyo kwiminyaka engama-5000 eyadlulayo.
Eso yayisisizathu sokuba iintlobo ezininzi zezinto eziphilayo zatshatyalaliswa kwiindawo ezahlukahlukeneyo, ngokukodwa ezimalunga nama-20 kwezingama-29 ezazifudula zisenjenjalo zingaphindi zivelise ezinye eEaster Island. Ebudeni benkulungwane ye-XNUMX, ukuzingelwa kwezi ntaka ukuze zifumane amanqatha neentsiba zazo ukuze zithengiswe emarikeni ukuze kufumaneke iminqwazi kwafikelela kwinqanaba lemizi-mveliso.
I-Muttonbirding, eyayiyingqokelela yamantshontsho e-shearwater, yenzeka njengeshishini eliphuhlileyo elibaluleke kakhulu eNew Zealand naseTasmania, kwaye imeko ye-Solander's petrel, eyaziwa kwezo ndawo njengeProvidence petrel, yayidume kakhulu ngokufika kwayo. kwimbonakalo engummangaliso kwiSiqithi saseNorfolk, apho kwabakho umoya wabemi baseYurophu abalambileyo.
Kwimeko yeZiqithi zaseFalkland, kuyaziwa ukuba amakhulu amawaka oonombombiya abanjwa minyaka le ngenxa yeoyile yawo.Kangangexesha elide, amaqanda eentaka zasemanzini ezihlala elwandle abe ngumthombo obalulekileyo wokutya kwe oomatiloshe abahamba uhambo olude, kwaye kuye kwaphawulwa ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwabo kuye kwanda ngamaxesha apho iindawo zokuhlala ezidolophini ziye zanda kwiindawo ezikufutshane neqela leentaka.
Phakathi kwinkulungwane ye-XNUMX, abaqokeleli bamaqanda eSan Francisco babekwazi ukuqokelela malunga nesiqingatha sesigidi samaqanda ngonyaka kwiiFarallon Islands, ixesha kwimbali yeSiqithi saseFarallon apho iintaka zisazama ukuchacha kulo. Ngelishwa, zombini ukuzingela kunye nokuhlanganiswa kwamaqanda kusaqhutywa nanamhlanje, nangona kungekho ngamandla afanayo nangaphambili, kwaye ngokubanzi, kunokuthiwa ngolawulo olukhulu.
Imeko ethile yeyamaMaori ahlala kwiSiqithi saseStewart, aqhubeka eqokelela amantshontsho e<em>sooty shearwater, ngendlela ebekusenziwa ngayo ukutyhubela iinkulungwane, ngeendlela zawo zemveli, eziye zafumana igama elithi kaitiakitanga. yengqokelela, nangona ngoku bayenza ngentsebenziswano kunye neYunivesithi yaseOtago, ukuze bakwazi ukufunda abantu beentaka. Nangona kunjalo, eGreenland, ukuzingela okungalawulwayo kusaqhubeka, nto leyo ekhokelela kwiintlobo ezininzi zokuncipha kwexesha elide labemi.
Ezinye izoyikiso
Kukho ezinye izoyikiso zobuntu ezibe negalelo ekuncipheni okanye ekutshabalaleni ngokuthe ngqo kwabemi, iikoloni kunye neentlobo zeentaka zasemanzini zaselwandle. Kwezi, eyona nto imbi kakhulu ibikukungeniswa kwezilwanyana zasemzini. Iintaka zamanzi zaselwandle, ezihlala ngokukodwa kwiziqithi ezincinci ezikwanti, ziye zalibala ezininzi zokuziphatha zokuzikhusela ezizisebenzisayo ngokuchasene namarhamncwa.
Oku kuye kwenzeka ngeekati zasendle, ezikwaziyo ukubamba iintaka ngokobukhulu obufana nee<em>albatross, neempuku ezininzi eziye zafika, njengeempuku zasePolynesia, ezikwaziyo ukweba amaqanda afihlwe emingxunyeni. Enye intsilelo imelwe ziibhokhwe, iinkomo, imivundla kunye nezinye izilwanyana ezitya utyani eziye zakwazi ukubangela iingxaki, ngakumbi xa uhlobo lufuna uhlaza ukuze luzikhusele okanye lube nomthunzi wamantshontsho azo.
Kodwa ingxaki enkulu kwiikholoni idalwe ngabantu, abaphazamisa ubukho babo obuqhelekileyo. Abo bazityelelayo, kwanabakhenkethi abaneenjongo ezintle, bayakwazi ukuboyikisa abantu abadala kwiindlwane, nto leyo ebangela ukuba amaqanda namantshontsho alahlwe aze ashiywe esengozini kwizilwanyana ezizingelayo.
Kwezinye iimeko, kunokwenzeka ukuba iindlwane zitshatyalaliswe ngabatyeleli. Uphononongo oluninzi oluthe lwenziwa ngokunxulumene noonombombiya base Argentina Patagonia nase New Zealand lubonise ukuba ukhenketho luyayichaphazela imeko yokuhlala kwezi ntaka. Uphando malunga neempembelelo zokhenketho lwendalo kwiikholoni ze-Ojigualdo penguins zibonise ukuba ubukho babantu kwiilwandle buthintele abantu abadala ukuba bafumane ukutya okufunekayo kumantshontsho abo, okunempembelelo enkulu kubunzima bomzimba kunye namathuba abo ukusinda.
Nangona kunjalo, olunye uphando lucebise ukuba imeko ye-Magellanic penguin, ehlala ePatagonia, ihluke kakhulu kuba ayishiyi indlwane yayo phambi kwabantu, nto leyo ekhokelele kwisigqibo sokuba kunokwenzeka ukuba ukuveliswa kwezilwanyana. olu hlobo lwenziwa ukuba luhambelane nokhenketho olulawulwayo lwendalo.
Kodwa eyona ngxaki inkulu lungcoliso, oluye lwabangela ukuncipha okuphawulekayo kwezinye izilwanyana. Iqondo lokuchatshazelwa kokusingqongileyo kwezinye iityhefu nezingcolisi zikwangunobangela wenkxalabo emandla.Iintaka zasemanzini zazingamaxhoba e-DDT de, ngethamsanqa, ukusetyenziswa kwaloo khemikhali kwathintelwa ngenxa yomonakalo owubangelayo kwimekobume; ngaphezu koko, iziphumo zayo kwi-western gull yaba nefuthe lokuba uninzi lwabasebatsha abazalwa ngabasetyhini, kodwa kwakhona kubangele ukungahambi kakuhle kuphuhliso lwe-embryo kunye nobunzima bokuvelisa.
Ngeminyaka yoo-90, le nto yachaphazela i-Magellan penguin kunye ne-Kelp Gull kuLwandle lwase-Argentine. Iintaka zasemanzini nazo zichatshazelwa kukuchitheka kwe-oyile, kuba le nto itshabalalisa ukungakwazi ukubola kweentsiba zazo. ukuya kwi-hypothermia.Olunye uhlobo longcoliseko oluchaphazela nazo kukukhanya, olunefuthe elibi kwezinye izilwanyana, ngakumbi kwiintaka zasemanzini zolwandle.ezinemikhwa yasebusuku, njengeepetrels.
Ulondolozo
Ukukhuselwa kweentaka zaselwandle sisenzo esinokugqalwa njengesakudala, kuba ngenkulungwane yesi-XNUMX, uCuthbert waseLindisfarne wayesele ephumelele ekumiseleni umthetho ngoku ogqalwa njengomthetho wokuqala wokugcinwa kweentaka kwiZiqithi zaseFarne. ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX, njenge-auk enkulu, i-Pallas's cormorant okanye idada laseLabrador.
Ekupheleni kwaloo nkulungwane, imithetho yokuqala ejoliswe ekukhuseleni iintaka yaqalisa ukusebenza, kwanemithetho yokuzingela eyayikwalela ngokungqalileyo ukusetyenziswa kweembumbulu zelothe, ngenxa yokutyhefa iintaka ezininzi.
Ityhefu yelothe kwiintaka zasemanzini ngunobangela weanemia eqatha nokuphazamiseka kokujikeleza kwegazi, inkqubo yomzimba yokuzikhusela, neyokuphazamiseka kwemithambo-luvo, kwakunye nokuphazamiseka kwesibindi, izintso, nokuzala. Olu hlobo lwetyhefu lungakhokelela intaka ekufeni ngeentsuku okanye iiveki ezimbalwa, kodwa enye inkxamleko eziyenzayo kukuba zivelisa iziphumo ezingalunganga kwisakhono seentaka ukuba zikwazi ukufuduka.
EUnited States, iingozi ezisongela ubukho beentaka zasemanzini azaziwa zizazinzulu eziyinxalenye yephulo lokulondoloza. Ngowe-1903, uMongameli Theodore Roosevelt wabhengeza ukuba iSiqithi sasePelican, eFlorida, sifanele sigqalwe njengendawo yokusabela yelizwe yezilwanyana zasendle, ngenjongo yokukhusela amathanga eentaka, ngakumbi imvubu emdaka ehlala kuyo.
Ngowe-1909 kwaloo mongameli wakhupha isaziso esasikhusela iZiqithi zaseFarallón. Ukuza kuthi ga namhlanje, amathanga amaninzi anandipha iindlela zokukhusela, njengalawo ahlanganisana kwiSiqithi saseHeron eOstreliya okanye kwiSiqithi saseTriangle eBritish Columbia. iye yabangela ukuba kushenxiswe izilwanyana zasemzini ezihlaselayo kwezi ziqithi zikhudlwana.
Enyanisweni, iikati ze-feral ziye zagxothwa kwisiqithi sase-Ascension, njengeempungutye ze-polar ezivela kwi-Aleutian Islands kunye neempuku zaseCampbell Island. amarhamncwa, kwanokubuyiselwa kwezilwanyana ezazifuduselwe kwamanye amazwe ziye zabuya. Emva kokuba ezi kati zigxothiwe kwisiqithi saseAscension, iintaka zaselwandle zabuyela kwindlwane apho okokuqala kwisithuba esingaphezu kweminyaka elikhulu.
Uphando lwamaqela eentaka zasemanzini zaselwandle luya kuvumela ukuphucula amathuba azo olondolozo kunye nokukhusela iindawo ezisetyenziselwa ukuzala kwazo. Kwimeko ye-shag yaseYurophu, ehlala kwi-Western Palearctic, ukufuduka kwayo kunqunywe ngokunyaniseka kwayo kwindawo. Uphononongo kwikoloni yeZiqithi zaseCíes eSpain lugqibe kwelokuba, ekubeni ukuzala kuye kwaphumelela ngakumbi xa ezi ntaka zithatha iindawo ezintsha, ngoko indlela yokukhusela ayifanele isekelwe kuphela kwinani okanye ubungakanani babemi. kuthathelwa ingqalelo i-etiology yohlobo.
Kwimeko yeKelp Gull, ehlala ngakunxweme lwaseArgentina kunye nePatagonia, kukwacingelwa ukuba kuyimfuneko ukuyila iinkqubo zolondolozo ezithathela ingqalelo imikhwa yazo yokukhwelana. kukuba, ukuba impilo kunye nemo yolondolozo yayo isebenza njengesalathiso sabanye abantu beentaka. Le yimeko yemvubelo emdaka kwiziqithi zeGulf of California, eMexico.
Imeko yokwenyani yokugcinwa kweentaka zaselwandle eSpain ayizange ifundwe kwaye yayingahoywa de kwangoo-80, xa idatha yaqala ukuqokelelwa kwaye yenziwe ukuba ifumaneke. Ngokufanayo, ukususela ngo-1954, xa i-Spanish Ornithological Society yadalwa, kuthathwa ukuba imeko yeentaka kweli lizwe iphuculwe.Ngo-2016, i-O Grove Ornithological Reserve yadalwa ePontevedra, eGalicia, eyayiyeyokuqala kuloo mmandla kunye. enemimandla yaselwandle, kwaye kuyo unokubona iindidi ezifana ne-Balearic shearwater kunye ne-European cormorant.
Kwangaxeshanye, kuMbindi Merika, kukwakho namanyathelo anenjongo yokukhusela izilwanyana zaselwandle neentaka zasemanzini, njengophando olwenziwa kwindawo yogcino lwendalo kwiSiqithi saseGorgona eKholombiya, okanye iindawo ezininzi ezikhuselweyo kwiphondo laseBuenos Aires. , eArgentina. Kodwa namhlanje kugxininiswa ukuba ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukulondolozwa kweentaka zasemanzini zaselwandle kuyimfuneko ukuqwalasela i-ethology kunye nemijikelo yazo yokukhwelana.
Elinye lamaphulo ekufanele ukuba likhuthazwe leli lizama ukunciphisa ukufa kweentaka zasemanzini ezinendawo yazo elwandle ngenxa yokuloba ngeentambo ezinde esebenzisa ubuchule obufana nokusebenzisa iintambo zokuloba ebusuku, okanye ukudaya amagwegwe ngombala ozuba okanye oluhlaza. eziyibeka ngaphantsi kwamanzi, njengokwandisa ubunzima bemigca yayo okanye ukusebenzisa izoyikisa. Namhlanje, ziya zisanda iinqanawa zokuloba zamazwe ngamazwe eziye zanyanzeleka ukuba zisebenzise ezo ndlela.
Ukuvalwa kokuloba ngeegillnet kumazwe ngamazwe kuye kwanciphisa inani leentaka nezinye izilwanyana zaselwandle. Nangona, kuyo nayiphi na imeko, iminatha ehlala ibaleka, edla ngokuba yimveliso yengozi ebangelwa lolu hlobo lokuloba ngokungekho mthethweni, isaqhubeka iyingxaki enkulu kwizilwanyana zaselwandle.
Enye yeeprojekthi zeMillennium, ebonakala ilinyathelo lokuqala ekufezekiseni iiNjongo zeMillennium Development, eqhutywa eUnited Kingdom yiScottish Seabird Centre, ekufuphi neendawo ezigcina iintaka ezinkulu eBass Rock, eFidra naseFidra. iziqithi ezingqongileyo. Le ndawo yindawo yokuhlala yamakholoni amakhulu e-gannets, i-auks, i-stercorariids kunye nezinye iintlobo.
Eli ziko lenza ukuba iindwendwe zibukele ividiyo ebukhoma evela eziqithini kwaye zifunde malunga nezoyikiso eziphantsi kwezi ntaka kunye nendlela yokukhusela; Ukongezelela, umfanekiso weli lizwe ngokulondolozwa kweentaka uye waphuculwa. Ukhenketho olugxile kuqwalaselo lwe iintaka acuatic iilwandle zingenisa ingeniso kuluntu lwaselunxwemeni kwaye zinika umdla omkhulu nolwazi malunga nenkathalo yabo. Injalo imeko ye-northern royal albatross colony eTaiaroa Head eNew Zealand, etsala abakhenkethi abangama-XNUMX ngonyaka.
Ngokumalunga nemilinganiselo yokukhusela ezi ntaka ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane yama-XNUMX, oku kuye kwakhatshwa kukhuseleko lweendawo zazo zokuhlala, ingakumbi ngokubhekisele kulondolozo okanye ulawulo lokubuyisela kwakhona amachibi, amachweba, amachibi, ubusika okanye ukuphumla, ngokunjalo ukukhuselwa kwemithombo yabo yokutya, ngolawulo lwemeko yeentlobo zokuzingela kwaye ayisiyiyo into yophando lwezenzululwazi.
Phakathi kwezivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe kunye neengqungquthela ekuye kwafikelelwa kuzo, siSivumelwano soLondolozo lweAlbatrosses kunye nePetrels, esiye savunywa yiArgentina, iAustralia, iBrazil, iChile, i-Ecuador, iSpain, iFransi, iNorway, iNew Zealand, iPeru, iUnited States. UBukumkani boBukumkani, uMzantsi Afrika kunye ne-Uruguay, iNgqungquthela yaseBerne kunye ne-AEWA.
Kwinkcubeko eyaziwayo
Liyinyaniso elokuba iindidi ezininzi zeentaka zaselwandle azikhange zihlolisiswe kangako yaye zimbalwa izinto ezaziwa ngazo. Nangona kunjalo, ezinye, ezifana ne-albatross kunye ne-seagull, azizange zifundwe ngokubanzi kuphela, kodwa zisondele kuluntu lwabantu, yiyo loo nto baye bafikelela kwi-consciousness ethandwayo. IiAlbatross ziye zachazwa njengezona ntaka zaziwayo kwaye zinxulunyaniswa neentsomi ezahlukeneyo kunye neentsomi.
Kwindawo yokuqala, igama lesayensi lentsapho apho i-albatross iphuma kuyo, i-Diomedeidae, ifumaneka kwintsomi yokoyiswa kwe-Argive hero Diomedes kunye ne-metamorphosis yakhe kwintaka. Omnye umzekelo ziinkolelo zoomatiloshe, njengoko bekugqala kulishwa ukubenzakalisa. Yintsomi enemvelaphi yayo kumbongo kaSamuel Taylor Coleridge, iRime of the Ancient Mariner, apho umatiloshe egwetyelwa ukuthwala isidumbu sealbatross awasibulala entanyeni.
Umbongo wesibini weentyatyambo zoBubi nguCharles Baudelaire ubizwa ngokuchanekileyo iAlbatross (L'albatros), ebhalwe kwiiquatrains ezintathu nakwindinyana yaseAlexandria; Kuloo mbongo, umntu oculayo uchaza umkhwa woomatiloshe wokuzingela ezi ntaka kunye nefuthe loku oku kubo, kuqala ngokuba nobungangamsha kwaye kwandula ke kubhideke kakhulu. Imbongi izifanisa nealbatross, kuba amaphiko ayo amakhulu ayithintela ukuhamba.
Kumculo odumileyo le ntaka nayo ibibalulekile. Ingoma ye-electro house ka-2014 ndiyi-Albatraoz, eyayinokwazisa okukhulu kwezorhwebo kunye nodumo, malunga nebali lomfazi ochonga i-albatross, ngokuchasene nomnye, ogama linguLaurie, odibene nemouse.
Iingabangaba ziphakathi kwezona ntaka zamanzi zaziwa kakhulu elwandle, ngenxa yobuchule bazo bokusebenzisa iindawo zokuhlala ezenziwe ngabantu, ezifana nezixeko kunye neendawo zokulahla inkunkuma, kunye nesimilo sazo esihlala singoyiki. Ke ngoko, zezinye iintaka ezinendawo yazo kwingqondo edumileyo. Ngokwentsomi kaLilloet womthonyama, ingabangaba lilo elilinda ukukhanya kwemini, de libiwe nehlungulu; ehambelana kakhulu nesimboli esiqhelekileyo seentaka, ezimele impembelelo yokuphakama kunye nokomoya.
Sinokuzifumana kuncwadi ngendlela yesikweko, njengoko kunjalo kwincwadi ethi Juan Salvador Gaviota nguRichard Bach, okanye ukubonisa ukuba kufutshane nolwandle, njengokusetyenziswa kwayo kwiNkosi yeRings nguJRR Tolkien, zombini. kwi-insignia yeGondor kwaye, ngenxa yoko, iNúmenor, eyayisetyenziselwa ukuhlobisa okumangalisayo kwefilimu, njengengoma uLegolas ucula ehlathini lase-Ithilien, apho atyhila ukulangazelela kwakhe umhlaba apho aya kuhamba khona. , indawo yokuhlala yokugqibela yeelves
Omnye umzekelo unokufunyanwa kwingabangaba ngu-Anton Chekhov, malunga nomdlali we-actress ongazange aphumelele ebalini, uNina, oqwalasela i-seagull eqhotsiweyo aze ayithathe njengophawu aluqondi ngokupheleleyo; le nto yiprolepsis yokuzibulala kwesithandwa sakhe, umbhali wemidlalo yeqonga uTreplev.
Ingabangaba kulo msebenzi inokumela impambano nenkululeko. Ezinye iintlobo ziye zasebenza njengenkuthazo ebantwini, ekubeni i-pelicans kudala inxulunyaniswa nenceba kunye nokuthanda abanye, ngenxa yentsomi yamaKristu yaseNtshona ebonisa ukuba ezi ntaka zavula izifuba ukuze zondle amantshontsho azo. Enyanisweni, ngumfanekiso ongumfuziselo kaKristu.
Iintaka zasemanzini ezisengozini yokuphela
Kuyo yonke iplanethi kukho malunga namakhulu amathathu eentlobo zeentaka zasemanzini ezinendawo yazo elwandle, ezenza abantu abamalunga nezigidi ezingamakhulu amathandathu anamashumi amathathu xa bebonke, apho kukho ikhulu elineshumi leentlobo ezisengozini, kwaye malunga noku. izigidi ezingamashumi amathandathu zabantu, eziye zehla ngama-70% ukusukela ngo-1950. Ezona zoyikiso zibalulekileyo ibikukutshintsha kwendawo yokuhlala, ungcoliseko, ukutshintsha kwemozulu kunye noshishino lokuloba.
Kukho iiodolo ezilithoba zeentaka zolwandle:
- I-Fetontiformes, eneentlobo ezintathu ezaziwa ngokuba zii-tropicbirds;
- I-Pelecaniformes, eneentlobo ezintathu ze-pelicans, ngaphandle kosongelo;
- Iipodicipediformes, ezineentlobo ezine zeegrebes kunye neegrebe, kunye nenye esongelwayo, igrebe enentamo ebomvu;
- iiGaviforms, ezineentlobo ezintlanu zeeloni, iidivers, ngaphandle kwezoyikiso;
- IiSphenisciformes, ezineentlobo ezilishumi elinesibhozo zoonombombiya, iintlobo ezilishumi ezisesichengeni;
- I-Anseriformes, eneentlobo ezilikhulu elinamashumi asibhozo kwiintsapho ezintathu, kodwa kuphela iintlobo ezingamashumi amabini ananye zeentaka zolwandle, kubandakanywa amadada, iiserreta kunye neeider, ezine zisengozini;
- I-Suliformes, eneentlobo ezingamashumi amane anesihlanu zeentaka zolwandle, kubandakanywa iifrigatebirds kunye ne-cormorants, apho ishumi elinesihlanu lisongelwa;
- IiCaradriiformes, ezineentlobo ezilikhulu elinamashumi amabini ananye, kuqukwa nengabangaba, iitern kunye neepuffins, apho ishumi elinesithandathu lisengozini; kwaye
- Iiprocellariforms ezineentlobo ezilikhulu elinamashumi amane, kuquka ialbatross, shearwaters, petrels, apho amashumi amathandathu anesine asongelwa.
iintaka zasemanzini ezimanzi emanzini
Kweli candelo lenqaku siza kukuxelela malunga neentaka zasemanzini ezihlala kwiindawo ezimanzi, esihlala sizifumana xa sithatha uhambo lweholide okanye ngeempelaveki, kwaye apho ngamaxesha ngamaxesha sinqumla kwiindawo apho kukho ukuqokelelwa kwamanzi. ., enoba ngamachibi, iindawo ezinetyuwa eninzi, imigxobhozo, okanye ezinye, apho kuyinto eqhelekileyo ukuba sifumane indawo yokuhlola eyenziwe ngamaplanga abantu beze kuyijonga.
Xa sele bengenile abantu baye bachophe ngaphandle bajonge umhlaba ukuze bajonge intaphane yeentaka baze bagoduke, kodwa akuyomfuneko ukuba ungene kwizindlu ezenziwe ngamaplanga ukuze uqwalasele ezi ntaka, kuba iindawo ezifumileyo zezona ndawo unokuzifumana kuzo. inani elikhulu leentlobo zeentaka.
Kumhlaba omanzi, eyona nto ixhaphakileyo kukuba unokufumana intaphane yeentlobo zeentaka zasemanzini, kodwa kukho ezinye ezithi, ngenxa yokuqheleka kwazo, uya kuhlala uzifumana. Ngaphezu koko, zihlala zixhaphake kangangokuba xa ukhangele kwaye ujonga iintaka okwethutyana, ingqondo yakho iya kuzihoya ngokupheleleyo. Oku kuqhele ukwenzeka ngezona zixhaphakileyo i-Anatidae (amadada), njenge-mallard, i-teal eqhelekileyo, umhlakulo oqhelekileyo kunye ne-European pochard, kwaye sithatha eli thuba ukukwazisa ukuba ezo zaziwa ngokuba ngamadada kwisigama esisetyenziswa i-ornithology zibizwa ngokuba yi-Anatidae, kuba ziphuma kwintsapho yakwa-Anatidae.
Iindidi ezine eziqhelekileyo zamadada esizikhankanyileyo ngaphambili zixhaphake kakhulu, zinendawo yokuzala kunye nobusika eSpeyin, ngoko uya kukwazi ukuzibona kuzo zonke iisizini ezine zonyaka, nangona kubonakala ukuba i-teal kunye necephe zihamba. inqabile entwasahlobo nasehlotyeni kwaye kusenokwenzeka ukuba awuyi kubabona ngaloo maxesha. Enye inkalo ephawulekayo yezi ntaka kukuba zine-dimorphism enkulu ngokwesini, kuba iinkunzi, njengeentaka ezininzi, zizo ezinemibala eqaqambileyo, kodwa kwangaxeshanye oko kuthetha ukuba kuxhomekeke kuzo ukuba zenze ukuthandana.
Eyona nto yaziwayo kuzo zonke mhlawumbi yi<em>mallard ( Anas platyrhynchos ), ekwabizwa ngokuba yi<em>mallard. Lidada eliqhelekileyo elinentamo eluhlaza kwaye linokufumaneka kuzo zonke iigadi ezinedama, ziyakwazi nokuqubha echibini lakho ukuba ziyafuna, kodwa uya kukwazi ukuziqwalasela ebaleni.
I-teal eqhelekileyo (i-Anas crecca), kwelinye icala, ibonakala njengedada elincinci ecaleni kwayo, kuba incinci kwaye ihlangene. Imihlakulo eqhelekileyo (Anas clypeata) nayo inentloko eluhlaza kodwa inomlomo omkhulu kakhulu, omile okwecephe kwaye isetyenziselwa ukuhluza ukutya emanzini.
I-European Pochard (i-Aythya ferina) inzima ukubhidanisa ngenxa yentloko yayo ecacileyo kunye nezidlele ezibomvu ezibomvu okanye imihlathi, eya kuhluke kumbala omnyama wesifuba kunye nomzimba okhanyayo. Iimazi kunye namancinci, kwelinye icala, ziyimizekelo elumke ngakumbi, ngenxa yemibala yazo emdaka, efana ne-camouflage, ekubeni ijongene nokukhusela inzala yabo kwaye kufuneka ingabonakali.
Ngoko ke bahlula njani?
Indlela ezikhangeleka ngayo iintaka zasemanzini ngokubanzi yahlukile, kodwa ukuba sisihlandlo sokuqala ukuba umntu aziqwalasele, kusenokwenzeka ukuba usenokucinga ukuba ziyafana, kodwa ekubeni singafuni ukuba uwele kuloo mpazamo. , masihambe ndiza kukubonisa amaqhinga ambalwa ukuze ukwazi ukuchonga elinye kwelinye:
- Imizekelo yemazi yedada i-mallard ine-espejuelo, indawo ebhlowu kwicala leentsiba zesibini.
- IiTeals zabasetyhini zifana neeTeals, kodwa zineenkcazo eziluhlaza kwaye zihlangene okanye zincinci.
- Iimazi zemihlakulo zinomlomo oluhlaza kunye nomlomo ongaqhelekanga kangangokuba ukuba uyabhideka xa uzichaza, kungenxa yokuba awunikeli ngqalelo ifanelekileyo.
- Iimazi ze pochard eqhelekileyo zezona bland ehlabathini ngokwemibala. Ukuba unokhetho lokufunda iinkcazo kwizikhokelo zeentaka, uya kubona ukuba zifutshane kakhulu, kuba zigcwele izichazi zohlobo olungwevu, oluphaphathekileyo, olufiphele, olungwevu. Ziintaka ezimile okwe pochard kodwa ziguqukile.
Iintaka zokuntywila: iGrebe encinci kunye neGreat Crested Grebe
Nangona zikhangeleka njengamadada, azikho ngokwenene, ukuba sithetha ngokwembono yobugcisa. Bangabezinye iintsapho Podicipedidae. Ngapha koko, umlomo kunye nokumila kwe-hydrodynamic yomzimba abanawo kwaye uhlengahlengiswe ukubavumela ukuba bantywile zizinto ezikhethekileyo ezibahlulayo. Ngoko akunakwenzeka ukuba ungababhidanisa:
Igrebe encinci (Tachybaptus ruficollis) lidada lerabha lemigxobhozo. Ihlekisa kakhulu, inomzimba omncinci kwaye iya kuthi gqolo ukuntywila emanzini ukuntywila. IGreat Crested Grebe (iPodiceps cristatus) inkulu kakhulu, kodwa loo nto ayikuthinteli ukuba ibe yidiver egqwesileyo. Ebusika, ngaphezu koko, ngamanye amaxesha kunokubonwa elwandle. Ehlotyeni iba neyona ntsiba ibalaseleyo kunye nokuthanda kwazo zonke iintaka kwaye zihambisa iintloko zazo zijonge enye kwenye de zifumane iqabane.
Bonke abantu, xa bebona intaka enemilenze emide kwindawo emanzi, ngokuqhelekileyo bayibiza ngokuthi i-heron. Kodwa kukho iintaka ezininzi, kodwa ayizizo zonke iintaka ezinemilenze emide. Yimpazamo eqhelekileyo ukubiza ingwamza ngokuba ngumvumbi, kanti akunjalo.
Phakathi kwe-egret yeenkomo (i-Bulbucus ibis) kunye ne-egret encinci (i-Egretta garzetta), umahluko oyintloko onokubonwa, nangona kukho ezinye ezininzi, kumbala womlomo, kuba ngaphambili i-orenji kwaye yomelele, ngelixa. elimnyama kwaye limxinwa okwesibini, kwaye ubungakanani buncinci kwimeko ye bueyera.
Imihlambi yenkomo, abafumana elo gama ngenxa yokuba banomkhuba wokukhwela phezu kweenkomo emadlelweni, ukuze batye ama-parasites abo, uya kuzifumana zisitya phantsi, naphezu kwamacala efama. amasimi. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, ii-egrets ezincinci zondla ikakhulu kwizinto ezizibamba elunxwemeni ngeentshukumo zazo ezikhawulezayo.
Ingcakazi engwevu (i-Ardea cinerea) inkulu kunezi besesikhe sayikhankanya ngaphambili kwaye inemibala engwevu nenemitya esifubeni ngoko ke ayithandeki. I-black-winged stilt (i-Himantopus himantopus) yiyona kuphela kwezintathu ezingeyiyo i-ardeida (i-heron) efumana igama layo ngokufana kwayo okufanelekileyo nengwamza emhlophe, kodwa inyaniso kukuba ayihlobene nayo. Yintaka enesimilo esibi kakhulu xa ikhusela indlwane yayo.
Ezinye izixhobo ezongezelelweyo
Imizila: I-Coot (Fulica atra) kunye ne-Common Moorhen (Gallinula chloropus) ziintaka ezinentsiba ezimnyama kwaye zixhaphake kakhulu, kodwa zahlulwa ngomlomo, omhlophe kwi-coot kunye nobomvu kwi-moorhen, ukongeza. ekubeni i<em>moorhen yintaka efana nenkuku, ngoxa intshontsho lentaka lifana nedada. Ukongeza kuzo zonke ezi ntlobo, kwimigxobhozo unokufumana ezinye iintlobo ezininzi zeentaka, kodwa kule post sizame ukugxila kwiintaka eziqhelekileyo kwimigxobhozo kwaye ngokuqinisekileyo uya kufumana kuyo nayiphi na yazo.
Ukuba ulithandile eli nqaku, mhlawumbi uyafuna nokufunda: