Impukane sisilwanyana esicaphukisayo esinokusifumana emakhayeni ethu. Ubomi bayo bufutshane kakhulu, nangona kunjalo, nangona ivelisa ngokukhawuleza. Apha siza kufumanisa ukuba iimpukane zizala njani, umjikelo wazo wendaleko, ixesha lokuphila kunye nokunye. Ungayeki ukuyifunda!
Uqoqosho
I-Phylum arthropods okanye umboko wesilwanyana oquka ngaphezu kwe-75% yeentlobo zezilwanyana, ezibonakaliswa ngokuba yi-invertebrate metazoans ye-symmetry yamacala amabini, ebonakaliswa ngokuba ne-exoskeleton yangaphandle okanye ngokubonisa umzimba owahlulwe kuluhlu lwamacandelo e-metameric alungelelaniswe enye emva kwenye. .
Ngaphakathi kwee-arthropods sifumana i-subtype ebizwa ngokuba yi-Izinambuzane ezinomzimba ngokucacileyo owahlulwe njengentloko, i-thorax kunye nesisu, izibini ezintathu zemilenze kunye nesiqhelo esinamaphiko. Kukho i-subgroup ye-pterygogens enikwe amaphiko kwaye kukho umyalelo okanye iqela le-Diptera.
Iimpukane liqela leentlobo zezilwanyana ngokolandelelwano lweDiptera ezifumaneka kulo lonke ihlabathi. Phakathi kwabo sinokukhankanya impukane yendlu ( Musca domestica ), i-fruit fly ( Ceratitis capitata ) kunye ne-vinegar fly ( Drosophila melanogaster ).
Imilo
IiDiptera zahlulwa kwezinye izinambuzane ngokuba nesibini sokuqala samaphiko aphuhliswe kakuhle, ekubeni esesibini sincitshiswa saba zizikhondo ezincinci eziphantse zingabonakali ezisebenza njengeengalo zerocker. Iquka inani elikhulu leentlobo ezenziwe ikakhulu ziimpukane kunye neengcongconi.
Amaphiko angaphambili ane-membranous kwaye imithambo yawo iyahluka ngokuxhomekeke kuhlobo. Iingalo ze-rocker ngamalungu e-claviform asebenza njenge-receptors ye-sensory, ekwazi ukuvuselela ngokukhawuleza ukuhamba kwamaphiko kunye nokulawula ukuma ngexesha lokubhabha.
Banezivamvo ezithile ezibavumela ukuba baseke eyona ndawo ilungileyo yokubeka amaqanda abo, ukuze bahlale besondliwa kakuhle kwaye baqinisekise uphuhliso lwabo de bagqibe ukuvela kwabo.
Izixhobo zayo zomlomo zikhotha - ukufunxa, ngenxa yokuhlehla kweziqwenga ezibukhali, ngokukodwa kwi-mandibles kunye ne-maxillae, umlebe ongezantsi uthambile kwaye unwenwe ekupheleni kwayo. Ngenxa yokubunjwa kwee-antenna zabo, ziyi-brachycerans kunye ne-eriyali eyenziwe kuphela ngamaqunu amathathu. Umzimba wayo mfutshane kwaye ungqindilili kwaye imilenze yayo ayidli kakhulu.
Amalungu oluvo enziwe ziiseli ezibuthathaka zendalo ye-ectodermal ezihlala zikhatshwa ziinwele okanye isilika. Amalungu e-Vibration receptor aqhelekile kwizinambuzane kwaye abizwa ngokuba yi-scolopophores. Izitho ezibonakalayo zenziwe yi-cornea efihliweyo ngamaseli e-pigment, zonke iiseli ze-retinal ziqhubeleka ngemithambo yodwa eyenza i-optic okanye i-ocular nerve.
Amalungu evumba kunye nencasa abekwe kwi-eriyali kunye nasezintendeni zemilomo. Inkqubo ye-nervous yodidi lwe-ganglionic kwaye ngokusisiseko iqulathe umanyano lwezakhiwo ezininzi ze-ganglionic ezibizwa ngokuba yi-supraesophageal, i-subesophageal kunye ne-periesophageal. I-digestive tract ihamba ngomzimba wayo wonke ukusuka ekupheleni kwangaphambili, apho ivula ijikelezwe yimibhobho yomlomo, ukuya ekupheleni kwe-posterior, apho iphelela khona nge-anus kwicandelo lokugqibela lomzimba.
Inkqubo ye-circulatory ihlala ingagqibekanga kwaye yenza inkqubo ye-lacunar ebizwa ngokuba yi-hemocele, ibonisa intliziyo ye-dorsal kunye ne-tubular-shaped kunye nenxalenye yayo ye-arteries, ngaphezulu okanye ngaphantsi kwe-branched, ehambisa igazi kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zomzimba, ezihlala ziphela izikhewu kwaye ngaphandle kokwenza kuyo nayiphi na imeko inethiwekhi ye-capillary.
I- integument ibandakanya i-exoskeleton kwaye ibandakanya ukwakheka kwe-cuticular efihliweyo ziiseli ze-epidermis, apha unokufumana ii-pigments ezahlukeneyo ezinemibala yomzimba, ebekwe kwi-epidermis okanye nakwizicubu ezingaphantsi.
Zibonisa i-metamorphosis epheleleyo kwaye imibungu yazo ine-apodous kwaye ayinantloko ngenxa yokuba ayinamehlo kunye neempondo. Phakathi kwe-brachycera yi- asiliids , i-orthorrhaphs emele iimpukane ezinkulu ezinemizimba enoboya njenge Asilus Crabroniformis, imibungu yayo edla inyama ifunyenwe phantsi kwamatye okanye ingcwatywe. I-Tabanids inomzimba otyebileyo kunye noxineneyo, nangona amadoda ezondla i-pollen yezityalo, iimazi zine-hematophagous, i-parasitic kwizilwanyana ezanyisayo ezahlukeneyo kubandakanya indoda, Tabanus eqhelekileyo okanye Tabanus bovinus Yi-ectoparasite yeenkomo zasekhaya.
I-Cyclorrhaphs yi-Múscidas, intsapho ebanzi equka uninzi lweempukane ezinemibungu e-saprophagous, i-coprophagous, kwaye kwezinye iimeko i-carnivorous, kwaye ifumaneka kuyo yonke indawo.
Zizala njani iimpukane?
Ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX, emva kophando olwenziwa sisazinzulu uFrancesco Redi, ithiyori yokuba impukane yaphinda yavela ngokuzenzekelayo kwinyama ebolileyo yayinokuchaswa, kwaye kwakunokwenzeka ukubonisa ukuba impukane yavela kwenye esele ikhona.
Inkqubo yokuzala iqhutyelwa kwinqanaba layo labantu abadala, iinkundla zamadoda imazi ivelisa isandi okanye ingoma eveliswa kukungcangcazela kweesarha ezivelisa isandi esithile sempukane. Kwelinye icala, imazi iqikelela ukuba ingoma nevumba elikhupha ngeepheromones linomdla kuyo, ukuba ayiyithandi, iyaqhubeka ishukuma, kungenjalo ihlala izolile ukuze inkunzi iqalise ukuzala. ubude bexesha malunga nemizuzu eyi-10.
Iimpukane ziba ngumfazi omnye kwaye zikhwelana kube kanye kwaye ziyakwazi ukuzalana nasemoyeni ngelixa zibhabha kwaye zinokubeka amanani amakhulu (amakhulu) wamaqanda ngexesha elinye. Inkunzi igcina amalungu ayo angasese efihliweyo, ivezwa kuphela ngexesha lokwabelana ngesondo, imazi ine-ovipositor ye-telescopic eyahlulahlulwe xa ibeka amaqanda.
Ngexesha lesenzo sokwabelana ngesondo, inkunzi ifaka ilungu layo lesini kwi-telescopic ovipositor yebhinqa kwaye ikhuphe amadlozi aya kuqhamisa amaqanda.
Inkqubo yokuzala yabasetyhini iyahluka kancinci phakathi kweentlobo kwezinye ubume bayo buthambile njengakwimpukane eqhelekileyo okanye ithande ukuba ngqongqo njengoko kwimpukane yeziqhamo lo mahluko we-anatomical unxulumene neempawu ezifumaneka kwezi ntlobo xa zibeka amaqanda azo, iFruit. iimpukane kufuneka zigqobhoze izikhumba zeziqhamo okanye iziqwenga ukuze zibeke iintambo zazo kwipulp, kwaye iimpukane eziqhelekileyo zibeka umthwalo wazo kuphela kwindawo ekhethelwe loo njongo. Emva koko imazi kufuneka ifumane indawo efanelekileyo yokubeka amaqanda kwaye ikwazi ukuqhuba inkqubo ye-metamorphosis.
Bhabha umjikelo wobomi
Impukane ihamba ngezigaba ezine ezivumela ukuzaliseka kwe-metamorphosis kuqondwe njengeqanda, umbungu, i-pupa de ifike kwinqanaba labantu abadala, inqanaba apho liyakwazi ukuvelisa, lo mjikelo webhayoloji unokubonisa iinguqulelo ezincinci ngokuxhomekeke kwiintlobo ngenani lamaqanda kwaye ubukhulu. Ixesha layo lobomi lifutshane kakhulu, kodwa liya kuhluka kunye nexesha lonyaka, ixesha layo liqikelelwa ukusuka kwiintsuku ezisi-7 ukuya kwezi-10 okanye iintsuku ezingama-30. Ngamaxesha ashushu zizala ngokukhawuleza.
Egg
Emva kokuba kugqityiwe ukukhwelana, imazi yempukane kufuneka ibeke indawo yokubeka amaqanda ayo.Isithuba siya kuxhomekeka kuhlobo oluthile.Impukane eqhelekileyo ibeka amaqanda ayo kwindawo emnyama nefumileyo kwizinto eziphilayo ngexesha lokubola, kwaye isiqhamo siyabhabha. , njengoko igama layo libonisa ukuba libeka kwiziqhamo Iyakwazi ukubeka amaqanda angama-150 kwi-clutch nganye kwaye inokubonakala kweenkozo zerayisi.
Amaqanda athanda ukuba zizityebi kwi-yolk, uphuhliso alukho ngokuthe ngqo, luvelisa iindidi ezininzi zezigaba zombungu. Amaqanda athanda ukuqandusela kwiiyure ezingama-24 emva kokugxothwa.
Izibungu
Kweli nqanaba iveza uhlobo lweentshulube ezingaboniyo kwaye itya kwindawo ezaqanduselwa kuyo, imibungu yempukane eqhelekileyo itya izinto eziphilayo ezibolayo kunye nezo zempukane zeziqhamo zitya kwintlaka yeziqhamo. Umsebenzi wayo ophambili kukuzondla kangangoko inako kwaye ngaloo ndlela iqinisekisa uphuhliso olufunekayo. Bachitha ulusu lwabo amatyeli amaninzi, ngexesha labo lokugqibela le-molt bajonga indawo emnyama yokukhupha.
Pupa
Nje ukuba umbungu utyiswe ngokwaneleyo ukuze uqalise inkqubo yokufaka i-encapsulation. Ekungeneni kwesi sigaba, i-larvae iqala ukubonisa i-worm-like shape, ifakwe kwisikhumba esinzima, esinombala omnyama, ngokuqhelekileyo simdaka okanye sibomvu, apha sinexesha eliqikelelwayo leentsuku ezi-3 ukuya kwezi-6, ngexesha apho zenza khona. ungatyi kwaye ungashukumi.
Kule nkqubo, i-metamorphosis ilawulwa ekupheleni kwenkqubo, intshulube inemilenze kunye namaphiko kwaye impukane yabantu abadala iyavela, inkqubo efana neyebhabhathane. Ubude bexesha le-metamorphosis liya kuxhomekeka kwiqondo lokushisa ekushiseni inkqubo ngokukhawuleza kunemozulu ebandayo
Ubudala
Kweli nqanaba, impukane endala ikulungele ukukhwelana kwiintsuku ezi-3 emva kokushiya i-pupa, iphinda umjikelo odla ngokuba mfutshane kakhulu.
Zizalwa njani iimpukane?
Uninzi lwezi zinambuzane zi-oviparous, okuthetha ukuba zifumana indawo ekhuselekileyo kunye neemeko ezifanelekileyo zokubeka kunye nokukhusela amaqanda ukuze abe nesiqhamo. Kukho iqela eline-ovoviviparous, oku kuthetha ukuba imazi igcina emzimbeni wayo kude kube ngumzuzu wokubeka, xa i-larvae iphuma.
Iphila ixesha elingakanani impukane?
Ixesha lokuphila kwempukane liguquguquka kakhulu, liya kuxhomekeka kwizinto ezininzi ezifana neentlobo, iimeko zokuphila kunye nokusingqongileyo, ekubeni imozulu ingcono kunye nokutya, banokuphila iintsuku ezimbalwa, sithetha nge-7 ukuya kwe-10 iintsuku kunye neentsuku eziphezulu ezingama-30. Ngexesha elifutshane elinokuthi libe sehlabathini, esi silwanyana siya kuzala ngendlela eyothusayo kwaye sibeke amawaka amaqanda aya kuguqulwa abe ziimpukane njalo njalo kumjikelo ongapheliyo, impukane inokuguquguquka okukhulu kuyo yonke indawo enokwenzeka kwaye ivumele ukuba gcwalisa iplanethi.
bhabha umdla
Ayizizo zonke iimpukane ezicaphukisayo njengoko sicinga ukuba kukho iintlobo ezidlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu kwi-ikhosistim, siya kuqaqambisa iindidi ezininzi zeempukane eziluncedo olukhulu emntwini kwaye zinceda kwibhalansi yendalo ye-ecosystem yethu.
Iipollinator
Njengamabhabhathane neenyosi, kukho iimpukane ezisasaza ipoleni. Ukutya kwabo kusekelwe kwincindi yeentyatyambo, banoxanduva lokuhambisa umungu ukusuka kwenye intyatyambo ukuya kwenye, ngaloo ndlela unceda ukuvelisa ukumila kwezityalo ezitsha kwaye ngokujika iziqhamo okanye iintyatyambo ezivelisayo. Kweli qela sinokufumana usapho lweCalliphoridae (iimpukane eziluhlaza neziluhlaza)
amarhamncwa
Njengoko igama lazo libonisa, ezi mpukane zihlaselayo zitya ezinye izinambuzane okanye izigcawu eziyingozi ebantwini, zinegalelo ngandlel’ ithile ekulawuleni izinambuzane ezitshabalalisayo kweli qela sinokubonisa iisyrphids (usapho lweSyrphidae) kunye nebhabhathane elikhangeleka libhityile ngokufana kakhulu ne inyosi okanye unomeva.
Inceda kwi-Ecosystem Balance
Impukane xa yotyiswa Zinika ukutya kwaye zinike ukutya kwezinye izilwanyana, kwiimpukane kukho iindidi eziyingozi kakhulu kuba zisasaza izifo eziyingozi kakhulu ezifana nokulala kunye nenagana eveliswa yitrypanosomes, ngokuba kukutya kwezinye izilwanyana ezifana nezigcawu, amaxoxo; amasele, ezinye iintlanzi kunye neentaka zinceda ekuhambeni kwe-ecosystem zivumela ulawulo lwendalo lwezinambuzane.
Izinto ezichaphazela ukuveliswa kwendlu yendiza
Iimpukane zokuzala kwazo zikhangela iindawo ezimnyama kwaye zibonelela ngokufuma okuthile ukuze zihlangabezane neemeko eziyimfuneko zokuzivelela kwazo. Amaxesha amaninzi sinika ezi zinambuzane ithuba lokusebenzisa izindlu zethu njengendawo yazo yokuzala.
Iindawo ezibonisiweyo ezindlini zethu zingagqunywa imisele, iingxowa zenkunkuma ezivulekileyo ezinenkunkuma yokutya, iimbiza ezinemithi yeziqhamo ziindawo ezijongwa yimazi ukuze imibungu ikhule kwaye yondle.
Imozulu eshushu ibangela ukwanda okukhulu kweempukane, le mozulu ifaneleka kubo njengoko inkqubo yokuvelisa ikhawuleza kule mozulu, ivelisa ukwanda kwesi silwanyana kumakhaya ethu.
Singakuthintela njani ukusasazeka kwempukane ekhaya
Ikhaya lethu linokuba yindawo yokuzalela iimpukane, ukugcina imikhwa elungileyo yokucoca kuya kusivumela ukuba sizikhusele ekwandeni kwesi sinambuzane, kufuneka sigcine umphezulu ucocekile kwaye uqokelelwe, siphephe ukuqokelelwa kwenkunkuma kunye nenkunkuma yokutya, owona mthombo uphambili wenkunkuma. ukusasazeka kwayo kunye nenkunkuma engaphiliyo efana nezikhongozeli zeplastiki, iziselo ezibandayo.
Ukucoceka kubaluleke kakhulu, i-larva yempukane ikhula kwaye yomeleza kwimigqomo yethu yenkunkuma, inkunkuma yokutya engapakishwanga ngokuchanekileyo, iziqhamo ezivuthiweyo kunye nemifuno ngaphandle kwefriji inceda ekukhawuleziseni ukuveliswa kwazo ngokuzinika iindawo ezifanelekileyo zokusasaza kwazo. Ukuphathwa ngokufanelekileyo kweziqhamo kunye nemifuno kuyacetyiswa njengoko zifakwe efrijini, zinciphisa ukubola kwazo, zigcina iingxowa zenkunkuma zivaliwe kwaye zikhupha isitya ngamaxesha athile.
Gcina i-mops ecocekileyo neyomileyo ingenalwelo lokutya ungasebenzisa izibulali zinambuzane ezichwepheshile ukunceda ukuzisusa, masingakushiyi ukutya okugqunywe kakubi kunokuba yingozi empilweni.
Ukucoca i-drain kunye ne-sewers kucetyiswa ukuba ugweme ukwanda kweembungu kwezi ndawo. Kusezandleni zethu ukuba ikhaya lethu alinampukane ngokuzigcina likhuthele umlo ochasene nesi silwanyana esinokuthi sihlasele ikhaya lakho.Kukwacetyiswa ukuba usebenzise izigxothi zokusetyenziswa ekhaya njengeviniga, ukufakwa kwemifuno enamakha.
Sukuhamba ungakhange uqale ufunde la manqaku alandelayo:
Ugxotha njani iimpukane ngokufanelekileyo?