Zombini imvelaphi kunye ne indaleko yeprimate, zizihloko eziphikisana kakhulu ezingayeki ukutsala ingqalelo kungekuphela kweengcali, kodwa kunye nabantu abaninzi. Oku kungenxa yokuba kunzima ukungahoyi ukuba imvelaphi yethu inxulunyaniswe nale miba. Ke kule posi siza kuphonononga iinkcukacha.
Iimpawu zePrimate
Zombini imvelaphi kunye nokuvela kweeprimates zizihloko ezivelise ingxoxo enkulu kunye neengqikelelo ezininzi ukusukela ekuqaleni kophando olunika umdla.
Kodwa ukuba sifuna ukwazi ziziphi iiprimates, dKufuneka sikhumbule ukuba iPrimate Order yenye yezona zinkulu kwaye ibandakanya izilwanyana ezincancisayo ezifana ne-lemurs, i-tarsier, iinkawu, iinkawu kunye nabantu. Nangona kunjalo, yenye yezona zisongelwa kakhulu sisandla somntu.
Kodwa into yokuqala ekufuneka siyazi ukuba yintoni na iiprimates zokuqala ke ngoku ntoniZiziphi iimpawu ababelana ngazo nezi zangoku? Ewe, kuzo zonke iindidi ezikhoyo zeeprimates, iintlobo ngeentlobo zeempawu ziyahambelana ezahlula kwezinye izilwanyana ezanyisayo.
Uninzi lwezilwanyana zexesha lethu zinesiqhelo se-arboreal kwaye ngenxa yoko ziye zatshintsha imizimba yazo, ukuze zenze umsebenzi wazo wemihla ngemihla ube lula.
Le yindlela iinyawo nezandla zabo eziye zatshintshwa ngayo ukuze zikwazi ukuhamba kumasebe. Ngaphandle kwabantu, kwenzeka ukuba kwezi Iintlobo zezilwanyana iinzwane zabo ezinkulu ziqelelene kakuhle ukusuka kwezinye iinzwane, ezivumela ukuba zibambelele ngokuqinileyo.
Izandla zakhe nazo ziye zaqhelaniswa. Nangona kunjalo, uhlengahlengiso olunjalo luxhomekeke kuhlobo ngalunye, nangona olona lungelelwaniso lubalulekileyo kukuchaswa kobhontsi oluvumela ukuba baziqonde ngcono izinto, njengokuba sisenza thina bantu.
Kodwa ayizizo zodwa ezis iimpawu zeprimate. Ukongeza, izandla zamalungu alo Myalelo azinazo iinzipho okanye izikhonkwane ezigobileyo njengezinye izilwanyana ezanyisayo. Kwimeko yakho zisicaba zinesiphelo esibuthuntu.
iminwe ekhethekileyo
Kwelinye icala, iminwe yakho inamaphedi okubamba kunye neminwe. Kwimeko yabo, ukubaluleka akukokuchongwa, kodwa kunokubanceda ukuba babambelele ngakumbi kumasebe. Ngaphandle koko, zombini ezintendeni zezandla kunye neminwe, zinento ebizwa ngokuba yi Iingqungquthela zeMeissner. Oku kuziqhelanisa kubanika imvakalelo ephuhlileyo yokuchukumisa.
Olunye uphawu olwahlula iiprimates kukuba iziko labo lomxhuzulane likufuphi nemilenze. Ezi zezona nxalenye zibalulekileyo ngexesha lomatshi.
Kule nto kufuneka songeze ukuba ithambo lesithende lide kunezinye izilwanyana ezincancisayo.
Kodwa ulungelelwaniso olunye lubalulekile kwiiprimates, ngokuqinisekileyo ngamehlo azo. Oku kungenxa yokuba, okokuqala, zikhulu kakhulu ngokunxulumene nemizimba yazo kwaye, kwimeko yeeprimates zasebusuku, zininzi kakhulu.
La mehlo athe kratya namakhulu ngenxa yobukho be-orbit, engeyonto ngaphandle kwethambo elisemva kweliso.
Oku kwenzeka ngokuchaseneyo nezinye izilwanyana ezanyisayo ezingabahlobo basebusuku, ezixhomekeke kwiimvakalelo ezahlukeneyo ukuhamba ebumnyameni.
Enye into ebalulekileyo kukuba imithambo ye-optic eye yavela kwi-evolution ye-primates ayidluli ngokupheleleyo kwingqondo, njengezinye iintlobo. Ngaphandle kweeprimates, ulwazi olungena kwiliso lasekunene lucutshungulwa kwi-hemisphere yasekhohlo yengqondo kwaye ngokuphambeneyo.
imizwa kunye nengqondo
Kwi-primates kwimeko, oku kuthetha ukuba ulwazi olungena ngeso ngalinye lucutshungulwa kumacala omabini obuchopho. Indaleko enjalo yeemfene izithanda ngokuqonda okusingqongileyo.
Elinye ilungu lomzimba elahlula iiprimate ziindlebe zazo. Oku kwazisa umnxeba Iblister yokuva, eyenziwe ngamathambo e-tympanic kunye nesikhashana, evala zombini indlebe ephakathi kunye nengaphakathi.
Kwelinye icala, ivumba liye lancitshiswa, ngoko ke le ngqiqo iyekile ukuba luphawu olubalaseleyo lwalo Myalelo.
Kodwa ukuba kukho into ekufuneka igxininiswe malunga nokuvela kweeprimates, ngokungathandabuzekiyo yinto eyenzekayo kwingqondo yazo. Kuyavela ukuba ubungakanani bazo ayisiyonto emiselayo, yiyo loo nto iiprimates ezininzi zinobuchopho obuncinci kunaso nasiphi na esinye isilwanyana esanyisayo esiphakathi.
Ukukhankanya imeko enye, amahlengesi anengqondo-ngokunxulumene nomzimba wabo-phantse ubungakanani obufanayo naleyo yayo nayiphi na iprimate.
Yintoni eyahlula le nxalenye yomzimba kwiiprimates zimbini iifom ze-anatomical ezingenakuphinda ziphindwe phakathi kwazo zonke izilwanyana. Le yimijelo yaseSylvia kunye neCalcarina.
Okwangoku, umhlathi kunye namazinyo ezidalwa zalo Myalelo azizange zitshintshwe kakhulu. Ngoko ke zenziwa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:
- Amazinyo ama-36
- 8 ii-incisors
- Ii-canines ezi-4
- Ii-premolars ezi-12
- Imihlathi emi-12
Imvelaphi kunye nendalo yeempungutye
ukwazir zavela njani iiprimate udotiSihamba iminyaka ezizigidi ezingama-55 (Ma) sibuya ukuya kudibana nesidalwa sakudala esinxulunyaniswa kakhulu lufuzo kwiiprimates zanamhlanje, ezikwabizwa ngokuba. ii-euprimates.
Kodwa bekungayi kuba sekuqaleni kweMiocene, i-25 Ma eyadlulayo, xa iintlobo ezifanayo kakhulu nezo zanamhlanje ziqala ukubonakala.
Nangona kukho uhlobo lweempungutye ebizwa ngokuba yi-archaics, ekuqikelelwa ukuba yavela kwi-Paleocene-oko kukuthi, phakathi kwe-65 kunye ne-55 Ma- kwaye ifana kakhulu ne-primates, ikhonkco elithe ngqo kunye neeprimates zanamhlanje zilawulwa ngoku.
Oku kungenxa yokuba kuqikelelwa ukuba ezi zidalwa zakudala zahlukana neqela ngaphambi kokuvela kweeprimates. Emva koko zanyamalala ngokupheleleyo kwiplanethi, ngendlela yokuba zingadityaniswa nazo.
Ngokweefosili ezifunyenweyo, ezona ndawo zindala zixeliweyo sele zibonakalise ukuziqhelanisa nobomi be-arboreal. Ngendlela yokuba baveze uninzi lweempawu eziphambili ezahlula lo Mcwangco. Ezi mpawu ziquka ukhakhayi, amazinyo kunye nesiseko samathambo.
Ezo ntsalela zafunyanwa kuMntla Merika, kwanaseYurophu naseAsia.
Endaweni yoko, ii-relics zokuqala zezi zidalwa ngamaxesha e-Middle Eocene zafunyanwa e-China. Aba bamele ookhokho bokuqala benkawu, kodwa ngokuqinisekileyo sele bengasekho. Izidalwa eziziifosili zodidi olungasekhoyo lwe-Adapidae ne-Omomyidae kamva zachongwa eYiputa.
Isalathiso sezi fossils ubhala zonke iintlobo zeeprimates zikhona, ngaphandle malagasy lemur. Kule nto akukho nto isalayo kwizinyanya zakhe. Nangona kunjalo, kukho iintsalela zefosili ze iilorisiforms, iqela loodade.
uqhawulo-mtshato olude
La mathambo afunyenwe eKenya kwaye abuyele malunga ne-20 Ma. Kodwa iziphumo ezitsha ziqinisekisa ukuba sele benyuka kweli hlabathi 40 Ma eyadlulayo. Oku kucacisa ukuba zombini i-lemurs kunye ne-lorisiformes baqhawule umtshato ngaphezu kwe-40 Ma eyadlulayo, benza i-suborder eyaziwa ngokuba strepsirrhines.
Ngoku, i-haplorhines, enye i-suborder ye-primates, iza kubonakala e-China kumbindi we-Eocene, kunye ne-infraorder ye-tarsiers. Ngelixa iinkawu, enye infraorder, yavela ngamaxesha e-Oligocene, 30 Ma ngaphambi kwexesha langoku.
Kwimeko ekufutshane, oko kukuthi, i-Homo genus esiphuma kuyo, ukubonakala kwayo kubuyela kwi-7 Ma e-Afrika.
Kodwa ukuzalwa kwe-bipedalism akukacaci. Yaziwa njenge-relic yaseKenya apho kushiyeke amathambo ambalwa amade anokuthi acebise ukukwazi ukuhamba kumalungu amabini.
Eyona fossil icacileyo yebipeds yabhalwa ngo-3,4 Ma, ngoko ke ingaphambili kunefosili edumileyo yeLucy okanye iAustralopithecus afarensis.
ii-anthropoids
Ngoku qhubeka ne ukuhlelwa kweeprimate, Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba kukholelwa ukuba iinkawu anthropoid zavela prosimians ngamaxesha Oligocene, nto leyo esukela emva 40 Ma. Amaxwebhu iifosili zabo ibonisa ukuba zazikho eMzantsi Melika kwakunye Afrika kunye Asia.
Kwimeko yeenkawu zehlabathi elitsha, zenza iqela elibizwa ngokuba yiPlatyrrhini, ngelixa ezo zelizwekazi elidala ziphakathi kweCatarrhini.
Lo mahluko wenzeke ngenxa yokuhlukaniswa phakathi kweMelika neAfrika. Oku kwakuxa ubuninzi bomhlaba bahlukana, ngaloo ndlela kudala amazwekazi, nto leyo eyavelisa imiphetho eyahlukeneyo yendaleko phakathi kwamaqela omabini. Umsebenzi othathe izigidi zeminyaka.
Kodwa ukuba iiplatyrrhines zonke ziyi-arboreal, phakathi kwabazala babo be-catarrhine kukho zombini iinkawu ze-arboreal kunye nezisemhlabeni.
I-orangutan, igorila kunye ne-chimpanzee yi-catarrhines enobudlelwane obukhulu bemfuzo kunye nathi.
iihominids
Iimfene ezinkulu (iihominoids). Ngokulandela umkhondo wemfuzo kuyaziwa ukuba zombini iichimpanzi kunye nabantu ziphuma kwisinyanya esinye. Le nyani sele imalunga ne-6 Ma.
Kuya kwaziwa ukuba iindidi ezininzi zaphumelela ukusuka kwisebe elibandakanya thina ukuya kwiHomo sapiens. Noko ke, ngeli xesha sithi sodwa abasindileyo.
Oku kuphinda-phindwa kabini kweHominini kubandakanya zonke iindidi zesi sidalwa esikufutshane nathi ngokwemfuza kuneeshimpanzi. Ubukhulu becala babene-bipedal.
Ookhokho bethu ngqo babekwe apha, kuquka iAustralopithecus kunye neHomo habilis kunye neHomo erectus. Ukongeza kwabo banokuthathwa ngokuba "ngabazala" bethu, kuba bavela ngokuhambelana nathi, iiNeanderthals.
iihominids zakuqala
Ngoku siza kubona ukuba yeyiphi i-hominids yokuqala apho kukho iirekhodi.
I-Australopithecus
Usenokuba sele ulivile eli gama. Yi-hominid edume kakhulu. Imele iindidi eziye zavela empuma Afrika 4 Ma eyadlulayo, nangona yanyamalala 2 Ma eyadlulayo.
Zixabiseke kakhulu ukwakha kwakhona imbali yokuzivelela komntu, kuba kuqikelelwa ukuba uhlobo lweHomo lwavela kwisinyanya, 2 Ma eyadlulayo. Ngaphandle koku, iAustralopithecus ineempawu ezininzi zenkawu ezinkulu kunabantu banamhlanje.
IParanthropus
Kuyaziwa kuko konke ukuba i-evolution ayenzeki kumgca othe ngqo. Ngokubhekiselele kolu hlobo, kuyaziwa ukuba lisebe elizimeleyo leHominini yethu, nangona bengajongwa njengookhokho bethu.
I-Paranthropus yayihlala malunga ne-2.5 Ma edlulileyo kwaye yaphela i-1 Ma edlulileyo, ngaphandle kokushiya inzala, nangona yayimele inyathelo elibalulekileyo ekuziphendukeleni kwezilwanyana ngelo xesha.
Homo
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuqala kwe-genus Homo (thina), kubekwe phakathi kwe-2.5 okanye i-3 Ma. Kangangeminyaka emininzi, i-H. habilis yayithathwa njenge "dean" ye-genus, kodwa ngo-2010 ubungqina bolunye uhlobo lwafunyanwa. ubudala: H. gautengensis.
Ngokunxulumene ne-australopithecines, imizekelo ye-genus H. habilis ibonisa iimpawu ezikufutshane nezo zabantu banamhlanje. Kule physiognomy, umhlathi omncinci weprognathic ume ngaphandle, ukongeza kwingqondo enkulu. Nangona kunjalo, i-H. habilis yaqhubeka ifana neHominini yakudala ngakumbi, neengalo zayo bezinde ngokulingana nomzimba wayo.
Igama elithi H. habilis lifanele lisinike ingcamango yobukrelekrele besi sidalwa. Kuvela ukuba kuhambelana nezixhobo zamatye eziye zahlala kufuphi namathambo abo amadala. Ngaloo ndlela bambiza ngokuthi "indoda enobuchule".
Emva koko, ukuqhubeka nokuvela kweeprimates, kukujika kwe-H. erectus. Oku kumalunga ne-1.8 yezigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo.Abanolwazi bacinga ukuba yavela kummandla osempuma we-Afrika kwaye inerekhodi yokuba yayiyeyokuqala kwezi zidalwa zabafileyo ukulishiya ilizwekazi.
Iintsalela zefosili ziye zafunyanwa kuyo yonke into eyayithetha indlela yakhe ende: i-Indiya, i-China, iJava kunye neYurophu.
ukufana nomntu wale mihla
Phantse ekupheleni kwe-primate evolution, i-H. erectus, ngokungafaniyo no-H. habilis, sele ibonise ukufana kwabaninzi. Iimpawu zobuntu yangoku. Zazinkulu, njengoko zazingenakufikelela ngaphantsi kwe-1.85 m ukuphakama.
Ngaphaya koko, umahluko ngokwasemzimbeni kubantu besini esahlukileyo wawungabonakali kangako kunakwimizala yabo engazange ibonwe ngaphambili. Nangona ingqondo yakhe yayinkulu, malunga ne-775 okanye 1,100 cc. Oku kusondele kakhulu kwi-1,130 okanye i-1,260 cc yethu namhlanje.
Ngokumalunga neempawu zobuso, u-H. erectus wathabatha elinye inyathelo ekukhuleni kweeprimates. Kwavela ukuba yayinempumlo eyehlela ezantsi, kanye njengeyethu.
Lo mba ukholelwa ukuba lutshintsho ukuze uphile kwiindawo ezibandayo. Oku kungenxa yokuba oku kwakuncedile ekufudumeni umoya ngaphambi kokuba ungene emiphungeni.
Ngombulelo kwiintsalela ezifunyenweyo, kucingelwa ukuba i-H. erectus yayiyi-hominin yokuqala yokusebenzisa umlilo kwaye ibe "nendlu" ezinzileyo. Ukuphela kwayo kuqikelelwa ukuba kwenzeke malunga neminyaka eyi-50 eyiwaka eyadlulayo, nangona ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo yayisesinye sezidalwa ezihambele phambili kakhulu kwindaleko yeeprimates, de yafikelela kubantu bexesha lethu.
Abantu be-Archaic kunye neHomo sapiens
Ukulandela umkhondo wokuvela kweeprimates, sisondela ekupheleni kwekhonkco, apho umntu wale mihla sele evele khona. Zikude lee iimpawu zezona nkawu zamandulo, okanye ngaba siyaphazama?
Kodwa makhe sibone ukuba liphela njani ibali lethu.
Kucingelwa ukuba uhlobo lwethu yi-evolution ye-H. erectus, into eyayiza kwenzeka kwiminyaka engama-500 eyadlulayo. Iintsalela ezifunyenwe kula maxesha akude zahlukene, zifana kakhulu neeHomo sapiens, nangona zinomohluko obonakalayo kumyinge wazo. Aba ngabantu ababizwa ngokuba ngabantu bakudala.
I-Archaics yahlukile kubantu banamhlanje ngeendlela ezininzi, okokuqala kukhakhayi olujiyileyo. Bakwanayo nomqolo obonakalayo webrow kunye nesilevu esityhafileyo.
Ezinye zezi ntlobo zakwazi ukuphila ehlabathini de kwaphakathi kweminyaka engama-30 10 ne-XNUMX XNUMX eyadlulayo. Into enjalo isinika ukuqonda ukuba sifumana ukuhlala nabo ixesha elithile.
Ekugqibeleni, kwesinye isiphelo sale ndlela ende yendaleko yeprimate engekaqhubeki, kufuneka kucaciswe ukuba akukho sivumelwano senzululwazi ngabantu be-archaic. Nangona kunjalo, kukho umkhwa ngaphakathi kwipaleontologists, ebachaza njenge-subspecies ye-H. sapiens.
Ngokwe- nomenclature ye Ukuhlelwa kwezilwanyana ngokwe-taxonomic, i-subspecies ithiywe ngokufakela igama le-subspecies kwigama lenzululwazi. Ngale ndlela, indoda yanamhlanje iya kuba yiHomo sapiens sapiens, ngelixa i-archaic isekwe njenge Homo sapiens neanderthalensis, Homo sapiens heidelbergensis njalo njalo kwimeko nganye.
Noko ke, impikiswano ayipheli. Kodwa asimele silibale ukuba nangona kukho iiyantlukwano ezininzi kangaka, sonke sibumba uhlobo olufanayo.