Namhlanje siza kukubonisa ngeli nqaku linika umdla eyona miba ibalaseleyo umfanekiso waseRoma eyayinencopho yayo ephakathi kwisixeko saseRoma phakathi kweenkulungwane ze-VI ngaphambi kukaKristu kunye ne-V emva koKristu kunye nokunye okuninzi kwesi sithuba. Ungayeki ukuyifunda!
Yintoni uMzobo waseRoma?
Okokuqala kufuneka wazi ukuba i-Roman Sculpture luhlobo lokubonakaliswa kobugcisa olwenzeka kwi-Empire yaseRoma eyayiyintshukumo entsonkothileyo kwaye ibonakaliswa kwimifanekiso eqingqiweyo eyahlukeneyo eyenziweyo ukongeza kuphuhliso lwezakhiwo.
Njengomzekelo woMzobo wamaRoma amanqwanqwa amakhulu oloyiso, abaninzi bathi yikopi yenkcubeko yamaGrike kodwa oko akuyonyani ngokupheleleyo.
Ekubeni yaphuhliswa kwaye yatshintshwa ngokwemeko yembali yabalawuli, inika udumo kunye nokwahlula kulo lonke ihlabathi laseNtshona.
Imvelaphi yoMfanekiso wamaRoma
Phambi kokuba isixeko saseRoma senziwe ubukhosi obukhulu, yayisesinye sezona zixeko zichumileyo kwihlabathi laseYurophu, zombini izikwere nezakhiwo zayo zazihonjiswe ngokusetyenziswa kwemifanekiso eqingqiweyo kwakunye nemizobo eqingqiweyo.
Kodwa siyazi kancinci malunga neli candelo lembali, elixhomekeke ikakhulu kwiincwadi zembali ezibhekiselele kubugcisa be-Antiquity, kuba siswele izikhumbuzo ezivela kweli nqanaba leRiphabhlikhi yaseRoma.
Ezo zibalaseleyo kwiMizobo yaseRoma zezexesha lolawulo lwamva apho imisebenzi yazo iqingqwe ebonisa ubunyani obukhulu.
Ngombulelo kuncwadi, kusibonisa ukuba impembelelo yokuqala eyafunyanwa yinkcubeko yaseRoma yayiyi-Etruscan art, yingakho abaninzi abadwebi bemifanekiso eqingqiweyo bamenywa kwisixeko saseRoma ukuba bahombise izakhiwo zoluntu.
Phakathi kwazo yitempile enikezelwe kuJupiter Capitolinus eyakhiwa ngenkulungwane yesi-XNUMX ngaphambi kukaKristu emva koko ukusuka kwinkulungwane yesi-XNUMX ngaphambi kwexesha lobuKristu apho impembelelo yamaGrike igquba khona.
Uninzi lwala magcisa afumana umsebenzi ozinzileyo owanelisa iimfuno zabantu abaphezulu baseRoma. Isuka kwinkulungwane yesithandathu ngaphambi kukaKristu kwaye ivela kwiGrisi yamandulo kunye nenkcubeko yase-Etruscan.
Eyenye yezona zinto zibalaseleyo ngobugcisa obubalaseleyo kwibutho lamaRoma, eza kuthelekiswa nomzobo oqingqiweyo wamaGrike wamaGrike.
Ngongquzulwano lwemikhosi yoBukhosi baseRoma ngenjongo yokuthabatha imimandla emitsha, bafumana amasiko amatsha, kuquka namaGrike.
Ngoko bafunda ubuchule ekuphuhlisweni koMfanekiso wamaRoma phakathi kwabo ngokukodwa kuhlobo lomzobo, ukuba luqeqesho olwabangela ingqumbo enkulu kudidi oluphezulu loluntu lwaseRoma.
Ukunyuswa kombulelo kwizicelo zale mifanekiso iqingqiweyo kuba ngokomfanekiso kwakubonakaliswa amazwi omntu ngamnye owacela lo Mzobo waseRoma.
Imvelaphi yoMzobo waseRoma
Okokuqala, kuya kufuneka uyazi ukuba uMzobo waseRoma waphuhliswa kwindawo esempuma yesizwe saseRoma, undoqo waso sisixeko saseRoma phakathi kwenkulungwane yesi-XNUMX BC. C. kunye neVd. C., ngenxa yelifa lamaEtruscan elaphuma kwinkcubeko yamaGrike.
Ukongeza, uBukhosi baseRoma bukhulu banxibelelana ngokuthe ngqo nempucuko yamaGrike ngexesha lamaGrike, ngoko le nkcubeko yayisoloko iyindawo yokubhekisela kuyo yonke imfundiso yeRoman Sculpture.
Bakwazile ukuphuhlisa iindlela ezingazange zibonwe ngaphambili eziyinxalenye yegalelo lolu luntu, njengoko kunjalo kwimeko yohlobo lomzobo obalaseleyo kule mpucuko.
Ukudala imisebenzi egqwesileyo yobu bugcisa bukhethekileyo ngenxa yobuchule bakhe obuphuhlileyo kunye nokucacisa kwiinkcukacha zamanani kwiMifanekiso eqingqiweyo yaseRoma, wayeyinxalenye yokuhombisa izikhumbuzo ezinkulu zocwangco loluntu edala isimbo sakhe sokubalisa.
Njengoko uBukhosi baseRoma busiya buqina, bongeza iimpembelelo zezinye iintlanga kwinkcubeko yabo, njengempucuko yaseMpuma.
Oku kwabenza bashenxa kwiimpawu zamaGrike ngenjongo yokufumana uMkrolo wamaRoma olula kodwa ongaqondakaliyo, nto leyo eyabangela ukuba kubekho imizobo yaseByzantium, yamaKristu ePaleo.
Kwangexesha eliphakathi kwaxutywa ngokubonga kwixesha le-classicism elivumela ukomeleza kunye nexesha elidlulileyo ukugcina uxhulumaniso lwenkcubeko, ezopolitiko kunye nezentlalo kwi-Roman Sculpture.
Ewe, nangona ubuKristu baqalayo, babungenako ukubekela ecaleni uMzobo waseRoma de kwayinkulungwane ye-XNUMX xa umanyano lwezobupolitika lwaqosheliswa.
Kodwa iimodeli zakudala zaqhubeka zilungelelaniswa kucwangco olutsha lwezentlalo, lwezopolitiko kunye nenkcubeko eyayisekwa kwisizwe saseRoma.
Kubaphandi, ukufunda i-Roman Sculpture ibe ngumngeni ngenxa yokuba i-evolution yayo ayizange ibe ngumgca, umzamo wenziwa ukuwucacisa kuba unzima ngenxa ye-eclecticism.
Okuvezwa kwixesha lamaGrike ukongeza kwezinye izitayile ezenziwe kwi-Roman Sculpture ngokweeklasi zentlalo.
Kwanakwinqanaba lentlalo elifanayo, ulwahlulo oluthile lubonwa ngokwemfuno yomxholo okanye imeko nganye eyaqhutywayo, ebonisa ukuntsonkotha kwayo kuMzobo waseRoma.
Ke ngoko, uMzobo waseRoma wawubaluleke kakhulu kwiRenaissance kunye ne-Neoclassicism, kunye neGrike, ukudibanisa uhlaziyo lwenkcubeko yaseNtshona esasaza uluntu lwehlabathi namhlanje.
Iindidi zemifanekiso eqingqiweyo eyenziweyo
Phakathi kweentlobo zeMifanekiso yamaRoma ethe yagqama kakhulu kuBukhosi baseRoma zezi zilandelayo:
- Ukhululiwe kwiMifanekiso yamaRoma
- IFurary Roman Sculpture
- Umfanekiso oqingqiweyo waseRoma ohloniphekileyo
- I-Imperial Late iSculpture yaseRoma
Uninzi lweempawu ezifanelekileyo zoMfanekiso waseRoma
Ngokuphathelele iimpawu ezibalulekileyo zolu bugcisa bukhethekileyo, siya kuchaza kweli nqaku eyona miba ifanelekileyo yoMfanekiso waseRoma, ibe yile ilandelayo:
Isuka kumbulelo kwizithethe kunye nezithethe zempucuko yamaGrike njengoko ixesha lihamba, impucuko yaseRoma yaguqula izihloko eziza kusetyenziswa, yahlula intsimi yokubalisa kwiziganeko zembali zoBukhosi baseRoma.
Kaloku, ngoMzobo oqingqiweyo wamaRoma, ingcaciso yongquzulwano lwasemkhosini yenziwa, kwanangokunikelwa kwembeko kubalawuli neenjengele zamadabi.
Ukunyuka koMfanekiso wamaRoma kungqinwa ngokuyilwa kwemizobo eyayihlala isenziwa kusetyenziswa ubhedu okanye ibhastile.
Ngokusekelwe kwindalo yeempawu zezifundo eziza kuqingqwa ngaphandle kwesidingo sokuzibaxa iimpawu zabo, ekubeni babefuna ukujonga ubuntu babo kunye neempawu zabo ngeMifanekiso yamaRoma.
Olunye uphawu loMfanekiso waseRoma kukuba abadali bale misebenzi abaziwa kuba basebenza ngokungaziwa.
Uninzi lwemisebenzi yakhe yayisetyenziselwa izikhumbuzo zokusetyenziswa koluntu kunye namahlelo, ithatha inyathelo elikhulu xa uMzobo waseRoma wavelisa izakhiwo.
Ke ngoko, amagcisa eMifanekiso eqingqiweyo yaseRoma enze umgudu wokwenza iinkcukacha ezithe namhlanje zifundwe kakhulu ngabaphandi abathe bakwazi ukufumana izenzo ezitsha ezinxulumene noBukhosi baseRoma yonke imihla ebonakalalisa ngamandla abo ezopolitiko, omkhosi kunye nentlalontle edityaniswa neFine. ubugcisa.
Uluntu kunye noMzobo waseRoma
Olunye lweempawu ezibalulekileyo zolu luntu kukuba lalibonakala nje, ekubeni uninzi lwabemi balo lwalungakwazi ukufunda nokubhala.
Ukongezelela, ukungakwazi ukubandakanya iingxoxo ngolwimi lwesiLatini oluqhelekileyo lwabaphezulu kuluntu loBukhosi baseRoma, ngenxa yesi sizathu i-Visual Fine Arts yayiyinxalenye yentetho njengomthombo woncwadi.
Kwabanye abantu ababeyinxalenye yabemi, ukomeleza ingcamango kunye nokusasazwa kwentengiso yomfanekiso wezona zinto zibalulekileyo zoBukhosi zibulela kwiMifanekiso yamaRoma.
Ngenxa yoku, i-Roman Sculpture yayiyinxalenye yesikhundla esithandwayo kuwo onke amacandelo oluntu, nakwicandelo labucala, iyinto eqhelekileyo ukubajonga kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zesixeko ngobuchule babo obukhulu kunye nobuchule kwicala labakroli.
Noko ke, uMkrolo waseRoma wawusetyenziselwa imixholo yonqulo, kanye njengokuba imifanekiso yayifana nengcwele, njengakweminye impucuko yamandulo, ngoko isixeko saseRoma asizange sisinde.
Ukuba yinto eqhelekileyo ukubonisa imifanekiso eqingqiweyo kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zikawonke-wonke njengakwezona zindlu zithobekileyo, yayiyinto eqhelekileyo ukujonga uMfanekiso oqingqiweyo wamaRoma kuzo zombini iintsimbi zobhedu kunye nebhastile kuBukhosi baseRoma, nakwiindawo zokungcwaba.
Njengakwimizobo enxulumene nolwakhiwo ngaphandle kokulibala ii-cameos eziyilwe ngamatye acocekileyo abandakanya imifanekiso eqingqiweyo yeterracotta kunye neeplagi ezilula zomngcwabo kunye neemaski zomngcwabo ezenziwe ngewax.
Ezi zamva zazifikeleleka ngeendleko zezona ntsapho zithobekileyo zoluntu, kwanakwiingqekembe zemali kwakukho ubungqina boncedo oluncinane lweMifanekiso eqingqiweyo yaseRoma, ibe yindlela yokudlulisela ubugcisa phakathi kwabantu abaninzi ngemali.
Ngoko ke, uMfanekiso wamaRoma wawuxhaphake kakhulu kangangokuba izifundo zoMlawuli zazivela kumacandelo enkolo, ezopolitiko, ezentlalo kunye nezoqoqosho ngokomfuziselo wempucuko yaseRoma.
Zibonisa umgangatho wazo ophakamileyo wolawulo lwazo ngexesha lokufa komnye wabalawuli, iindlalifa zazinokwenza umfanekiso wazo oqingqiweyo ngokungathi sisithixo.
Ukongezelela ekuvakaliseni ukulandelelana kwanokwakha iindawo ezingcwele ngokumzukisa, kodwa ukuba uthe wabhukuqwa, imifanekiso yakhe eqingqiweyo iyanyamalala kwibutho lamaRoma.
Ke ngoko, abantu babesazi ngokubonakalayo utshintsho olwalusenzeka kwinqanaba lezopolitiko ngokujonga nje uMfanekiso wamaRoma.
Ngokuphathelele unqulo loothixo abaninzi, lwalunyamezela yaye lukhuthaza iindlela ezahlukahlukeneyo zokujongwa kwezakwalizwi kwihlabathi lelo xesha.
Lixesha apho inkolo yobuKristu yaba yimfundiso esemthethweni, iguqula indima yobugcisa, kuba lo thixo waziwa ngezibhalo kunye nabaprofeti bakhe.
Kodwa ngokuphunyezwa koMfanekiso oqingqiweyo waseRoma iBandla liyakwamkela ukubonakaliswa kwendalo kwale mifanekiso ukongeza kwimihombiso kwicandelo likarhulumente.
Ukongeza kwimibulelo yabucala kunyulo lwehlabathi njengenxalenye yembali yobugcisa, ngakumbi ngomzobo ekupheleni koBukhosi baseRoma.
Ukuphanda umxholo wezeMbali
Ngokutsho kwabaphandi, isixeko saseRoma sisenokuba sasekwa phakathi kwinkulungwane yesi-XNUMX BC. C. Ngokudityaniswa kwabantu abahlukeneyo abavela kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo yaseItali ukusuka kwidolophu yaseLazio ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX BC. yeC
Abaphandi abaninzi bathi esi sixeko sadalwa sibulela ama-Etruscans asuka emantla, enye intsomi ichaza imvelaphi kaRomulus noRemus, inzala ka-Aeneas, owayeligorha likaTroy kwaye wondliwa yingcuka.
Olunye uphando luphawula malunga nobukho bamanye amaqela avela kwamanye amazwe afana namaCelt kunye namaJamani kwaye kubonakaliswa kwi-physiognomy yabanye abameli beentsapho eziphezulu eziphezulu.
Imizekelo yezi yintsapho kaFlavios, eguqulelwe ukusuka kwisiLatini njenge-blond, kunye namagama afana ne-Rufo redhead ngesiLatini okanye i-Rutilio, ebhekisela kwiinwele ezibomvu kolo lwimi lunye kwimpucuko apho iinwele ezimnyama zihamba phambili.
Inkcubeko ye-Etruscan kuMbutho waseRoma
Ihambelana ne-XNUMX kunye ne-XNUMX yenkulungwane ye-BC. kaKristu apho ama-Etruscans athatha umbindi womntla we-Italian peninsula ukusuka apho ukuba abalawuli abathile baye baphuma kule mpucuko. Ngenxa yoko baphembelela uMzobo oqingqiweyo wamaRoma kunye nempucuko yamaGrike kungquzulwano olufana nemfazwe, impucuko ayizange ijongane nama-Etruscans nje kuphela kodwa yasebenzisa ubugcisa babo.
Ngale misebenzi yobugcisa bahombisa isixeko saseRoma njengoko imifanekiso eqingqiweyo yokuqala ibuyela kwinkulungwane ye-XNUMX BC. kaKristu apho isimbo sase-Etruscan sasithandwa kakhulu. Omnye wabaphandi kwesi sihloko sinomdla ogama linguApollo waseVeii uphawula oku kulandelayo malunga ne-Etruscans:
"... Ama-Etruscans ayeziingcali kwimifanekiso eqingqiweyo eyahlukeneyo, ukusuka kwimifanekiso eqingqiweyo yomngcwabo kunye ne-sarcophagi ukuya kumaqela ezikhumbuzo..."
"...Babeziincutshe kuhlobo lwemiboniso emele ubomi obuqhelekileyo, abalinganiswa bedolophu kwimisebenzi yeempawu…."
“…kwimifanekiso yezandla yomyalelo wokuqala ibonisiwe… Bayila i-typology yeendawo zokungcwaba…”
"... Kwakukho umfanekiso ogcweleyo womfi ehleli etafileni ngamanye amaxesha kunye nenkosikazi yakhe, eyathi kamva yamkelwa nguMzobo waseRoma..."
Nangexesha lika-Agasto, isiko lamaEtruscan lisabonwa ukubonisa impembelelo yale mpucuko kwinkcubeko yamaRoma nangona yandulela ixesha lamaGrike kule nkcubeko.
Ixesha le-Hellenistic kunye ne-Neoclassical
UBukhosi baseRoma babusanda ukuya kumazantsi elizwekazi laseYurophu ngelixa inkcubeko yamaGrike yayiguqukela kwintshukumo ye-classicism.
Ukuba apogee yayo ephezulu kwinkulungwane IV a. kaKristu apho unxibelelwano namathanga avela eMagna Graecia lwaqala, okothusa amaRoma ngenxa yenkcubeko yawo.
AmaRoma aphantsi koluhlu oluphezulu lwempucuko yaseRoma ayefuna ukufumana imisebenzi yobugcisa yempucuko yamaGrike.
Ke ngoko, amagcisa ale mpucuko aqeshwa ukuba ahombise iibhotwe zaseRoma ehlawula amaxabiso aphezulu ngelo xesha.
Xa uAleksandire Omkhulu wathimba iGrisi, wadlulisela imisebenzi yakhe yobugcisa eIndiya, kuquka iPersi neYiputa, eguqula inkcubeko yabo.
Ubugcisa ababebazi de kube ngoko bamiliselwa kwinkcubeko yamaGrike kwaye le nkcubeko iya kudibanisa imiba yempucuko yaseMpuma, iguqule imisebenzi yabo yobugcisa.
Xa lo moyisi mkhulu uAleksandire Omkhulu wafayo, izikumkani ezahlukahlukeneyo ezineengcambu zasekuhlaleni ezifanayo zadalwa, iGalati, iPonto, iBhithiniya, iPaphlagonia neKapadokiya eziphuma kumnombo kaPtolemaic.
Eye yakhuthaza amasiko amatsha kwinkcubeko yamaGrike apho igama le-Hellenistic lathatyathwa kule ngxubevange yeenkcubeko kwakukho umdla wokwazi ukuba kwenzeke ntoni kwixesha elidlulileyo ngenxa yoku bagqiba ekubeni bafumane iimyuziyam kunye namathala eencwadi.
Eyona yaziwa kakhulu yiPergamon kunye ne-Aleksandriya, apho i-biographies yamagcisa aqondwa kakhulu ekuhlaleni yenziwa, apho ukugxekwa kobugcisa kwaphuhliswa ngokugqithiselwa kwabahambi ngemimandla eyahlukeneyo ababesiya beyazi.
Kwavumela izitayile ezahlukeneyo kwimbali ezithatyathwe ngumbono we-eclectic, ukuguqula kwisimo sengqondo sehlabathi, ukukhetha imisebenzi yomxholo wethiyetha apho banxibelelana ngokushukuma kwaye baye bafaniswa nentshukumo yeBaroque.
Phakathi kwezihloko eziye zachukunyiswa ebuntwaneni, ukuguga nokufa, kunye noburharha, ezingazange zichukunyiswe yimpucuko yamaGrike kwaye zaba yinxalenye yayo kwaye abantu abaphezulu boluntu lwaseRoma bafumana incasa yokuqokelela imisebenzi yobugcisa.
Ngokomda wembali wonyaka wama-212 a. Emva kukaKristu, uBukhosi baseRoma bathimba isixeko saseSirakuse, esasiphantsi kolawulo lwamaGrike, esasiseSisili.
Apho ubugcisa bamaGrike babusasazeke khona ngoko bathabatha yonke into ababeyifuna baza bayifudusela kwisixeko saseRoma bethatha indawo yemisebenzi yase-Etruscan.
Ngaloo nto, ukulungiswa kwenkcubeko yamaGrike kwisixeko saseRoma kwenziwa, kodwa nangona kunjalo, kwakukho iimeko zokuchaswa kwesi simbo.
Omnye wabo yayinguCato owayephethe ukugxeka oku kuphangwa njengoko wayekubona njengempembelelo eyingozi kwimpucuko yaseRoma.
Akazange avume ukuba amagosa aphakamileyo aseRoma ayenandipha imifanekiso eqingqiweyo yaseKorinte naseAthene njengoko wayedelela i-stuettes eyenziwe nge-terracotta.
Kodwa ubugcisa bamaGrike baphumelela kwaye yaba libhaso elibalaseleyo emva kongquzulwano lwasemkhosini olwaluboniswa ziinjengele zobuchule bobuchule.
Ngonyaka we-168 ngaphambi kukaKristu omnye wabalawuli baseRoma uLucio Emilio Paulo Macedónico emva kokuba oyise ummandla wejografi owaziwa ngokuba yiMakedoni.
Malunga namakhulu amabini anamashumi amahlanu eedada ezidadayo zabonwa zithwele imifanekiso eqingqiweyo kunye nemifanekiso eqingqiweyo isisa kwisixeko saseRoma.Eminye imisebenzi yenkcubeko yamaGrike eyafika kwisixeko saseRoma yisibingelelo esikhulu sasePergamon kunye neGalata yokuzibulala.
Kwanomsebenzi owaziwayo kuthi uLaocoön noonyana bakhe beza kwisixeko saseRoma ukuze bazuzwe ngabantu abaphezulu boluntu lwaseRoma ngenxa yoloyiso lokuthatha igunya kwezinye izizwe.
Xa iGrisi yoyiswa buBukhosi baseRoma, amagcisa ayo atshintshelwa kwisixeko saseRoma ukuze enze imifanekiso eqingqiweyo eyayifunwa kakhulu phakathi kwaba bakroli, uPasiteles wagxininisa ukuba wayengowaseMagna Graecia kodwa wathabatha ubumi baseRoma.
Imifanekiso yakhe ekroliweyo yayichukumisa ehlabathini lonke, phakathi kweencwadi ekuthiwa nguJupiter, ezenziwe ngegolide nophondo lwendlovu.
Ukongeza kweminye imifanekiso eqingqiweyo ngobhedu. Ukudala isikolo se-Neoaticism kule ntshukumo enokuthi yaziwe ngegama elithi Neoclassicism.
Imbali yoBukhosi baseRoma
Kwenziwa inguqu kwi-Roman Sculpture ngenxa yempembelelo yomfanekiso oqingqiweyo wamaGrike kunye nokudalwa kwesikolo sokufunda indlela yokuphuhlisa esi simbo esabangela isiphithiphithi kwisizwe saseRoma ekupheleni kwenkulungwane yesibini BC.
Umzekelo wolu hlobo yi-Altare ye-Abisarbus, eyisandulela yobugcisa bobukhosi obaphuhliswa ngexesha lika-Agasto kwaye yayingumnikelo ku-Gnaeus Domitius Enobarbus ngenxa yokuqukunjelwa komkhosi kwidolophu yaseBrindisi.
Yayakhiwe phambi kwengcwele yaseNeptune, yomibini yakhiwe ngaxeshanye ngokunxulumene nesibingelelo, yayihonjiswe ngamaqweqwe amaninzi efrieze, phakathi kwawo imiboniso enxulumene neentsomi zamaGrike igqamile, kunye nemifanekiso yehlelo.
Apho omnye wababingeleli wenza idini emacaleni aso, amajoni ajongwa nabanye abantu abasingqongileyo ukuze bacacise amabali aseRoma.
Ngokusebenzisa imifanekiso eyenziwe kwiMifanekiso eqingqiweyo yaseRoma ekubeni uninzi lwabantu lungazange lufunde kwaye lunxibelelane ngonxibelelwano olubonwayo, olube yimpumelelo enkulu kumfuziselo wezopolitiko wempucuko yaseRoma.
Imifanekiso eqingqiweyo ka-Agasto
UMlawuli uAgasto wavumela isixeko saseRoma ukuba sibe sesona sibalulekileyo kobu bukhosi bukhulu ngokuba sisazulu senkcubeko ngendlela yamaGrike.
Kanye njengokuba kwakunjalo ngaphambili e-Aleksandriya nasePergamon, apho kwakukho inani elikhulu lamagcisa amaGrike kwisixeko esilikomkhulu, ngoko isixeko saseRoma saba negalelo elikhulu kuMzobo waseRoma sibulela kuMlawuli uAgasto.
Phakathi kwazo ukwakhiwa kweengqekembe apho unokubona khona ii-bas-reliefs ezincinci. NguJulius Caesar ngokwakhe owamisela ngokusemthethweni indlela yokubhalwa kwamaGrike kwisixeko saseRoma.
Ukongezelela kubuchule basempumalanga, ukuvumela ubuso babalawuli ukuba bushicilelwe kwiingqekembe, ekubeni ngaphambili kwakubekwe kuphela imifanekiso ebhekisela kwizithixo okanye abalinganiswa ababaluleke kakhulu kwimbali yamaRoma ababesele befile.
Ke umlawuli uAgasto wasebenzisa eli thuba lopapasho kwicandelo lezopolitiko ukuze anyanzelise ubukho bakhe kubemi ngomfanekiso wakhe obonakalayo kwiingqekembe.
Umfanekiso oqingqiweyo waseRoma wawuyinxalenye yenkqubo enkulu yolawulo lwezentlalo nezopolitiko kubomi bemihla ngemihla yabemi baseRoma ngokusebenzisa iingqekembe.
Ara Pacis ngexesha loMlawuli uAgasto
Omnye wemisebenzi yokuqala enxulumene noMzobo waseRoma yi-Ara Pacis kunye nomnye oqingqiweyo ozinikele kuthixokazi uPax, owabhiyozela ukubuya koMlawuli uAgasto emva koloyiso lwakhe kungquzulwano lwaseGaul naseHispania.
Lo Mzobo waseRoma uhonjiswe ngeefriezes ezahlukahlukeneyo kunye neziphoso ezimele imingcelele enemiboniso engumfuziselo ebhekiselele kwintsomi.
Imiboniso yamadini yade yarekhodwa, engqinwa kwenye yezi ngxelo ngumboniso obhekiselele kuTellus, onguMama woMhlaba kwiMythology yamaRoma, echasene kakhulu nenkcubeko yamaGrike ebizwa ngokuba yiGea.
Kwi-Sculpture yaseRoma ibonakaliswe ngamandla anobundlobongela kwaye angenangqiqo amele iNdalo njengoko ibonwa kwiinqanawa zamaGrike, kodwa kule nkcubeko yaseRoma ingumama ngokupheleleyo, ikhusela kwaye ikhulise abemi boBukhosi baseRoma.
Ngokuphathelele ukukhula kwesimbo soMkrolo waseRoma, kwakufuneka ixesha elithile, nangona umlawuli uAgasto wangqineka engumlawuli omkhulu.
Kwakhona wayenenkxaso yabantu bakhe ngenxa yokuba kwi-Consulate yokuQala wayezaliswe ngamawonga awayemvumela ukuba abe ngumlawuli yi-Senate.
Kodwa abantu bamnika isibizo sika-Awugusto yaye ebudeni boburhulumente bakhe uBukhosi baseRoma babukwincopho yempumelelo noxolo, yaye walungelelanisa uhlanga ngokwezobupolitika.
Ukongeza kuqeqesho lobugcisa, ukukhuthaza umfanekiso wakhe wobuqu ngokungathi sisibhengezo esiqhelekileyo ngexesha lakhe. Oku kungqinwa linani lemifanekiso eqingqiweyo enokubonwa kwiimyuziyam namhlanje.
Apho iintlobo ngeentlobo zeempawu zalo mlawuli mkhulu zibonwa emkhosini, ekuhlaleni nanjengoko sisithixo phakathi koMzobo waseRoma obalaseleyo ngokunxulumene noAgasto.
UAugustus wasePrima Porta ufunyenwe, oluyilo olufanayo kwi-Polykleitos 'Doryphorus kwaye lubonisa indlela inkcubeko yamaGrike eyayisasetyenziswa ngayo kwimisebenzi yakhe yobugcisa, ebonisa umlawuli njengeqhawe elikhulu labaxhasi.
IMifanekiso kaJulio - uClaudia
Enye i-dynasties enokuthi ikhankanywe apho kwakukho ukuphuculwa okukhulu kwe-Roman Sculpture ihambelana naleyo kaJulio - Claudia apho kwakukho ubukhulu kuBukhosi baseRoma.
Ukususela kurhulumente wabalawuli uJulius - uKlawudiyo ukuya kuNero, imbalwa kakhulu imikhondo yoMkrolo waseRoma ebonwayo, kuphela imirhubhe emincinci yokungcwaba eyenziwe ngebhastile apho babelubeka khona uthuthu lwabathandekayo babo kunye nezibingelelo ezazibekwe ngaphezulu kwengcwaba njengehombiso. .
Ke ngoko, umhombiso obonakalayo kweli xesha uhambelana neentyatyambo ezifanayo kakhulu nezo ze-Ara Pacis, eziqingqwe ngokunyaniseka okukhulu kwinkalo yendalo apho iintaka kunye nezinye izilwanyana zibonwa.
Imizobo eludongeni yenziwa nge-terracotta ngenjongo yokukwazi ukuhombisa izindlu zaseRoma kunye nezakhiwo apho basebenzisa ubuchule bobuchule bamaGrike bokuhlobisa iifacade.
Ngokunxulumene nemifanekiso kweli xesha, inyani enkulu iyabonakala apho umoya waseRoma umntwisiwe ngoMzobo waseRoma.
Esinye sezona mifanekiso zintle zibalaseleyo zeli xesha zihambelana nesibingelelo esikhulu esafunyanwa kwisixeko saseRoma phantsi kwendawo eyayikho ngelo xesha yiPal Chancellery.
Apho kukho umngcelele okhatshwa ngabalungiseleli abaphethe ezandleni zabo imifanekiso eqingqiweyo eyinxalenye yemibingelelo kwakunye nabanye abancedisi bomculo nezilwanyana.
Olu ncedo lubonisa uthando loMzobo waseRoma wokubalisa iziqendu ezikwintshukumo kwaye uzincedise ngabalinganiswa abangasemva ubonisa iinkcukacha zala magcisa aseRoma.
Kwintsimi yobugcisa, iimpembelelo zokukhanyisa zafunwa ukongeza kunyango lomphezulu, kubandakanywa neendlela ezintsha zokubonisa ibali ngolu hlobo.
Ngokufunda kwendalo ngokufumana okungaziwayo malunga nembono, ukudala isikolo sokwenyani kwiMifanekiso yaseRoma.
Ngokubhekiselele kwiimpumelelo zakhe malunga nohlobo lwe-portrait olwenziwe ukususela kwiRiphabhliki, nangona iimodeli ezitsha zenziwe kwi-semblance enkosi kwimpembelelo kwisikolo samaGrike neseAttic.
Imifanekiso eqingqiweyo ebhekiselele kwixesha leFlavian
Kwinto ehambelana noorhulumente babalawuli bakaFlavia abanjengoVespasian, uTitus, kunye noDomitian, amatye ezikhumbuzo amakhulu oMzobo waseRoma agqama.
Phakathi apho sinokukhankanya imifanekiso eqingqiweyo eyenziwe kwiArch of Titus ngalo mfanekiso wembali, yayifunwa ukubhiyozela uloyiso lwemfazwe yamaYuda ngonyaka wama-71 wexesha lobuKristu, kodwa umboniso wobugcisa wenziwa malunga nonyaka wama-81 .
Kuboniswa imizobo emikhulu, enye kwicala ngalinye lepaseji, ebekwe embindini apho lubonwa khona uloyiso, komnye wayo umlawuli ubonwa kwinqwelo yakhe yokulwa apho arhangqwe ngabalingane nabanye abemi baseRoma.
Njengoko kumele ukuba kwakunjalo ngexesha awayengena ngalo esixekweni, ukongezelela kweminye imifanekiso yokomfuziselo, njengalowo uphethe isithsaba somlawuli, nophethe amahashe uthixokazi waseRoma.
Ebonisa iziganeko zembali ngemifanekiso ekroliweyo yoMkrolo waseRoma ngokuphathelele kwisiqabu sesibini, amajoni abonakala ephethe amaxhoba aye awafumana kwingcwele yaseYerusalem.
Okufanayo kunokubonwa kumfanekiso weemvumi kunye namaxilongo abo amade avuselela umzuzu womthandazo kunye nezinye izinto ezingenziwanga kwiinqwelomoya ezintathu njengoko kwimeko yokukhululwa kwe-Ara Pacis yenza umdlalo phakathi kokukhanya kunye nokudala umoya. inkohliso yokuba amanani avelisa intshukumo.
Phezu kwako nje ukungayazi imithetho yembono eyafunyanwa emva kweenkulungwane eziliqela, nangona ezi nkcukacha zibonwa, ixesha likaFlavian lavumela ukongeza izinto ezintsha kuMfanekiso WaseRoma.
Ubuchwephesha boMfanekiso
Ngombulelo kulo mfanekiso, uMfanekiso wamaRoma wenza igalelo elikhulu kwesi sithethe, esasungulwa yimpucuko yamaGrike kodwa inkcubeko yaseRoma yasitshintsha, ngoko ke yahlulahlulwe yaba yimiba emibini, nganye ineendlela zayo zokuguqula.
Ewe, ukusukela ngexesha leRiphabhlikhi umfanekiso wawusele uxatyiswe kakhulu njengoko iminyaka yayihamba uye waba sisitayile esinqwenelekayo seklasikhi.
Ngelixa omnye umba uhambelana nokwenyani apho eyona ntetho yenkcubeko yamaGrike yamaGrike isetyenziswa ngokubhekiselele kwimifanekiso, i-bust kunye nentloko yayixhaphake kakhulu kwi-Roman Sculpture.
Ewe, imizobo yobude obupheleleyo yayincinci kakhulu ngelixa imifanekiso yentloko kunye ne-bust yayithandwa kakhulu kwinkcubeko yaseRoma.
Ukuqala imarike yezoqoqosho kule misebenzi yobugcisa boMfanekiso wamaRoma ngokubhekiselele kwiMeditera Basin, ekubeni yayifikeleleka ngakumbi ukwenza olu hlobo lomzobo ukususela, ekubeni yintloko okanye i-bust, yayingabizi kakhulu kunomzimba opheleleyo.
Kwakhona ngenxa yokuba bagxininisa ekugqalweni komntu ngamnye kule mpucuko, ekubeni ubuso obabubonwa entloko yayiyeyamaRoma inkalo ebaluleke kakhulu ngokuphathelele kulo mfanekiso.
Izinto ezazisetyenziswa kakhulu xa kusenziwa imizobo zazingqamana nobhedu kunye nebhastile.Ekokuqala, amehlo ayeqatywe ngebala, emva koko aqala ukukrolwa ngabakhandi begolide.
Ewe, bekukho ukwamkelwa kwentlalo yabantu ngenxa yoMfanekiso waseRoma, njengoko kuchaziwe ngumphandi uRobert Brilliant kwesi sicaphulo silandelayo:
"... isazisi esithile somxholo, esekwe ziimpawu ezithile zentloko, sathathwa njengesihlomelo somfuziselo esingathatheli ngqalelo ingqibelelo yomzimba ..."
"... Kubonakala ngathi abadwebi benza iintloko zabo njengesitshixo esiphambili sokuchongwa kwaye bafakwe kwisimo esilungelelaniswa kakuhle kwingcamango..."
"... ukuba akukho njongo yakhe, kwimibhalo elungiselelwe, kunye nokuvulwa kobuso, okuqhelekileyo phakathi kweefoto zenkulungwane ye-XNUMX ..."
"... imifanekiso eqingqiweyo engenantloko ekhoyo kumaxesha amandulo iyafana nezigaba ezingenabadlali ..."
"...ingakumbi xa umzimba wenziwa ngabancedi kwangaphambili, ulindele ukuba intloko iqingqwe ngumkroli onobuchule..."
Ngokunyuka kuka-Emperor Vespasian, owaseka i-Flavian dynasty, isitayile esixubeneyo sadalwa phakathi kwale miba mibini: i-idealism kunye nenyani, apho abaculi be-Julio-Claudia dynasty babesele besenza.
Ukuguqulwa koMfanekiso
Kwabakho inguqulelo kwiindlela zobuGrike kunye nenkcazelo yokwenene yombandela owawusenziwa kuwo uMzobo wamaRoma.
Oku kwakugquba xa kufikelela kumlawuli woBukhosi baseRoma nkqu ubuchule bandiswa ngokuyilwa ngokutsha kokomba.
Okukuvumela ukuba iinwele eziyinkimbinkimbi zibekwe ebusweni besifazane beli xesha ngokubonga kwi-Roman Sculpture, eyayiyi-boom enkulu kwi-elite ephezulu yoluntu baseRoma.
Ngexesha uTrajan ethatha isikhundla somlawuli, kwenziwa iinguqu eziye zaphumelela ngaphezu kwengcamango, eyathi yathatha indawo enkulu ngexesha likaHadrian, ekubeni ukuthanda kwakhe kwamaGrike kwakuphawulwe kakuhle kwiMifanekiso yaseRoma.
Kwelinye icala, kwimifanekiso kaMarcus Aurelius, umgangatho wokwenyani uphinda ubonwe, ubonisa ukubaluleka kwenkcazo yobuso, ebonisa ukucaciswa okukhulu, yingakho benempembelelo enkulu kuwo wonke ummandla waseRoma.
Ndiyabulela kwimpembelelo yasempumalanga, ukongeza kumdla wezinto zeemilo zejometri, ukuphumelela kwi-Roman Sculpture ukuba imizobo ibonise isimbo kunye neempawu ezingabonakaliyo.
Kubukhosi bukaConstantine yafikelela incopho yayo yombulelo ngenxa yesikhumbuzo sayo, esikhumbuza i-classicism eqhelekileyo yexesha lika-Augustus omkhulu.
Olu hlobo loMzobo waseRoma luya kuba ngumanduleli wento esiya kuyazi kamva njengobugcisa baseByzantine, emele ukuphela kwexesha legolide lobu bugcisa kwimpucuko yaseRoma.
Abalawuli baseRoma basebenzisa lo mfanekiso njengembonakaliso yamandla eyinxalenye yenkqubo yabo kwezopolitiko kwaye kwindawo yabucala yoluntu lwaseRoma uhlobo lomzobo lwalusetyenziselwa iinkonzo zomngcwabo.
Nkqu neeBusts apho kwakukongezwa imibhalo apho izihlobo nezalamane zazinyamekela ukuhonjiswa kwesibingelelo ukongezelela kwisixhobo sokutshiswa kwesidumbu.
Esi siko sasinxulunyaniswa neemaski zomngcwabo ezenziwe nge-wax okanye i-terracotta yezona zinyanya zibalaseleyo kwimingcwabo yabantu abaphezulu bebutho laseRoma, bebonisa umnombo wabo omkhulu we-patrician.
Ke ezi maski zokufa zazigcinwa kwindawo engcwele yosapho ebizwa ngokuba yilararium kunye neebhasi ezenziwe ngeterracotta, ubhedu kunye nebhastile.
Sesinye sezizathu zokuba amaRoma acele ubukho bokwenyani kwimifanekiso ukuze bakhusele imbonakalo yobuso babo babathandayo ngenxa yoMzobo waseRoma.
Iindidi zemizobo kwiMifanekiso yaseRoma
Ngokophando olwenziweyo malunga noMzobo waseRoma, iindlela ezintathu zokwenza imizobo zinokubonwa, ezi zilandelayo:
Iifoto zeToga apho umzobo womlawuli ukrolwe nge toga kunye nengubo yokwaleka entloko emfanekisela phambi koluntu baseRoma njengoyena upontifi uphakamileyo.
Iimpawu zeThoracatos Kulolu hlobo loMfanekiso wamaRoma, umlawuli ubonakaliswa njenge-consul okanye njengomfanekiso wentlonipho enkulu yokumela imikhosi yasemkhosini, ngenxa yokuba isigcina-sifuba sibekwe kuye.
IApotheosis Umfanekiso Kolu hlobo loMzobo waseRoma, umlawuli uthathwa njengothixo okanye igorha, ummandla ongasentla womzimba wakhe uhamba ze ebonisa umzimba wakhe oqingqiweyo obalaseleyo.
Unxibe isithsaba sobuthixo selaurel etempileni yakhe njengothixo omkhulu, engomnye weyona mifanekiso ityebileyo yoMzobo waseRoma kodwa engeyiyo eyona nto idla ngokuboniswa.
Ukujonga indlela uhlobo lomzobo olwaluguqulwa ngayo lube nguMzobo waseRoma ngokusebenzisa iinkcukacha ezaziveliswa ngobuchule obukhulu.
Ngokumalunga nokuma kwamehlo, iindevu ezigqitywe ngabanumzana kunye neenwele ezigqithwe ngabasetyhini, imfashini inokubonakaliswa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo zeenwele zexesha elibonakaliswe kwiifoto ezenziwe.
Ukuzivelela komzobo kuBukhosi baseRoma
Ngokumalunga nexesha leRiphablikhi, ukunyaniseka okukhulu kubonakala kumfanekiso, obonwa ngeempawu zezifundo eziza kukrolwa, ezigxininiswe kakhulu.
Le mizobo yoMfanekiso waseRoma yahlukaniswa ngokuba yintsimbi emfutshane apho intloko yayiyeyona nto iphambili, ngaphezu kwentamo, emadodeni yayineempawu zokunxiba iinwele ezimfutshane.
Umfanekiso ngexesha loMlawuli uAgasto
Ngeli xesha lexesha, umfanekiso uba yinto efanelekileyo, ngoko ke iimpawu zifihliwe kuba imele yezopolitiko inyukela kwimeko yokugqibelela.
Ngokubhekiselele kwizinwele ngeli xesha lexesha, zisanxitywa mfutshane kodwa zikhangeleka zinde kunexesha elidlulileyo, izitshixo ezithambileyo kunye nee-curls ze-wavy zivela kwi-Sculpture yaseRoma ehambelana nomlinganiselo wentloko.
Iinwele eziwela ebunzi zifana nomsila wentaka eyaziwa ngegama lenkonjane.Phakathi kwemifanekiso yabasetyhini, umzobo we-Empress Livia unxibe iinwele zakhe zikanywe ngasemva, ziqokelelwe kwaye ebunzi unxibe i-toupee okanye iqhina. .
Umfanekiso kwiXesha leFlavian
Oku kwenzeka ukususela kwinkulungwane yokuqala kwaye kukho ubungangamsha kuBukhosi baseRoma obukhetha isimbo sokwenyani ukwenza umntu oqingqiweyo ngaphandle kwemfuneko yokubamangalela.
Ngokubhekiselele kwi-bust, eli lide kancinane, lifikelela ekujongeni amadoda kunye neepectorals zabantu ababezicelile kubantu abaphezulu boluntu lwaseRoma.
Ngokumalunga neenwele, i-bulges kunye ne-curls ebanzi ibonakala, igxininisa i-chiaroscuro, ukongezelela, ukunyakaza kusetyenziswa ngokubonga kwinto yokuba intamo iqala ukwenza ukujika.
UJulia intombi kaTito ubeka umbulelo wefashoni kwimifanekiso yokusetyenziswa kweenwele eziphakamileyo ezibetha kakhulu kwi-elite ephezulu yoluntu baseRoma.
I-Portraiture ngexesha le-XNUMXnd kunye ne-XNUMXrd inkulungwane
Ngokubhekiselele kweli xesha, i-Roman Sculpture ibonisa incasa yobugcisa be-baroque ngokubhekiselele kwizinwele kwi-portraits, eqingqwe ixesha elide kwaye yahlulwe entloko ngee-curls ezininzi kunye neendevu kumanene abonisa intshukumo.
Kukurhulumente waseHadrian apho ukumila kwamehlo kwimizobo eqala ukukrolwa phakathi kwemizekelo yale mifanekiso iqingqiweyo ngulo ka-Antinous apho kubonwa imbono efana kakhulu nenkcubeko yamaGrike yamaGrike.
Yayiyeyona nto ithandwayo ngumlawuli uHadrian, lo mfanekiso wawunqweneleka kakhulu waza wabhidaniswa nomfanekiso wesithixo uApollo.
Iinwele zakhe zazinde kwaye iimilo zamehlo zikroliwe, kwaye lo mfanekiso wawunobude obupheleleyo unomzimba omhle kakhulu.
Ngokuphathelele kwimizobo yabasetyhini, unokuyibona le kaFaustina apho avela khona eneenwele ezinqamlekileyo phakathi kwentloko yakhe kwaye iinwele zakhe ziwela kumaza athambileyo kwaye ziqokelelwe kwintamo yentamo okanye entloko yenenekazi lisenza. a bhun..
Ngokubhekiselele kumzobo we-Hadrian owenziwe ngekhulu le-XNUMX, amehlo aqoshiwe, unentshebe ekhanda lakhe kwaye iinwele zakhe ziphawulwe kwaye zihlukaniswe nentloko kuba zide.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z0_eNQt7EY0
Yasetyenzwa kusetyenziswa i-trepan enobumnandi obukhulu ngokweenkcukacha, kwaye kwi-bust yakhe ine-jellyfish. Ngokubhekiselele kwinkulungwane yesithathu, omnye weyona mizobo imele uMzobo waseRoma yileyo yomlawuli uCaracalla.
Ngubani owayenobundlongondlongo, okhukhumeleyo kwaye onamandla, ezi mpawu zagxininiswa kumfanekiso abawenzayo kuye apho intloko ijika ngokupheleleyo.
Umfanekiso wenkulungwane yesine yoBukhosi baseRoma
Ngeli xesha lexesha kubonwa ukuba i-portraits ihlaziywa kwaye i-emperor ihambela kude noluntu, ngoko i-anti-classicism ibonakala.
Ngeli xesha iimpawu azilingani kwaye ukukrola kunzima, njengoko kubonakaliswe kwimifanekiso eqingqiweyo eyenziwe kuConstantine.
Eyona nto ixhaphakileyo kweli xesha kwimbali yoMzobo waseRoma, lo mfanekiso wexesha lobukhosi ulindele umfanekiso oqingqiweyo waseByzantine.
Imifanekiso eqingqiweyo eyenziwe kuMfanekiso wamaRoma
Ngokuphathelele ukuyilwa kwemifanekiso eqingqiweyo, yayenziwe ngenkalo yamaGrike kwisithixo esenzela ukuba umntu afane nomlawuli.
Emzimbeni osoloko usemncinci kwaye uzele amandla njengophawu lwamandla omlawuli ngokungafaniyo nomfanekiso apho ubunyani bunikezelwa.
Ngoko ke, kwakukho umahluko ophawulekayo phakathi kwemifanekiso eqingqiweyo nemifanekiso, ekubeni kwizikhumbuzo zikawonke wonke apho kwakufuneka khona umfanekiso opheleleyo, umzimba wesithixo esithile wawusetyenziswa kuze kubekwe intloko yomlawuli ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa.
Bade batshintsha intloko babeka enye ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka, njengoko kubonisiwe kwiincwadi zexesha lembali, ngaloo ndlela beqinisekisa ukuzimela.
Ngokuphathelele ingcinga yabemi boBukhosi baseRoma malunga nentloko kunye neenkcazo zokuqala zesitayile sokwenyani kunye nomzimba ofanelekileyo.
Le mifanekiso iqingqiweyo yadalwa rhoqo kude kube yinkulungwane ye-XNUMX emva koKristu, nangona ngexesha likaConstantine I impembelelo yaseMpuma yabonisa ukungabikho okuqhubekayo kwemifanekiso eqingqiweyo kwaye yayizinikele kuphela ekwenzeni imifanekiso.
Nangona imifanekiso eqingqiweyo yenziwe ngamanani amancinci ngokukodwa kwizikhumbuzo zoluntu apho isitayile sokwenziwa sisongamela kunye ne-abstract, ilunxibelelwano nobugcisa baseByzantine.
Iibhokisi kwinkcubeko yaseRoma
Ukusetyenziswa kwezi bhokisi kwakuxhaphakile kwimpucuko yase-Etruria ukongezelela kwisiGrike, kodwa kwisixeko saseRoma olu phawu lwalusetyenziswa kakhulu buBukhosi baseRoma ukususela ngenkulungwane yesibini ukuya phambili, ekubeni isiko lamaRoma yayikukutshiswa kwesidumbu laza lathatyathelw’ indawo kukungcwatywa. . .
Ukuvelisa amaziko amathathu abalulekileyo apho iibhokisi zenziwa khona, njengesixeko saseRoma, i-Afrika kunye ne-Asiya, ebonisa imizekelo eyahlukeneyo yezi bhokisi zokugcina izidumbu.
Eyona nto ixhaphakileyo kwezi bhokisi yayiyibhokisi eyayihonjiswe ngemifanekiso yoncedo nenesigqubuthelo esigudileyo kangangoko kunokwenzeka.
Kwakukho enye ibhokisi eyayinoqweqwe oluhonjisiweyo apho imifanekiso yoMzobo waseRoma inokongezwa, ezi zinokuba ngumzimba opheleleyo womfi.
Kwakubonakala ukuba abalinganiswa babehleli kwisidlo kwaye yayiyimodeli evela kwinkcubeko yase-Etruscan, evumela ukudala iifom ezintsha ezihlotshiswe ngokukhululeka kobunzima obukhulu kwiinkcukacha zabo.
Ukongezelela, kwisixeko saseRoma, imodeli yebhokisi ye-mortuary yayisetyenziswe, eyayihlotshiswe ngezinto ezingabonakaliyo, ezibandakanya iintyatyambo okanye iintloko zezilwanyana.
Phakathi kwabo bagqamayo kwezo zengonyama ekupheleni kwale bhokisi, bekukho neefomu ezininzi ezibethileyo kwaye zenziwe ngokwamandla ezoqoqosho kusapho oluphumeze lo myalelo.
Ngokumalunga nokuveliswa kweebhokisi e-Asiya, iibhokisi ezinkulu zasetyenziswa kwaye ezi zibonelelwa ngeefom zezakhiwo ezijikeleze ibhokisi, iikholomu zabekwa ngaphezu kwemifanekiso eqingqiweyo eyenza umnyango kunye neepleyiti zokuhlobisa.
Nkqu nophahla olunemilo yeprism ene-acroteras kangangokuba ekuqaleni kwakubonakala ngathi yindawo engcwele kwaye nangaphezulu kwakukho iqonga.
Olu hlobo lwebhokisi yasempumalanga yayihonjiswe kumacala omane, ibe sisikhumbuzo esizimeleyo esakhiwe kwindawo ekhululekileyo yamangcwaba, endaweni yaleyo yangaphambili eyayibekwe kwiindawo zamangcwaba, yayihonjiswa kuphela apho ibhokisi yayiza kubonakala khona.
Lo mkhuba kwinkcubeko yaseRoma yokungcwatywa kwabathandekayo babo waqhubeka uqhutyelwa kwixesha lobuKristu, ungomnye wemifanekiso ephambili yenkolo.
Imizobo kuyilo lweMifanekiso eqingqiweyo yaseRoma
Ukudala izibingelelo ezikhulu njengezikhumbuzo kwakunye neentsika zezikhumbuzo kunye neengqameko zoloyiso zazifuneka kuMzobo wamaRoma.
Imizobo yokuhombisa eyayiyinxalenye yoyilo yintsimi enkulu yokuchuma kokuyila kwendlela yokubalisa yoBukhosi baseRoma.
Sele sikuxelele malunga ne-Abisarbus Isibingelelo kunye ne-Praxis Isibingelelo, eziyimizekelo enkulu eyandulelayo yobu buchule, kukho ne-Emilia Basilica eyenziwe phakathi kwe-54 -34 BC kwiForam yaseRoma.
Ibonisa isitayile sobuGreek njengesiqhelo senkcubeko yamaGrike ngokubhekisele kumnombo kaJulio-Claudia, bekungekho mininzi intsalela yobu bugcisa eseleyo, kodwa incinci ekhoyo ibonisa isitayile, esinje ngefrieze eyafunyanwa kwisixeko saseRoma.
Apho kubonwa umngcelele woomantyi kwakunye nababingeleli abaphethe imifanekiso eqingqiweyo ezandleni zabo bekhatshwa ngabancedisi, iimvumi nezilwanyana apho imbono ibonakala khona.
Ngokubandakanya amanani angasemva ngentla komgca ohambelana nomngcelele, sisixhobo esisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwiMifanekiso yamaRoma.
Ngokubhekiselele kwiArch of Titus, eyadalwa phakathi kweminyaka eyi-81 kunye ne-82, imele indawo ephezulu yesitayela kurhulumente weFlavio ukususela kwiipaneli ezihlobisa olu yilo.
Babonisa uloyiso oluphunyezwe nguTito apho kuboniswa ubuhle obuphuhliswe kakhulu kunye nobuchule obukhulu kubuchule bokwenza umboniso kwangaphambili.
Ecetyelwe ukumela umlawuli kunye nenqwelo ijongene nababukeli benza ujiko olufanelekileyo ngenxa yobuchule kunye nobuchule bomkroli.
Kwelinye icala, ukuphangwa kwaseYerusalem kubonakala apho kusetyenziswa ubuncwane obufanayo kodwa kwelinye icebo apho izinto ziqiniswa ngenxa yokukhanya nesithunzi.
Ngexesha lolawulo luka-Emperor Trajan, iKholamu yeTrajan yadalwa ngembeko yakhe, ebonisa uloyiso eDacia phakathi kweminyaka eyi-101 ukuya kwi-106.
Lo msebenzi wokwakha yintsika egqunywe ngokupheleleyo yifrieze eqhubekayo eyenza i-spiral ukusuka ezantsi ukuya kwindawo ephezulu yepilaster.
Ukuba yenye yeempawu ezinkulu zesimbo esibalisayo ngokubhekiselele kwimifanekiso eqingqiweyo yeRoman Sculpture apho iziqendu zembali yaseRoma zicwangciswe ngendlela elandelelanayo.
Ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa apho i-emperor ibonakaliswe kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo malunga ne-2500 imifanekiso eqingqiweyo kwikholamu enkulu.
Ukubonisa umgangatho obalaseleyo wobugcisa obonwa kuwo wonke umsebenzi wobugcisa, enye yeempawu zayo kukushiywa kwembono.
Ukongeza kokusetyenziswa kwamanani angenakulinganiswa ngokubhekiselele kwimvelaphi yomhlaba, ibonisa impembelelo yempucuko yaseMpuma kumsebenzi wobugcisa, okwangoku kuphela iifom ezenziwe ngemarble ezinobungqina.
Kodwa isiphumo sayo xa igqityiwe kufuneka ibe yinto emangalisayo ngenxa yokuba imifanekiso yayiyilwe ngeenkcukacha zetsimbi, mhlawumbi umbhali wayo kufuneka abe nguApollodorus waseDamasko ngenxa yeempawu zomsebenzi wokuhombisa.
Emva koko, i-classicism ibuyela kwincopho apho enye iArch yeTrajan yenziwa khona kodwa kwidolophu yaseBenevento apho, nangona ixesha liphelile, likwimeko ebalaseleyo ngokubhekiselele kwimifanekiso eqingqiweyo, bagqitywa kurhulumente waseHadrian ngokunjalo. njengeepaneli ezilishumi elinanye zesimbo esifanayo.
Apho uMlawuli uMarcus Aurelius eboniswa kwimiboniso eyahlukeneyo malunga nezi ziqendu, ezine kwezi mboniso zikwiCapitoline Museums.
Ezinye zaphinda zasetyenziswa ngexesha lobukhosi elihambelana neArch of Constantine, omnye umzekelo woMfanekiso waseRoma nguKholamu owenziwe ngokuhlonipha uMarcus Aurelius apho i-classicism ibusa, umyalelo uboniswa kwikholamu.
Ehonjiswe kwi-spiral kunye nesingqisho kunye nokuziphatha okungekho kwikholamu yangaphambili eyenziwe ngokuhlonipha uTrajan.
Nangona le ndawo incinci yembali apho i-classicism ibonwa ifikelela kuvuthondaba ngokunyuka kuka-Emperor Septimius Severus eyenzelwe iArch.
Apho ubugcisa basempumalanga bungumlingisi oyintloko ngokwemilinganiselo kunye nokunciphisa indlela imifanekiso ekhululekileyo ehlelwe ngayo.
Imiboniso emine ibonakala kwiiphaneli ezinkulu ezibhekiselele eMesopotamiya, esi simbo seso siya kuqhubeka kuMzobo wamaRoma ukutyhubela inkulungwane yesine.
Njengoko kungqinwa kwiifriezes ezinyukayo kwiArch of Constantine ebonisa umahluko ngokumalunga nexesha likaMarcus Aurelius.
Ukuba yimizekelo edumileyo yoMfanekiso waseRoma i-Obelisk kaTheodosius I ekwiHippodrome yaseConstantinople efana kakhulu nobugcisa baseByzantine kunenkcubeko yaseRoma.
Ngokuphathelele kwiCameos
Olu hlobo lwaluxhaphake kakhulu kwi-elite ephezulu yoluntu lwaseRoma, lwalusetyenziswa njengelitye elinqabileyo, liqingqwe ngamatye anqabileyo anqabileyo.
Phakathi kwazo kukho iJaspisi, iagati, iamethiste, ionyx kunye nekalkedoni zithathwa njengoMzobo waseRoma ekunciphiseni kwaye benza imizobo kuzo.
Olu hlobo lwafika kwisixeko saseRoma ngenxa yempembelelo yempucuko yamaGrike yesitayile samaGrike, ibe ngowokuqala ukuqalisa obu bugcisa.
Apho iimpazamo zingenakho ukubakho, zifuna iqondo eliphezulu lokugxila kunye novakalelo ukuze kusebenze umthambo weli litye linqabileyo elinqabileyo.
Ukongeza ekusebenzeni kwiileya ezahlukeneyo zelitye ukufezekisa ubuncinci bemibala enkosi kwiziphumo zokukhanya kunye nokubukhali malunga nomzuzu wembali apho zaqala khona ukwenziwa, kunzima kakhulu ukucacisa neyona nto yenziwe ngcono. yayizeyabaqokeleli abakhulu.
Enye yazo yiGema Augustea, isiqwenga selitye elinqabileyo elibizwa ngokuba yi-onyx yebicolor elakrolwa ngemifanekiso emibini equka abalinganiswa abaliqela.
Ngexesha lobukhosi ezi cameo zazixatyiswe kakhulu njengeMizobo yamaRoma, ngoko le mpucuko yayinobuchule bokwenza iglasi ngayo, ifumana ezinye iingenelo ezinjengokukwazi ukulawula umbala nokuba bukhali.
Nangona eyona nto yayinzima yayikukusebenza iglasi ngenxa yendlela ecekeceke kwaye ibiza ngayo loo mzuzu wembali ngenxa yemiceli mngeni yobugcisa yamagcisa ukuba nanamhlanje iingcali zeglasi azikwazanga ukucacisa iimfihlo zobugcisa babo.
Bade benza nezikhongozelo ze-cameo ezenziwe ngeglasi kunye nohombiso oluqingqiweyo olukhuselwe ngeglasi, omnye wemizekelo yayo emikhulu yiglasi yasePortland kunye neGlass yamaxesha onyaka njengemiboniso yoMzobo waseRoma.
Ngokuphathelele iithoyi zabantwana
Into exhaphake kakhulu kuzo zonke impucuko yayingamathoyizi kwaye uBukhosi baseRoma abuyi kuba yinto engaqhelekanga ngokutsho kophando olwenziweyo ukusukela ngexesha lempucuko yamaGrike yamaGrike lubonisa ukuba kukho iindidi ngeendidi zamathoyizi ezenzelwe ukonwatyiswa kweentsana.
Ukusuka oonodoli bendabuko ukuya kwiinqwelo ezinamavili, kunye neefenitshala ezincinci kunye namanani amaqhawe afana nezilwanyana ezahlukeneyo, kukho izindlu ezincinci ezenziwe ngezinto ezahlukeneyo ezifana ne-terracotta, iinkuni okanye isinyithi.
Ezi zinto zokudlala ziyindlela esisiseko yokukwazi ukwazi imeko yentlalo neyoqoqosho yeentsapho ngokufunyanwa kwezi zinto ukuze kuthotywe ookumkani bendlu ababengabantwana babo.
Imifanekiso eqingqiweyo yonqulo lwangasese
Kwinkalo yonqulo, iintsapho zazinemifanekiso eqingqiweyo yezithixo ezahlukahlukeneyo zezithixo zamaRoma emakhayeni azo, ukongezelela koothixo bentsapho kwanakwinqanaba lesizwe.
Lo mkhwa wokunqula izithixo uvela kwimpembelelo yempucuko yamaEtruscan namaGrike apho bafundiswa ukuhlonela nokudumisa amandla endalo.
Njengamanye amagunya angekho ngqiqweni, ibutho lamaRoma lawaguqulela ekubeni abe yimifanekiso eqingqiweyo enefiziognomy, enendima enkulu kwihlelo labucala leentsapho.
Ngoku unokubona ukubonakaliswa kweli lifa lemveli libambekayo kwiimyuziyam apho imifanekiso eqingqiweyo yenkolo yabucala igcwele, yiyo loo nto ukwanda kwayo okukhulu kubo bonke uBukhosi baseRoma kuqikelelwa kwaye umgangatho wobugcisa uxhomekeke kwiindleko zelo xesha lembali.
KumaRoma le mifanekiso iqingqiweyo yayiyindlela yokunxibelelana nezithixo ngolu yilo lwenziwa ngabantu abafayo ukuze bafunde ngamandla angaphezu kwawemvelo.
Ngendlela efanayo kunye neminye imifanekiso eqingqiweyo - amakhubalo apho ayekhusela abemi kumandla angaphezu kwawemvelo, i-Etruscan kunye nempucuko yamaGrike yayisebenzisa.
Enkosi kubo, uluntu lwaseRoma lwalubazi phakathi kwababhali bamandulo abafana noGalen noPliny abasixelela ngeenzuzo zabo ezinkulu.
Ke ngoko, abemi baseRoma benza lo mkhuba ube ngumkhwa oqhelekileyo, ngakumbi kwixesha leLate Imperial, kodwa ezi zinto zazingencinci.
Kwiimeko ezininzi, i-statuettes eyenza umsebenzi we-amulet ifunyenwe kwiindawo ze-archaeological, njengoko zifanekisela izinyanya ezikhuselayo zekhaya, njengoko kunjalo kwiLares.
Eziye zihlonelwe kumakhaya osapho anjalo imeko kaPriapus ukuba nguthixo we-phallic kuba umfanekiso wakhe wawubalaseleyo ukukhusela kwiliso elibi kunye nobunyumba kunye nokungabi namandla, wabekwa ngaphandle kwezindlu.
Ukuhonjiswa kwezinto
Izinto ezininzi ze-utilitarian zazihonjisiwe, kunjalo kwimeko ye-crockery, i-vases, izibambo zomnyango, kunye nezibane, ezikufutshane ne-Roman Sculpture, ibe luluhlu olubanzi lwamaqhekeza abonisa ubuchule kunye nobuchule bempucuko yaseRoma.
Ngokumalunga nezibane, ngaphezu kwee-braziers, ezihlotshiswe ngoluhlu olubanzi lwemifanekiso ecacileyo ekuncedeni apho imifanekiso yezenkolo, i-erotic and mythological yaboniswa, kuxhomekeke kwindawo yomfanekiso oza kusetyenziswa.
Le mihombiso yayihonjisiwe ukongezelela kwiipleyiti, izitya, iiglasi kwakunye neembiza apho imizobo egqwesileyo iyilwe ngokunjalo neentamo zeevazi ezinemilo enomtsalane.
Ngokubhekiselele kwi-ceramics, i-terra sigillata ivelele, iluhlobo lwesitya okanye isikhongozeli esihonjiswe ngokusikwa kunye ne-reliefs, eyayixhaphake kakhulu kuwo wonke ummandla woBukhosi baseRoma.
Enye yezinto ezisetyenziswa rhoqo ezenza inxalenye yoMzobo waseRoma owaziwa ngegama elithi antefixes zokuhombisa ezazibekwe emacaleni ophahla lwezindlu zaseRoma, zenziwe ngeemilo ezingabonakaliyo okanye imizobo.
Umfanekiso oqingqiweyo waseRoma ngeXesha loBukhosi
Ngokubhekiselele kwiinkulungwane zokugqibela zoBukhosi baseRoma, malunga nenkulungwane yesithathu ukuya kwinkulungwane yesihlanu, inguqu entsha yenkcubeko eyaziwa ngokuba yi-classicism yenziwa.
Ke ngoko, uBukhosi baseRoma sele bunembali yabo kunye nesazisi kwaye babuqala ukufumanisa ezinye iinkcubeko zakudala, ezinje ngeMpuma Ekufuphi.
Apho impembelelo yale mpucuko ithatha imilo, inkolo kunye neengcamango ngaphakathi kwimpucuko yaseRoma ngenxa yommandla omkhulu apho badibana khona namasiko amatsha kubo njengoko kunjalo Gaul, Hispania, Britannia, Arabia, Persia, North Africa. kunye neCaucasus.
Ngale nto, kwaphuhliswa ubugcisa obutsha obuyinxalenye yoMfanekiso waseRoma ngenxa yempembelelo yale mimandla mitsha yayiyinxalenye yoBukhosi baseRoma.
Ukwenza ukunyuka kwenkcubeko kunye nokusetyenziswa koluhlu olubanzi lwezixhobo zobuhle eziye zatshintshwa ngokwephondo apho ubugcisa baphuhliswa khona. Ke ngoko, i-syncretism yayiyenye yeempawu zobugcisa baseRoma kwaye ngexesha lokugqibela lobukhosi elibaluleke kakhulu emva kobuKristu, izithethe zobuhedeni zamkelwa ngabalawuli abangamaKristu ngokunxulumene nezihloko ezitsha.
Ngelo xesha isixeko saseConstantinople satshintshwa saba sisixeko esilikomkhulu esitsha ngoko sasihonjiswe ngezakhiwo ezintle zokwakha. Ukongeza, izalathiso zobugcisa kwisixeko saseRoma, esibonisa imvakalelo yokugcina izithethe zamandulo zihlaziywa ngokweemfuno kunye nomdla womxholo.
Kodwa kufuneka wazi ukuba yayingeyonto ingapheliyo ye-classicism, kodwa kukhethwe izitayile zobugcisa, ke eli xesha lalikhethe kwaye lizithandela. Njengoko kwaqinisekiswa luncwadi lwelo xesha, ezinye izimbo zagcinwa ngokusemthethweni ngelixa ezinye zalityalwa.
Kwanangeli xesha iinguqu ezahlukahlukeneyo zentlalo, ezopolitiko nezoqoqosho zaye zabonakaliswa ngokwezinto ezibangela ukuba abantu abaphezulu boluntu lwaseRoma baqhubeke befumana imfundo yogcino-mfundo neyeklasiki. Ngoko ke, bafunda ababhali abadumileyo yaye babeqhelene nezithethe zookhokho, bekhulisa incasa kubo ngokwezixeko.
Ukongezelela kwizakhiwo eziphakamileyo nezinezihandiba, kwakunye neendawo zemidlalo yeqonga, zazihonjiswe ngemifanekiso eqingqiweyo eyayigqalwa njengabahedeni xa uMlawuli uConstantine waguqukela kubuKristu ngonyaka ka-312.
Yayikugqabhuka kwesithethe saseRoma esaziwa de kube ngoko, kodwa kwenziwa ngokuthe ngcembe ngokophando olwenziwa nguRachel Kousser, echaza oku kulandelayo:
"... I-aristocracy yenkulungwane yesine ke ngoko kwafuneka ixoxe ngendawo yabo kweli hlabathi liphikisanayo, ngaphandle kokubangela ungquzulwano oluvulekileyo ..."
"... Izikhumbuzo ezenziweyo zagcina umkhondo wolu thethwano: ngokwemveli ngendlela, oblique kumxholo, zibhala ukudala isivumelwano esitsha..."
"... Kubaphathi benkulungwane yesine, le mifanekiso isekwe kwimodeli yemifanekiso eqingqiweyo yakudala yayiziimoto eziluncedo zokuzibonakalisa ngokufanelekileyo nangokufanelekileyo..."
«...kwakukho intetho yexesha elidlulileyo ekwabelwana ngalo ngabo bonke kunye nesipho esahlukileyo. Ngale ndlela, baye bancedisa ekuqinisekiseni ukusinda kweendlela zakudala kubugcisa bexesha eliphakathi. ” …
Ngelo xesha, imisebenzi yobugcisa yenziwa eyayinenkangeleko eqhelekileyo kodwa ngoku kuthi imele imonotony eqhelekileyo exatyiswa kakhulu kwixesha laLate Imperial.
Ngoko ke, le misebenzi yaphawula isiganeko esibalulekileyo kolu lungelelwaniso lutsha lobuKristu, isenza umzobo wendalo womzobo womntu ngoMzobo waseRoma, ibe yimpumelelo enkulu kwimisebenzi yobugcisa.
Ngenxa yoku, izikhumbuzo ze-classicist zeXesha likaLate zenza inkqubo ingafi ngenxa yexabiso lobugcisa eliziswe kwimpucuko yamaGrike.
Yayisele isasazeke kuwo wonke ummandla woBukhosi baseRoma, ibe yimpembelelo enkulu kwiRenaissance njengakwamanye amaxesha obugcisa oya kufunda ngawo ngamanqaku ethu anomdla.
Le mifanekiso iqingqiweyo inomdla eyayibalaselisa uMkrolo wamaRoma owawusanda ngenkulungwane yesi-391, nangona ubuKristu babusanda, kunye nokugxothwa kwehlelo lamandulo lamaRoma nguMlawuli uTheodosius I ngowama-XNUMX, kwabangela ukutshatyalaliswa kwemifanekiso yonqulo eyayihombise. .
UMlawuli uPrudentius wacela ekupheleni kwenkulungwane yesi-XNUMX ukuba kugcinwe imifanekiso eqingqiweyo yezi zithixo zabahedeni njengemiqondiso yobuchule obukhulu bobugcisa bamagcisa, kwanokuba yindlela entle yokuhombisa ucwangciso lwedolophu lwezixeko.
Nakuncwadi, ngoCassiodorus, iinzame ezenziweyo zokugcina umfanekiso oqingqiweyo waseRoma ngenkulungwane yesi-XNUMX zinokubonwa, nto leyo eya kuba yinxalenye yobungqina boBukhosi baseRoma kwixesha elizayo.
Kodwa umgaqo owawulawulwa ngoopopu noBukhosi baseRoma watshintshwa ukuze amatye ezikhumbuzo amaninzi ahluthwe imifanekiso eqingqiweyo eyayimela uMzobo waseRoma.
Ukusetyenziswa kombala njengomthombo osemthethweni kunye nokulinganisa
Ukongeza kokukrola ilitye okanye ubhedu obukhazimlisiweyo boMfanekiso waseRoma, umphumo wokugqibela womsebenzi wobugcisa watshintshwa ngemibala esetyenziswe kumphezulu womfanekiso.
Lo mkhuba wawuxhaphake kakhulu kwimpucuko yamaGrike, eyayixhaphake kakhulu, njengoko kungqinwa ziingxelo zembali ezinikezelwe kwimifanekiso eqingqiweyo yobhedu nelitye.
Inkalo eyoyikisayo njengoko ibonwa ngoku kwiimyuziyam, inomdla kakhulu i-pigment esetyenziswa njengokuhombisa, yiyo loo nto kwiMizobo yaseRoma yayixhaphakile kwimifanekiso eqingqiweyo nakwimitya kunye nakwiinkcukacha zoncedo ngokusetyenziswa kombala.
Kwakukholelwa ukuba umbala awuzange usetyenziswe kwimifanekiso eqingqiweyo, impazamo eqhubekayo kwezinye iintshukumo zobugcisa ezifana ne-Renaissance, Baroque kunye ne-Neoclassical.
Ukuba bashiya imifanekiso eqingqiweyo kwimeko yendalo yezinto abazisebenzisayo, ngokungafaniyo noMkrolo waseRoma, nangaphezu kokusetyenziswa kombala, wawusetyenziselwa ukufaka iziqwenga ngezinye izinto.
Njengoko igolide, isilivere, i-enamel, iglasi kunye nonina-weperile ukugqamisa iimpawu ezithile okanye iinxalenye ze-anatomy ngezi zixhobo, zinokuba nemibala yebhastile okanye amanye amatye anqabileyo anqabileyo afana ne-onyx.
Nangona i-alabaster enemizila enemibala emininzi kunye nobukhali obukhulu beengubo zemifanekiso eqingqiweyo eyenza umphumo onomdla kunye nobuhle.
Ngokophando lwakutsha nje oluye lwenziwa kwi-Roman Sculpture, kubekho imiboniso ebhekiselele kwiikopi zemisebenzi egqwesileyo ekhoyo ngoku kwiimyuziyam.
Ukuphumeza ukubuyiselwa kwemibala yoqobo kwezi zikopi kuvumela ababukeli ukuba bazi ukuba lo Mzobo waseRoma wobugcisa beklasikhi wawukhangeleka njani kubomi bawo.
Uninzi lwemifanekiso eqingqiweyo yamaRoma
Omnye weyona mifanekiso ibalaseleyo ye-Roman Sculpture ngenxa yokufezeka kweempawu zayo ezenziwe kwimizobo yi-bust ye-Antinous eyafunyanwa ngo-1998 e-Villa Adriana namhlanje le villa iyaziwa ngegama le-Tivoli.
Wayengumthandi womlawuli waseRoma uHadrian, xa lo mfana wafayo, umlawuli wacela ukuba benze umfanekiso apho babemlungele, ebonisa ubuhle obumangalisayo.
Ilandelwa ngumfanekiso ka-Emperor uAgasto, ngowona mzobo ubalaseleyo waseRoma ukusuka kwinkulungwane yesi-XNUMX BC kwaye okwangoku igcinwe apho iinkcukacha zomkroli zibonwa kwiimpawu ezithambileyo ezifaka ubomi kwibhastile.
Singaphinda sikhankanye iPantheon ye-Agripa enguMfanekiso waseRoma obaluleke kakhulu kwaye ugcinwe kwimbali.
Omnye wale mifanekiso iqingqiweyo ibaluleke kakhulu kuMzobo waseRoma ngumfanekiso kaCato noPortia abatshatileyo kumanyano lomngcwabo apho kubonakala ukuba ndlela-ntle.
Ngenxa yezi mpawu zilandelayo ezichazwe ngokweenkcukacha kumsebenzi oqingqiweyo, ekubeni inenekazi lincinane kakhulu kunendoda, lo Mzobo waseRoma ubonisa ubuntununtunu obukhulu obukhupha ubuhle kunye neemvakalelo xa beqwalasela izandla zabo eziphotheneyo.
Singaphinda sikhankanye umfanekiso kaPatrick apho enxibe imaski eyaziwa ngakumbi ngesihloko seBrutus Barberini ngokubhekiselele kulo mfanekiso ungumzimba opheleleyo kwaye ngokweengubo zakhe kuyaqondwa ukuba unguPatrician.
Kwisandla ngasinye uphethe i-bust ehambelana nezinyanya zakhe kwaye imele uthando nentlonipho avakalelwa ngayo kumgca wemvelaphi yakhe kunye nokugcina amasiko omngcwabo woBukhosi baseRoma.
Kwakhona sinokuwuxabisa umfanekiso oqingqiweyo ka-Augustus wasePrima Porta, lo Mzobo waseRoma wafunyanwa kwiVilla de Livia ekwisixeko saseRoma ngokukodwa ngoAprili 20, 1863, okwangoku lo msebenzi mhle ukhuselwe kwiBraccio Nuovo.
Eyinxalenye yeeMyuziyam zaseVatican, lo Mzobo waseRoma ungaphezulu kweemitha ezimbini ukuphakama kwaye kulo mfanekiso uphononongo oluntsonkothileyo lomzimba womntu ngenxa yoxinzelelo kunye nokuphumla kwemisipha kuyabonwa.
Ukuba ngumtsalane omkhulu kubabukeli ngokophando, lo msebenzi oqingqiweyo wagunyaziswa ngumfazi kaCésar Augusto emva kokunyamalala kwakhe ngokomzimba njengenkumbulo yesizukulwana seempawu zakhe ezimangalisayo.
Ngokubhekiselele kulo Mzobo waseRoma, usekelwe kwi-Doryphorus yePolykleitos ukusuka kwi-XNUMXth inkulungwane ngaphambi kukaKristu, yingakho iimpawu ze-sculpture classical zibonakala.
Ngumfanekiso oqingqiweyo oqingqwe ngebhastile kwaye enye yeempawu zawo kukuba ukumila kwawo kungqukuva kwaye kuwo kwasetyenziswa umbala obomvu, oluhlaza, igolide ukongezelela emsobo.
Ukuba ngumzobo ogcweleyo we-Emperor Augustus enxibe iimpahla zomkhosi kunye nesigcina-sifuba sakhe apho ibonisa uloyiso lomkhosi wakhe wokugqibela.
Umfanekiso oqingqiweyo waseRoma malunga namaPhondo
Ngaphandle kwesixeko saseRoma unokufumana uphuhliso lwendalo apho ezinye izikhumbuzo ezifanayo kakhulu nezo zenziwe kwisixeko esikhulu zigcinwa.
Nangona uninzi lwabakroli bemifanekiso eqingqiweyo babengenabo ubuchule obufanayo nobo bazoba ngamagcisa esixeko saseRoma, kukwabangela umdla kakhulu ngenxa yemixholo echukunyiswa ngokweengcamango zamaRoma ezaguqula iintlanga awayezoyisile.
Apho kubonwa inani elikhulu lemifanekiso eqingqiweyo yoBukhosi baseRoma, ibalasele kumaphondo asentshona kolo hlanga kunasempuma, apho inqongophele khona.
Ngoko ke, ngenxa yoBukhosi baseRoma, uMkrolo wamaRoma wanda kubo bonke ubukhosi beentlanga ezoyisayo eNtshona de, xa zingena kumazwe asempuma, ingcamango yamaRoma yaguquka ngokwenkcubeko yawo.
Inkcubeko kunye neengcinga zesizwe samaPersi kunye neMpuma Ekufutshane ngokuthe ngcembe zaguqula uMfanekiso wamaRoma waba bubugcisa obutsha ngexesha lamaKristu okuqala.
Ilifa lempucuko yaseRoma ngokweMifanekiso eqingqiweyo
Enye yeemeko ekufuneka ithathelwe ingqalelo likratshi lempucuko yaseRoma ngokwempembelelo yenkcubeko yamaGrike kunye nezinye iinkcubeko ezifana nelaseMpuma.
UVirgil waphawula kwisicatshulwa sakhe se-Aeneid ukuba iRoma yayiza kuzalwa ngokobugcisa iya kuba ngaphantsi kweGrisi enkulu kodwa amaqhinga ayo omkhosi.
Kanye njengokuba ukukhula kwawo kulawulo lukawonke-wonke kwawenza wachuma, ngoko ke wonke uMkrolo waseRoma ekuqaleni wawungumfuziselo nje wesiGrike.
Awona maxabiso abalulekileyo kuBukhosi baseRoma abonakala ukuba aphunyezwe kwiMifanekiso eqingqiweyo yaseRoma yayiyinkalipho, amandla kunye namandla kuyo nayiphi na inkalo yecandelo lommi waseRoma.
Ngoko ke, ezi xabiso zathathelwa ingqalelo ngexesha lokwenziwa kwe-portrait apho kwakungabonakali kuphela ubuhle bangaphandle, kodwa kunye namandla angaphakathi omntu ukuba abe ngumzekelo we-Sculpture yaseRoma.
Njengoko kungqinwa nobunye uBugcisa obuBuchule obufana nokupeyinta, uncwadi, imibongo, iingoma, umculo nkqu kulwakhiwo lwezakhiwo zalo lukhulisa isakhono salo kunye nobuchule njengoko kugxininiswe kuhlobo lomzobo oluqhelekileyo kumfanekiso oqingqiweyo waseRoma.
Uluntu lwaseRoma lwalunesikhundla esikhulu kuluntu kwaye lwalungenamdla kubuntu bomntu siqu kwakunye nobugxwayiba obabubangela ukothuka kwimpucuko yamaGrike.
NgeRenaissance, uMzobo waseRoma waba nethuba lokukhula kwakhona, ibe yinto esisiseko ekunyukeni kobuhle obutsha ngokusebenzisa izinto zayo.
Nditsho nomzobi omkhulu uRafael ngokubhekiselele kwimisebenzi elahlekileyo yamandulo wayecekisa ukusetyenziswa kwakhona kwebhastile okanye ubhedu ukwenza ezinye izinto.
Ukongeza, ukuba uphando kumaziko zakudala empucuko yaseRoma wenza izinto ezintsha ezifunyenweyo kunye nokufunyanwa Roman Sculpture ukuba kude kube ngoko babengazi.
Ukubangela ingqumbo enkulu kuluntu oluphezulu lweRenaissance apho amagcisa amakhulu enza imifanekiso eqingqiweyo kunye nokutolika okutsha okuphefumlelwe nguMfanekiso wamaRoma.
Ndiyabulela ukumba amaziko e-archaeological ukongeza kwimizobo egqwesileyo, apho impembelelo yayo yayimangalisa kule ntshukumo yobugcisa.
Ngokuphathelele iBaroque, umdla kwimifanekiso eqingqiweyo yoMfanekiso wamaRoma awuzange uthothe kodwa wahlala incopho yawo.Imizekelo yoku yayinguBernini, owaphenjelelwa bubugcisa bamaRoma namaGrike ukuba enze imifanekiso yakhe eqingqiweyo eyothusayo iphefumlelwe yimfundiso yakudala.
Kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesixhenxe xa abantu babetyelela eYurophu, isixeko saseRoma yaba yenye yeendawo zokuqala ukutyelela.
Ukongeza, umdla wokufumana ulwazi kunye nobuchule balo msebenzi wobugcisa obuzisa njengemveliso ukubonakala kwemodeli entsha yobugcisa eyaziwa ngokuba yiNeoclassicism.
Ngokuphathelele inkulungwane ye-XNUMX neye-XNUMX, ingqokelela enkulu yabucala yenziwa kumazwe aliqela, kuquka iNgilani.
Apho uMkrolo waseRoma wawuyinxalenye yezinto ezithe zafunyanwa ezazinika abanini bawo ukomelezwa kwewonga ekuhlaleni kwakunye nokunyuselwa okugqwesileyo kwiofisi yoluntu.
Kungeli xesha le-Neoclassicism apho ukuchazwa kwakhona kwesitayile sakudala esiphefumlelwe nguMfanekiso waseRoma phakathi kwenkulungwane ye-XNUMX.
IGrisi ibuya ukunika ithuba kwihlabathi laseNtshona emva kolawulo lwaseTurkey kumaziko okudala izinto zakudala imisebenzi emitsha yamaGrike yabonwa.
Sele kwinkulungwane yama-XNUMX, uguquko lwale mihla lwanciphisa umdla kubugcisa boBukhosi baseRoma, kodwa iimyuziyam namhlanje zisibonisa ubutyebi boMfanekiso wamaRoma apho inkcubeko yaseNtshona yavela khona.
Isiphelo
Umfanekiso oqingqiweyo wamaRoma, ngokungafaniyo nenkcubeko yamaGrike, awuphumli ngobuhle bawo okanye ubuhombo bawo, kodwa uyabonakala ukuba imizobo yawo yayiyilwe ngenjongo yokuchukumisa ezinye izizwe ngenxa yamandla ayo amakhulu emfazwe, ezopolitiko nawolawulo.
Ngokusebenzisa imizobo kunye neebhasi, uyilo olubalisayo lwabalawuli lwenziwa, lubonisa ngalo Mzobo waseRoma ubunzulu, uxanduva nokuzimisela koyena mmeli uphakamileyo woBukhosi baseRoma.
Ngokubhekiselele kwimifanekiso eqingqiweyo, yayisetyenziswa kwiMizobo yamaRoma ukuze babalise iziganeko zembali kunye nokujongana nemikhosi yaseRoma kumadabi apho yayilawula imimandla emitsha ukwandisa uBukhosi baseRoma.
Nkqu imifanekiso eqingqiweyo yayisenziwa apho amandla kunye nobukhosi babalawuli kwiisali zibonwa, ukongezelela, iinqunu zamabhinqa azijongwa kumsebenzi woMzobo waseRoma njengoko kwakuqhelekile kwezinye iinkcubeko.
Ngoko ke uMkrolo waseRoma wawunenjongo eyayikukuphakamisa amandla nobungangamsha besixeko esihle saseRoma kwezinye izizwe.
Kuya kufuneka uyazi ukuba iinkosi zokuqala zokukrola ezafika kwisixeko saseRoma zazisuka eGrisi, ukongeza, abantu abaphezulu boluntu lwaseRoma bafumana izinto ezininzi ezisetyenziswayo kwiMizobo yaseRoma ngokubhekiselele kwindawo yasekhaya.
Ukongezelela, ukukhula kwexesha lobuKristu kukhuthaza iimfuno zokuyilwa kwemifanekiso eqingqiweyo enxulumene nentsimi yonqulo lwamaKristu ngexesha layo lakudala elingqamana nonyaka we-150 wexesha lobuKristu.
Kwanomfanekiso oqingqiweyo wamaRoma wawungumzekelo wenkcazelo yezobupolitika ngexesha lawo lokuzukisa abalawuli.Eminye yemifanekiso eqingqiweyo eyayibalasele kakhulu yiloo wenziwe ngebhastile, ilandelwa yileyo yenziwe ngobhedu nentwana eyenziwe ngeempondo zendlovu ukuze kusetyenziswe yona.
Imizobo yayiphawuleka kakhulu kwiMifanekiso eqingqiweyo yaseRoma, ngokukodwa kwimiboniso apho iziganeko zembali zazibaliswa khona.
Ukongeza kwimifanekiso eqingqiweyo yoloyiso olufunyenwe ngamaRoma, njengoko kungqinwa yikholamu edumileyo yeTrajan, imizobo yayisetyenziswa kulwakhiwo lwale nkcubeko.
Ukuba ulifumene eli nqaku linomdla, ndiyakumema ukuba undwendwele amakhonkco alandelayo: