Izakhiwo zaseRoma kunye neyona miba ibalulekileyo

Ekhuthazwe yimodeli yoyilo yamaGrike yakudala, amaRoma enza isitayile soyilo esitsha esinokubonwa ngeendawo ezinkulu nezihle ezisaseleyo kula maxesha. Ngokuphathelele oku, eli nqaku likuzisela ulwazi olunomdla kunye nolubalulekileyo malunga ne Izakhiwo zaseRoma nangaphezulu

uyilo lwaseRoma

Ukususela ekusekweni kweRiphabhlikhi yaseRoma ngo-509 BC ukuya kutsho malunga nenkulungwane yesine AD, ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo kule mpucuko kwabakho kakhulu, kubonakaliswa ngokwakhiwa kwemisebenzi emikhulu. Olokugqibela lubonakaliso lwento eya kuba yakudala okanye yasemva kwexesha loyilo lweByzantine. Nangona kunjalo, akukho modeli ye-transcendental igcinwe kude kube ngunyaka we-653 BC, nangona sele ijikeleze unyaka we-100 AD apho uBukhosi bokuGqibela babulawula, imizekelo ebalulekileyo yezakhiwo zaseRoma zagcinwa ngokupheleleyo.

Ngoko nangona uBukhosi baseRoma bawela ekuwohlokeni, impembelelo yoyilo lolwakhiwo lwagcinwa kangangeenkulungwane ezininzi, eli lilelona limele kakhulu kulo lonke elaseNtshona Yurophu ukusuka ngonyaka we-1000 AD, oku kwandiswa nokuhlaziywa kwe imodeli yoyilo olusisiseko lwaseRoma olubizwa ngokuba yi-Romanesque architecture.

I-architecture yaseRoma ngaphezu kobugcisa bonke bamaRoma, ibonakalise ukusebenziseka, ubuchule obuguqukayo kunye nokucinga kokucwangcisa kwababhali bayo. Ngoko xa uBukhosi baseRoma bukwazi ukusasazeka kuyo yonke iMeditera nakwimimandla emikhulu yaseNtshona Yurophu, abaqulunqi bezakhiwo bamaRoma baphathiswa umsebenzi wokumela ngemisebenzi emikhulu yolwakhiwo ubukhulu namandla eRoma, ukongezelela ekuphuculeni umgangatho wobomi babemi bayo.

Ukuze abonakalise ubungangamsha bobu Bukhosi, amaRoma agqama ngokusebenzisa iseti yeendlela ezibalulekileyo zokwakha ezifana nezi:

• I-arc.
• Igumbi lokuhlala.
• Idome.
• Ukusetyenziswa kwekhonkrithi.

Kwaba ngokusetyenziswa kwezi nkqubo abathi abayili bezakhiwo baseRoma bachaza kwaye babeka iziseko zeyona misebenzi kawonke-wonke engaphaya kwemida kwimbali yezokwakha, kuquka iitempile, amatye ezikhumbuzo, iibhafu zikawonke-wonke, ii-basilica, ii-arches zoloyiso, kunye ne-amphitheatre.

Njengendlela yokuqinisa ngakumbi imigaqo yexesha lokuqina kunye noxolo apho uBukhosi obubizwa ngokuba nguXolo lwaseRoma babugcinwe, abakhi bezakhiwo baceba ukubulawa kunye nokuhlanganisa imisele engenakubalwa, kunye neseti yemijelo, iibhulorho kunye nothotho oluphuhlisiwe lwe iindlela, ngexesha elifanayo ukuba abacwangcisi basezidolophini baceba ngezicwangciso zokwakha ezisekelwe kwiinkampu zomkhosi ngenjongo yokuseka i-metropolises entsha ukusuka ekuqaleni.

Ubuninzi bobugcisa kunye noyilo lwezakhiwo olwasebenza njengempembelelo yabakhi bezakhiwo baseRoma, bathatyathwa kwi-Etruscans kunye namaGrike, oko kukuthi, bathatha izinto ezibizwa ngokuba yi-architecture classical. Ngokufanayo, bafunda malunga noyilo lwephiramidi yaseYiputa kunye nobume. Ke i-architecture ligalelo elikhethekileyo leRoma yamandulo kubugcisa kunye nembali yenkcubeko yaseYurophu. Ke oku kugqame kakhulu kuneendlela ezininzi zemifanekiso eqingqiweyo yamaRoma, ephantse ivele kumaGrike.

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba izakhiwo zabo zenziwe ngeendonga eziqinileyo ezidityaniswe ngama-arches kunye needomes. Olu yayilutshintsho olubalulekileyo olusuka kwiikholamu kunye neelinteli eziqhelekileyo ezisetyenziswa kuyilo lwakudala. Nangona kunjalo, njengophuhliso lobugcisa okanye lobuhle, i-classic ornamental orders yongezwa, njengeTuscan (inguqu eyenziwe lula ye-Doric order) kunye ne-composites (umyalelo ophakanyisiweyo kunye nomhlobiso weentyatyambo zaseKorinte kunye nemiqulu ye-Ionic).

Olona yilo lukhulu lokwakhiwa koBukhosi lwenzeka malunga nomnyaka wama-40 BC nowama-230 AD, kude kudala ngaphambi kobunzima benkulungwane yesi-XNUMX kunye nezithintelo ezilandelayo ezathi zanciphisa ubutyebi kunye namandla okucwangcisa kaRhulumente. Phakathi kwezona zakhiwo zibalulekileyo kunye nesiseko semisebenzi yamaRoma, zezi:

• Itempile yaseMaison Carrée kunye nomjelo webhulorho wePont Du Gard obekwe eNimes-France, zombini zisusela kwi-19 BC.
• I-Colosseum eRoma - eItali ixesha layo lokubulawa liphakathi kwe-72-80 BC
• IArch of Titus eRoma-Italiya yakhiwa ngo-81 AD
• Umjelo wamanzi waseRoma eSegovia - eSpain ngo-100 AD
• IiBhafu (104-109 AD) kunye neTrajan's Bridge (105 AD) eAlcántara – Spain.
• Ithala leencwadi laseCelsus laseRoma e-Efese - eTurkey ngo-120 AD
• Udonga lukaHadrian kuMntla weNgilani ngo-121 AD
• I-Pantheon eRoma-Italiya ngo-128 AD
• Ibhotwe likaDiocletian eliseSplit – eCroatia ngowama-300 AD
• IiBhafu zeDiocletian eRoma-Italiya ngo-306 AD
• IArch of Constantine eRoma-Italiya ngo-312 AD
• Umjelo wamanzi aseRoma - eItali phakathi kwe-600-200 BC Le yayiyeyona ndlela yakudala yelindle kwimbali yehlabathi, ngokwayo ifuna ukukhupha amanzi asekuhlaleni kunye nokuthutha inkunkuma ukusuka kwisixeko ukuya kuMlambo iTiber.

Yonke imiba yoyilo lwezakhiwo zaseRoma zavavanywa ngumyili wezakhiwo uMarcus Vitruvius, owayebandakanyeke kakhulu kweli candelo ukusuka ekupheleni kwenkulungwane yokuqala ye-BC de kwafika ulwahlulo lwakhe lolwakhiwo malunga nowama-27 BC, nangona oku kwabonwa phambi kwelona nqanaba lokudala lezakhiwo zaseRoma. .

Historia 

Ngoku ukwazi okuncinci malunga nendlela imodeli yokwakha yaseRoma yaphuhliswa ngayo, kuyafuneka ukwazi ngembali yayo ngemvelaphi yayo, ukusetyenziswa kobuchule obutsha, ukulungiswa okwenziwa ngabakhi bezakhiwo baseRoma, i-boom yoyilo kunye nokuncipha kwayo okulandelayo. Okulandelayo:

Imvelaphi

Ukuqikelelwa kwezakhiwo zaseRoma kwaqala ngokuthe ngqo ngama-Etruscans, apho emva kwexesha imiba yesiGrike yathatyathwa, ngokwalo iimpawu zezi mpembelelo zibonakaliswa kwimisebenzi yamaRoma ngexesha elibangelwa yi-Punic belligerences. Okwangoku, ukuqala kwezakhiwo zaseRoma kubuyela emva xa kwaqhutywa imisebenzi yokuqala, njengendlela yokuqala kunye ne-aqueduct yokuqala.

Ngamaxesha axa uBukhosi baseRoma babuzukisa uloyiso nolawulo lwabo phezu kwemimandla yaseSisili neGrisi ngokwalo, kwakuyinto eqhelekileyo ukuba amagosa aseRoma abe nengqokelela yezinto ezinexabiso elikhulu lobugcisa njengeembasa, oku njengenxalenye yomvuzo wawo woloyiso. Ukongeza, ngenxa yobukhulu, amandla kunye noqoqosho lwaseRoma, yaqala ukutsala amagcisa ase-Etruscan namaGrike, ngoko aqala ukubethelela amaRoma ngobuhle bobugcisa kunye nokuncoma.

Kodwa ukubonakaliswa kwamaRoma kwizakhiwo akuzange kubonakale de kube sekupheleni kwenqanaba lamaGrike. Ulwakhiwo lwabo ngokubanzi lwalusekwe kumaqonga aqinileyo awayephawulwa ngokusetyenziswa kweebhloko ezinkulu zamatye asetyenziweyo okanye amatye anqabileyo, oku kwenziwa kulwakhiwo lwabo kwakufana kakhulu ne-Etruscans.

Ingqikithi yemisebenzi yezakhiwo yaseRoma eyasungulwa ekuqaleni kwayo yazalisekisa injongo esebenzayo ngakumbi kunesitayile, ngakumbi ngexesha lobukhosi, apho ukungabikho kwayo yonke imizobo yayo yokuhombisa, nokuba yimifanekiso eqingqiweyo okanye yemifanekiso, yayiphawuleka kakhulu. Kodwa emva kokugxothwa kweSirakuse phakathi kweminyaka yowama-212-214 BC, amaRoma aqalisa ukuthandwa nokubuxabisa ubugcisa, esiba sisithethe kulo lonke uluntu lwaseRoma.

Ngexesha iGrisi yaba liphondo laseRoma ngo-144 BC, intaphane yamagcisa angamaGrike awayengamakhoboka athatyathwa ukuba aye kusebenza eRoma. Esinye sezenzo ezazithanda umdla kubugcisa eRoma zizinto ezininzi ezafunyanwa kuloyiso lukaLucio Emilio Paulo Macedónico ngexesha lemfazwe yasePydna.

Ngendlela efanayo, into efunyenwe kwiitempile zamaGrike zaseDelphi, i-Olympia kunye ne-Epidaurus nguLucio Cornelio Sila Félix, izinto ezixabisekileyo ezifunyenwe ngu-Octavio de Alejandría kunye nokuphazamiseka kwiitempile ezahlukeneyo zase-Asiya nguPublio Cornelio Dolabela. Indawo yokugqibela ezi zinto zazisikelwe kuyo yayiyiRoma, yaye oku kona ngokwako ngandlel’ ithile kwavuselela ngakumbi umtsalane osulungekisiweyo wokuba kude kube ngoko kwakuyindlela yobugcisa ababengayazi.

Ngoku ukwakhiwa kokuqala kwamaRoma kwelitye lebhastile elalisetempileni, yasekwa ngabayili beLaconia-Grecia Sauro kunye neBatraco ngokomyalelo we-consul Quinto Cecilio Metelo Pío.

ezintsha zobugcisa

Phakathi kwezinto ezintsha zobugcisa ezenziwa ngamaRoma kulwakhiwo lwazo kukwakhiwa kweevaults kunye neearches, oku ngendlela ethile kube negalelo ekucinezeleni iikholamu kunye neearchitraves, into ebaluleke kakhulu kuyilo lwakudala lwesiGrike olwalusetyenziswa njengendlela yokuxhasa iisilingi kunye nemiqadi enzima, ngoko ke ezi zinto zazidla ngokuhombisa ukusebenza. KumaRoma, ukukhathalelwa kwesitayile kwamaGrike kwakungekho mda kubo, ngoko ke basebenzisa ii-odolo zakudala ngokuzimela okukhulu.

Ngaloo ndlela, ngexesha lawo lokuzukiswa amaRoma aphefumlelwe kakuhle ngeengcamango zokwakha ukuya kwinqanaba lokuzala iiplani ezintsha, iingcamango ezinkulu malunga nendawo kunye nombono ocacileyo malunga nezixa ezikhulu. Inguqulelo entsha kuyilo lwaseRoma yaqala ukuzibonakalisa ngenkulungwane yesibini neyesithathu BC ngokusetyenziswa kwekhonkrithi endaweni yezitena kunye nelitye kulwakhiwo lwabo. Ukongeza, kwimisebenzi yakhe yaloo maxesha, iikholamu ezinkulu zinokubonwa njengenkxaso yee-arches kunye nezindlu.

Ukongezelela, isethi yeentsika nje zokuhombisa ezixhathisa udonga oluthwele umthwalo zaqala ukusetyenziswa, ezi zibizwa ngokuba yi-arcades okanye i-colonnades kwaye uphuhliso lwazo lwalusekelwe kwindlela ethile yokusetyenziswa kwekhonkrithi kwizakhiwo zaseRoma. Ngokumalunga nokwenziwa kwezakhiwo ezincinci, amandla ekhonkrithi yaseRoma ahlawulela isicwangciso soxande lweseli kwindawo ekhululekileyo.

Olunye uqikelelo kulwakhiwo lwamaRoma yayikukusetyenziswa okukhulu kwee-arches kunye neevaults. Kubo ngokwabo, babeyintaphane yothuthu lwentaba-mlilo (i-pozzolana) kunye negrabile, into eyahluke kakhulu kwii-voussoirs zamatye ezihambelanayo njengoko zibonwa kwii-vaults zase-Etruscan, okanye kwenye okanye kwenye imisebenzi yase-Asia. Ngapha koko, iivaults zinezitena ezomeleleyo esele zinxusene kodwa zifakwe ngaphakathi kwivault ngokwayo, injongo yayo ikukuba yinkxaso yethutyana kunye nokomelezwa kwangaphakathi. Umzekelo omhle woku kubulawa kwamaRoma unokubonwa kwidome yePantheon of Agripa eRoma.

Kulwakhiwo lwaseRoma, akazange asebenzise kuphela iivaults zemigqomo kunye nezindlu kwimisebenzi yakhe, kodwa kunye neziseko ezisisiseko ezigayiweyo kunye neembambo. Nangona amagama amagqibela kankqoyi ayengafane asetyenziswe ngaphandle koBukhosi baseMpuma ukusukela kwimisebenzi yolwakhiwo abalwenzileyo, kuphela yinkqubo yemilinganiselo yangaphakathi esetyenziswa kwiibhafu zaseCaracalla nakwiBasilica yaseMaxentius enokubonwa.

Ngokukwanjalo, amakomkhulu embali awayemela amaXesha Aphakathi ayekho kwizakhiwo zamaRoma, nto leyo eyabonwa kwiindawo ezithile zamandulo ezazinxulunyaniswa namaRoma, njengePompeii yamandulo. Njengoko sele sigxininise, imisebenzi yezakhiwo zaseRoma yayimelwe ngokusebenziseka kwayo, njengale:

• Izakhiwo zinokususela kwizinto ezindilisekileyo ukuya kwezobunewunewu.
• Imijelo yamanzi kunye neebhulorho bezindilisekile kodwa zisebenza ngokufanelekileyo ngokokusebenza kwazo.
• Amabhotwe neetempile, kwelinye icala, zaziyenye into, ezi zazifanele zibe zezikhethekileyo, ngokucacileyo zibonakalise oko zazikumela.
• Izakhiwo ezilula okanye imisebenzi esetyenziselwa ukugqunywa ngamatye okwenza imiyalelo engabonakali indawo yangaphakathi.

Kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba kuzo zonke izakhiwo ezigqwesileyo okanye imisebenzi yayisetyenziselwa ukuhonjiswa ngokusetyenziswa kwemizobo kunye neethayile.

Ukuhlaziywa kwedolophu ka-Augustus

Ngenxa yentshukumo ephezulu yemali yelo xesha kunye nokwanda okukhulu kwabemi kwizixeko ezimbaxa zaseRoma, uBukhosi baseRoma babona imfuneko yokuphonononga nokusebenzisa iindlela ezintsha ezikwaziyo ukunika izisombululo kulo lonke uphuhliso loyilo lwaloo maxesha. Ke ngolwazi olubanzi lwezinto zokwakha, kunye nobuchule obahlukeneyo obunjengokwenziwa kweevaults kunye ne-arches, uBukhosi baseRoma bukwazile ukwenza ngempumelelo i-mega-infrastructure ukuze isetyenziswe luluntu.

Ukusekwa koBukhosi baseRoma eGrisi kwakhokelela ekubeni amaGrike amaninzi afudukele eItali, kuquka namagcisa. Ngokuyinxenye, uXolo lwamaRoma (iPax Romana) olwakhuthazwa nguAgasto lwavelisa ulwando oluphawulekayo lwezoqoqosho olwavumela ukuveliswa kwemisebenzi eyahlukahlukeneyo yobugcisa, phakathi kwayo yizo zakhiwo.

Ngoko izicwangciso zocwangciso zasezidolophini zaseRoma ukuhlaziya nokunika umfanekiso omtsha kweso sixeko, njengenxalenye yeengcamango zika-Agasto, zaye zazaliseka ekugqibeleni emva kokudityaniswa koxolo kuyo yonke imimandla ethotyelwe ngamaRoma, emva kokuzuza uloyiso lwale nto. ukhuphiswano lwesenzo ngokuchasene noMarco Antonio. Ngandlel’ ithile, uAgasto akazange azalisekise nje umnqweno kayise owamkhulisayo uJulius Caesar wokufekethisa ukubonakala kweRoma, lo ngumbono wakhe omtsha wekomkhulu loBukhosi, kodwa wakhuthaza nolwakhiwo nobugcisa.

Ngelo xesha iRoma yayisele inabemi abamalunga nesigidi esi-1 phakathi kwamaRoma nabaphambukeli, oku kukhokelele ekudalweni kweendawo ezidumileyo ezinje ngeendawo zaseArgileto, Velabro naseSuburra. Ngoko ngenxa yoko kwanda kwabemi okulolo hlobo, uRhulumente wabona imfuneko yokuphumeza inkqubo enxibelelene nocwangciso lwedolophu eyayiquka ukusekwa kwezibuko neendawo zokugcina iimpahla ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukubonelelwa kwabemi. Ngokufanayo, ngeli xesha linye, ulwakhiwo olulandelayo lwenziwa:

• Ukwandiswa komjelo woMlambo iTiber ukuze kukhuselwe isixeko kunye nabemi baso kwizikhukula ezinokubakho.
• Imijelo emitsha.
• Iibhafu zokuqala zoluntu.
• Iqonga lemidlalo yeqonga.
• Iithiyetha ezimbini.
• Ithala leencwadi elifumanekayo kuluntu ngokubanzi.
• IQonga likaAugustus (iForum de Augusti).
• Isibingelelo soXolo (Ara Pacis).
• Iitempile: iPantheon of Agripa kunye neMars Avenger (Mars Ultor).
• Iigadi ezingenakubalwa, ii-porticoes kunye nezakhiwo ezahlukeneyo zoluntu.

Omnye wemisebenzi yohlaziyo phakathi kwesicwangciso sika-Agasto sokuhombisa i-metropolis yaseRoma, yayikukusebenza kwiNdawo yaseMars (Campus Martius), nto leyo ngokungathandabuzekiyo eyakhokelela ekubeni yenye yezona zakhiwo zimangalisayo zeRoma yamandulo. Ngokufanayo, u-Agasto waquka kwisikimu sakhe sokucwangcisa idolophu ukudala i-Mausoleum yakhe, eyathi yahamba ngokwenyama, yakhusela intsalela yakhe, intsapho yakhe kunye neNdlu ka-Augustus (uDomus Augusti) kwiNduli yasePalatine. Oku kuya kuba sisakhiwo esiphambili se-Imperial Palace (Palatium) complex.

Olunye uluvo oluncomekayo malunga nempembelelo kunye nezenzo zika-Agasto malunga nokunikela intetho entle ngakumbi yesixeko saseRoma, igxininiswa ngumbhali-mbali uSeutonio kwiNcwadi II ngobomi booKesare abalishumi elinesibini, apho achaza oku kulandelayo:

«UAgasto wazisa iRoma kubuhle obunjalo, kwinqanaba apho uyilo lwayo lwesitayela aluzange luhambelane nobukhulu boBukhosi, obuthi kwakhona njengesixeko savezwa kwiingozi ezingenakubalwa ezifana nezikhukhula kunye nomlilo, ezinokuqhayisa ngokufanelekileyo. .ukuyishiya ngelitye lenyengane, emva kokuthabatha ngezitena.

i-architectural boom

Ngamaxesha phakathi koorhulumente bakaNero kunye noConstantine phakathi kowama-54 no-337 BC, kulapho olona phawu lubalaseleyo lolwakhiwo lukhoyo kuBukhosi baseRoma, eyona misebenzi ibalaseleyo yileyo yakhiwa ngexesha likaTrajan, uTitus noHadrian. Eminye imizekelo yokubiza amagama ale misebenzi yile:

• Imisele emininzi yesixeko saseRoma.
• IiBhafu zeDiocletian kunye neCaracalla.
• Ii-basilicas.
• IColosseum eRoma.

Ngenxa yokuba le misebenzi yoyilo iyamangalisa, kamva yakhiwa kwezinye iindawo ezikufutshane phantsi kolawulo loBukhosi baseRoma, kodwa kwinqanaba elincinci. Ezinye zezi zakhiwo zisamile phantse ziphelele namhlanje, umzekelo: iindonga zesixeko saseLugo e-Hispania Tarraconensis kwindawo ngoku esemantla eSpain.

Amandla olawulo kunye nemali ezandleni zoBukhosi baseRoma bavumela ukuba bakhe imisebenzi emikhulu, nakwiindawo ezikude kakhulu nezixeko eziphambili, kunye nokuqeshwa kwabasebenzi abaqeqeshiweyo nabangafanelekanga ukuze kuqhutywe izakhiwo.

Injongo yokwakhiwa kweRoma ngokwayo yayibotshelelwe kwintshukumo yezopolitiko, ekwakunokwenzeka ngayo ukubonisa amandla oBukhosi baseRoma ngokubanzi kunye nalawo abalinganiswa abathile ababephethe ukwakhiwa kwayo. Ngandlel’ ithile, le njongo yezobupolitika yezokwakha yavumela ukuba kuzukiswe uRhulumente, kwanomfanekiso amaRoma awayefuna ukuwubonisa ngoBukhosi bawo obukhulu. Ngoko ukuze bakuphumeze oku, abazange bachithe nabuphi na ubuncwane babo ukuze baphakamise uphawu lwabo lobukhulu kuyo yonke indalo yabo yokwakha.

Incopho ephezulu yezakhiwo zaseRoma mhlawumbi yafikelelwa ngexesha likarhulumente waseHadrian, ngeli xesha lo mlawuli wayalela ukwakhiwa nokwakhiwa kwakhona kwemisebenzi emininzi, eyona ibalaseleyo namhlanje:

• Ukwakhiwa ngokutsha kwePantheon of Agripa eRoma.
• Ukwakhiwa koDonga lukaHadrian, uphawu lwaseRoma olushiywe kwimbonakalo yelizwe esemantla eBritani.

Ukuhla

Ubugcisa bamaRoma baphila ixesha labo lobungangamsha phakathi kweenkulungwane ezimbini zokuqala zoBukhosi baseRoma, kodwa sele ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yesibini ukwehla okucothayo kwaqala ukubonakala ngenxa yesitayile esihle nesibalaseleyo, kwaye oku kwaphawuleka ngakumbi ngexesha lobunzima. yenkulungwane yamashumi amabini. III eyathi kamva yaba nempumelelo kwinkulungwane yesine neyesihlanu, apho ubugcisa bebaroque nobunzima baqalisa ukubonakala kwiindlela zabo zokuyila, nangona ubukhulu nokutyeba kwemisebenzi yabo yokwakha kwanda.

Nangona kunjalo, i-architecture yamaRoma njengobugcisa buqhubekile ukuzibonakalisa ngemisebenzi emininzi, de izixeko ezininzi zaseRoma zathatyathwa ngamabhari. Eminye yale mizekelo ziicawa ezinkulu zaseRoma ezasekwa ngenkulungwane yesine, ezazingapheleli nje ekunquleni amaKristu kodwa nezasekuhlaleni. Phakathi kwabo sinokukhankanya:

• Iintsalela ze-basilica enkulu yaseConstantine (okanye iMaxentius), le ifumaneka eRoma kwaye yayifudula isetyenziswa njengomthombo wempembelelo yabakhi beRenaissance benkulungwane yeshumi elinesithandathu.

Namhlanje kukho uluvo lokuba i-architecture yamaRoma yayinokwehla kwayo yonke ngexesha lorhulumente kaConstantine, kuye ngokwakhe wasebenzisa iziqwenga ezahlukahlukeneyo njengezinto ezinjengamakholomu, imifanekiso eqingqiweyo kunye neentsalela ezahlukeneyo, zonke zamandulo kwizinto ezininzi ezazisasazeke kuwo wonke ummandla omkhulu waseRoma. ukwakha imisebenzi emitsha yokwakha, njengoko wenzayo ngeConstantinople.

Ngendlela efanayo, wasebenza ekwakhiweni kweArch of Constantine eRoma, apho wasebenzisa izinto ezihlaziyiweyo ezivela kwimisebenzi yangaphambili esekwe kurhulumente kaHadrian, uTrajan noMarcus Aurelius, ngoko ke xa kungekho abakroli abaqeqeshiweyo, i-reliefs ephezulu imisebenzi yangaphambili.

Ngokuchanekileyo ukuhla kobugcisa bamaRoma kwabonakala ngakumbi ngaphakathi kwimifanekiso eqingqiweyo, ngokwawo ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo kwaqhubeka ukuphuhlisa ixesha elide, oku kwakukhuthazwa yinto yokuba kwaba lula ukuba abakhi bezakhiwo balinganise imisebenzi ethile eyayikho ngelo xesha, xa kuthelekiswa nokungabikho. abakroli abanobo buchule.

Imigaqo emithathu yeVitruvian

Le migaqo yakudala, esekho kakhulu kuyilo lwezakhiwo namhlanje, yadalwa ngumyili kunye nengcali kwimisebenzi yoluntu, kunye nokuba ngumbhali wemibhalo emininzi enxulumene nobu bugcisa, uMarcos Vitruvio Pollio. Wayephila ngenkulungwane yokuqala ye-BC kwaye ukhunjulwa ngokuyintloko ngegalelo lakhe kuyilo lwezakhiwo ngomsebenzi wakhe, "De architectura."

Njengenxalenye yobungcali bakhe obusondeleyo kuMlawuli waseRoma uAgasto, uVitruvius wagqiba ekubeni abhale ephepheni iinkumbulo zakhe kunye neengcinga zethiyori, imbali kunye neendlela zokwakha njengenxalenye yokubonakaliswa kolwazi lwakhe kuMlawuli waseRoma kunye neLizwe. I-De architectura kuphela kwenkcazo kuyilo lwezakhiwo oluye lwasinda ukususela kwamandulo, lushiyekile ilitye lovavanyo loyilo ukuza kuthi ga ngoku.

Ngaphezu koko, abakhi bezakhiwo banamhlanje baqokelela iingcamango ezininzi ezibalulekileyo kwiincwadi ezilishumi zeVitruvius "De architectura". Kwaye eyona nto iye yakwazi ukumelana novavanyo lwexesha yimigaqo yakhe emithathu, eyaziwa ngokuba yiVitruvian Triad: Firmitas, Utilitas kunye neVenustas.

IiFirmites - Ukuqina, ukuqina okanye ukuxhathisa

Ngokomgaqo, i-firmitas ibilisa kwingcamango yokuba izinto kufuneka zakhiwe ukuze zihlale, nokuba zibonakaliswe kwizinto zendalo. Isakhiwo esiluncedo kakhulu esiwa emva kweminyaka embalwa siya kuthathwa njengesisilelo. Isakhiwo esenziwe kakuhle sinokuhlala iinkulungwane, nkqu namawaka eminyaka. Okumangalisayo kukuba, akukho nasinye kwizakhiwo zikaVitruvius esasindayo, kodwa lo mgaqo usamile.

Lo mgaqo ubandakanya imiba yoyilo lwezakhiwo kunokuba uvele kuthi kwangoko. Njengoko xa kumiselwa ukuba ukuqina kuya kuqinisekiswa xa iziseko zifuduselwa kumhlaba oqinileyo kwaye izixhobo zikhethwa ngobulumko kunye nenkululeko. Ngamanye amazwi, khetha indawo oya kuyo ngononophelo, ubeke iziseko ezinzulu kwaye usebenzise izinto ezifanelekileyo nezizinzileyo, yingakho imarble, ikhonkrithi kunye nezitena zazisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwizakhiwo zaseRoma.

Sonke ngokwethuku siyaqonda ukuba ubomi obude luphawu loyilo oluhle. Ibonisa imathiriyeli esemgangathweni, ukucwangciswa ngobuchule kunye nokugcinwa ngononophelo. I-Pantheon ka-Agripa yaseRoma ngumzekelo wenqaku, oku kububungqina boyilo oluhlala luhleli, oludume ngokuhlala ixesha elide kunye nobukhulu bayo.

Umgaqo uphinda ubhekiselele kwizinto ezisingqongileyo, ngoko ngexesha lokwakhiwa kwesakhiwo okanye umsebenzi, uxinzelelo lwemozulu, iinyikima, ukuguguleka komhlaba, phakathi kwezinye izinto, azithathelwa ngqalelo ngendlela yokukhusela. Isenokungabi sisakhiwo ixesha elide.

Kuyaqinisekisa ukwazi ukuba unokuthembela kwisakhiwo esingakhange sidilike ixesha elide kwaye ngokuqhelekileyo siphela singabizi kakhulu ekuhambeni kwexesha. Isakhiwo esomeleleyo sihlala phezu kwesiseko esomeleleyo kwaye sisebenzisa izinto ezifanelekileyo nenjongo yaso. Izakhiwo ezingakhiwanga ukuba zihlale zidla ngokuzukiswa iiseti zemiboniso bhanyabhanya, njengoko kungekudala, ziyingqushu.

Utilitas - Uncedo 

Izakhiwo ziyilwe kwaye zakhiwe ngesizathu. Nokuba iyintoni na loo njongo, ifanele isoloko isengqondweni yomyili wezakhiwo. Ukuba ulwakhiwo aluyisebenzisi injongo yaso, mhlawumbi aluyi kuba luncedo kakhulu. Ngokomzekelo, iholo yeqonga engenaqonga inqanyulwe ngokupheleleyo ngokwemigaqo yokusebenziseka kwayo. Ke ngokukaVitruvius, ukusetyenziswa kuya kuqinisekiswa:

"Xa ulungelelwaniso lwamagumbi lungenasiphako kwaye lungabonakali imiqobo ekusebenziseni kwabo, kwaye xa iklasi nganye yesakhiwo yabelwe ukuvezwa kwayo okufanelekileyo nokufanelekileyo".

UVitruvius ligqala eliye labongoza ngokuqonda kwakhe ukuba ifom kufuneka ihambe njani nomsebenzi. Le ngcamango yayibaluleke kakhulu kangangokuba uLouis Sullivan, "uBawo weSkyscrapers", wayichola waza wayixabisa ngo-1896. Lo mva kuthiwa ubhekiselele kuVitruvius, nangona uxwebhu lwale luthandabuzayo. Kuyo nayiphi na imeko, yiloo nto utilitas abilayo phantsi. Iindidi ezahlukeneyo zezakhiwo zineemfuno ezahlukeneyo.

Isakhiwo esiyilwe ngezi mfuneko njengengcinga yasemva sinokuphoxeka. Oku kukwathetha ukuba amalungu esakhiwo kufuneka aqhagamshelwe ngokwengqiqo. Ngamanye amazwi, kufuneka kube lula ukufikelela kunye nokuhamba. Ukuba isakhiwo siluncedo kwaye kulula ukusisebenzisa, sisiqalo esihle eso.

Venustas - Ubuhle

Njengoko uVitruvius esitsho, "iliso lihlala lifuna ubuhle." Luphawu olusemthethweni olunqwenelekayo. Ngokutsho kweDe architectura, ubuhle buvela "xa ukubonakala komsebenzi kumnandi kwaye kumnandi, kwaye xa amalungu ayo elingana ngokufanelekileyo ngokwemigaqo echanekileyo yokulinganisa". Ukongeza ekubeni luncedo kunye nokwakhiwa kakuhle, izakhiwo kufuneka nazo zithandeke emehlweni.

Abanye banokude bafikelele intliziyo. I-Vitruvio igxininisa iimeko ezahlukeneyo ezinegalelo ekuphuculeni kunye nobuhle bezakhiwo, kubandakanywa ukulinganisa kunye nomlinganiselo. Ezi yayiyeyona nto ibalulekileyo kuye (kungoko iVitruvian Man kaDa Vinci). Ukudityaniswa okugqithisileyo kweemilo kuyo yonke into kwandulela uyilo lwegraphic kumawaka ambalwa eminyaka.

Into nganye yesakhiwo kufuneka ithathelwe ingqalelo ngokunxulumene nabanye abasondeleyo kuyo, kunye nokusingqongileyo ekwakhiwa kuyo. UVitruvius ushwankathela olu nxibelelwano ngegama elinye: i-eurythmy, igama lesiGrike lesingqisho esivumelanayo. UVitruvius uyichaza kumxholo woyilo ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

“I-Eurythmy bubuhle kunye nokwanela kuhlengahlengiso lwamalungu. Ifunyanwa xa amalungu omsebenzi enobude obufanele ububanzi bawo, ububanzi obufanele ubude bawo, yaye, ngelizwi, xa onke ephathana ngokulinganayo.

Njengomculo, izakhiwo zinoncuthu lwengoma; ngoko ke amalungu ahlukeneyo ayenzayo kufuneka ngokusisiseko adale imvisiswano hayi ukugqwetheka okanye ingxolo. Ukongeza ekulinganisweni kakuhle kunye ne-symmetrical, iziqwenga ezizimeleyo zinokuphucula ubuhle ngezinye iindlela. Ubuchwephesha obulungileyo buhle, njengoko kuqwalaselwa kwiinkcukacha.

Izinto ezifanelekileyo zesakhiwo nazo zintle, zibonisa ugwebo oluhle kunye nencasa yomyili. Ukuhonjiswa kwamkelekile, kodwa kufuneka kuhambelane noyilo olungundoqo lwesakhiwo: cinga ngemizobo yekholomu, iipateni zokupakisha, nokunye. Zonke ezi nkcukacha zincinci kunye neengqwalasela zihambelana nesakhiwo ngokubanzi. Xa zonke ziwela kunye, kuyamangalisa.

Izinto

IRiphabhlikhi kunye neRoma yasebukhosini yayisisixeko esinomtsalane kwaye isesisixeko. Iye yaphononongwa ngokucokisekileyo ukutyhubela iinkulungwane, ngoko ke lowo ubukeleyo nje uyayazi iRoma nempembelelo esanayo kwihlabathi lanamhlanje. IRoma yomhla kaKristu, ekuthe kwenzeka ngayo ngexesha lenguquko ukusuka kwiriphabliki ukuya kwiRoma yobukhosi, yayiyindawo ephithizelayo yemarike, imisebenzi karhulumente, izithuthi, nezinye iinkalo zorhwebo, kodwa okona kubaluleke nangakumbi, kushishino lobukhosi.

Ukuze kuveliswe kuze kugcinwe obu bukhosi, kwakufuneka amaziko okuqhuba le misebenzi. Ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo kufuna izinto kunye neendlela zokuzakha. Iimpawu zezakhiwo zaseRoma ezisetyenzisiweyo kwaye zidityaniswe nezinto ezisetyenzisiweyo zivelise inkcazo yoBukhosi obungundoqo wayo. Ngoko kwisixeko esisisigidi sabantu bekuya kufuneka izakhiwo ezahlukahlukeneyo.

Abakhi bezakhiwo baseRoma basebenzisa izinto zendalo njengezinto ezibonakalayo, eyona nto iphambili ilitye, umthi kunye nemarble. Izinto ezenziweyo zenziwe ngezitena kunye neglasi, kunye nezinto ezidibeneyo zenziwe ngekhonkrithi. Ezi zixhobo zazifumaneka kufutshane kakhulu nesixeko saseRoma kwaye, ngokubanzi, kuyo yonke indawo yaseYurophu yoBukhosi.

Inguqulelo entsha enxulumene noku kusetyenziswa kwezinto yayiyeyona nto iphambili yokulisebenzisa elo thuba kuba izinto ezazisetyenziswa ngamaRoma zazisetyenziswa ziinkcubeko zangaphambili. Ukusetyenziswa kwamatye kunye neenkuni zisisiseko kwinqanaba lokuqala lokwakha. AmaRoma asebenzisa ezi zinto zisisiseko, kodwa asebenzisa izixhobo ezenziwe ngobuninzi ezifana nezitena kunye nekhonkrithi, evumela ukwanda ngokukhawuleza kunye nokufikelela ngokubanzi kwi-Empire.

ilitye nelitye lenyengane

Iindidi zamatye zazisetyenziswa ngeendlela ezahlukahlukeneyo ngamaRoma, ngalinye lixabisekile kwiimpawu ezithile: ukomelela, ukuqina, nobuhle. Ukunikezelwa kwamatye kwaqokelelwa kwindawo kunye nenxalenye yokukhutshwa kuxhomekeke kubukho. Ilitye lasebenza kwi-Empire njengesiseko sezinto zokwakha.

Izitena kunye nekhonkrithi zazisetyenziswa xa isantya kunye nokuphinda-phinda ukwakha kwakubalulekile. Ngoko kwinqanaba elisisiseko, ilitye lelona liqhelekileyo kwaye lisetyenziswa ngokufanelekileyo izinto zokwakha. Kwaneyona nkcubeko yamandulo iya kulindeleka ukuba iqokelele kwaye ilungiselele amatye kwindawo ethile yokuhlala. Ngokukwanjalo, kwakulindeleke ukuba amaRoma asebenzise amatye ekwakheni.

Ngokuxhomekeke kwinqanaba lokuqhubela phambili kwenkcubeko, izakhono zabo zamatye zamatye zibonise umgangatho ophezulu wobunzima kunye nokugqiba. Oku kwaphunyezwa ngokusetyenziswa kweentlobo ngeentlobo zezixhobo zokusika amatye, ezinjengalezi: ihamile (incakuba) ihamile, ihamile (etsoliweyo) ihamile, ihamile (izembe), isando, intsimbi, itshiseli, isarha, nesikwere. Le seti yezixhobo ihlala ifana namatye amatye enkulungwane yama-XNUMX. I-Geology ihlela amatye/amatye abe ngamacandelo amathathu:

• intlenge
• igneous
• i-metamorphic

AmaRoma ngokungazi asebenzisa zonke iindidi zamatye eziqulethwe kwi-geological strata: i-travertine, ilitye le-sedimentary; i-tuff kunye ne-granite, i-igneous; kunye nebhastile, i-metamorphic. AmaRoma ngokwendalo ayesebenzisa ezi zixhobo ngenxa yokuhanjiswa kwazo ngokusondeleyo kwejografi kunye nokulula kokufumana isixa. I-Vitruvius inike isikhokelo sokusetyenziswa kwayo ngokusekelwe kwiimpawu kunye neempawu ezibonwayo.

Phakathi kweentlobo zamatye, enye yezona zithandwa kakhulu yi-travertine. UVitruvius uncome i-travertine njengelitye "eliya kumelana naluphi na uxinzelelo, nokuba luxinzelelo okanye ukulimala okubangelwa yimozulu embi." I-Travertine, ilitye likalika lentlenga, lilukhuni kakhulu kwaye liyakwazi ukumelana nemithwalo enzima ngenxa yamandla ayo okucinezela. Inobumba obukhrimu obunomngxuma omncinci kwaye yayisetyenziswa ngokwesakhiwo, kunye nokuhombisa i-facade yezakhiwo ezifana nethiyetha kunye ne-amphitheatre.

Udumo lukaTravertine lwehla xa uAgasto ekhetha ibhastile kunetravertine njengesixhobo sokuhombisa umphandle wesakhiwo. Ngelixa i-tuff iludaka lwentaba-mlilo elomeleleyo kwaye enemingxuma, nto leyo ekhokelela kwilitye elibuthathaka. Ikakhulu yayisetyenziselwa ukwakhiwa kwezinto zangaphakathi, ezifana namaqonga eetempile. Ngenxa yokuba yayingelolitye eliqinileyo, i-tuff isikwe ngokulula kwaye yayilungile xa isetyenziswa ngaphakathi, kodwa yayingafanelekanga ukusetyenziswa ngaphandle njengoko ikhukuliswa ngokukhawuleza kwiqabaka nemvula.

Ukusetyenziswa kakhulu kwebhastile kwaqaliswa ngexesha lolawulo luka-Agasto. Ibhastile laligrunjwa ekuhlaleni kwaye lahanjiswa imigama emide, eminye yaya kude njengaseTunis. Yayixabiswa kakhulu kwaye yayisetyenziselwa izinto zokuhombisa (ezifana ne "capital" zekholomu) okanye iindonga. Phakathi kwamabhastile asetyenziswayo kukho oku kulandelayo:

• chemtou
• IChios
• usapho
• lesbian
• I-Parian
• Ipentelic
• Ucango lukaSanta
• Iproconnesus
• ePyrenean
• I-Antique Rosso
• Thesiya

Amagama ala mabhastile anxulunyaniswa nendawo ethile afunyenwe kuyo. Uhlobo ngalunye lwebhastile lwalunombala walo. Ziyahluka kwi-yellow-veined, grey-blue, white-yellow-veined, mhlophe, mhlophe oqaqambileyo, obomvu-blue, violet, obomvu, noluhlaza. Imbono yeRoma eneefacade zale mibala yayiya kuba yinto emangalisayo. Ukusetyenziswa kwesi sixhobo sokwakha kwaba ngumphumo wencasa kunye nomnqweno ka-Agasto kwaye ngaloo ndlela unika umzekelo obalaseleyo wendlela izinto ezisetyenziselwa ukuvakalisa uBukhosi.

Nangona ukusetyenziswa kwelitye ngabakhi bamaRoma kwakuxhaphakile, uVitruvius wachitha ixesha elincinane lokutyela kwiincwadi zakhe ezilishumi, ebhala isahluko esinye kuphela phezu kwelitye. UVitruvius wacebisa ilitye elisuka kwiikwari ezikufutshane nesixeko naseSaxa Rubra naseFidenae kuba ezi kwari zazivelisa amatye athambileyo (i-tuff) naqinileyo (ilitye lekalika), nangenxa yokuba zombini zazikufutshane nesixeko.

I-Tuff yayinokusikwa ngesarha, ngoko yayibunjwe ngokulula ngexesha lokwakhiwa. Ngenxa yoku, i-tuff iyacetyiswa kwiindawo ezigqunyiweyo, apho iya kusebenza kakuhle, kodwa xa ibonakaliswe kumkhenkce / isenzo sokunyibilika, ubushushu okanye amanzi aya kudilika.

I-travertine (i-limestone) yomelele ngakumbi kodwa, ngokutsho kweVitruvius, iyaqhekeka kwaye iphuke xa ibekwe emlilweni. UVitruvius wachaza ilitye elibiwe kwintsimi yaseTarquini njengokuba "nezimo ezingapheliyo." Yayinokumelana neqabaka, umlilo, nesaqhwithi, yaye yayinokuhlala ixesha elingenammiselo. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, uVitruvius walincoma kakhulu eli litye, kodwa inkwali yayikude kakhulu, ngoko kwakunzima ukuyifumana.

Awuzange uchonge ilitye, kodwa kwiimpawu ozichazile, ukuba lihlala ixesha elide kwaye alichatshazelwa ngumkhenkce okanye umlilo, siqikelela ukuba ilitye olikhankanyileyo yigranite. Ukuba eli litye alinakufumaneka, igranite, ilitye likalikalika, kunye ne-tuff yayifuna ukutyhileka iminyaka emibini kwimozulu emva kokwembiwa. Ukuba bayamelana nolu vavanyo, baya kufaneleka ukusetyenziswa ekwakhiweni.

Isici esikhethekileyo samatye njengesixhobo sokwakha kukuba sinamandla aphezulu xa sicinezelwe okanye sixinzelelwe njengakwisakhiwo sodonga, kodwa sibuthathaka xa soluliwe okanye sixinzelelwe (uxinzelelo) njengakwi-lintel ethe tye. Ngenxa yoko, xa ilitye lisetyenziselwa ukwenza indawo ethe tye, kusetyenziswa i-arch ngokubanzi.

I-arch icinezela ilitye kunye ne-horizontal span ingaba banzi kakhulu. Ngenxa yoko, i-arch inokubonelela ngamandla aphezulu ngaphezu kwe-lintel (ngaphandle kokuqinisa) nakweyiphi na i-span. Ukubaluleka kwesaphetha akunakuncitshiswa. Ihlala iyinto ebalulekileyo yoyilo kunye neyakhayo nanamhlanje.

Madera

Ukhuni luyinto eqhelekileyo kunye neyimfuneko yokwakha. Ukusetyenziswa kweenkuni ngamaRoma kwanda ngaphezu kwamaGrike ngokusebenzisa ukusetyenziswa okubanzi kokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo. Oku kwavumela amaRoma ukuba ahlanganise iindawo ezinkulu kunye nokwakha izakhiwo ezineendawo ezinkulu zangaphakathi. I-basilica ngumzekelo wesakhiwo esiqulethe le holo enkulu yangaphakathi. Isikrweqe, umzekelo wokwakhiwa komthi, wanikezela ingxelo eyongezelelweyo yobukhosi ngenxa yohlobo lwesakhiwo esiveliswayo.

Ukusetyenziswa komthi njengesixhobo sokwakha kunzima kakhulu ukukuqinisekisa njengoko kungekho mizekelo ikhoyo. Ukuqinisekisa ukusetyenziswa komthi kuyimfuneko ukubiza ingqikelelo yejoloji, umkhondo wefosili okanye ochazwe ngcono kulo mzekelo njengobungqina bokulandelela.

Njengoko i-fossil yokulandela inika ubungqina bomsebenzi wento ephilayo, nokuba kukuhamba, ukutyibilika okanye into enjalo, ubungqina bokulandelela bunokunceda ukubonisa apho kusetyenziswe khona izinto ezityiwayo. Iifoto zezakhiwo ezahlukeneyo zaseRoma zibonisa, umzekelo, udonga olunomngxuma apho indawo yokunyuka kunye nokunyathela kuya kuba khona.

Kunokucingelwa ukuba ezi zinyusi kunye nezinyuko ziya kwenziwa ngamaplanga kuba ziye zawohloka ukususela kwindawo yazo yokulungiswa. Kule mizekelo, isakhiwo esijikelezileyo siqinile, esivame ukubonisa ukuba izitebhisi zenziwe ngezinto ezingaphantsi.

UPliny wanikela ubungqina obungakumbi bokusetyenziswa komthi ngokuchaza umyili womchweli ongumRoma, uDaedalus. Wathi uDaedalus wavelisa izixhobo ezininzi zokuchwela: isarha, izembe, ilothe yokulungelelanisa, kunye neglu. Oku kuya kubeka ezi ziqalo kwindawo ethile ngaphambi kwenkulungwane yokuqala ye-AD, kuba ukuzalwa kukaPliny kwakusekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yoku-XNUMX.

UVitruvius wanikela ingcaciso eluncedo yeenkuni ezahlukeneyo ezikhoyo ukuze kwakhiwe. Ingcebiso yakhe yaqala ngexesha lonyaka ukuba imithi ivunwe, ekwindla. Wachaza ukuba le mithi "ikhulelwe" entwasahlobo kwaye ayifanelekanga ukuvunwa. Iindidi zemithi ezazifumaneka yayizi:

• Oak
• Elm
• Ipoplar
• ICypress
• Abeto
• Alder.

Ngendlela efanayo, uVitruvius wanikela imiyalelo yokusetyenziswa kweenkuni ezahlukeneyo. Ifir ichazwa njengokhuni olulula olumelana nokugoba, ngoko kuya kunqweneleka ukusetyenziswa njengemiqadi ehambelanayo exhasa umgangatho).

Um-oki onesakhiwo esidityanisiweyo, wawunqweneleka ukusetyenziswa apho iinkuni zaziza kungcwatywa emhlabeni okanye mhlawumbi zisetyenziswe njengeentsika, nangona uchazwa ngabaninzi njengoluncedo kulwakhiwo jikelele. Ipayini nemisipres zidume ngeentlaka zazo, nemisedare nejunipha ngenxa yeeoli zazo.

Ulwazi lweenkuni, ukuba kufuneka zigawulwe nini, kufuneka zinyange ixesha elingakanani ngaphambi kokusetyenziswa, kunye nokusetyenziswa okusebenzayo kweendidi kuya kuzuzwa ngovavanyo olubanzi kunye neempazamo okanye kudluliselwe kuVitruvius (kunye nabalingane bakhe) kwizizukulwana zangaphambili. Kwimibhalo yakhe akucaci ukuba yeyiphi le ndlela inikela inkcazelo.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba iVitruvius ibhekiselele kwiimpawu zokhuni kunye nelitye kunye nesixa esiqulethe izinto ezine: umhlaba, amanzi, umlilo kunye nomoya. Ngokomzekelo, i-Oak igcwele "izinto zokuqala zomhlaba", ezibonelela ngesakhiwo sayo esincinci kunye nokuchasana nokufuma. Le yayiyinzululwazi yelo xesha, evela kumaGrike kunye namaPythagoreans.

Iglasi

Iglasi yayisisixhobo sokwakha esincedisa amaRoma, kwakungeyomfuneko kwaphela ukwakha eso sakhiwo. Ukusetyenziswa kweglasi kude kube sekupheleni kwenkulungwane yokuqala ye-AD yayiyimpahla kunye nobugcisa. Ukuqaliswa kweglasi yokukhenkceza kweefestile kwazisa utshintsho olusisiseko kwimbono yefestile. Yanika amaRoma enye into yokwakha eyongezelelekileyo kunye nenxalenye yezakhiwo zaseRoma njengengxelo yobuhle bobukhosi.

Izakhiwo ezikhoyo zineendawo ezivulekileyo ezibonakala ngokucacileyo njengeefestile. Umelo lukwabonisa imivulo ebonwa njengeefestile, uninzi lwayo luboniswa ngezigidi zezigidi. Ngaphezu koko, uPliny wachaza eyona glasi ixabisekileyo njengebonakalayo.

Izitena 

Isitena sinokuboniswa kakuhle kwimisebenzi emininzi yezakhiwo zaseRoma. Ezo zakhiwo zezitena zikwabonisa ukuntsokotha okukhulu kunye nomsebenzi ontsonkothileyo oboniswa kwii-arches kunye neendonga. Esi sixhobo senziwa ngodongwe ekuqaleni sasisesona sixhobo sokwakha siphambili kwiindawo zehlabathi apho uhlaza lugqagqeneyo, ngakumbi kwimimandla yeMeditera.

Ukusetyenziswa kwezitena kwihlabathi jikelele kwaye ukusetyenziswa kwayo kuyaqhubeka nanamhla. Izitena ezomiswe ngelanga zazilungele ukusetyenziswa kwiindawo ezininzi, kodwa ngokufunyaniswa ngempazamo kwafunyaniswa ukuba isitena esibasiweyo sasingenako ukungena emanzini.

Ukusetyenziswa kokuqala kodongwe oluvuthayo, ukuya kuthi ga kwi-XNUMXst inkulungwane ye-BC eRoma, kwakungenxa yeethayile eziphahleni zokukhusela umsebenzi wokhuni kunye ne-masonry. Kweminye imimandla yeMeditera, izitena ezitshisiweyo zazisetyenziselwa ukwakhiwa okungangeni manzi kuphela okanye kwezona ndawo ziphandle zezakhiwo. UVitruvius uyawomeleza olu luhlu lwexesha ngokubhekisele kwizitena zodaka, ezinyiniweyo kwiSixeko ngenxa yezithintelo ezibekelwe indawo enyiniweyo.

Ikwabonelela ngemiyalelo yokusebenzisa i-shingles phezu kokwakhiwa kwezitena, kuphawula ukuba ii-shingles kufuneka zigqithise i-masonry, njenge-cornice. I-cornice overhang iya kuphosa amanzi athontsizayo ngaphaya kwendiza ye-masonry yezitena, ukuyikhusela. Ngokuhamba kwexesha kuya kubonakala ukuba iithayile zikhusele isitena.

Ngale miyalelo, uVitruvius waqinisekisa ukuba izitena zodaka zazisasetyenziswa ngokubanzi eRoma ngenkulungwane yoku-XNUMX BC Kwakhona waqinisekisa ukuba iithayile ezifakwe kwiziko zazisenziwa ngelo xesha. Abavelisi bamaRoma benza imilinganiselo emithathu yezitena:

• Lydian, 11.65" x 5.8"
• Tetradoron, 11.65" x 11.65" (izandla ezine)
• Pentadoron, 14.5" x 14.5" (izandla ezintlanu).

Oku kuchasene nobukhulu bezitena zokuhlala zanamhlanje eziyi-8" x 3,5". Isitena esilingana nepentadoron sasiluncedo kakhulu ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo ezikhulu neendonga zesixeko apho amacandelo amakhulu ayenokugqitywa ngokukhawuleza. Impembelelo ebonakalayo yesakhiwo kunye nesona sitena sibanzi saseRoma siyamangalisa. Ulwakhiwo oluneminyaka engamawaka amabini lubukeka ngokungaqhelekanga.

Ukuthi kanye xa amaRoma aqala ukusebenzisa izitena ezitshisiweyo azikasonjululwa. Ngoku uVitruvius wayebhekiselele kuphela kwizitena zodongwe, kodwa wayebhekisela kwiileyile ezivuthayo, ezazisebenza njengokuqiniswa kokuqaliswa kwezitena ezitshisiweyo ngexesha le-AD yekhulu le-XNUMX. Kuyafaneleka ukuba uqaphele ukuhlukana ukuba imizekelo eseleyo yizitena ezitshisiweyo. Imiyalelo kaVitruvius yayibhekisela koko ubugcisa bexesha lakhe benza ukuba bufumaneke, obusisitena esingatshiyo.

Njengentetho kunye nengxelo yobukumkani, isitena saba negalelo elikhulu. Isitena savumela ukwanda ngokukhawuleza kwesixeko saseRoma kunye nokwakhiwa kwezinye izixeko, iinqaba kunye nemisele. Oku kwenziwa kube nokwenzeka ngokwenziwa kwezitena, ezinokuthi zinikezelwe kubasebenzi abakhoyo.

Xa kwaqaliswa ukusetyenziswa kwezitena ezitshisiweyo, uBukhosi ngoku babunempahla yokwakha engazange ibonelele nje ngendlela ekhawulezayo yokwakha, kodwa neyokuhlala. Izitena zodaka zazinokonakala njengoko amaxesha onyaka kunye nexesha, kodwa izitena ezibasiweyo zazinokuhlala iinkulungwane. Olona qwalaselo luphambili lokubonakaliswa kwe-empire yindalo ephindaphindwayo yesakhiwo ngenxa yobukhulu bayo obufanayo, obukhokelela ekuhlanganiseni ngokukhawuleza kunye noncedo ekwandiseni.

Ikhonkrithi

Ikhonkrithi yayinika amaRoma indlela yokuvelisa izakhiwo ezahlukahlukeneyo ezinamandla, ukuguquguquka koyilo, kwaye, kwimiqulu ethile, inika ubuchule obukhethekileyo. Ikhonkrithi inokuqulunqwa ngokuphindaphindiweyo nangokufanayo. Ngokuqeshwa kwabasebenzi abanobuchule, ikhonkrithi yanika amaRoma izinto ezisebenzisekayo nezisebenzisekayo zokwandisa ubukhosi.

UVitruvio waqala imiyalelo yakhe yokuxuba ikhonkrithi ngokucebisa iintlobo ezifanelekileyo zesanti, isithako esibalulekileyo kwimveliso yayo. Umnyama, omhlophe, obomvu okhanyayo kunye nobumnyama obomvu uyanconywa kwaye akufanele ube nomhlaba odibeneyo. Kunokuqinisekiswa ukuba ayinayo ikalika ukuba ikrazukile phakathi kwezandla xa ikhuhlwa okanye ayishiyanga ntsalela xa ikhuhlwa kwilaphu elimhlophe.

Ngaphezu koko, uVitruvius wacebisa ukuba kugrunjwe isanti kwiibhedi ezisanda kuvulwa. Iibhedi ebezivuliwe kangangexesha elithile zaphumela kwisanti engcoliswe ngumhlaba. Intlabathi eselunxwemeni lolwandle yayinganconywa kuba kwakunzima ukomisa kwaye iindonga ezibangelwayo aziyi kuxhasa umthwalo ngaphandle kokuqiniswa. Udaka lwekalika licandelo lokuqala lekhonkrithi. AmaRoma ayesele ephuhlise udaka oluqinileyo ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane yesi-XNUMX.

Olona hlobo lwekonkile olusebenzayo noluluncedo olwaveliswa ngamaRoma yayiyeyenziwe ngesilica yentaba-mlilo ebizwa ngokuba yipozzolana, eyathiywa ngolo hlobo ngenxa yokuba yayivela kwidolophu yasePozzuoli kufuphi neNaples. Yaqokelelwa kumanzi amdaka eentaba-mlilo ezikufuphi.

Eyona nto ididayo kulwakhiwo lwekonkrithi yaseRoma ayikukuba amaRoma ayisebenzisa kakuhle le mathiriyeli, kodwa yalityalwa ngexesha lamaXesha Aphakathi de yaphinda yafunyanwa ngo-1756 xa injineli yaseBritane yagunyaziswa ukuba iphinde yakha i-Eddystone Lighthouse eCornwall. Injineli, eyayifuna into eyayiza kuzinza ize ihlale izinzile phantsi kwamanzi, yafumanisa le fomula kuxwebhu lwamandulo lwesiLatini.

Ekugqibeleni, ikhonkrithi kunye nezitena zabelana ngokubaluleka okufanayo ekubonakalisweni kobukumkani. Ikhonkrithi yavumela amaRoma ukuba abe bhetyebhetye, ukuguquguquka, kunye nokuqina ekwakhiweni kweevaults ezili-18, ii-arches kunye neendonga. Ikhonkrithi eyenziwe ngesamente ye-pozzolana, kunye nokukwazi kwayo ukunyanga ngaphantsi kwamanzi, yayiyeyona ibalulekileyo, ivumela amachweba okwenziwa, iziseko zebhulorho, kunye nezinye izakhiwo ezifuna iziseko emanzini. Ezi ntlobo zezakhiwo zaziyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yoBukhosi baseRoma.

Ukucokiswa

I-Vitruvius inikezele ngengxoxo emfutshane yezinto zokugqiba: i-plaster yeendonga kunye neesilingi, kunye nepeyinti kuyo nayiphi na into esebenzayo. Iipeyinti eziveliswe kwiiminerali kunye nobomi baselwandle nazo zaxoxwa, ngemibala emibini enomdla kakhulu:

• I-pigment eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka yafunyanwa ngenkqubo enzima ebandakanya isanti, i-potassium nitrate, kunye nobhedu obungumgubo. Lo mxube wafakwa kwi-oveni kwaye inkqubo yemichiza yavelisa ibala eliluhlaza.
• Umfusa wachazwa “njengobona buhle buxatyiswayo nobubalaseleyo benkangeleko.” Umfusa, uVitruvius wachaza, wafunyanwa kwiimollusk zaselwandle, kwaye kuphela ezo zisuka kwisiqithi saseRhodes ngenxa yendawo yazo ehambelana nelanga.

I-Vitruvius ayizange ibonelele ngemvelaphi yale fomula okanye iinkqubo zokufumana ii-pigments ezahlukeneyo. Le ngxubusho imfutshane yeeplates neepeyinti ibalulekile njengokuvuma ukuba ezi zinto zasetyenziswa. Ukubaluleka kwayo kwi-empire yayincinci, kodwa kwimbono yobuhle yongeza kwi-imperial persona, ngakumbi imfusa, ebonisa ubukhosi.

Imiyalelo yezakhiwo zaseRoma

"Imiyalelo" yeClassical ichaza uhlobo lwegrama yokwakha eyaqala ukuphuhliswa kwizakhiwo zesiGrike kwaye yatshintshwa yaza yandiswa ngamaRoma. Ngokusisiseko, imiyalelo imisela imilo, ubungakanani kunye nokuhombisa izinto ezisisiseko zokwakha: ikholamu exhasa ngokuthe nkqo (enesiseko, i-shaft, kunye nenkunzi) kunye ne-entablature exhaswa ngokuthe tye (yahlulwe yaba ziirejista ezintathu ukusuka ezantsi ukuya phezulu: i-architrave, frieze. kunye ne-cornice).

Ngendlela eyanelisayo elinganayo, imiyalelo yaphinda yafunyanwa yaza yadityaniswa ngasemva, ngokufunyanwa kwakhona kwemiyalelo yamaRoma kwiRenaissance, yaza yakhatywa kamva kwinkulungwane ye-XNUMX ngabahlambululi bemba nzulu baza bavumbulula oko babekugqala njengemiyalelo yamandulo yamaGrike. nyulu.

Imiyalelo yamaRoma, njengoko yayiqulunqwe ngabathiyori be-High Renaissance ukusuka kuLeon Battista Alberti ukuya kuSebastiano Serlio, yayiquka imiyalelo ehlaziyiweyo yesiGrike (iDoric, i-Ionic, neKorinte), kunye nezongezelelo zabo (iTuscan kunye neComposite). Baseke iinkcazelo zabo kwimibhalo yomyili wezakhiwo waseRoma uVitruvius kunye nokuqwalaselwa okokuqala kwezakhiwo ezachazwa ngulo mva kwingxelo yakhe yokusungula yenkulungwane yoku-XNUMX ye-BC, iDe Architectura (Iincwadi Ezilishumi kuZakhiwo).

Isizukulwana ngasinye esalandelayo safika kwimiyalelo ngamehlo amatsha kwaye sayichaza ngokutsha, njengomakhi wezakhiwo waseItali wenkulungwane ye-1570, ingcali yezenzululwazi, kunye nomembi wezinto zakudala uAndrea Palladio owayenempembelelo enkulu xa i-I Quattro Libri dell' Architettura yakhe (Iincwadi ezine kwi-Architecture, ngo-XNUMX) yaza yaguqulelwa kulo lonke elaseYurophu.

iodolo ye-tuscan

Yindlela yakudala ekukholelwa ukuba indala kunemiyalelo yamaGrike, kodwa imithombo yamaRoma ayigxininisi kuyo, yimibhalo yeRenaissance kuphela ebhekisa kuyo. Yeyona miyalelo ilula kuyo yonke, enekholamu egudileyo, elinganayo kunye ne-capitalization elula.

Umyalelo we-doric

Ibonakaliswe ngamakholomu e-squat aneentloko ezijikelezayo kunye nefrieze ehlotshiswe ngeetriglyphs ezitshintshileyo (iibhanti ezintathu ezithe nkqo ezihlulwe ngama-grooves) kunye neemetope ezicacileyo okanye eziqingqiweyo (iibhloko ezixande). Kanye kunye neTuscan, lo ngumyalelo olula kwaye uhlala uhambelana namandla.

Umyalelo we-Ionic

Inobuhle ngakumbi kwaye i-matronly, ineentsika ezihlala zingenamizila, iintloko eziskroliweyo, iifriezes ngamanye amaxesha zihonjiswe ngee-bas-reliefs, kunye ne-dentil eqingqwe ngobuchule kunye nomqolo weebhloko ezincinci, ngaphantsi kwee-cornices.

umyalelo waseKorinte

Ikwangowasetyhini kakhulu ngokwendalo njenge-Ionic, le iphawulwa ikakhulu ngamakomkhulu ayo ahonjisiweyo abonisa imiqolo emibini yamagqabi akroliweyo e-acanthus aneevoluthi ezincinci (imisongo ejikelezayo) ezikoneni.

Umyalelo odibeneyo

Yeyona nto iphucukileyo, ngokwayo indibaniselwano ye-Ionian Greek kunye ne-Corinthian ukuhombisa, i-hermaphrodite enemilenze emide. Iintsika zayo zinde kwaye zicekethekile, iintloko zayo zinamagqabi amaninzi e-acanthus anemisongo emikhulu, kwaye i-entablature yayo inomfanekiso oqingqiweyo oqingqiweyo kunye ne-cornice.

Ufundo lweRenaissance lwale grammar yakudala luyila uluhlu lwemigangatho yokusetyenziswa kwemiyalelo kwisakhiwo, luqala kumgangatho osezantsi ukuya phezulu: Doric, Ionic, Corinthian, and Composite. Ayizizo zonke izinto zolawulo ezifunekayo ukuba zisetyenziswe kwaye iDoric yayisetyenziselwa owona mgangatho uphantsi, kodwa nantoni na eqale yashukunyiswa ngendlela eyiyo.

Uyilo lwedolophu

Isixeko saseRoma yaMandulo, ekukhuleni kwaso, isixeko esikhulu esinabantu abaphantse babe sisigidi, sasinothotho lwezitrato ezimxinwa. Emva komlilo we-64 AD, uMlawuli uNero wabhengeza inkqubo yolwakhiwo olunengqiqo, ngaphandle kwempumelelo encinci: i-architecture yesi sixeko yahlala inesiphithiphithi kwaye ingacwangciswanga. Noko ke, ngaphandle kweRoma, abakhi bezakhiwo nabacebisi besixeko bakwazi ukuphumeza okungakumbi. Izixeko zaphuhliswa kusetyenziswa iiplani zegridi ekuqaleni ezaziyilelwe ukuhlaliswa komkhosi.

Iimpawu eziqhelekileyo ziquka izitalato ezibini ezibanzi: isitalato esisemantla-emazantsi, esaziwa ngokuba yi-cardo, kunye nesitalato esongezelelweyo sempuma-ntshona phantsi kwe-id ye-decumanus, kunye nombindi wesixeko obekwe ekudibaneni kwawo. Inkoliso yezixeko zaseRoma zazineqonga, iitempile, iiholo zemidlalo yeqonga, kunye neendawo zokuhlambela zikawonke wonke, kodwa izindlu eziqhelekileyo zazidla ngokuba ziindawo nje zodaka.

Ngamagama alula kakhulu, kwakukho iindidi ezimbini ezisisiseko zendlu kwizakhiwo zaseRoma: i-domus kunye ne-insula. I-domus, engumzekelo wezo zafunyanwa ePompeii naseHerculaneum, ngokuqhelekileyo yayiyingqokelela yamagumbi alungelelaniswe kwiholo esembindini okanye kwiatrium. Zimbalwa iifestile ezijonge isitrato, ukukhanya kwavela endaweni yeatrium. ERoma ngokwayo, nangona kunjalo, zimbalwa kakhulu iintsalela zolu hlobo lwendlu eziye zasinda. Umzekelo yiNdlu yeeVestals kwiForam kunye neNdlu yeLivia kwiNduli yePalatine.

Ngokuqhelekileyo, yayingabemi abazizityebi kuphela ababekwazi ukuthenga izindlu ezineentendelezo, iiatriums ezinophahla, ukufudumeza ngaphantsi okanye izitiya. Kwanangoko, ukuncipha kwendawo kwiidolophu ezininzi zephondo kwakuthetha ukuba kwanezindlu ezifumileyo zazinobucukubhede. Izixeko ezityebileyo zazizezinye.

Izibuko lamaYuda eKesareya (25-13 BC), elandiswe nguHerode Omkhulu ukuze kuhlalise umphathi wakhe uAgasto Kesare, nekhaya likaPontiyo Pilato, umphathi wenqila waseRoma, lalinothungelwano olubanzi lwezitrato, ibala leenqanawa, iindawo zokuhlambela zikawonke-wonke, amabhotwe. kunye nomjelo wamanzi. Izibuko lase-Italiya elise-Ostia lalineebhloko ezakhiwe ngezitena (ezibizwa ngokuba yi-insulae, emva kwe-insula yesiTaliyane yokwakha) ezinamabali amahlanu.

Iintlobo zezakhiwo

Izinto eziphathekayo, iindlela kunye noyilo lwezakhiwo ekugqibeleni lubonakaliswa kwizakhiwo. Kungenxa yoko le nto siza kuphonononga iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zezakhiwo eziveliswe kuyilo lwaseRoma, ngezantsi:

IiForam

Iforamu yayiyindawo esembindini evulekileyo eyayisetyenziswa njengendawo yokuhlangana, indawo yentengiso okanye indawo yokuhlanganisana yeengxoxo zezopolitiko okanye imiboniso, indawo esembindini esixekweni eyimfuneko ekudluliseleni iingcamango neendaba. Oku kuye kwenziwa zizakhiwo zikawonke-wonke eziliqela eziquka iimarike, iinkundla, iintolongo, nezakhiwo zikarhulumente. Iiforum azifumaneki kuphela eRoma, kodwa nakwizixeko ezincinci. Uninzi lwezi azange lwakhiwe ngendlela elinganayo efunwa eRoma.

Isindululo sikaVitruvius yayikukuba iqonga lakhiwe ukuze lilingane nabemi, ukuze lingaxinana, okanye libonakale liyinkangala xa lakhiwe likhulu kakhulu. IForam Romanum, eyona nto ibalulekileyo kwisixeko saseRoma, yayikwintlambo ephakathi “kweenduli” zaseRoma. Ngokwayo le ibiyiforam yeenjongo ezininzi, ayakhiwe ngokugqibeleleyo uxande.

Njengeforamu yeenjongo ezininzi, le ndawo ekuqaleni yayineevenkile, imiboniso kunye nezinye apho ukhuphiswano lwezemidlalo lwalubanjelwe khona olwathi lwathi kamva lwakhutshwa lwaza lwaphoswa kwindawo yeqonga nasesekisini. IQonga, kunye neevaranda kunye neevaranda ezijikelezwe ziitempile kunye nezakhiwo zecawa, beziya kuba ngumbono onomtsalane.

Njengoko ubukhosi bukhula abalawuli abalandelelanayo bakha amaqonga, kungekuphela nje imfuneko enkulu yendawo yokuhlala eyongezelelweyo, kodwa kwakhona njengezikhumbuzo kubo, njengalezi: uJulius Caesar (ngaphambi koBukhosi) wongezelela eyokuqala, emva koko abalawuli uAgasto, uVespasian, uNerva noNerva. Trajan. Iforamu yeTrajan yayiyeyona inkulu kubo, kwaye yayinendawo ene: i-colonnade eneevenkile, indawo yokuthengisa kunye neevenkile ezininzi, i-basilica, iilayibrari ezimbini kunye neTempile yeTrajan.

Amaqonga eengxoxo aseRoma alungiselela uhlobo lwangaphambili lokucwangciswa kwezixeko, njengoko kwakukho amaqonga kwezinye iindawo zoBukhosi baseRoma njengasePalmyra, eSamariya, eDamasko, kwa-Antiyokwe, eBhahali-bheki naseBosra eSiriya; iPergamo eAsia Minor; iTimgad neTebessa kuMntla Afrika; kunye neSilchester eNgilani. Zonke ezi zazakhiwe ngezitrato ezineentsika ukuze zikhuseleke kwimozulu.

Iforamu ngokwayo ibonelele ngokubonakalisa ubukhosi ngendlela engaqinisekanga. Le yayilingana nedolophu yanamhlanje. Isibakala sokuba eli qonga laxeliswa kuwo wonke lo mmandla libonisa impembelelo yaseRoma kwaye libonisa indlela ubukhosi obulungelelanisa ngayo ucwangciso lwabo lwedolophu nokuba iRoma yayinamandla ngokwaneleyo okusebenzisa le mpembelelo.

basilicas

I-basilica yayiligumbi elikhulu elixande ngokwezakhiwo zaseRoma, ngokuqhelekileyo ubude obuphindwe kabini kunobubanzi balo. Ii-basilicas yayiziinkundla zenkundla kunye neemarike zorhwebo kwaye yayiyindawo ebaluleke kakhulu eRoma. Iholo enkulu engaphakathi yayijikelezwe ziipaseji ezineegalari ngaphezulu kweendlela. Ngenjongo yalo mthetho, amagosa enkundla ayehlala kwiqonga eliphakamileyo kwi-semicircular apse (ulwandiso olusetyhula lwegumbi elixande).

Uphahla lwe-basilica lwalugutyungelwe endaweni yokuba lugutyungelwe, kodwa lwalugqume isibhakabhaka esikhulu seholo ngenxa yolwazi lwamaRoma lolwakhiwo lwetruss. AmaGrike ayeqalise ngokuneentloni ukusebenzisa ingcamango yelatisi, kodwa amaRoma akwazi ukuyisebenzisa ngokunempumelelo ngakumbi. Ukugubungela iholo enkulu ye-basilica ngaphandle kokusebenzisa imiqadi yenkxaso kufuna isibindi ekuqaleni. Ingaphandle yayilula kwaye ingabonakali, xa kuthelekiswa nezakhiwo zakudala zaseRoma.

Umzekelo obalulekileyo yi-Basilica yaseTrajan, eRoma 98-112 AD. Yakhiwa nguApollodorus waseDamasko, yancanyathiselwa yaza yangeniswa kwiQonga leTrajan, kwaye yayibonisa amathala eencwadi esiGrike nesiLatini. Ukuphakama kwangaphakathi kwakuyimitha ye-120 kwaye isilingi yenziwe ngamaplanga, isakhiwo esiqhelekileyo se-basilicas.

Omnye umzekelo wecawa yayiyi-Basilica yaseConstantine, eRoma. Incanyathiselwe kwiForam yaseRoma, yayinkulu ngokungaqhelekanga iimitha ezingama-80 ubude neemitha ezingama-83 ububanzi. Kodwa okuphawuleka ngakumbi lixesha lokwakha, i-310-313 AD, elibeka kwiintsuku zokugqibela zoBukhosi. Ngenxa yoko, ezinye iinguqu kwiindlela zokwakha zaseRoma kunye nezakhiwo ziqala ukuvela.

Isici soyilo lwee-vaults ezinqamlezayo ezixhaswa yi-pier yokufumana, isandulela kwisakhiwo seGothic, ifakwe ekwakhiweni kwe-Basilica yaseConstantine. Le ngcamango yoyilo ikwasetyenziswa kamva eConstantinople.

I-basilica ibonise ubukhosi ngendlela efanayo kwiforum. Njengeziko lezorhwebo, yenza yaza yanceda uqoqosho lwaseRoma; kwaye njengeziko lezomthetho lenze ukuba kuthotyelwe kwaye kunyanzeliswe umthetho kwaye likhuthaze uluntu. Le yayiyimbonakaliso engaphantsi kobukumkani, njengoko kuboniswa yindlela elula yokwakheka.

Iholo enkulu yeempawu ze-basilica, yayinokwenzeka ngenxa yeengozi ezithathwa ngamaRoma ekwakhiweni kwayo. AmaGrike ayesebenzisa ingcamango ye-latticework, kodwa amaRoma ayisebenzisa ngenkalipho ngakumbi, evelisa iholo enkulu ye-basilica engaxhaswanga.

Iitempile

Itempile yayiyindawo yezibhambathiso zobuqu, izithethe, intengiso yezenzo zikarhulumente, imisebenzi kunye namaxwebhu. Esi sithuba savula indlela yokwazisa uluntu ngoko kwakusenzeka kurhulumente, emkhosini nakweminye imibutho esemthethweni. Ngapha koko, kwaye okona kubaluleke kakhulu kwindima yayo kubukumkani, itempile yayiluphawu lwegunya kwaye, njengoko uLivy wayichazayo:

"Ufanele ookumkani namadoda, kunye namandla aseRoma."

Iitempile zaseRoma zazizixande kwaye zisisangqa, nto leyo eyayibalasele kakhulu kwizakhiwo zaseRoma. Iitempile zexande zakhiwe ngendlela yamaGrike kunye nepodium kunye ne-portico. Iitempile zamaGrike zazidla ngokuphindwe kabini kunobubanzi bazo, kodwa iitempile zamaRoma zazimfutshane ngokomlinganiselo.

Uninzi lweetempile zaseRoma ezinoxande yayizizakhiwo ezilula xa zithelekiswa nethiyetha, ii-amphitheatre, kunye neebhafu, kodwa iitempile zibubungqina obulungileyo bendlela izakhiwo zaseRoma ezinokuthi zigqume izithuba ezinkulu ngaphandle koncedo lwenkxaso (50 ukuya ku-60 iinyawo).

UVitruvius wanikela ngeeNcwadi zakhe ezimbini kwezilishumi ekuyileni nasekwakheni iitempile. I-Caveat yakhe yokuqala iphathelene ne-symmetry. Ukubunjwa kwetempile kusekelwe kwi-symmetry, imigaqo apho abakhi bezakhiwo kufuneka bathathe unonophelo olukhulu kakhulu. I-Symmetry ithathwe kwi-proportion, ebizwa ngokuba yi-analogy ngesiGrike.

Umlinganiselo ulungelelwaniso olulinganayo lwento nganye yomsebenzi kunye nayo yonke, apho inkqubo yokulinganisa iphunyezwa khona. Akukho tempile inokuba nenkqubo yokuqulunqa ngaphandle kwe-symmetry kunye nomlinganiselo, ngaphandle kokuba, ngoko ke, inendlela echanekileyo yokunxibelelana ngokufana nomntu owenziwe kakuhle.

Ngokubhekele phaya uVitruvius wayethembela kakhulu kukhokelo lwamaGrike kwimiyalelo yakhe ephathelele iitempile, ecaphula ulwazi lwesiGrike kwiimeko ezilishumi ezikhethekileyo nakwisiqingatha sesahluko ukuze acacise isiseko sesiGrike sokusetyenziswa kwamanani. Oku komeleza impembelelo yamaGrike kwizakhiwo zaseRoma.

Iitempile zaseRoma zazahluka kwiitempile zase-Etruscan kunye nezamaGrike kuba zalungiselelwa ukujongana neqonga labo elinxulumeneyo kugxininiswa kwizinyuko kunye ne-portico. Iitempile zamaGrike zazisetyenziselwa ukujonga ngasempuma kunye neetempile zase-Etruscan zijonge emazantsi. Imizekelo yeetempile zaseRoma ezixande ziquka:

• Itempile yeFortuna Virilis, eRoma ukusuka kwi40 a. c.
• ITempile yaseMars, eRoma phakathi kwe-14-2 a. c.
• ITempile yeConcord eRoma phakathi kwe-7 a. C. kunye no-10 d. c.
• Itempile kaCastor kunye nePollux, eRoma ukusuka kwi-7 BC
• Itempile yaseMaison Carrée, eNîmes - eFransi ukusuka kwi-16 a. c.

Ezinye iitempile eziphawulekayo zoxande zezi: iTempile kaDiana, iNimes; iTempile kaVenus, eRoma; iTempile ka-Antoninus noFaustina, eRoma; iTempile kaSaturn, eRoma; iTempile kaJupiter, eBhahalibheki; kunye neTempile kaBacchus, iBaalbek. Zonke ezi tempile zibonakalisa iqonga, iveranda, kunye noyilo lwevaranda yezinye iitempile ezinoxande.

AmaRoma kwakhona akha imisebenzi eyahlukeneyo yokwakha iitempile ezijikelezayo, phakathi kwazo oku kulandelayo:

Itempile yaseVesta, eRoma, ngo-205 AD. Oku kwakugadwe yiVestal Virgins ababegada umlilo ongcwele, oku kuthetha iziko kunye nomthombo wobomi baseRoma kunye namandla. Okubangel’ umdla kukuba, iVesta yatshatyalaliswa ngomlilo yaza yaphinda yakhiwa izihlandlo eziliqela. I-Vesta yakhiwe ngeqonga kunye ne-colonnade kwaye yayifana neetempile ezixande, kodwa ngokucacileyo yahlukile ekubeni yisetyhula.

Esona sakhiwo sigcinwe kakuhle ukusuka mandulo yiPantheon. Oku kwakhiwe ngamaxesha amabini ahlukeneyo. Eyokuqala njengendawo eyavulwa nguAgripa, umkhwenyana ka-Agasto, yaza yagqitywa ngowama-25 BC. C. I-rotunda edumileyo yongezwa nguHadrian phakathi kwe-118 kunye ne-125 AD. C. I-Pantheon isebenzisa idome, enye yezona zinto zibalaseleyo kwi-architecture yaseRoma.

I-Pantheon, nangona kunjalo, sisakhiwo esikhethekileyo ngeendlela ezininzi. Ukwakhiwa kwedome yePantheon kunye nobubanzi beenyawo ze-143,5 yimpumelelo engazange ilingane. I-portico yesi sakhiwo ixhaswa ngamakholomu egranite angagutywanga kunye namakomkhulu aseKorinte. I-pediment ekuqaleni yayiqulethe isiqabu sobhedu. Isiseko sesakhiwo sizii-14 iinyawo 9 i-intshi ubunzulu, kwaye iindonga ezingaphantsi kwedome zakhiwe ngekhonkrithi ejongene nezitena (opus testaceum).

Ingaphakathi ledome lixhomekeke kwindawo egciniweyo ukunciphisa ubunzima bekhonkrithi ngelixa igcina amandla ayo. Ukukhanya kwendawo yangaphakathi kubonelelwa ngokuvulwa okukodwa okungavezwanga kwisithsaba sedome. IPantheon iye yasinda kwiminyaka eyi-1800 injalo. Iimpawu ezininzi ziye zasuswa ukuze zisetyenziswe kwenye indawo, kwaye ngokubanzi zathatyathelwa indawo zizinto ezikumgangatho ophantsi (umzekelo, iipleyiti zobhedu kwidome esezantsi zathatyathelwa indawo ngelothe), kodwa isengumzekelo obalaseleyo wobungangamsha beRoma.

Iitempile zaseRoma zibonelela, enyanisweni, imbonakalo enamandla ngakumbi yobukumkani. Ezi tempile yayizizikhumbuzo zoothixo bonqulo kwanezikhumbuzo zabalawuli ngokwabo, ababefuna itempile yabo. Uninzi lweetempile zakhiwa phakathi kwenkulungwane yokuqala ye-BC. C. kunye nenxalenye yokugqibela yenkulungwane II AD. C. ngexesha elalinempembelelo kakhulu eRoma.

Ukongeza, iitempile zazisebenza njengendawo yokunxibelelana, njengendawo yokugcina amaxwebhu oluntu, nanjengendawo yokurekhoda imicimbi yoluntu. Itempile ke ngoko yaba yinxalenye ebalulekileyo ekulungiseleleni ulungelelwaniso kubukhosi, imfuneko ekwandiseni nasekugcinweni kwayo. Eyona nto ichukumisayo kwezi tempile yiPantheon, esekho nanamhlanje kwiinkulungwane ezilishumi elinesibhozo emva kokugqitywa kwayo, njengembonakaliso yamandla eRoma.

Imithombo eshushu okanye iiBhafu

UVitruvius ucebise ukuba indawo yokwakha iibhafu ibe shushu kangangoko kunokwenzeka, kude nemimoya engasentla nakumantla-ntshona, ukuze i-caldera (igumbi elifudumeleyo) kunye ne-tepidarium (igumbi elifudumeleyo) libe nokukhanya kwentshona ebusika. Uyalele ukuba kuthathelwe ingqalelo ukuba iibhoyila zamadoda nabasetyhini zidityanisiwe kwaye zikwindawo enye ukuze kwabelwane nge-oveni eqhelekileyo.

Eyona nto yayibalulekile kulwakhiwo lwebhafu yaseRoma yayingumgangatho oxhonyiweyo, owawuvumela ubushushu bujikeleze ngaphantsi ukuze bulawule ubushushu bomgangatho. Ukuqaliswa kolu phawu kuhambelana nokuqaliswa kweglasi yefestile eyenzeka ngexesha elithile ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-AD ye-XNUMX. Iibhafu ezakhiwe ngaphambi koku zakhiwe ngeefestile ezincinci kakhulu, ezibangela ukuba ngaphakathi kwendawo yokuhlambela ibe mnyama kakhulu.

Iibhafu zaseRoma zibonisa amasiko kunye nendlela yokuphila yabantu abathanda ulonwabo. Zazingakhelwanga nje igumbi lokuhlambela elibutofotofo, kodwa zaziyindawo yobomi bentlalontle, iindaba, intlebendwane, iintetho kunye nemidlalo (imidlalo yebhodi, imithambo, imidlalo yebhola). Ezi ndawo zaziyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yobomi bamaRoma.

Ngokwesithethe kwakuhlawuliswa umrhumo omncinane xa kungena ezibhafu, kodwa abanye abalawuli babewavulela abantu simahla. Iibhafu zazilungelelaniswe neholo esembindini enegumbi lecaldaria, igumbi letepidarium kunye nefriji encanyathiselwe. Ezinye iinkonzo ezahlukahlukeneyo zazifumaneka kwiindawo zokuhlambela ukususela kubachebi beenwele, abachebi bezandla, oomatshini bokuhlamba ishampu, nezisasaza ioli.

Ngokuqhelekileyo kwakukho igadi evulekileyo ecaleni kwebhafu kunye nebala lokubaleka nezihlalo zababukeli. Ezinye izakhiwo ezimeleneyo zazinamagumbi eendibano, iivenkile, neendawo zokuhlala amakhoboka amaninzi awayeze kuhlamba. Esi sixeko sasineendawo zokuhlambela ezininzi, kodwa iibhafu zazakhiwe nasePompeii, eMntla Afrika, eJamani naseNgilani.

Le mibhalo yezakhiwo zaseRoma yabonisa indlela obubonakala ngayo ubukhosi kuba iindawo zokuhlambela zaziyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yobomi bemihla ngemihla kubemi baseRoma yaye zazikwayinxalenye yeendlela zonxibelelwano ezingacwangciswanga zobukumkani. Ngokunjalo, ezi zithuba zathunyelwa kumazwe angaphandle kwimida yoBukhosi baseRoma kwaye, ngenxa yoko, ubunewunewu bazo babutyhileka kubo bonke uBukhosi.

Iithiyetha

Ngokufana ngokwemvelo kwiibhafu, iithiyetha yayiyeyona ndlela yokuzonwabisa endaweni yolonwabo, kodwa yayikwabubunewunewu obufunyanwa ngamaRoma ngenxa yoBukhosi. Zakuba kuhlangatyezwane nazo iimfuno ezisisiseko, abantu babevunyelwa ukuba bagxininise ingqalelo yabo kwizinto ezingabalulekanga. Ithiyetha yayiyenye yeendawo ezininzi zokuzonwabisa eziveliswe kuyilo lwaseRoma, ngaphandle kwebala lemidlalo kunye nesekisi.

Isindululo sesiza kunye nokwakhiwa kweethiyetha zaseVitruvian sinomdla kakhulu. Iqonga kufuneka lakhiwe kwiforamu, eqondakalayo, kuba le yayiyeyona ndawo iphambili yomsebenzi. Inkxalabo yakhe yokuqala ayiloyilo okanye izixhobo, kodwa indawo.

Iiholo zemidlalo yeqonga zaseRoma zamkelwa kumaGrike yaye zazilinganiselwe nje ukuba zibe semicircle. Ayedla ngokuba secaleni kwenduli ukuvumela izihlalo ezinyuliweyo ukuba zilungiswe kwaye zakhiwe ngokulula. Xa kwakungekho nduli ifanelekileyo ifumanekayo, iholo yemidlalo yeqonga yayakhiwe ngeepali zekonkile ezixhasa imigangatho yokuhlala. Kwimeko yolwakhiwo oluphezulu, ikhusi kwimozulu embi yayiluncedo. Mininzi imizekelo yezi zakhiwo, njengale:

• Ithiyetha yaseOrange eOrange, eFransi, yakhiwa ngo-50 AD. C., inomthamo wababukeli abangama-7.000 kwaye yakhiwe kusetyenziswa indibanisela yekonkile kunye nokusetyenziswa kwenduli. Ububanzi buziimitha ezingama-340 ububanzi, inqanaba leemitha ezingama-203 ububanzi, kunye neemitha ezingama-45 ubunzulu. Inxalenye yodonga lweqonga isala inemingxuma yeepali ezixhasa i-canopy phezu kweqonga.
• Ithiyetha kaMarcellus eRoma, eyakhiwe kwiminyaka elishumi edlulileyo yenkulungwane yoku-XNUMX BC, yayakhiwe kwindawo ethe tyaba, ngoko ke ulwakhiwo lwenziwe ngeendonga ezikhazimlayo zekhonkrithi.

Iiholo zemiboniso zakhiwa kubo bonke uBukhosi: iHerode Atticus eAthene, iLittle Theatre neOsita Theatre ePompeii, nezinye eSicily, eFlorence, eMntla Afrika naseNgilani. Ezi zithuba zicaciswe ngokwezakhiwo zaseRoma kubo bonke ubukhosi zinika amathuba olonwabo kubemi. Ukuzonwabisa ngekwakungazange kucingwe okanye kube nokwenzeka ukuba kwakungekho ngamandla oBukhosi baseRoma.

iiamphitheatre

Enye indawo awayezonwabisa ngayo amaRoma yayiyiholo yemidlalo. Utoliko lwangoku lwe-amphitheatre, yesibonelelo esivulekileyo esivulekileyo, sasisaziwa ngamaRoma njenge "thiyetha" esandul' ukuchazwa. Ibala lemidlalo laseRoma laliyile nto ngoku siyibiza ngokuba libala lemidlalo okanye ibala lemidlalo (igama lesiLatini elithetha ibala, elifunxa igazi labalweli).

Olu lwakhiwo lwaluyimveliso yezakhiwo zamaRoma kuphela apho ekubonakala ukuba ayengathembeli kwimpembelelo okanye ukuyilwa kwamaGrike. I-Elliptical in shape, i-amphitheatre yakhiwe ngamanqanaba anyukayo ezihlalo ezakha iholo eqhubekayo malunga nebala lemidlalo. Iimidlalo zeqonga zafunyanwa kuzo zonke iindawo zokuhlala eziphambili kuBukhosi kwaye zaziyinxalenye yobomi bamaRoma, eyona idumileyo kuzo zonke iiamphitheatre zaseRoma, kwaye kusenokwenzeka ukuba zonke izakhiwo zaseRoma, iyiColosseum eRoma.

Oku kwagqitywa ngo-82 AD. C. emva kweminyaka elishumi elinambini yokwakha. IColosseum yakhiwe kwintlambo ethe tyaba phakathi kweEsquiline kunye neenduli zeCelia. Iindonga zangaphandle ze-ellipse zilinganisa i-620 iinyawo nge-513 iinyawo kunye nomgangatho we-arena yi-287 yeenyawo ze-180 iinyawo. Iqonga elikumgangatho ophantsi lalinika umlawuli, amalungu eejaji kunye namanye amagosa karhulumente indawo yokuhlala. Ngasemva najikeleze iqonga kwakukho izihlalo zababukeli abangama-50.000. Ngaphantsi kwezihlalo kwakukho iipaseji nezinyuko eziya kumanqanaba aphezulu.

Ngaphandle kukho izikhonkwane zokukhusela iintsontelo xa isiganeko sifuna ukuba i-canopy enkulu yelaphu ivulwe ukuze ivuleke kubabukeli. Ukwakhiwa kweColosseum kwasebenzisa uninzi lwezixhobo zokwakha ezifumanekayo kuBukhosi. Iziseko zazenziwe ngesamente kwaye iindonga ezixhasayo zazenziwe ngamatye e-tufa kunye nezitena. Iibhloko zeTravertine ezidityaniswe kunye neziqhoboshi zentsimbi zenza ifacade kwaye ibhastile lalisetyenziselwa ukuhlala kunye nokulungisa.

Uyilo lwesakhiwo esineentsika ezimilise okwejiko eziphuma ngaphakathi ezixhasa iipali zekhonkrithi zivelise isakhiwo esomeleleyo esithe sahlala malunga namawaka amabini eminyaka. Ukuba bekungekho kukhangelwa kwemathiriyeli yezinye izakhiwo zamva, iColosseum ibinokuvela namhlanje njengoko yenzayo kwinkulungwane yesi-XNUMX AD.

Umphandle weColosseum unamabali amane aphezulu, amabali amathathu okuqala ee-arches, i-arches, i-arches: ukusetyenziswa okulula kodwa okuntsokothileyo kwesi sixhobo sokwakha esivelisa inkangeleko ebalaseleyo ehlala inomtsalane naxa ithelekiswa nezakhiwo zale mihla. Nangona i-amphitheatre yayivela kumaRoma, yayisebenzisa izinto ezininzi zakudala zokwakha. Imiyalelo yaseKorinte, i-Ionic, neDoric yasetyenziswa kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo ekuyilweni kwayo.

iisekisi

Isekisi yaseRoma yayenzelwa ukuba kungene ugqatso lwamahashe neenqwelo zokulwa, yaye ezo zakhiwe yayizizakhiwo ezikhulu nezibalaseleyo zezakhiwo zaseRoma, ezodlula ubungangamsha bebala lemidlalo. Ngenxa yobukhulu bayo, indlela yeCircus Maximus (iCircus Maximus) yafikelela phantse ikhilomitha.

Uyilo lwesekisi lwalulula, njengoko iibhentshi zokuhlala ezijikeleze indandatho zakhiwe ngekhonkrithi edibeneyo, eyimfuneko ngenxa yezinga lesayithi. I-Circus Maximus, eRoma, ngowama-46 BC. C., yayiyeyona inkulu kwiisekisi yaye yayiziimitha ezingama-2.000 650 ubude, iimitha ezingama-250.000 ububanzi yaye kuqikelelwa ukuba yayihlalise ababukeli abangama-XNUMX XNUMX. Indlela ende ethe tye kwicala ngalinye lesahluli esibizwa ngokuba ngumqolo sibonelela ngomdyarho womdyarho. NjengeColosseum, umphandle weCircus Maximus wawuhonjiswe ngamakhulu ee-arches.

Imizi

Kwakukho iindidi ezine zeendawo zokuhlala zaseRoma: idomus okanye indlu yabucala, ivillage okanye indlu yasemaphandleni, ibhotwe lasebukhosini, kunye ne-insula okanye indlu ekumgangatho ophezulu.

Domus okanye indlu yabucala

Yayilulwakhiwo lwezakhiwo zaseRoma ezidibanisa iimpawu ze-Etruscans kunye namaGrike. I-atrium (igumbi eliphambili lendlu yendabuko yaseRoma enophahla okanye ngaphandle kwayo, ngokuqhelekileyo iqulethe itanki yamanzi kumgangatho ophantsi) yenza indawo yoluntu yesakhiwo esinentendelezo, ejikelezwe ngamagumbi. Ngokutsho kukaVitruvius, amaGrike awazange asebenzise ii-atriums. Indlu yangasese yaseRoma yabhalwa ngaphambili kunezakhiwo zikawonke-wonke ezininzi ezinemizekelo ephilayo esusela kwi-XNUMXrd kunye ne-XNUMXth yenkulungwane ye-BC. c.

Izindlu zabucala zazinemibhobho yamanzi, yaye nangona izindlu zangasese zikawonke wonke zazikho, inkoliso yezindlu ezinkulu zazinezindlu zangasese zazo.

I-villa okanye indlu yelizwe

Umzekelo wolu lwakhiwo lwezakhiwo zaseRoma yiHadrian's Villa eyagqitywa ngo-124 AD. C., ngokwenyani yipaki enkulu enezakhiwo ezithe saa kwipropathi eneekhilomitha ezisixhenxe. Iqulathe iintendelezo, iiflethi kunye neepaseji ezineentsika. Ukongeza kwisakhiwo sobukhosi kwakukho amathafa, i-colonnades, iithiyetha kunye neebhafu. Konke oku kudityaniswe nomboniso obalaseleyo woyilo kunye nokwakhiwa kwindawo ephakamileyo yoBukhosi.

Ibhotwe Lasebukhosini

Ibhotwe lasebukhosini lalinomtsalane yaye linomtsalane. Kwakhiwa amabhotwe awahlukahlukeneyo kwiNduli yasePalatine, engentla kweNdawo Yembutho yaseRoma, ngoobalawuli abalandelelanayo ukususela kuAgasto. Eli bhotwe lalineeholo zikawonke-wonke, igumbi letrone, iibhafu, intendelezo kunye nemiyezo eneentsika. Kwakukwakho neholo lesidlo, amagumbi oluntu abucala aneesofa ezincangathi, amaqula, imigangatho eyimifanekiso eqingqiweyo neendonga ezipeyintwe ngokuqaqambileyo. Olu lwakhiwo lolwakhiwo lwaseRoma lwalulunge kakhulu nakwimigangatho yamaRoma.

Isiqithi okanye indlu yokuhlala

ERoma, apho abantu babebaninzi yaye indawo ekhoyo ilinganiselwe, olu hlobo lolwakhiwo lwezakhiwo zaseRoma lwabulawa. Oku kwakukwanjalo eOstia, izibuko laseRoma, apho abasebenzi abaninzi kwafuneka bahlaliswe kufutshane namazibuko. Kwakhiwa amagumbi amane, amahlanu, yaye maxa wambi angaphezulu anemigangatho emide.

Ulwakhiwo lwenziwe ngekhonkrithi egqunywe ngezitena (i-opus testaceum), kunye nokubumba kumbala omnyama. Oku kuvelise ulwakhiwo olujongeka ngokwala maxesha (njengoko kubonwa kunikezelo lolwakhiwo ngokutsha). Abaninzi babenebhalkhoni yekonkile okanye eyenziwe ngamaplanga. Izakhiwo zazineefestile ezininzi ezijonge kwiindledlana kunye nezitrato, kwaye zazakhiwe ngeeyadi zegadi zangaphakathi.

Umgangatho wokuqala wendlu wawusetyenziselwa iivenkile ezahlukeneyo, ezifana neendawo zokubhaka kunye neevenkile zokwenza imisebenzi yezandla. Nangona imibhobho yamanzi yayifumaneka, yayingafikeleli kumgangatho ophezulu kwezinye iindawo zokuhlala, ngoko abanye abahlali kwafuneka basebenzise imithombo yasesitratweni.

Kuzo zonke iintlobo zeendawo zokuhlala eRoma, indlu yokuhlala kunye nebhotwe libonelela ngelona thuba likhulu lokubonakaliswa kobukumkani. I-domus kunye ne-villa, ngelixa inomtsalane, yayinqabile, kwaye i-villa yayikude kakhulu edolophini kangangokuba yayingabonakali. Ibhotwe lasebukhosini kunye nendlu yokuqeshisa, nangona kunjalo, yabonisa ubukhosi, nangona ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo.

Ibhotwe yayiyeyona nto ibalulekileyo yeRoma yobukhosi: i-opulent, i-grandiose, i-express kunye ne-baxed, zonke izinto ezinxulumene nobutyebi namandla. Indawo ebonakalayo, ephakamileyo kwiNduli yePalatine embindini wesixeko, yomeleza ukubaluleka, ubutyebi kunye namandla ka-Emperor, ummeli ogqibeleleyo woBukhosi.

Indlu yokuqesha, indawo yokuhlala abo bakwicala elichaseneyo lentlalontle, yahlala iyimbonakaliso esebenzayo yobukumkani kuba indlu yokuhlala yayiza kuba ngumthombo webhongo lokuba ubukhosi bungabonelela ngezindlu kubemi babo kunye nesakhiwo esibonakalayo. . kwaye ikwazi ukuhlalisa iintsapho ezininzi kwisakhiwo esinye.

izakhiwo zokuhombisa

Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku siye sakwazi ukubona iRoma njengesixeko esisebenza, sijonga indlela izakhiwo zayo ezisebenze ngayo ukunika abemi bayo indawo yokuhlala, ulonwabo, ukutya, amanzi, nokunye. Kodwa siyayazi ukuba iRoma yayiqulathe izakhiwo ezibiza imali eninzi nezinobugocigoci obungenamsebenzi wangoko.

Yayizizakhiwo nje zokuhombisa, ezisebenza njengezinto zokuphawula umntu, indawo, isiganeko, okanye ingcamango abakhi bazo abavakalelwa kukuba bayifanelekele indawo esisigxina kwisixeko esixakekileyo. Siza kuchaza ezinye zazo ngezantsi:

iiarti zoloyiso

Ii-arches zoloyiso zaziluhlobo lwezakhiwo zenkolo yaseRoma ezayilwa kukuphoxeka kwabo ekubonakaliseni amandla, ukubhiyozela isiganeko esibalulekileyo okanye iphulo lomkhosi. Abafumani ngqalelo ngakumbi kunezinye iintlobo zelitye lesikhumbuzo elihonjisiweyo kunye ne-propagandistic, nangona kukho i-symmetry enkulu kunye namandla emfundo kwiingoma.

Ngokuqhelekileyo zazimiswa kude neendlela eziphambili, zazidla ngokuhonjiswa ngemifanekiso eqingqiweyo ebonisa iziganeko ezikhunjulwayo. Phakathi kwemizekelo edumileyo yile:

• IArch of Titus, ibhiyozela ukuthinjwa kweYerusalem.
• IArch of Constantine (c. 315), ibhiyozela uloyiso lukaConstantine kuMaxentius kwiBhulorho yaseMilvian.

Izakhiwo ezidumileyo zoloyiso ezakhiwe kumhlaba waseItali ziquka ezo zikaTiberius eOrenji, zikaAugustus eSusa, iTrajan eBenevento neAncona, neCaracalla eTebessa. Bonke baye bamisela imizekelo yezizukulwana ezingamashumi amahlanu ezalandelayo zamajoni aphumeleleyo abuya ekuthinjweni kwawo, kuquka uNapoleon Bonaparte, owathuma i-Arc de Triomphe edumileyo (1806-36) eParis, umsebenzi wobugcisa wobugcisa benkulungwane ye-XNUMX.

Ii-arches zoloyiso zibonisa ngokugqibeleleyo icala elimangalisayo-lomsitho womlinganiswa waseRoma. Elinye isebe yayiyintsika enye yelitye lesikhumbuzo, engumzekelo weKholamu kaTrajan (c.1123 CE). I-stylistic antithesis ye-arch yoloyiso mhlawumbi ibonakaliswe kakuhle yi-Ara Pacis Augustae, eRoma (c.13-9 BC), itempile eyakhiwe yiNdlu yeeNgwevu yaseRoma ukuphawula ukubuya koloyiso koMlawuli uAgasto evela kumadabi aseRoma. Speyin.

iiobelisks

Ngo-241 BC C. amaRoma oyisa iSicily kwimfazwe yawo yokuqala nxamnye neCarthage. Ukuba nesi siqithi esisembindini woLwandle lweMeditera kwabangela ukuba kubekho unxibelelwano lokuqala noBukhosi baseYiputa, obabulawulwa ngumnombo wamaGrike, iiLagides, emva kweLago, injengele ka-Alexander Omkhulu. IiLagides zidla ngokubizwa ngokuba ziiPtolemies, uPtolemy ligama eliphindaphindwayo loofaro bazo.

Ukukhula kweRoma kwiMeditera akuzange kukhokelele kungquzulwano phakathi kweYiputa, nangona iingxabano zangaphakathi phakathi kwamalungu ookumkani baseYiputa zayenza yakwazi ukuthetha ngemicimbi yangaphakathi yaseYiputa. Ngo 49 a. C. Pompey, emva kokuba woyisiwe ePharsalia, wabalekela eAleksandriya, ngelo xesha eyayilikomkhulu laseYiputa, kodwa uFaro Ptolemy XIII wambulala ukuze athandabuze kuKesare. Noko ke, uKesare akazange aneliseke kukufa kotshaba lwakhe waza wema kwicala likaCleopatra, udade boPtolemy nomfazi wakhe kumlo owawuphakathi kwaba babini.

Umkhosi wamaRoma woyisa uPtolemy ngowama-47 BC. C. noCleopatra wenyuka waya kwitrone yaseYiputa. Injengele yaseRoma yathandana kuqala nokumkanikazi waseYiputa kwaye ngendlela efanayo kuwo omabini la mazwe. Ngaphandle kweGrisi, alikho elinye ilizwe elalinempembelelo ngakumbi kumaRoma, yaye oothixo baseYiputa baba ngamalungu aphambili oothixo bamaRoma.

I-iconography esemthethweni yoMlawuli waseRoma eyasekwa nguMlawuli uAgasto, yavuma enye kuphela ngaphandle ukuze uMlawuli angabonakaliswa njengoFaro waseYiputa ukugxininisa ukuqhubeka phakathi koFaro kunye nabalawuli. Kule meko, uAgasto emva kokoyisa uAntony noCleopatra nokoyisa iYiputa ngowama-30 B.C. C. weza eHeliopolis wazisa eRoma iiobelisk ezinikelwe koofaro uRamses II noPsammetichus II.

Ezinye iiobelisk zavela eYiputa okanye zenziwa eRoma kwiinkulungwane ezintathu ezalandelayo, eziphawulekayo phakathi kwazo zezi zilandelayo:

• Lateran e Piazza San Juan de Letrán, eRoma-Itali.
• IVatican ePiazza di San Pietro, eRoma-Itali.
• Flaminio e Piazza del Popolo, eRoma – Italy

Izibonelelo

Njengenxalenye yokwakhiwa kweedolophu zaseRoma kunye namanye amaphondo oBukhosi baseRoma, imisebenzi eyahlukeneyo yenziwa kusetyenziswa iindlela ezahlukeneyo zobugcisa bokwakha baseRoma, nto leyo ethe yanegalelo kungekuphela nje kumgangatho wobomi babemi bayo, kodwa nakwisakhiwo iRomano kunye nenxalenye yophuhliso lwezopolitiko noqoqosho.

iindlela zokuhamba

Esinye sezizathu ezazibangela ukuba abakhi bezakhiwo baseRoma banconywe kukwenziwa kwabo kwizakhiwo zaseRoma ekwakhiweni kweendlela zabo ezigqibeleleyo. Lilonke, babeka ngaphezu kweekhilomitha ezingama-250.000 50.000 zeendlela, kuquka neekhilomitha ezingaphezu kwama-29 XNUMX zeendlela ezigangathiweyo. Kwincopho yobukhosi bamaRoma, oohola beendlela abangama-XNUMX bemikhosi emikhulu babephuma kwikomkhulu labo, iRoma. Iindlela ezidumileyo zaseRoma ziquka:

• NgeAppia ehamba ukusuka eRoma ukuya eApulia.
• NgeAurelia, ukusuka eRoma ukuya eFransi.
• Via Agrippa, Via Aquitania and Via Domitia ezinze eFransi.
• NgeAugusta, ukusuka eCadiz ukuya kwiiPyrenees eziseSpain nasePortugal.
• Isitalato i-Ermine, iWatling Street kunye neFosse Way eGreat Britain.

Bridges

Iibhulorho zendlela zazimangalisa kwaye ziyimisebenzi ebalulekileyo yoyilo lwaseRoma kwaye zinendawo yazo kumhlaba kunye nasesixekweni. Iibhulorho ezininzi ezakhiwa ngexesha loBukhosi zisasetyenziswa nanamhlanje. Igalelo lebhulorho kumbono wobukumkani lalibalulekile. Uthutho lwaluyeyona nto ibalulekileyo kwiimfuno zorhwebo nezomkhosi. Ukukwazi ukuhambisa imikhosi kunye nempahla ukuwela imilambo kwakubaluleke kakhulu ekwandeni koBukhosi.

Iibhulorho zokuqala zazakhiwe ngamaplanga, kodwa oku kuqinisekiswa kuphela yimifanekiso eboniswa kwikholamu yeTrajan nakwimosaic eOstia. Iibhulorho zamatye ezininzi zisekho, ngoko kusenokwenzeka ukujonga indlela yokwakha. Owona msebenzi unzima ekwakhiweni kwebhulorho yayiziziseko neepiers.

Kwiindawo apho kukho amaxesha embalela, kwakunokwakhiwa iziseko neepier ngeli xesha. Kwiindawo apho amanzi ayehamba ngokuqhubekayo, kwakusetyenziswa amadama okugcina amanzi. I-samente ye-Pozzolana yaba luncedo ekwakhiweni kwee-piers zebhulorho kunye nokukwazi "ukuseta" ngaphantsi kwamanzi. Ukunciphisa impembelelo yamanzi ahamba rhoqo kunye nomonakalo onokuthi ube nokukhukula, inani le-piers ligcinwe lincinci kwaye i-arches yakhiwe ibe nkulu kangangoko kunokwenzeka.

Amasango abekwe phambi kweepali zebhulorho ukuphambukisa iziqu zemithi kunye nobutyobo obunokuthwalwa ngexesha lezikhukula.

Ayizizo zonke iibhulorho ezakhelwe ukuwela amanzi. Ezinye zazakhelwe ukunqumla iintlambo nezinye iindawo ezingalinganiyo. Ukusilela kweminye imisele yayisetyenziswa njengeebhulorho. Ii-Viaducts, iibhulorho phezu komhlaba, zakhiwe kusetyenziswa i-arches ezininzi ngenxa yokuba isoyikiso sesikhukula esiyingozi sasingesikhulu njengomlambo / ukuwela amanzi.

Iibhulorho nazo bezisoloko ziziindawo ezikhulu ngenxa yendawo ekungene kuyo idolophu kunye nakwiindawo zokunqumla kwaye bezisoloko zikhatshwa ziiarti zoloyiso.

Umsebenzi obalulekileyo woBukhosi yayikuthutho, kwaye ibhulorho yanikela inxalenye ebalulekileyo yalo msebenzi. I-arch, kwakhona, ibonelele ngento ebalulekileyo eyakhayo kunye neyokwakha kuyilo lwebhulorho kunye nolwakhiwo. Ikhono lamaRoma lokukhawulezisa ukuhamba kwemikhosi kunye nokuhanjiswa kwempahla, ngenxa yenxalenye yebhulorho, yakhonza uBukhosi njengomthombo obalulekileyo.

imisele yamanzi

Imijelo yamanzi yaseRoma ibe ngumbandela wofundo oluninzi kwaye iqhelekile nakumntu obukeleyo nje. Ukufumana amanzi awaneleyo kwakuyeyona nto ibalulekileyo kumaRoma. UVitruvius wanikezela iNcwadi yeSibhozo kwiiNcwadi ezilishumi zoLwakhiwo emanzini. Waqala ngokuyalela indlela yokufumana amanzi, ukufumana amanzi emvuleni, emilanjeni nakwimithombo. Emva koko wachaza iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokuvavanya ukufumanisa ukuba amanzi asemgangathweni owaneleyo.

Kwisahluko sesithandathu, uVitruvius waxoxa ngonikezelo lwamanzi kwaye wanikezela ngeengcebiso zakhe malunga nonikezelo lwamanzi:

“Kukho iindidi ezintathu zemijelo yamanzi: kwimijelo evulekileyo enemibhobho eyenziwe ngamatye, okanye imibhobho ekhokelayo, okanye imibhobho yeterracotta. Nantsi imigaqo yendlela nganye: Kwimijelo, ilitye kufuneka liqine kangangoko, kwaye umgangatho womlambo kufuneka ube nethambeka elibaliweyo elingekho ngaphantsi kwesiqingatha sonyawo kwikhulu ngalinye leenyawo. Isakhiwo samatye kufuneka sibekwe phezulu ukuze ilanga lichukumise amanzi kancinci kangangoko kunokwenzeka.”

Ezinye iingcebiso zikaVitruvius malunga nonikezelo lwamanzi zinxulumene nemibhobho kunye nemisele. Kubonakala kungaqhelekanga ukuba uVitruvius ebenokusebenzisa isithuba esincinane kangaka kwimisele yamanzi, ukuba kunokugqityezelwa ukuba wayebhekisela kuyo.

I-Aqua Appia, i-Aqua Anio Vetus, kunye ne-Aqua Tepula zakhiwe ukusuka kwi-XNUMX ukuya kwi-XNUMX yenkulungwane ye-BC, ngoko kufuneka ukuba uyazi ngengcamango. Uninzi lwemijelo yolwakhiwo lwaseRoma yakhiwa ngexesha loBukhosi, ngoko ke ulwazi lukaVitruvius ngabo lwalunokuncipha, okanye umbono wakhe wokubaluleka kwawo unokuba nefuthe elibi.

Esithoba kwishumi elinanye imisele kwisixeko saseRoma yakhiwa ngexesha leRiphabhliki kwaye inxalenye yayo yayiphantsi komhlaba. Uninzi lwemijelo yamanzi, ngakumbi leyo ikumaphondo, yakhiwa ngexesha loBukhosi. Ngenxa yolu khuphiswano, kunokugqitywa kwaye kuqatshelwe ukuba ukwakhiwa kwenziwa ngekhonkrithi, ilitye kunye nezitena.

Uphawu olunika umjelo wamanzi waseRoma ukubonakala kwayo yi-arch. Ukusetyenziswa kwamaRoma kweendonga eziphindaphindiweyo, ngokusisiseko inkqubo yokwakha eyimodyuli, yayiwavumela ukuba akhe umjelo wamanzi onobude obungenammiselo, yaye ngokusisiseko yiloo nto ayeyenza ngezipani ezinqumla amathafa. Ikhonkrithi, ilitye, nezitena, kunye nomthamo owaneleyo wabasebenzi, kwavumela ukwandiswa kwale nkqubo yokuhambisa amanzi.

Kodwa yi-arch eyona nto ibonakalisa ulwakhiwo oluvumela umjelo wamanzi ukuba ube yeyona ndlela inamandla yokubonakaliswa kobukumkani obuveliswe ngamaRoma. I-arch, kunye nokukwazi kwayo ukuthwala imithwalo engaphezulu kakhulu kunokwakhiwa kwe-post kunye ne-lintel, ivumela imisele yamanzi ukuba isebenze njengeebhulorho kwezinye iindawo zokuwela umlambo. Nangona kunjalo, oku kuqwalaselwa okwesibini. Impembelelo ebonakalayo yamawaka ee-arches ezixhasa iintsalela ze-aqueducts zinyamezele namhlanje.

Imijelo yamanzi yanika iRoma umongo wobomi, kwaye ukwenza oku ngokungaguqukiyo nangokuthembeka kwabonisa amandla apheleleyo kunye neenzuzo zoBukhosi. Ngaphandle kwesixeko kwakukho malunga neekhilomitha ezingama-500 zemisele yamanzi evulekileyo phantse kuwo onke amaphondo.

Ezinye izakhiwo

Eminye imisebenzi ebalaseleyo yolwakhiwo lwaseRoma ibekwe emangcwabeni, ngokuqhelekileyo iyinxalenye yeqela elikhethekileyo lempucuko. Oko kuqokelelwa yiRoma kwiifriezes zayo ezithandekayo zeemausoleums ezintle, ezinkulu ngokwaneleyo ukuba zithathelwe ingqalelo njengezikhumbuzo zokwenyani ezisekwe ukukhusela iintsalela zabalawuli abenze iRoma yaba nkulu.

La ma-mausoleums akhiwe phantsi kwemigaqo yoyilo lwamaRoma aqulethe igolide yokwenene ngaphakathi kunye namagumbi ahlotshiswe ukuze ahlalise i-sarcophagi kunye neebhokisi. Phakathi kwezo zisemiyo zezi:

• I-Mausoleum ka-Augustus
• Mausoleum kaHadrian
• Iphiramidi kaGaius Cestius
• I-Mausoleum kaCecilia Metella

abayili bezakhiwo zaseRoma

AmaRoma amandulo ayenobuchule kwizinto ezahlukahlukeneyo. Bacinga ngendlela yokwenza iriphabliki enempumelelo yaye babengabakhi abachulumancisayo abazalisa ihlabathi labo ngeendlela, imisele yamanzi, iitempile, nezakhiwo zikawonke-wonke ezinobukhulu nesikali ezingazange zibonwe ngaphambili. Ke iinjineli, abaphandi kunye nabayili bezakhiwo (ababefana ngokufanayo) babengabantu ababaluleke kakhulu, abanye baba negalelo kuyilo lwaseRoma lubandakanya:

• UMark Vitruvius Pollio
• uApolodoro waseDamasko
• liwe ibala
• ULucio Vitruvio Cerdon
• Cayo Julio Lacer

Kamva impembelelo yezakhiwo zaseRoma

Ubume bezakhiwo baseRoma bube nempembelelo enkulu kulwakhiwo lwezakhiwo eNtshona. Ukuba abakhi bezakhiwo bamaGrike baseka iitemplates eziphambili zoyilo, abakhi bezakhiwo baseRoma baseka iiprototypes zobunjineli ezisisiseko. Ke ngoko enkosi kubuchule babo be-arch, ivault kunye nedome bamisela umgangatho woninzi lweentlobo zoyilo lwesikhumbuzo.

Umzekelo wakhe walandelwa ngokusondeleyo kubugcisa baseByzantine, into enokubonwa kwicathedral yaseHagia Sophia eTurkey, kwizakhiwo zaseRashiya zakudala ezifana nezindlu zetswele leSaint Basil's Cathedral eMoscow, kwizakhiwo zeRenaissance (Cathedral of Florence) ngamagcisa afana UFillippo Brunelleschi (1377-1446).

Ngoku ukuba ufuna ukufumana ulwazi oluthe kratya malunga nefuthe loyilo lwezakhiwo zaseRoma ungabona kwakhona imisebenzi eyenziwa ngexesha leRenaissance (1420-36), eyona igqwesileyo yolwakhiwo lweBaroque kwiCathedral yaseSaint Paul eRoma kunye neoclassical architecture ephefumlelwe ngabo bonke. umhlaba. Kubalulekile ukukhankanya ukuba izakhiwo ezifana:

• IParis Pantheon (1790)
• I-United States Capitol (1792-1827) eWashington DC.

Ezi zimbini nje zezakhiwo ezidumileyo zehlabathi ezithathwe kwizakhiwo zaseRoma. Ngaphezu koko, iibhulorho, imisele, neendlela zaseRoma zaba yimizekelo yabakhi bamva kunye neenjineli ehlabathini lonke.

Ukuba ulifumene eli nqaku malunga nezakhiwo zaseRoma linomdla, siyakumema ukuba wonwabele ezi ezinye:

• uyilo lwamaGrike
• Abalawuli baseRoma
• uThixo Jupiter