Uluhlu lweentaba zeAndes luluhlu lweentaba eziphakamileyo ezinabela kwicala elingasentshona loMzantsi Merika, yaziwa nangeentaba-mlilo, amabhodlo empucuko kwakudala, kunye neentlobo ngeentlobo zezityalo nezilwanyana. Funda ngakumbi malunga nesi sihloko kule post.
Yintoni udederhu lweentaba zeAndes?
IAndes iquka uthotho lweethafa eziphakamileyo kakhulu ezincochoyi nangakumbi ezenza udonga olungophukanga umgama omalunga neekhilomitha ezingama-5.500 (iikhilomitha ezingama-8.900), ukusuka kwincam esemazantsi yoMzantsi Merika ukuya kowona nxweme olusemantla welizwekazi leCaribbean.
Babekela bucala ummandla wonxweme olusentshona olumxinwa ukusuka kwilizwekazi lonke, ngaloo ndlela bephazamisa iimeko zobomi phakathi kweendidi nakwiindawo ezimeleneyo. Iintaba zeAndes zinezona ncopho ziphakamileyo kwiNtshona yeHemisphere, eyona iphakamileyo kuzo yiNtaba iAconcagua eziimitha ezingama-22,831 neemitha ezingama-6,959 kumda weArgentina neChile.
I-Andes ayingomgca omnye weencochoyi ezimangalisayo, kodwa yinkqubo yeentaba ezinxuseneyo, iithafa ezibambisayo kunye noxinzelelo oluphakathi. Uluhlu olwahlukileyo lwasempuma kunye nasentshona, ngokulinganayo igama elithi Cordillera Oriental kunye neCordillera Occidental, uphawu lobuninzi benkqubo.
Umkhombandlela wendlela yomibini yomibini uqhelekile ukusuka emantla ukuya emazantsi, kodwa kwiindawo ezininzi iCordillera Oriental iqhuma ukuya ngasempuma ukuze yenze imimandla ekwanti efana ne-peninsula okanye imimandla ephakame njengethafa le-intermontane njengeAltiplano, ehlala kwiindawo ezikufuphi neArgentina. , eChile, eBolivia nasePeru.
Mingaphi iminyaka ezi ntaba?
Iintaba zeAndes zingaphaya kwezigidi ezingama-50 zeminyaka ubudala, zidalwe xa iipleyiti zetectonic zaseMzantsi Melika kunye nePasifiki zangqubana, yingqokelela yeentaba ezininzi ezidibana kwinto ebizwa ngokuba ngamaqhina orographic.
Ukusekwa kweeAndes zanamhlanje kwaqala ngeziganeko zeTriassic kunye neJurassic xa iPangea yaqala ukuqhekeka kwaye kwavela iintanda ezininzi, kwakungexesha leCretaceous apho iiAndes zaqala ukumila ngoku, ngenxa yokuphakanyiswa, ukungahambi kakuhle kunye nokusonga amatye e-sedimentary. kunye nemetamorphic ukusuka kwiicratons zakudala ukuya empuma.
Ziphi iintaba zeAndes?
Iintaba zeAndes zimi kwicala elingasentshona loMzantsi Merika, ukusuka eVenezuela ukuya ezantsi Iintaba zeAndes eChile ukuya kutsho kwincam esemazantsi yoMzantsi Merika (malunga neekhilomitha ezingama-9,000 XNUMX xa iyonke), nto leyo ezenza zibe yeyona ntaba inde ehlabathini. Kuloo ndlela, banqumla i-Ecuador, iPeru neBolivia. Ngobubanzi, banqumla ukuya kutsho eArgentina, ekumda weChile.
IiAndes zikwayenye yezona ntaba ziphakamileyo, ikwindawo yesibini emva kweeHimalaya eziseAsia. Iingqungquthela ezininzi (iincopho zeentaba) zifikelela ngaphezu kweemitha ezingama-20,000.
Izixhobo
- Ukusuka emazantsi ukuya emantla, la yiAndes ekuMazantsi, equka udederhu lweentaba zaseChile, eFuegian, nasePatagonian.
- Embindini weAndes, kuquka nePeruvia Cordilleras.
- I-Andes esemantla, equka i-Ecuadorian, iColombia, kunye neVenezuela (okanye iCaribbean) iintaba.
Unyango
I-etymology yegama elithi Andes liphikiswana, eyona mvumelwano inkulu kukuba livela kwigama lesiQuechua elithi anti, elithetha "impuma", njengakwi-Antisuyu (isiQuechua esithetha "ummandla osempuma"), omnye wemimandla emine yobukumkani be-Inca.
Igama elithi Cordillera livela kwigama lesiSpanish elithi "Cordel" elithetha "intambo" kwaye lisetyenziswa njengamagama achazayo kumacandelo ahlukeneyo adibanayo eAndes, kunye nazo zonke iiAndes ezikwiCordillera, kunye nokudityaniswa koluhlu lweentaba. kumazwekazi asentshona kuMntla Melika nakuMzantsi Melika.
ijiology
Inkqubo yeentaba ze-Andean sisiphumo se-global plate tectonic force ngexesha le-Cenozoic Era (malunga ne-65 yezigidi zeminyaka yokugqibela) eyakhiwe kwimisebenzi ye-geological yangaphambili. Malunga nezigidi ezingama-250 kwiminyaka eyadlulayo, iipleyiti ze-crustal ezenza umhlaba osemhlabeni zadibana kwi-supercontinent Pangea.
Ukuqhekeka okwalandelayo kwePangea kunye nenxalenye yayo esemazantsi, iGondwana, yawachithachitha la macwecwe ngaphandle, apho aqala ukumila nokuma kumazwekazi anamhlanje. Ukungqubana okanye ukudityaniswa kwamabini kula macwecwe: i Ukukhukuliseka kwilizwekazi Ipleyiti yaseMzantsi Melika kunye nepleyiti yaseNazca yolwandle: yavelisa umsebenzi we-orogenic (ukwakhiwa kweentaba) ezivelisa iAndes.
Uninzi lwamatye aquka udederhu lweentaba zanamhlanje aludala kakhulu. Zaqala njengentlenga ekhukulisekileyo kwi-Amazonia craton (okanye ikhaka laseBrazil), iqhekeza lakudala legranitic yelizwekazi elenza ubuninzi beBrazil kwaye lafakwa phakathi kwama-450 kunye nama-250 ezigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo kwicala elingasentshona lecraton.
Ubunzima bezi madipozithi bunyanzelise ukuthotywa koqweqwe, uxinzelelo kunye nobushushu obufunyenweyo buguqule iidiphozithi zibe ngamatye axhathisayo; ngaloo ndlela, ilitye lentlabathi, ilitye lentlabathi, nelitye likalikamestone zaguqulwa, ngokulandelelanayo, zaba yi<em>quartzite, i<em>shale, nemarble.
Malunga ne-170 yezigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo, le matrix yejoloji entsonkothileyo yaqala ukuphakama njengoko umphetho wempuma weNazca Plate wanyanzelwa phantsi komda ongasentshona wePlate yaseMzantsi Melika (oko kukuthi, i-Nazca Plate yathotywa), isiphumo sentshukumo yentshona ipleyiti yokugqibela ekuphenduleni ukuvulwa koLwandlekazi lweAtlantiki ukuya empuma.
Le nkqubo yokuthotywa-yonyuso yayikhatshwa kungenelelo lwemali eninzi ye-magma evela kwingubo, okokuqala ikwimo ye-volcanic arc ecaleni kwencam yentshona yePlanethi yoMzantsi Merika kwaye kamva ngokutofwa kwezisombululo ezishushu kumatye ajikelezileyo elizwekazi. .
Le nkqubo yamva yadala iidike ezininzi kunye nemithambo equlathe ugxininiso lweeminerali ezixabisekileyo kwezoqoqosho eziya kuthi kamva zidlale indima ebalulekileyo ekuhlaleni kwabantu kwiiAndes. Ukuqina kwalo msebenzi kwanda ngexesha le-Cenozoic Era kwaye kwavela uhlobo lwangoku lweentaba. Ixesha elamkelekileyo lokunyuka kwabo lalimalunga ne-15 yezigidi ukuya kwi-6 yezigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo.
Nangona kunjalo, besebenzisa ubuchule obuphezulu, abaphandi kwinkulungwane yokuqala ye-25 baye bakwazi ukufumanisa ukuba ukunyusa kwaqala ngaphambili, malunga ne-XNUMX yezigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo.
Iziphumo zenkqubo yeentaba zibonisa umahluko othe nkqo ongaqhelekanga oziimitha ezingama-40,000 phakathi komzantsi wePeru-Chile (Atacama) Trench kunxweme lwePasifiki yelizwekazi kunye neencopho zeentaba eziphakamileyo kumgama othe tye ongaphantsi kweemayile ezingama-200.
Iinkqubo zetectonic ezenze i-Andes ziqhubekile ukuza kuthi ga namhlanje, inkqubo, inxalenye yekhonkco elikhulu le-volcanic ye-Pacific ehlala ebizwa ngokuba yiRingi yoMlilo, ihlala isebenza ngentaba-mlilo kwaye ixhomekeke kwiinyikima ezitshabalalisayo.
Andes zoning
Uxinzelelo lwe-Tectonic kunye nomsebenzi we-volcanic wabumba umhlaba, uMzantsi Melika, uphakanyiswe kwinqanaba lolwandle, waqala ukubonisa iintaba esizinyukayo kule mihla.
Uluhlu luqulunqwe ngeendlela ezininzi ezincinci ezinqamlezayo kunye nezinxuseneyo ezineentaba-mlilo ezininzi ezisebenzayo, iintaba zeAndes zenziwa ngenxa yokudibana kweplate tectonics. Ipleyiti yeNazca kwisiseko soLwandlekazi lwePasifiki kunye neBrazilian Shield yangqubana yaza yakha izakhiwo zeentaba.
Inxalenye enkulu ye-magma nayo yatyhalelwa phezulu yinto efanayo, yonke le nto yavusa umsebenzi wentaba-mlilo ngaselunxwemeni, iicones ezahlukeneyo zentaba-mlilo zavela kwaye zenza uninzi loluhlu lwentaba-mlilo, ezinye zeentaba-mlilo zisasebenza kwaye zivela ngamaxesha athile. Iindawo ezinamatye zenze amacandelo asempuma Iintaba zeAndes.
Ijografi
Kunyaka we-1973, ingcali yejoloji egama linguAugusto Gansser yenza isindululo sokwahlula, namhlanje esixatyiswayo njengesiqhelo, kuba sithathela ingqalelo umyinge wamacwecwe etectonic olwandle ngokunxulumene nelizwekazi.
Emantla eAndes
Kumantla eGulf of Guayaquil e-Ecuador naseKholombiya, kuye kwaphuhliswa uthotho lwemimandla yolwandle (iingceba ze-allochthonous) ezenza iBaudo okanye unxweme, iintaba, kunye neWestern Cordillera. Ifakwe ngokwesakhiwo ii-arcs ze-volcanic ze-oceanic ezidityaniswayo emva kongquzulwano ngalunye zii-engile eziphakamileyo, ii-west-rim thrust.
I-Northern Andes ibonakaliswe ngamatye e-metamorphic akhubazeke kakhulu kunye neesuite ze-ophiolitic eziphuhliswe ngezo ziqendu zokungqubana, ngexesha lombindi we-Cenozoic, i-continental magmatic arc eyenziwe phakathi kwe-Cordilleras esempuma kunye nentshona.
Ukuqhubela phambili empuma ziiAndes zaseVenezuela (iCaribbean Andes) ezibangelwe kukuntlitheka kweCaribbean kunye noMzantsi Melika, zithathwa ngokuba ziipleyiti ngamaxesha eCretaceous. Le complex iphuhlise uthotho lweempazamo kwizitshixo kunye nezitya ezinxulumene nempuma yeBucaramanga (Colombia) nakumantla edelta yoMlambo i-Orinoco (eVenezuela).
Esinye sezo zitya, ngoku sihlala kwiLake Maracaibo, sineyona ngqokelela inkulu yeediphozithi ze-hydrocarbon efunyenwe ukuza kuthi ga ngoku eMzantsi Melika.
Umbindi weAndes
Umbindi weAndes uphakathi kweGulfs of Guayaquil nePenas yaye ngaloo ndlela ujikeleze umzantsi Ecuador, Peru, ntshona Bolivia, emantla nombindi Argentina, kunye Chile. Zibonakaliswa ngamatye azo angaphantsi komhlaba kunye nokungabikho kwamatye e-oceanic kunye ne-metamorphic.
Ukubunjwa kwe-Andes esembindini kwagqitywa ngeenkqubo zokunciphisa okwenzekayo ngokungabikho kongquzulwano lweepleyiti ezinkulu, ixesha lokwandiswa kwe-crustal ekhoyo kwixesha leJurassic Period, kude kube yi-Early Cretaceous, xa iimfumba ezibalulekileyo ze-volcanic kunye namatye e-plutonic abekwe.
Izitya zomqolo eziphuhliswe kwimimandla engaphantsi kwe-Andean, zilawulwa yimpazamo eyongeziweyo eyenzeka malunga nexesha elinye lokuvulwa kwe-Atlantiki yoMzantsi. Umbindi we-Cretaceous kumbindi weAndes waphawulwa ngokutshintsha komsebenzi we-tectonic, ukusuka kwi-crustal extension to crustal compression.
Olo tshintsho lwalunxulumene nokunyuka kwezinga lokuhlangana phakathi koMzantsi Melika kunye nepleyiti yolwandle ekufutshane, eyathi yaqalisa ukusekwa kothotho lwezitya zophando lwase-Andean ukusuka eColombia ukuya kumbindi weArgentina, phakathi kwezi zitya ngoku eyona nxalenye inkulu yeoli. izibonelelo zamazwe Andean.
Emazantsi eAndes
Iintaba ezisemazantsi eGulf of Penas zenza i-Andes eMazantsi, loo mabhanti achazwa ngobunzima obude bomgca obunobukhulu obukhulu (ubunzima obukhulu obuveziweyo belitye elirhabaxa-grained igneous rock) ngoku lidlulela ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa ukuya kwi-Isla de Estados UMzantsi weAtlantiki. Ukuphuma kwe-Early Cretaceous mafic kunye namatye e-ultramafic afunyenwe emazantsi e-50°S isibanzi ecaleni kwe-axis yomqolo atolikwe njengomgangatho wolwandle we-back-arc fringe basin.
Amatye e-Andean metamorphic rocks agcinwe kuphela eDarwin Cordillera ecaleni kweFuegian Andes yaseChile, ibhanti lasempuma leAndean lenziwe luthotho lwezitya zearc ezingasemva nezingaphambili, apho intlenga iqokelelene ngaphezulu kweemayile ezintlanu.
Indawo yangoku yokwakheka komhlaba
Indawo ngezowuni
La Iintaba zeAndes Ineendawo ezahlukeneyo esikubonisa ngezantsi:
Ubude boluhlu lweentaba ziikhilomitha ezingama-8,000, kwincam esemazantsi eMelika, iintaba zeAndes zityibilika elwandle, iintaba zomkhenkce ezinkulu zigqobhoza imikhenkce, iCape Horn yeyona nto inenkohliso emhlabeni. Amawaka eekhilomitha ukusuka kwincam esemazantsi eChile, amathambeka eAndes agqunywe ngamahlathi ashinyeneyo.
Ngoku ukuphakama kwe-Andes yi-6962 yeemitha, incopho yeentaba yincopho enegama le-Aconcagua. Ububanzi obuphakathi kweentaba ziikhilomitha ezingama-400, eyona ndawo ibanzi ifikelela kuma-750 km, iintaba zeAndes zahlulwe ngokwesiqhelo zibe ziindawo ezintathu: emantla, kumbindi nakumazantsi eAndes.
Kwiintaba, kwiindawo eziphakamileyo, iimeko ezinzima kakhulu zokuphila, ngaphezu kwe-4500 m, ibhanti lekhephu elingunaphakade kunye nomkhenkce liqala, kodwa kwindawo ephakamileyo ye-2500-3800 m kukho imihlaba ekulungeleyo kwezolimo, kulapha apho uninzi lwezolimo luhlala khona. Abemi baseAndean kunye nezixeko ezininzi ezikhulu zimi, kwiindawo eziphakamileyo, abantu balapho balusa iillama neealpaca.
kumantla eAndes
Lo mmandla ubandakanya unxweme lwaseAndes kunye nonxweme lweCaribbean kunye noLwandlekazi lwePasifiki ukusuka kwisiqithi saseTrinidad ukuya emantla ukuya kwi-4 ° parallel emazantsi, ngaphakathi kweVenezuela, eKholombiya nase-Ecuador, ezona mpawu ziphambili zendalo zimiselwa yimeko yayo kwindawo yelizwe. i-equatorial kunye ne-subequatorial latitudes nakwindawo yeentaba.
Kulo mmandla, inkqubo yeentaba ihlala imxinwa kakhulu kwaye iqulathe iinduli ezimbini ezinxuseneyo ezikwi-1500-2500 m ukuphakama, zihlulwe ziintlambo ezinqamlezileyo ezinzulu, ngasentshona, zidityaniswa yeyona ntaba iphakamileyo kunye neyona nkulu inkulu yeCordillera de Mérida, egama layo liphezulu. iincopho eziphakamileyo ziphakame ngaphezu kwe-4.500 m kwaye zigutyungelwe ngumkhenkce, kumzantsi-ntshona iCordillera de Mérida idibana nodederhu lweentaba zeAndes, inabela kwicala elikufuphi emazantsi.
Umbindi weAndes
I-Andes esembindini yandisa umgama omkhulu ukusuka kumda welizwe phakathi kwe-Ecuador nePeru emantla, ukuya kutsho kwi-27°S emazantsi, le yeyona ndawo ibanzi yenkqubo yeentaba, ifikelela kwi-700-800 km ububanzi ngaphakathi kweBolivia. umbindi we-Andes uhlala kwiiplateaus, ezithi kumacala omabini zikhatshwe yiCrest of the Eastern and Western Cordilleras.
Emantla eChile, ikhonkco leCordillera Costera livela kuLwandlekazi lwePasifiki, lifikelela kubude obuyi-600-1000 m, iAtacama tectonic basin iyahlula kwiCordillera Occidental, iCordillera Coastal iqhekeza elwandle, yenze unxweme ngokuthe tye. inamatye, awkward kakhulu ukupaka isikhephe.
Iziqithi ezinamatye zivela elwandle ngaselunxwemeni lwasePeru naseChile, kwaye apha, njengakumatye aselunxwemeni, kukho indlwane yeentaka ezininzi, apho kwenziwa khona iidiphozithi ezinkulu ze-guano-esona sichumiso sendalo sixabisekileyo sisetyenziswa kakhulu kula mazwe. ikwathunyelwa kumazwe angaphandle.
Umphezulu wayo ugxininiswe ngezinto ezimdaka okanye isanti ekhululekileyo, kwicala elingasempuma ligqunywe ziimveliso ezishinyeneyo zentaba-mlilo, kwezinye iindawo kukho ukudakumba okuhlala ngokuyinxenye ngamachibi.
Umzekelo yichibi leChibi iTiticaca, elikumphakamo oziimitha ezingama-3800 3700. Kumzantsi-mpuma weli chibi kumphakamo we-XNUMX m ngaphezu komphakamo wolwandle kumazantsi omlambo onzulu osikwe kumphezulu wethafa kwaye kumathambeka ayo kukho isixeko esikhulu saseBolivia - iLa Paz, eyona dolophu iphakamileyo yeentaba. .
kumazantsi eAndes
Iinduli zeentaba zidlula iinyawo ezili-10,000 (iNtaba iFitzroy ifikelela kwi-11,073 ezinyaweni) emantla ukuya kwi-46°S isibanzi, kodwa i-avareji kuphela i-6,500–8,400 yeenyawo ukusuka ku-46° ukuya ku-41°S isibanzi, ngaphandle kweNtaba iTronador (iinyawo eziyi-11,453). Emantla eLake Alumine (eArgentina), i-axis yoluhlu lweentaba itshintshela ngasempuma ukuya kwindawo yenguqu phakathi kwe-37 ° kunye ne-35 ° S latitude, apho i-geographic aspect kunye ne-geomorphic structure itshintsha.
Lo mmandla uphawula ulwandiso olusemantla olwamkelekileyo lwePatagonian Andes, nangona kunjalo, kukho ukungavisisani malunga nalo mda, abanye bawubeka emazantsi, kwiGulf of Peñas (47°S) kwaye abanye bawucingela emantla, ngeenxa zonke. 30°S
Iindawo ezinentaba-mlilo kwiiAndes
Olu luhlu lweentaba lunomtsalane lukwalikhaya leAndean Volcanic Belt, eneqela leentaba-mlilo ezisebenzayo, ibhanti yahlulwe yangamacandelo amane. uMmandla weVolcanic oseMantla, uMmandla weVolcanic eseMbindini, uMmandla weVolcanic eseMazantsi, kunye neNdawo yeVolcanic yaseAustral, egquma iziqithi ezingqongileyo kwaye inabela ukusuka kwincam esemazantsi yoMzantsi Melika.
indawo esemantla yentaba-mlilo
Ummandla weVolcanic oseMantla usuka eKholombiya ukuya e-Ecuador kwaye uquka zonke iintaba-mlilo ezikumhlaba omkhulu wala mazwe. Kwiintaba-mlilo ezikulo mmandla, zingama-55 Iintaba-mlilo zase-Ecuador, ngoxa abali-19 baseColombia.
E-Ecuador, imida yeentaba-mlilo kwiCordillera Occidental kunye neCordillera Real, ngelixa eColombia zibekwe kwiCordilleras Occidental kunye noMbindi, i-volcano entsonkothileyo ye-Iza-Paipa Pliocene ebekwe eBoyaca, kwiCordillera Oriental, ibe yeyona ngxelo iNordic. ibhanti yentaba-mlilo esemantla ye-Andean.
I-volcanic arc yenziwa ngokuthotywa kwepleyiti yeNazca kwintshona yoMzantsi Merika, iintaba-mlilo ezininzi kwindawo esemantla yentaba-mlilo, njengeGaleras kunye neNevado del Ruiz, ezikummandla ophuhliswe ngokugqithisileyo, ziyimithombo ebalulekileyo yomngcipheko.
Ubukhulu boqweqwe olungaphantsi kwalo mmandla buqikelelwa ukuba bususela malunga nama-40 ukuya mhlawumbi ngaphezu kwe-55 km (34 mi). ISangay yeyona ntaba-mlilo isemazantsi kummandla osemantla wentaba-mlilo.
indawo esembindini yentaba-mlilo
Umbindi weVolcanic Zone weAndes uphakathi kobubanzi be-14º kunye ne-29º ye-Andean Cordillera, ummandla obalaseleyo, uninzi lwayo ngaphezu kwe-4000 m ukuphakama, eyenza i-altiplano yaseBolivia kunye ne-puna esemantla eChile naseArgentina. , oku kongameleyo. kakhulu kule ndawo.
Eli thafa liphakamileyo likwindawo yesibini ngobukhulu kuphela kwiThafa laseTibetan eliMbindi weAsia kwaye njengale yokugqibela yakhiwe kuqweqwe olungqindiweyo lwelizwekazi olufikelela kubukhulu obuphantse bube ziikhilomitha ezingama-70. Intaba-mlilo ubukhulu becala ipheleliselwe kwimida yeli phondo limangalisayo lePhysiographic kwiCordillera Occidental, okanye iCordillera Occidental, kunye nemizekelo embalwa ekwanti eCordillera Oriental, okanye eCordillera Oriental, eBolivia.
Kangangokuba kuncinci okwaziwayo ngalo mmandla kangangokuba uninzi lweentaba-mlilo azizange zichazwe kwaye kwezinye iimeko azikachazwa namagama. Abalishumi elinesithandathu kubo babegqalwa “njengabasebenzayo” xa kwapapashwa iCatalog of Active Volcanoes of the World (1963-1966).
Akunzima ukunika ingxelo ngokufihlakala kweentaba-mlilo ezisembindini we-Andean: ummandla uphezulu, ukude kwaye ubharhile ngendlela engaqhelekanga kwaye ngenxa yoko phantse awunabemi, ezi zinto, kunye nesiphumo sokufikelela okulinganiselweyo, zithetha ukuba iirekhodi zembali okanye ugqabhuko-dubulo alukho.
Nangoku, ugqabhuko-dubulo olungarekhodwanga lunokwenzeka.Ngethamsanqa, kwa ezo zinto ziye zabangela ubunzima bokufunda ngeentaba-mlilo zase-Andean ngeendlela eziqhelekileyo zikwazenza izifundo ezifanelekileyo kwizifundo zezivamvo kude. Umphakamo ophakamileyo, isibhakabhaka esicacileyo, kunye nemekobume engumqwebedu, engumqwebedu ibonelela ngeyona meko ilungileyo yokusetyenziswa kwemifanekiso yesathelayithi.
ummandla wentaba-mlilo osemazantsi
Ibhanti yentaba-mlilo esemazantsi iphuhla kufutshane ukusuka kwi-Andes kumbindi weChile ukuya kububanzi beSantiago, malunga ne-33 °, eCerro Arenales kwiNgingqi yaseAysén malunga ne-46 °, kunye nendlela engaphezulu kweemayile ezingama-870. (1400 km).
I-arc yasekwa ngenxa yokuthotywa kwepleyiti yeNazca phantsi kwepleyiti yaseMzantsi Melika ecaleni komsele wasePeru-Chile, umda ongasentla ubonakaliswe ngokuthotywa kwe-flat slab yeJuan Fernández Ridge, ekukholelwa ukuba ivelise i-volcanic. I-breccia ebizwa ngokuba yiPampas kwinxalenye yamacwecwe acaba kwingingqi yaseNorte Chico ukusukela ekupheleni kweMiocene.
Isiphelo esisemazantsi siphawulwe kukuhlangana kathathu kweChile, apho ukunyuka kweChile kusezantsi eMzantsi Melika ukuya kwiPeninsula yaseTaitao, okubangela umsantsa wentaba-mlilo iPatagonian, emazantsi indawo yentaba-mlilo esemazantsi.
IiMagmas ezivela kwiintaba-mlilo zale mihla eziguqukayo kwindawo esemazantsi yentaba-mlilo zithathwe kwimithombo engafaniyo kwingubo yoMhlaba, uninzi lweendlela ezisezantsi ezithatyathwe kuqweqwe lolwandle oluthotyiweyo kunye nentlenga ethotyiweyo. Kwimpuma, kwingingqi ye-arc engasemva, iqondo lokunyibilika kwengubo ebangele intaba-mlilo lincinci, njengoko zinjalo iimpembelelo zoqweqwe oluthotyiweyo.
ummandla wentaba-mlilo osemazantsi
IAustral Volcanic Zone yindawo yentaba-mlilo kumzantsi-ntshona weAndes kuMzantsi Melika. Ngomnye weendawo ezine ezinentaba-mlilo kwiAndes, enabela emazantsi ePatagonian gap yentaba-mlilo ukuya kwichweba laseTierra del Fuego, umgama ongaphezulu kweemayile ezingama-600 (1000 km).
I-arc yasekwa ngenxa yokuthotywa kwepleyiti ye-Antarctic phantsi kwepleyiti yaseMzantsi Melika, iimveliso zogqabhuko-dubulo ziquka ikakhulu i-alkaline basalt kunye ne-basasite, i-volcanism kwindawo esemazantsi ye-volcanic inamandla amancinci kunommandla osemazantsi we-volcanic.
Ugqabhuko-dubulo olurekhodiweyo lunqabile ngenxa yendawo yezempilo engazange iphononongwe ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX, i Imozulu yemvula kunxweme lwayo olusentshona ibinokuthi ithintele ukubonakala kogqabhuko-dubulo, indawo esemazantsi yentaba-mlilo ilikhaya lemikhenkce yestratovolcano kunye neentaba-mlilo ezingaphantsi komkhenkce ngaphantsi kweNdawo yomkhenkce.
Imimandla eyahlukahlukeneyo yeentaba-mlilo idibene nezithuba zentaba-mlilo, imimandla ethi, nangona imigama efanelekileyo ukusuka kumjelo wolwandle, ingabikho ntshukumo yentaba-mlilo. I-Andes ineendawo ezintathu eziphambili ze-volcanic breccias:
- Inxalenye yePleti yePlati yasePeruvia (3°S-15°S)
- Inxalenye yepleyiti yePampas TV (27°S-33°S)
- IPatagonian Volcanic Breach (46°S-49°S)
Owokuqala wahlula umntla kumbindi wentaba-mlilo, owesibini umbindi wohlula umzantsi, uze owesibini wohlule umzantsi kumbindi wentaba-mlilo. Umsantsa wePatagonian ungowohlobo olwahlukileyo, kuba awubangelwa kukuthotywa kwe-aseisic ridge kodwa ngokuthotywa kokunyuka kweChile, umda womda phakathi kweNazca kunye ne-Antarctic plate.
Ezona ntaba ziphakamileyo zeentaba zeAndes
Eyona ntaba iphakamileyo kwiiAndes yiAconcagua emalunga ne-6,961 m. I-Aconcagua ithathwa njengenye yeentaba eziphakamileyo kwiplanethi, ifakwe kuluhlu "lweencopho ezisixhenxe", ibe yeyona iphakamileyo kwilizwekazi.
Akwaziwa ngokuthe ngqo ukuba igama lencopho lithetha ukuthini, abanye abaphandi baqinisekisa ukuba igama layo livela kulwimi lwama-Araucanians, ngelixa abanye bethetha ngeengcambu zesiQuechua, kukwakho inguqulelo malunga nemvelaphi yolwimi lwesiAymara, igama elithi intaba inokuguqulelwa ngokuthi "umlindi omhlophe" okanye "umlindi wamatye" (ulwimi lwesiQuechua).
Inzame yokuqala yokoyisa i-Aconcagua ngo-1883, umkhweli onamava uPaul Guessfeldt wazama kabini ukunyuka intaba, nangona kunjalo, zombini amaxesha awazange aphumelele, uhambo lokuqala oluyimpumelelo yayiliphulo ngo-1897.
Ngaphantsi kobunkokeli bomhambi waseMelika kunye nomkhweli u-Edward Fitzgerald, iqela lakhe laya eMzantsi Melika ukuya koyisa iindawo eziphakamileyo ze-Andes kunye nohambo olwenziwe kwiinzame ezi-6, ezingazange ziphumelele kwiqela eliphambili, kuphela isikhokelo seentaba uMatthias Zurbriggen. Ukufikelela kuphela kwindawo ephezulu yeAconcagua. Ngenxa yoko, ukunyuka kokuqala okuphumelelayo ukuya phezulu kwelanga kumiselwe kuye.
Intaba ephakamileyo kwi-Andes ithathwa njengenye yezona zinto zinzima kakhulu ukuzoyisa, ngelo xesha, yinto ekhangayo yendalo ekhangayo, ecaleni kwayo kukho ibhuloho ye-Inca. Ngokuchaseneyo nenkolelo eqhelekileyo, iAconcagua asiyontaba-mlilo, nangona intaba inemvelaphi yentaba-mlilo. Yakhiwa, njengazo zonke iiAndes, ixesha elide, ixesha lokubunjwa kwayo ligubungela izigaba zeJurassic, Mesozoic kunye neCenozoic.
Abagibeli, njengomthetho, bakhetha i-slope esenyakatho ukuze banqobe i-Aconcagua, ethathwa njengeyona nto ilula kakhulu kwimigaqo yobugcisa, abaninzi abasebenzisi iisilinda ze-oksijini xa benyuka, kodwa uxinzelelo apha luphantsi kakhulu kunolwandle.
Intaba ngo-2016 yenza ukuba kube lula ukubeka iirekhodi ezininzi, kubandakanywa umnqobi omncinci we-United States, ngelo xesha wayeneminyaka eyi-9 kuphela ubudala, kubo bonke abafuna ukuvavanya amandla abo, intaba ineendlela kunye neenduli ezisezantsi nakumazantsi-ntshona. , ezibonwa kwihlabathi jikelele njengezinzima kakhulu kwaye zide zibe yingozi.
Imozulu ezintabeni
Ngenxa yokuba iiAndes zisuka kumntla welizwekazi ukuya kutsho kumazantsi akude, udederhu lwemozulu yeentaba luyahlukahlukana, nemozulu ethile ibanda kakhulu, ngoxa eminye ishushu kakhulu.
Oku kunento yokwenza nokuphakama kwemozulu nganye, kwakunye nendlela imozulu ekufutshane ngayo kwi-ikhweyitha. Kwakhona, ukuphakama kwentaba nganye kunokuba negalelo kwimozulu yayo. Imozulu nganye ixhasa uhlobo lwayo lwesilwanyana kunye nobomi bezityalo.
Awona mahlathi ashushu neentlango zidla ngokwahlulwa ngeekhilomitha ezimbalwa kwiipuna ezinjengee-tundra. Kukwakho umahluko omkhulu wemozulu phakathi kwamathambeka angaphandle (oko kukuthi lawo ajongene nePacific okanye iAmazon) kunye namathambeka angaphakathi kwiintaba; amathambeka angaphandle aphantsi kweempembelelo zolwandle okanye KuMlambo i-Amazon.
Iintlobo ngeentlobo zebhayoloji
Kukho iyantlukwano enkulu kwizityalo kunye nefauna Iintaba zeAndes, siyibonisa ngezantsi:
iintyatyambo zeAndes
Ukwahlukahlukana kweentyantyambo zeAndes kukhulu ngokumangalisayo, amathambeka asentshona nangasempuma ahlukaniswa ngesona sityalo sityebileyo.
IiAndes zaseVenezuela zivuyisa iliso ngamahlathi abanzi, anika indawo evulekileyo ebanzi kwipropathi yamahlathi ashinyeneyo eikhweyitha adityaniswe namahlathi ashinyeneyo kumazantsi omntla-ntshona nakumbindi wenkqubo yeentaba, ekwabelana ngobumelwane namahlathi axubeneyo. apho imithi eluhlaza ichumile.
Amahlathi e-Equatorial amelwe yimithi yesundu, i-ficus, iibhanana kunye ne-cocoa, utshintsho olukhawulezayo lwenzeka kwihlabathi lezityalo xa ukuphakama kwe-2.500 ukuya kwi-3.000 yeemitha kufikeleleke, imithi ithathelwa indawo yi-bamboo kunye ne-fern. Ukusuka kwi-3.000 yeemitha, izihlahla ezikhulayo eziphantsi, i-myrtle bushs kunye ne-heather zisasazeka. I-composite, i-mosses ixhaphake ngakumbi kwaye i-ice belt yanaphakade iqala kwi-4.500 yeemitha.
Izityalo ezikhula kwi-chernozem kunye nomhlaba omdaka zixhaphake kakhulu kwintsimi ye-Andes ephantsi. I-Dry Pune ixhaphake kwiindawo eziphakamileyo ezingaphezulu kwe-3.000 yeemitha, kwicala elingasempuma ukusuka kwi-Main Range, imvula eninzi iwa, evumela uphuhliso lwezityalo ezinqabileyo, amahlathi ashinyeneyo athatha indawo kwintsimi ye-Eastern Range ukusuka kwicala elikhulu. amathambeka.
Umbindi weAndes wawukade unamahlathi anzima, kodwa imithi emininzi yagawulwa, kwasala amatyholo amancinane amahlathi amandulo, amadlelo e-alpine atshintshana ne-peat bogs, kumhlaba we-Patagonian Andes, amahlathi acwangcisiweyo asasazeke. yamatye akwi-suarctic. Nabu ubukumkani be-beech, i-magnolia, imithi ye-coniferous, yonke ikufuphi ne-bamboo.
Amathambeka asempuma anamahlathi ebhich. Izityalo ezigqithisileyo ze-tundra esezantsi, kwintsimi yaseTierra del Fuego, amahlathi e-beech akhula. Bahlala kuphela umgca omxinwa, emva koko ibhanti lekhephu elingunaphakade liqala ngokukhawuleza, kungenxa ye-Andes ukuba umthi we-quinine usasazeke kulo lonke ihlabathi, osetyenziswa kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo zemisebenzi yabantu, kuquka neyeza.
kunye nezilwanyana
Ihlabathi lezilwanyana ze-Andes licebile kwaye lithe ngqo, i-fauna igcwele iintlobo ezingapheliyo, phakathi kwazo kukho izilwanyana ezinokumangalisa nabani na. Ngokomzekelo, i-pudu deer eyaziwayo ihle kakhulu, esi sisilwanyana esihle kakhulu, esinombala ongaqhelekanga woboya benyamakazi kunye nesimo esinomdla weendlebe.
Ayimangalisi kangako iillama ezithandekayo kunye nezalamane zazo ezisondeleyo ze-alpaca. Ezona zinkulu zingaphumliyo ziinkawu ezinomsila, ezixhaphakileyo emahlathini. Ihlala isuswa kwiimuvi, ibhere ye-Andean (umboniso), ekuphela kommeli weebhere ezinobuso obufutshane, ifumene i-relic status.
I-Anteaters, i-chinchillas, i-guanacos (izinyanya ze-llama), ii-tuco-tuco ezikhethekileyo, ii-hummingbirds ezingaqhelekanga zihlala kumahlathi e-Andes. Kwimphakamo ukuya kuthi ga kwi-7,000 yeemitha ungadibana ne-majestic condor, iindidi ezininzi ze-amphibians, inani elipheleleyo elingaphezu kweentlobo ze-900.
ezemidlalo nolonwabo
IiAndes yeyona ndawo inomvuzo eLatin America kubakhenkethi abakhutheleyo. Kubathandi bohambo olukwindawo ephezulu, akukho ndawo ithembisayo ngakumbi, ukusuka ekunyukeni ukuya kukhwela intaba, ukukhwela ibhayisekile, ukukhwela ibhayisekile, ukukhwela ihashe, ukutyibiliza, ukutyibiliza, ukujonga iinkwenkwezi nokunye okuninzi-ezi ziindlela ezimbalwa ezimangalisayo onokuthi ngazo. yenza okuninzi kwintaba yakho yeAndes.
Ibhayikhi yeentaba
Apho kukho iintaba ezidumileyo ehlabathini, kukho iindlela zokukhwela ibhayisekile ezintabeni ezikumgangatho wehlabathi. Ngeendlela ezithile ezigubungela i-14,000 leenyawo zokuhla, ukukhwela kwi-Andes kuya kukwenza intliziyo yakho impompe, ukusuka kumphakamo kunye ne-adrenaline okanye zombini, unokukhwela ibhayisekile kwindlela yokufa yaseBolivia, ujonge ihlathi elinelifu lase-Ecuador okanye iincopho ezinomtsalane zePatagonia, zonke. ukusuka kwisihlalo sebhayisekile yakho.
Ukuhlaziya
Ukusuka kwi-whitewater rafting, unokukhetha inqanaba lakho lokuzonwabisa komnye wemilambo emininzi yaseMzantsi Melika ephuma kwiiAndes. Unqumla kwiChicamocha Canyon eColombia, edla ngokubizwa ngokuba yiGrand Canyon yaseMzantsi Melika, okanye kumanzi amhlophe akumgangatho wehlabathi wePatagonia.
uwabize
I-adventure egqibeleleyo, yiza ukuntywila eweni okanye ukuntywila emanzini kunye nabakhokeli abanamava eColombia.
Iparagliding
Nangona iiAndes zezona ntaba ziphakamileyo ngaphandle kweAsia, unokutyibilika encotsheni yeentaba ngokungathi ziinduli, ezinombono ongenakuthelekiswa nanto kunye nokufikelela ngendlela engazange ibonwe ngaphambili, amathuba okuhamba ngeparagliding aqhuma kulo lonke ummandla waseAndean.
Ikampu
Ukuba uthanda ukuntywiliselwa ngaphandle ngaphandle, iiAndes zibonelela ngeendawo ezintle zokumisa intente kwaye ujabulele ukuthula kweentaba. Ukusuka eColombia ukuya eChile, ukuba ukulala phantsi kweenkwenkwezi kuvakala ngathi liphupha elizalisekileyo, unako ngokwenene eMzantsi Melika.
UQoqosho kwiiAndes
Funda ngakumbi ngoqoqosho lwaseCordillera de Los Andes:
EzoLimo neMfuyo
EzoLimo kwiiAndes zinzima kwaye izivuno zezityalo zihlwempuzekile ngokwentelekiso, amanzi awonelanga kwaye uninzi lwengingqi yethafa yomile okanye ifumana imvula encinci neguquguqukayo ngamaxesha onyaka, amaqondo obushushu kwiithafa eziphakamileyo ayabanda kwaye izityalo ziphantsi kweqhwa.
Umhlaba unemixawuka kwaye imihlaba ayiphuhliswanga kakuhle kwaye apho kukho iintlambo ezichumileyo, zimxinwa kwaye amasimi amancinci, athathiweyo aphuhlisiwe kwiinduli ezininzi ukwandisa umhlaba okhoyo wokulima.
Ke ngoko, isixa esikhulu semveliso yezolimo yaseAndean senzelwe ukusetyenziswa kwasekhaya, nangona kunjalo, ezinye iimveliso zikhuliswe ngokwaneleyo ukuba zithunyelwe kumazwe angaphandle, kubandakanya ikofu (ingakumbi isuka eColombia), icuba kunye nomqhaphu.
Ukongeza, izixa ezikhulu zecoca (umthombo wecocaine) zithunyelwe ngaphandle zisuka eColombia naseBolivia, ngaphandle kweenzame zokunqanda imveliso, amathuba okwandisa umhlaba olimekayo ngokunkcenkceshela anqongophele kakhulu.
Imigodi
Ishishini lemigodi kwiiAndes lelinye lawona abalulekileyo ehlabathini.
Ukumbiwa kwemigodi kubanzi kakhulu emazantsi, ezona zimbiwa ziphambili lubhedu eChile nasePeru; inkonkxa eBolivia; isilivere, ilothe kunye ne-zinc eBolivia nasePeru; igolide ePeru, e-Ecuador naseColombia; iplatinam kunye neemerald eColombia; ibhismuth eBolivia; vanadium ePeru kunye namalahle kunye nentsimbi eChile, ePeru naseColombia. Iidiphozithi zeoli ezahlukeneyo zisasazwa kwicala elingasempuma leAndes.
Zothutho
I-Andes ibisoloko isisithintelo esoyikekayo kunxibelelwano, enefuthe elikhulu kuphuhliso lwezoqoqosho nenkcubeko kulo mmandla, amaziko emveliso aqhelekile kumazibuko olwandle kwaye imbonakalo yeentaba zomhlaba yenza ulwakhiwo kunye nokugcinwa kube nzima. kunye neendleko.
Uthungelwano olukhulu lweendlela zepakethi lusasetyenziswa phakathi koluntu oluncinci naphakathi kweefama kunye neemarike. Amahashe, iidonki kunye neemeyile zisetyenziswa kakhulu. EColombia, inkabi kunye nasePeru naseBolivia bayibiza ngokuba zizilwanyana zokuthutha.
Oohola bendlela bafanelene ngcono nemimandla yezolimo yaseAndean, kuba iintlambo ezincinci, ezinabileyo zenza ukuba oololiwe bangabizi kakhulu ukwakha nokusebenza.
Ukususela kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi II, onke amazwe agudle udederhu lweentaba zeAndean aye andisa uthungelwano lweendlela zawo kokubini ngaphakathi naphakathi kweentaba, nangona kuphela inxalenye encinane yezi ndlela igangathiweyo, iPan-American Highway idibanisa izixeko ezikhulu zaseNtshona; iindlela ezininzi empuma-ntshona zibandakanyiwe kwinkqubo.
Ukuthuthwa kweenqwelomoya kubaluleke kakhulu kwiiAndes, apho kuye kwanciphisa ubunzima bokunxibelelana komhlaba; iindlela zomoya ziphuhliswe kakuhle eColombia nasePeru.
Ngabaphi abantu baseLos Andes?
Abemi baseAndes baqikelelwa kuma-84.500.000 44 XNUMX abantu abangama-XNUMX ekhulwini abakumazwe aseAndes, ngoko ke, kuqikelelwa ukuba isinye kwisithathu sabantu abahlala eMzantsi Merika sihlala kwiiAndes, ingakumbi kwizixeko ezikhulu.
Abemi base-Ecuadorian Andes ikakhulu ngabantu abathetha isiQuechua kunye ne-mestizos, emazantsi kukho amaqela amancinci eCanaris kwaye emantla, iSalasacas, ezolimo (umbona, iitapile, iimbotyi) ngowona msebenzi uphambili, abanye abemi baseIndiya bazinikele kwi-ceramics. kunye nokuluka.
Leliphi elona xesha lilungileyo lokutyelela eLos Andes?
NgoDisemba ukuya kuMatshi lixesha lemvula kwiiAndes, elona xesha lifanelekileyo lokutyelela iAndes ukusuka ngoMeyi ukuya kuOktobha, xa kubanda (ingakumbi emazantsi), kunye nemvula. Imozulu eyomileyo lelona thuba lihle lesibhakabhaka esiluhlaza kunye nemozulu ecacileyo, amaqondo obushushu kwiiAndes axhomekeke ngakumbi kubude kunexesha lonyaka.
I-Andes yenye yezona ndawo zifunwa kakhulu ngabakhenkethi eMzantsi Melika, ngakumbi kubakhenkethi abathanda uhambo oluphezulu, ezi ntaba zibonelela ngebala lokudlala lezinto ezingenakubalwa zangaphandle, kuquka ukunyuka kwamatye, ukukhwela iinkwenkwezi, ukunyuka, ukuhamba ngebhayisikili, ukukhwela i-rafting, ukutyibilika kunye nokukhwela amahashe. ukukhwela.