Ukuba uke wazibuza ukuba amazwekazi angakwazi ukuhamba, siya kucima loo mathandabuzo kube kanye kwaye siya kukuxelela ukuba ewe, ngokwenene bayakwenza kwaye kweli nqaku siza kuchaza okoyintoni i-continental drift?, zithini iintshukumo zetectonic?, Isazinzulu esicebise ithiyori yayo yonke le nto kunye nokunye okuninzi, ke siyakumema ukuba uqhubeke nolu fundo.
Ithiyori ye-Continental Drift
La Ukuhamba kwelizwekazi iye yachazwa njengentshukumo ethe gqolo necothayo kakhulu yezihlwele ezahlukahlukeneyo ezenza izithuba zelizwekazi leplanethi yethu ngokunxulumene nezinye, ngoko kunokwenzeka ukuba zihambe okanye zisondele, nto leyo eyenzekileyo kwixesha elibandakanya izigidi zezigidi zezigidi zezigidi zezigidi zezigidi zezigidi zabantu emhlabeni wonke. iminyaka.
Unobangela wentshukumo evelisa i Ukuhamba kwelizwekazi kukuba umaleko ophantsi kwe-lithosphere yomhlaba, engundoqo wawo, ulwelo kwaye uhlala ushukuma. Ngaphezulu kwelo maleko amacwecwe e-tectonic ahlukeneyo aqubha, ngokutyhala okanye ukwahlula iintshukumo, ehamba ngendlela ehambelanayo, ngokungathi zii-tapestries kumgangatho ophathwa nge-wax.
UAlfred Wegener
Ngowe-1912, isazi senzululwazi yendalo esingqongileyo saseJamani uAlfred Wegener (1880-1930) wacebisa ingcamango yakhe malunga nendalo. Ukuhamba kwelizwekazi njengengcaciso yokuba kuye kwangqinwa ngokwenzululwazi ukuba imeko amazwekazi akuyo ngeli xesha yahlukile kuleyo bubungqina bokwakheka komhlaba obufunyenweyo ngenxa yeengxelo zefosili.
Ekuqaleni, le nkcazo-bungcali malunga nokuhamba kwelizwekazi ayizange yamkelwe ngenzondelelo zezona geologists zibalaseleyo ngelo xesha, zithe zaphoswa ukuba zilibale, de kwaba ngoo-60, xa kwakunokwenzeka ukuqonda ubukho kunye nokusebenza kweetectonic plates. kwakunokwenzeka ukuvakalisa ngendlela efanelekileyo ngakumbi intshukumo yamazwekazi.
ezinye izazinzulu
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ingcamango yokuba iiprofayili zamazwekazi zihambelana kunye, njengokungathi ziyingxenye ye-puzzle, ayikho into entsha. Yayisele icetywe ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX yisazi ngendalo saseJamani uAlexander von Humboldt, owaseka ingcamango ngayo.
Kwathabatha iminyaka engama-50 ukuba isazinzulu esingumFrentshi uAntonio Snider-Pellegrini sigqibe ngokusuka koko sikubonayo sokuba ubukho bobungqina obufanayo beefosili kwimimandla eselunxwemeni yamazwekazi aqelelene njengeAfrika neMelika ndinokuba nengcaciso enye kuphela yaye oko yayikukuba. ngomzuzu othile wokwakheka komhlaba eMhlabeni bebemanyene, nokuba ngokwenyama okanye ngeebhulorho zomhlaba ebezintywiliselwe emanzini.
Kodwa ithiyori yokuqala epheleleyo eyanika ingcaciso yale prodigy yeza noWegener, naye owayila igama elithi Pangea, njengegama elimele linikwe ilizwekazikazi elikhulu nelibumba onke amazwekazi akhoyo xa ekunye. UPangea ligama elenziwe ngamagama amabini esiGrike, pan, elithetha yonke into, kunye negea, elithetha umhlaba.
Ubungqina be-Continental Drift
Abaphandi baye bagqiba ekubeni zininzi izinto ezibonisa ubunyani bobukho be Ukuhamba kwelizwekazi, phakathi kwazo kukho ezi zilandelayo:
Inyaniso yeyokuba xa siqwalasela imephu yehlabathi, kunokugqityezelwa ukuba i-orography yonxweme yamazwekazi aliqela iyangqamana, kananjalo ukuba sinokuthelekisa imida yeeshelufu zelizwekazi, siya kuqwalasela ukuba imiphetho iyahambelana.
Kukho imiqondiso yokwakheka komhlaba ukuba amazwekazi ayekade esondelelene kakhulu, kuba amatye amaninzi okanye iinkqubo zeentaba zinexesha elifanayo kunye nohlobo olufanayo lwamatye ahamba ngohlobo olufanayo lwenkqubo yemetamorphic, kumazwekazi namhlanje aqelelene kwaye akwiindawo ezahlukeneyo. .
Ukufunyaniswa kweefosili zezilwanyana kunye nezityalo kwi-orography yonxweme yamazwekazi ahluke kakhulu namhlanje kucaciswe ngokupheleleyo ukuba amazwekazi kwiminyaka yangaphambili ayenokuba kufutshane.
Izifundo zePaleoclimatic ezisebenzisa amatye afumaneka kumhlaba ongaphantsi komhlaba ukuseka umhlaba. Ubushushu kunye nokufuma yamandulo kwiindawo ezininzi kumphezulu, abanayo ingcaciso kunye nendawo yangoku apho amazwekazi afunyanwa. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuba uthatha ingqalelo kwi-hypothesis yokuba kwakukho ilizwekazi elinye kuphela ngexesha elithile.
Amanqanaba e-Continental Drift
Kucingelwa ukuba iPangea yayingeyiyo yodwa okanye yayingelolizwekazi lokuqala. Kuye kwaxoxwa ukuba abanye babenokubakho ngaphambili, ukuba baqhekezwa babe ngamaqhekeza, apho amanye amazwekazi anokuthi abunjwe kwaye ngokuphindaphindiweyo de kube yile nto siyifumana namhlanje. Le nkqubo yokumanyanisa kunye nokuqhekeka kunokwenziwa ngokusondeleyo kwizigaba ezichazwe ngezantsi:
Rodinia
I-Rodinia yayililizwekazi elikhulu elazalwa malunga ne-1100 yezigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo, yasekwa ngenxa yokufuduka okanye ukukhukuliseka kwamazwekazi akhoyo ahlangana kunye. Izazinzulu aziyichasi into yokuba amanye amazwekazi angaphambili ayekho, kodwa abakhange bakwazi ukufumana ubungqina obaneleyo bobukho bawo.
Emva koko, malunga ne-750 yezigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo, i-Rodinia yaqala ukuhlukana kwaye i-supercontinent entsha yazalwa ngamaqhekeza ayo.
I-Pannotia
Emva koko, malunga ne-600 yezigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo, ukwakheka kwe-supercontinent yesibini, eyayibizwa ngokuba yiPannotia, eyasinda kuphela malunga nezigidi ezingama-60 zeminyaka.
Gondwana kunye neProto-Laurasia
Malunga nezigidi ezingama-540 zeminyaka eyadlulayo, iPannotia yaqhekeka yaziilizwekazi ezimbini ezincinci ezibizwa ngokuba yiGondwana, ezikummandla osemazantsi wehemisphere, ezenziwe yindawo ngoku eyaziwa ngokuba yiAfrika, uMzantsi Melika, iIndiya, iOceania, iMadagascar neAntarctica. IProto-Laurasia, eyayikumntla weIkhweyitha, ebunjwe yiAsia, iYurophu noMntla Merika. Kwisithuba esasizahlula, kwasekwa ulwandlekazi olutsha olubizwa ngokuba yiProto-Tethys.
Laurentia, eSiberia naseBaltica
Ngamazwekazi amathathu amancinci awasekwa malunga nezigidi ezingama-500 kwiminyaka eyadlulayo, ngenxa yokuqhekeka kweProto-Laurasia, eyathi yanikezela kubukho beelwandle ezimbini ezintsha, ezibizwa ngokuba yi-Iapetus kunye neKhanty.
IAvalonia
Malunga ne-485 yezigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo, ngexesha le-Ordovician, i-microcontinent yahlukana ne-Gondwana kwaye yabhaptizwa i-Avalonia, eyenziwe yinto eyaziwa ngokuba yi-United States, i-Nova Scotia kunye ne-Ngilane, iqala ukudlulela kwi-hemisphere esemantla, de i-hangout ULaurentia. Ngale ndlela, iBaltica, uLaurentia neAvalonia zadibana ukuze zenze iEuramerica.
Malunga ne-440 yezigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo, uGondwana waqala uhambo olukhululekileyo ukusuka kwi-hemisphere enyukayo, nto leyo eyayibeka kungquzulwano ne-Eurasia, ephulukene ne-microcontinent ezimbini kwinkqubo eyaqhubekeka ukuseka into ngoku ebizwa ngokuba nguMntla we-China kunye noMzantsi China. indlela yakho.
Njengazo, ezinye iziqwenga zaqhekeka kwaye zaphinda zadibana, kodwa kwezinye iindawo, ngexesha lenkqubo iilwandle zazivala kwaye amazwekazi ayesondela kwakhona.
ESiberia nasePangea
Malunga nezigidi ezingama-300 zeminyaka eyadlulayo, ngexesha lePermian, kuphela amazwekazi amabini amakhulu awayesele enziwe, awayebizwa ngokuba yiSiberia kunye nePangea, ayesondelelene kakhulu kwaye ejikelezwe lulwandle olunye olubizwa ngokuba yiPanthalassa.
Pangea
Malunga nezigidi ezingama-251 kwiminyaka eyadlulayo, ngexesha leTriassic, ukurhoxa okukhulu kwe Iilwandle kunye neelwandle kwaye umphezulu osemhlabeni wanda kakhulu, ngenxa yomhlaba owavela ezantsi kolwandle. Ndiyabulela kwi-continental drift, ukuhlanganiswa kwelizwekazi kwenzeka kwaye i-Pangea yavela, i-supercontinent ephawulekayo eyayibunjwe njengo-C, igubungela uLwandle lweTethys ngaphakathi kwayo.
I-Continental Drift kunye nePlate Tectonics
La Ukuhamba kwelizwekazi ivela ekugxothweni kwamacwecwe kwingubo yoMhlaba. Ukuza kuthi ga namhlanje, ithiyori ka-Wegener sisiqalo sento eyaziwa ngokuba yi-plate tectonics, ingqikelelo equkwa kuyo. Ukuvela kwethiyori yeplate tectonics yayiyimveliso yophononongo oludibeneyo olwenzeka ngo-1960, ngoososayensi balandelayo:
"URobert Dietz, uBruce C. Heezen, uMarie Tharp, uHarry Hess, uMaurice Ewing, noTuzo Wilson."
Le thiyori ye-plate tectonics ilawula ukucacisa ukufuduka kwamazwekazi kwindawo apho adibana khona kwingubo yeplanethi yoMhlaba, iintshukumo zayo zibangelwa ukuhlengahlengiswa rhoqo kwi-stratum ephezulu kunye eqinile, eyi-lithosphere.
Ngaloo ndlela, zombini Ukuhamba kwelizwekazi ezifana nokwandiswa komgangatho wolwandle yimveliso yenkqubo ethathe iibhiliyoni zeminyaka, nto leyo ebangela ukuba iipleyiti zetectonic zishukume kwaye zingqubane kunye neziphumo zale ntshukumo kukonakala komphezulu okwenziwa namhlanje. kwaziwa ngokuba sisiqabu sasemhlabeni.