I-epic inokuthi isetyenziswe yiRoma yakudala phantse iminyaka engamakhulu amahlanu, de kwawa uBukhosi baseNtshona ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX ye-AD, iselelona xesha linika umdla nelifundisiweyo kwimbali yoluntu, ngakumbi kwiinkokeli zayo ezintsonkothileyo. Masikhe siyazi imbali yezinto ezingaqondakaliyo kunye ne-eccentric abalawuli bamaRoma.
Ngubani yayingabaLawuli baseRoma?
IRoma yanda yaba likomkhulu elilawula abantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingamashumi amathandathu eYurophu, eAfrika naseAsiya, ubukhosi obunamandla obunoluhlu olubanzi lwabalawuli abanamandla kwimbali yayo, ngamnye eneempawu, izimbo zolawulo kunye nobuntu obukhethekileyo.
Ngokukodwa, ukuba imbali yabalawuli baseRoma inakho konke: uthando, ukubulala, impindezelo, uloyiko kunye nokubawa, umona kunye nekratshi, kunye nokubamba kwempambano. Ibali lakhe ngalinye linyathelo lokuhamba ukusuka eluxolweni nakwimpumelelo ukuya kuloyiko nakwingcinezelo, ngakumbi kwinkulungwane yokuqala.
Kodwa kwakutheni ukuze inkulungwane yokuqala ibe nezidubedube kangaka? Impendulo ilula, omnye woonobangela abakhulu ngumthetho welifa. Uninzi lweli xesha lexesha, la manani amagunya awakhethwanga ngesiseko sobuchule okanye ukunyaniseka, kodwa ngenxa yokuba azalelwe kwintsapho efanelekileyo.
Yiyo loo nto isiphelo sobukhosi kunye noMlawuli ngamnye waseRoma sasingaqiniseki, njengoko abaninzi babengenabo izakhono kweso sikhundla. Kuyo yonke inkokeli enkulu, njengoAgasto, uKlawudiyo noVespasian, kwakukho uzwilakhe onjengoCaligula, uNero okanye uDomitian. Kuphela ekupheleni kweli xesha apho iRoma yaluthathela ezandleni zayo ulandelelwano, ikhetha abantu eyayibagqala njengabanengqiqo, abakrelekrele, abanyanisekileyo, nabanengqondo ephilileyo.
Obu bukhosi bunamandla baqala ngobundlobongela kwaye buxhomekeke kumandla. Ngokuqhelekileyo, abaLawuli baseRoma babenokusinda kuphela ukuba abantu babo babekholelwa ukuba banokuphumelela wonke umntu. Ukuba umkhosi wawungonelisekanga, umlawuli wayesengxakini, kodwa ukuba ukunganeliseki kwakusasazeka ngakumbi, ngokuqinisekileyo wayephelile.
Imfazwe yamakhaya yamenza uKesare egunyeni, owayesele enegunya yaye engenandlalifa, wamkela uAgasto, waba ngowokuqala ukuphumeza ulandelelwano lwelifa, kodwa wayengengowokugqibela. Ngokomzekelo, uKlawudiyo wamgatya unyana wakhe waza wakhetha uNero.
Ngesihlalo sobukhosi esinikezela amandla angenakuchazwa kunye nemithetho yelifa isoloko ivulekele ukutolikwa, kulula ukucinga ukuba amalungu osapho lwasebukhosini aya kulwela isikhundla, esebenzisa iindlela ezigqithisileyo xa kuyimfuneko ukuphumeza umphumo oluncedo kubo.
Xa ekugqibeleni babesetroneni, kwakungekho ndlela ilula yokuphuma, kungekho lunyulo, kungekho miqathango, kungekho mhlalaphantsi. Yayingumsebenzi wobomi, ngoko ke ukuba umbusi wayephambene, embi okanye eyingozi, isisombululo kuphela yayikukunciphisa ubomi kwaye wonke umntu uyazi, ngoko i-paranoia yabusa.
Kwabaninzi, izinto ezazifuneka ukuze bafumane isikhundla esiphezulu zazinkulu: UTibheriyo kwafuneka aqhawule umtshato nomfazi awayemthanda ngenxa yomfazi awayengamazi, uCaligula wabona inkoliso yentsapho yakhe ibulawa okanye igxothwa, uKlawudiyo wangcatshwa waza watyhefwa ngabafazi. .
Nangona imbuyekezo yamandla yayimikhulu, ayinakuphikiswa, abaninzi abazange bayonwabele emva kokuba beyifumene, injalo imeko yamadoda anjengoTitus, uGalba okanye uVitellius, awazange abenalo ixesha lokuzama izambatho zobukhosi ngaphambi kokuba afe. Eneneni ngenkulungwane yokuqala, ezobupolitika zazinokuba yingozi kakhulu empilweni.
Babunjani ubomi kubalawuli baseRoma?
Kwincopho yoluntu lwaseRoma kwakukho umlawuli kunye neeklasi zama-patrician, nangona babenandipha ubutyebi obuninzi, amandla kunye nelungelo, ezi zibonelelo zeza ngexabiso. Njengeenkokeli zaseRoma, ukruthakruthwano oluyingozi lwalungenakuphepheka.
Ubomi bakhe obungqongwe bubunewunewu njengomlawuli opheleleyo waseRoma nobukhosi obukhulu awayenabo, bamenza isisulu samabhongo ngokugqithiseleyo. Umlawuli nentsapho yakhe babephila ngendlela eyayilindeleke kubantu ababaluleke ngolo hlobo, behlala kwezona zindlu zintle, besitya okona kutya kulungileyo, yaye benxibe iimpahla ezintle kuphela.
Ubomi babunobunewunewu, bugqwethekile yaye budlamkile, izalamane zomlawuli zazinokuchitha iintsuku zazo zokuzonwabisa ezizithandayo, ezinjengomculo, imibongo, ukuzingela nokubaleka amahashe, ngaphandle kweembopheleleko ezinkulu.
Nakuba kunjalo, yayingeyondlwan’ iyanetha, yayingqongwe ngamayelenqe ahlala ehleli, ngakumbi ekubeni ulandelelwano lwabalawuli bamaRoma lwalungelolifa ngokungqongqo, isihlalo sobukhosi sasinokudlulela kubazalwana, abantwana bomtshato wesibini okanye kwaneenkundla ezithandwayo, kodwa nayiphi na indlalifa kwakufuneka ivunywe. yiNdlu yeeNgwevu.
Oku ngokuqinisekileyo kubangele ubuqhophololo bezopolitiko kumabhotwe, njengoko iindlalifa ezinokuba ziindlalifa kunye neentsapho zabo zihlala zifuna ukubeka amagama azo etafileni, zizuze amahlakani, zenze ibango labo, kwaye zingxamele isikhundla.
Ngoko ke, abalawuli baseRoma kwakufuneka bahlale bebeke iliso kwabo bakhuphisana nabo, ababequka amalungu eentsapho zabo, baze banikele ingqalelo engakumbi kumaqela ezobupolitika akwiNdlu yeeNgwevu. Kwiimeko ezininzi ukufumana isikhundla sakhe kuya kufuna ukungcatsha umbuso, ukugxekwa kunye nokubulala. Ngokuqinisekileyo obu yayibubomi obunzima kakhulu, apho kuphela abomeleleyo nabazimiseleyo banokusinda.
iipatricians
Ngaphantsi nje kwabalawuli baseRoma kunye nezalamane zabo, sifumana iipatricians. Igama elithile ipatricio Ivela kwisiLatin ootata, oku kuthetha ukuba abazali. Iintsapho zama-patrician zazilawula iRoma kunye nobukhosi bayo, njengoko yayiziinkokeli zezopolitiko, ezenkolo nezomkhosi zobukhosi.
Inkoliso yabaphathi-ntsapho yayingabanini-mhlaba abazizityebi abaphuma kwiintsapho ezindala, kodwa le klasi yayivulekele iqaqobana elithile elaliphakanyiswe ngabom ngumlawuli.
Abantwana abazalelwa kwezi ntsapho bafumana imfundo ephangaleleyo, edla ngokuvela kumkhapheli wabucala owayenoxanduva lokubazisa kwizifundo ekufuneka izihandiba ezintsonkothileyo zisingathe, ukwenzela amakhondo azo ekamva. Izifundo ezinjengemibongo, uncwadi, imbali kunye nejografi, intsomi ethile, kunye neelwimi eziphambili njengesiGrike.
Izifundo zothethwano kunye nomthetho zaziyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yemfundo elungileyo kwiRoma yamandulo, njengoko uninzi lwabafundisi-ntsapho abancinci babeya kuqhubeka nomsebenzi kwezopolitiko nakurhulumente, ibe yimiba ebaluleke kakhulu kuyo nayiphi na yezi zifundo. Nangona uninzi lwamaqela eentsapho zama-patrician nawo ayelindele ukuba inzala yawo incede ekuqhubeleni phambili ububingeleli bakudala.
Ngokwenene ayenesigxina esikhethekileyo kuphela kwiinkalo ezithile, ngokomzekelo, amalungu awo ayekhululwe kwimisebenzi ethile yasemkhosini eyayilindelwe ngabanye abemi yaye ayenethuba lokuba ngabalawuli.
Kodwa ukuba nokuzikhethela kwisihlalo sobukhosi kwakutsala iingozi ezinkulu, babenokubandakanyeka kumayelenqe ebhotwe awayenokuthi maxa wambi atshabalalise isikhundla sabo nobomi babo obutofotofo, ngokulula babenokuphulukana nekhaya labo, imihlaba yabo kwanobomi babo, ukuba babesengozini yokulahlekelwa. icala.
Kodwa ngaphandle kwamayelenqe kunye nezopolitiko, zombini iintsapho zasebukhosini kunye ne-patrician zazinoxanduva oluncinci lwasebukhosini kwaye zasala ziphila ubomi obutofotofo nobunomtsalane, xa kuthelekiswa nabanye abemi baseRoma ngelo xesha lobunzima.
Uluhlu olude lwabalawuli baseRoma
Kuthiwa abalawuli baseRoma babengabona balawuli banamandla abakha baphila, umxube ontsonkothileyo wamadoda azizilumko, anoxolo, imibono, akhohlakeleyo naphambeneyo, awathi ngaphezu kweenkulungwane ezintlanu alawula ubukhosi bezizwe ngezizwe obuphantse busoloko sisilwa nabo. Amaqela angabamelwane okanye avukelayo kubukhosi ngokwabo.
Ubungakanani obupheleleyo bamandla abo abuzange budweliswe okanye buchazwe kumthetho womgaqo-siseko, nto leyo ekhokelele uninzi lwala manani ukuba lugqithise, kwaza neziphumo ezibi. Ukongeza, ukungabikho kwemithetho ecacileyo malunga nokulandelelana kwabangela ukufa ngobundlobongela kwesininzi.
Noko ke, xa bejongwa xa bebonke, abalawuli baseRoma basebenza njengomfuziselo owazisa uzinzo kubukumkani obabugubungela amazwekazi amathathu, obugubungela amazwe anamhlanje angaphezu kwama-32, yaye bulikhaya labemi abamalunga nezigidi ezingamashumi amathandathu ehlabathini lonke. ukuphakama kokuchuma kwayo.
Imbali yaseRoma ingumxube weengxelo ezihlanganiswe kamva zabangamangqina okuzibonela, ezinye iintsalela zenzululwazi yezinto zakudala, kunye nemibhalo ekwizikhumbuzo kunye neengqekembe zemali.
Ngokuqinisekileyo iingxelo ezininzi ezikhoyo namhlanje azithembekanga ngokupheleleyo, ekubeni abona bakhuphisana abakhulu bezobupolitika nabalawuli baseRoma babedla ngokuba ngamalungu eNdlu yeeNgwevu, ekusenokwenzeka ukuba yayikwangabo babhala imbali.
Oku kubonisa ukuba iingxelo ezininzi ezihlabayo ezingokuziphatha kwabalawuli baseRoma zisenokuba zinomkhethe okanye zineenjongo ezimbi, ngoko zifanele zifundwe ngobulumko yaye ngandlel’ ithile zifanele zilahleke.
Imbali isixelela ukuba inani elikhulu labalawuli baseRoma bakhokela ukwandiswa kwendawo, abalinganiswa abadumileyo nabadumileyo, abadabi labo eligazi kunye namabali aboyikeka ngoku sele bezizinto zentsomi.
Sikubonisa uluhlu lwabalawuli baseRoma abaziwayo ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, iinkokeli ezinempembelelo kunye nezidume kakubi ezazibambe ubukhosi bemifanekiso phantsi kwamandla abo ukutyhubela iinkulungwane:
Abalawuli baseRoma benkulungwane yokuqala
- UAgasto (Agasto): 31 a. c.-14d. c.
- Tibheriyo (Tiberius Julius Caesar Augustus): 14-37 AD c.
- Caligula (uGayo Julius Caesar Augustus Germanicus): 37-41 AD c.
- UKlawudiyo (Tibheriyo Klawudiyo Kesare Agasto Germanicus): 41–54 AD c.
- uNero (Nero Klawudiyo Kesare Agasto Germanicus): 54-68 AD c.
- Galba (Servius Sulpicius Galba): 68–69 AD c.
- Otto (UMarcus Salvius Otto): NgoJanuwari–Aprili 69 AD
- Aulus Vitellius (Aulus Vitellius): Julayi–Disemba 69 AD
- Vespasian (UTitus Flavius Vespasian):69-79 AD c.
- uTito (UTitus Flavius Vespasian) 79-81 AD c.
- Domitian (UTitus Flavius Domitian): 81-96 AD c.
- imithambo-luvo (Nerva Kesare Agasto): 96-98 AD
Abalawuli baseRoma benkulungwane yesi-XNUMX
- Trajan (UMarcus Ulpius Trayanus): 98-117 AD c.
- Hadrian (Caesar Trayanus Adrianus Agasto): 117-138 AD c.
- uAntoninus Pius (UTitus Aurelius Fulvus Boyonius Antoninus): 138-161 AD c.
- UMarcus Aurelius (UMarcus Aurelius Antoninus Augustus): 161-180 AD c.
- Lucius Verus (Lucius AureliusVerus): 161-169 AD c.
- ntofontofo (Lucius Aelius Aurelius Commodus): 177-192 AD c.
- Pertinax (UPublius Helvius Pertinax): NgoJanuwari–Matshi 193 AD
- UDidius Julian (UMarcus Didius Severus Julianus): NgoMatshi–Juni 193 AD
- Septimius SeverusLucius Septimius Severus): 193-211 AD c.
Abalawuli baseRoma benkulungwane ye-XNUMX
- CaracallaLuCius Septimius Bassianus):198-217 AD c.
- I-Geta (Publius Septimius Geta): 209-211 AD
- Macrinus (UMarcus Opellius Macrinus):217-218 AD
- Elagabalus (Varius Avitus Basianus): 218-222 AD
- Alexander Severus (Severus alexander): 222-235 AD c.
- UMaximin the Thracian (Gaius Julius Verus Maximinus): 235-238 AD c.
- Gordian mna (Marcus Antonius Gordianus Sempronius Romanus Africanus): Matshi–Aprili 238 AD c.
- UGordian II (UMarcus Antonius Gordianus Sempronius Romanus Africanus): Matshi–Aprili 238 AD. c.
- Pupiene (i-pupienus maximus): NgoAprili 22 ukuya kuJulayi 29, 238 AD. c.
- Balbinus (Decimus Caelius Calvinus Balbinus):ukusuka kuAprili 22 ukuya kuJulayi 29, 238 AD. c.
- UGordian III (UMarcus Antonius Gordianus Pius):238–244 AD c.
- uFilipu (UMarcus Julius Philippus): 244–249 AD c.
- I-Decius (Gaius Messius Quintus Traianus Decius):249-251 AD c.
- Umkhosi (uGayo Valens Hostilianus Messius Quintus): 251 AD
- UGallus (uGaius Vibius Trebonianus Gallus): 251-253 AD c.
- Emilian (UMarcus Aemilus Aemilianus): 253 AD
- Valerian (Publius Licinius Valerianus): 253-260 AD c.
- Gallienus (Publius Licinius Egnatius Gallienus): 253-268 AD c.
- UKlawudiyo IIUMarcus Aurelius Valerius Claudius Augustus Gothicus); 268-270 AD
- i-quintillus (UMarcus Aurelius Claudius Quintillus):270 AD
- UAurelianLucius Domitius Aurelianus Augustus): 270-275 AD c.
- Tacitus (UMarcus Claudius Tacitus Augustus):275-276 AD c.
- UFlorian (UMarcus Annius Florianus Augustus): NgoJuni–Septemba ngowama-276 AD
- ndizamile (UMarcus Aurelius Probus): 276-282 AD c.
- Iyabiza (UMarcus Aurelius Carus): 282-283 AD c.
- Inani (UMarcus Aurelius iNani yeNani): 283-284 AD c.
- sithandwa (UMarcus Aurelius Carinus): 283-285 AD c.
- UDiocletian (Gaius Aurelius Valerius Diocletianus Augustus):empumalanga, 284-305 AD inxalenye esempuma yobukumkani) kunye neMaximian (286-305 AD inxalenye yasentshona yobukumkani)
Abalawuli baseRoma benkulungwane yesi-XNUMX
- UConstantius I (UFlavius Valerius Constantius): ntshona, 305-306 AD c.
- Igalari (Gaius Galerius Valerius Maximian): empuma, 305-311 AD c.
- Severus (Flavius Valerius Severus): ntshona, 306-307 AD c.
- UMaxentius (UMarcus Aurelius Valerius Maxentius): ntshona, 306-312 AD c.
- UConstantine I (UFlavius Valerius Aurelius Constantine): AD 306–337 waphumelela ukumanyanisa ubukhosi.
- UMaximino Daya (Gaius Valerius Galerius Maximinus):310-313 AD
- Licinius (UFlavius Galerius Valerius Licinianus Licinius): 308-324 AD c.
- UConstantine I (UFlavius Valerius Aurelius Constantine): 324 – 337 AD
- UConstantine II (UFlavius Claudius Constantine): 337-340 AD c.
- UConstantius II (UFlavius uJulius Constantius Augustus): 337-361 AD c.
- rhoqo I (UFlavio Julio rhoqo):337-350 AD c.
- UConstantius Gallus (UFlavius uClaudius Constantius Gallus): 351–354 AD C
- UJulian (UFlavius Claudius Iulianus):361–363 AD c.
- UJovian (UFlavius Claudius Iovianus): 363–364 AD c
- IValentine I (Flavius Valentinianus): ntshona, 364-375 AD c.
- Valent (UFlavius uJulius Valens): empuma, ngowama-364–378 AD c.
- Gratian (UFlavius uGracianus Augustus): entshonalanga, AD 367-383 kunye nomlawuli kunye noValentine I.
- IValentine II (UFlavius Valentinianus Junior): AD 375–392 kwaye wathweswa isithsaba njengomntwana.
- Theodosius I (Dominus Noster Flavius Theodosius Augustus): empuma, AD 379–392, kamva empuma nasentshona, AD 392–395
- Arcadius (UFlavius Arcadius Augustus): umlawuli osempuma, phakathi kuka-AD 383 no-395 kunye nomlawuli oyedwa phakathi kuka-AD 395 no-402
- Omkhulu uClement Maximus (UMagnus Maximus): entshona, ngowama-383–388 AD c.
- Honorius (Flavius Honorius Augustus): umlawuli entshona, AD 393–395 kunye nomlawuli oyedwa phakathi kweAD 395–423
Abalawuli baseRoma benkulungwane ye-XNUMX
- Theodosius II (Flavius Theodosius): empuma, 408–450 AD c.
- UConstantius III (Flavius Constantius): entshona, AD 421, wayengumlawuli kunye.
- IValentine III (Flavius Placidius Valentinianus): ntshona, 425–455 AD c.
- Martian (UMarcianus): eMpuma Roma phakathi kowama-450 nowama-457 AD. c.
- Petronius MaximusPetronius Maximus): entshona, ngoMatshi 17 ukuya kuMeyi 31, AD 455
- Avito (Dominus Noster Eparchius Avitus Augustus): umlawuli wasentshona phakathi kowama-455–456 AD kunye noBhishophu wasePlacencia, C.)
- Isininzi (UFlavius uJulius Valerius Maiorianus Augustus): ntshona, 457–461 AD c.
- Severus Libyan (Libius Severus): ntshona, 461–465 AD c.
- Anthemius (Procopius Anthemius Augustus): entshona, kwixesha eliphakathi ko 467 kunye no 472 AD. c.
- Olibri (UFlavius Anicius Olybrius): umlawuli wasentshona, ukusuka kuEpreli ukuya kuNovemba 472 AD. c.
- IGlicerio (Glycerius): ubukhosi basentshona, 473–474 AD. c.
- UJulius Nepos (UFlavius Iulius Nepos Augustus): walawula entshona, phakathi kowama-474–475 AD. c.
- URomulus Augustulus (uFlavius Momyllus Romulus Augustulus) - walawula entshona yobukumkani phakathi kwe-475 kunye ne-476 AD. c.
- ULeo I: (empuma, 457–474 AD)
- ULeo II (empuma, 474 AD)
- IZeno (eMpuma, AD 474–491, eMpuma Roma)
Abalawuli baseRoma abaphawula imbali
Njengoko ubona, uluhlu lwamadoda ababesetroneni ixesha elide njengoko ubukhosi obukhulu ababebulawula kwaye nangona bonke baya kukhunjulwa kwimbali yonke into elula yokuba ngabalawuli, abanye ngokuqinisekileyo babebaluleke kakhulu kumaxesha amandulo.
Ngamnye wamkelwa ngesitayile sabo sokukhokela uBukhosi baseRoma obahluke kakhulu nobunabileyo, bakhona ezincwadini nakumabali njengabalinganiswa bexesha elinika umdla nelinika umdla kwabo bathanda imbali. Siza kudibana nabalawuli baseRoma abadumileyo, nangona ingengabo bonke ngenxa yobulungisa babo kunye nobubele:
UAgasto (27 BC – 14 AD)
Eneneni igama lakhe yayinguOctavio, kodwa ebudeni beemfazwe zamakhaya ezinde ezayicimayo iRiphabliki yaseRoma, awathi wathabatha inxaxheba esoyisa imbangi enye emva kwenye waza waba ligorha elingenakuphikiswa lobukumkani obandayo, wazibiza ngokuba EyeThuphaNamhlanje wayengumlawuli wokuqala waseRoma.
Wayengunyana owamkelweyo kaJulius Caesar waza wafumana isikhundla njengenkokeli yaseRoma emva kokuphumelela idabi elibulalayo nxamnye noMarco Antonio kunye noCleopatra, inguye owalawula ubukhosi obukhulu baseRoma phakathi kwe-27 a. C. kunye ne-14 d. c.
UAgasto Kesare waba yinkokeli enobubele, engenisa ixesha lokuqina, elaziwa ngokuba yiPax Romana, awayigcinayo ngolawulo olungqongqo lwasemkhosini kuloo mmandla.
Ukongezelela ekubeninga nokoyisa umhlaba waseYurophu naseAsia Minor, uAgasto wandisa iindlela nohola wendlela egcina ubukhosi buqhagamshelene, wakha imisele yamanzi, waza wamisela intaphane yezakhiwo nemikrolo. Wade wathiya inyanga ngaye, hayi omnye ngaphandle kuka-Agasti! Ugqalwa njengomnye wabalawuli ababalaseleyo baseRoma.
uTibheriyo (14 – 37 AD)
Inkokeli eyayidume kakubi uTibheriyo Julius Caesar Agasto yangena ezihlangwini zika-Agasto, yalawula iRoma ukususela ngo-AD 14 ukusa kowama-37 AD. Ithathwa njengenye yeenjengele ezibalulekileyo zobukumkani, owamkelwa nguAugustus emva kokutshata noLivia Drusilla, unina.
Ngethuba leminyaka yolawulo lwakhe wabhalwa njengendoda elusizi kunye ne-paranoid, eyathatha indima yoMlawuli kunye nomyeni wentombi ka-Agasto, enyanzeliswa, eyenza iRoma kunye nomtshato wabo ungonwabi kakhulu.
Ekuqaleni kobunkokeli bakhe wayesaziwa ngeziphiwo zakhe njengomphathi-mkhosi nomlawuli okhutheleyo, kodwa kwiminyaka eyalandelayo kuthiwa emva kokufa konyana wakhe, waba nguzwilakhe okhohlakeleyo nongqwabalala, ephatha kakubi yaye ebulala abantu abaninzi. abalandeli bakhe.
Wathatha umhlala-phantsi kwisiqithi saseCapri, kuhlobo lokuzigxotha, abanye bathi wayephila ubomi obungaqhelekanga nobunesithukuthezi bokuziphatha okubi ngokwesini, nangona abanye bakholelwa ukuba yayingamahemuhemu asasazwa ziintshaba. UTiberius wasweleka ngoMatshi 37 AD waza wavakalisa ukuba uBukhosi bakhe buza kulawulwa nguCaligula kunye noTiberius Twin.
UCaligula (37 – 41 AD)
UGaius Caesar okanye uCaligula ukhunjulwa njengomlawuli onobuzwilakhe, omnye wezona ziguquguqukayo kwaye ziyingozi phakathi kwabalawuli baseRoma, kunye nobomi obugqithisileyo kunye nobudenge. Wafumana amandla apheleleyo kuBukhosi baseRoma emva kokuba ekhuphe uTibheriyo Twin.
Kodwa walawula iminyaka emine kuphela, ixesha elifutshane ngokufanelekileyo elisusela ku-AD 37-41, njengoko wagwintwa ngenkohlakalo. Nangona kunjalo, wayesele ewashiyile amabali e-macabre ngokwaneleyo ukuba agcwalise incwadi yembali.
Lo mlinganiswa wayebanga amandla angaqhelekanga, ezithelekisa nobungcwele, obamnika igunya lokubulala, izenzo zenkohlakalo nezenkululeko, ezifaka iRoma kuloyiko olunzulu nokungaqiniseki.
UCaligula wayebonakaliswe kukungazinzi kwakhe, ukuzingca, kunye nendalo yakhe ehlekisayo, ebhengeza iiprojekthi ezinjengokwakha ibhulorho edadayo enobude obuziikhilomitha ezintathu ukuwela iBay yaseNaples yanamhlanje ukuze akhwele kuyo, anqumle imifanekiso eqingqiweyo, aze atshintshe indawo elahlekileyo. okanye azimisele igosa lamahashe.
Ugqalwa njengoyena mntu unxaxhileyo kubo bonke abalawuli baseRoma, owabulala inkitha yabantu ngokungakhethiyo waza wathumela umkhosi wakhe ngendlela engekho ngqiqweni. Kodwa, asazi ukuba ulwaphulo-mthetho lwakhe lwalubaxiwe na yimithombo yamandulo okanye ukuba ngokwenene wayeyindoda ethuthunjiswayo eyayisasaza uloyiko kubukhosi baseRoma.
UKlawudiyo (41 – 54 AD)
UClaudius, owayejongelwa phantsi ngabaninzi, wabizwa ngokuba yindlalifa kaCaligula ngokuthanda kwabalindi basebukhosini, nangona kunjalo, eminye imithombo ibonisa ukuba kunokwenzeka ukuba wathatha inxaxheba kwiyelenqe elaphelisa ubomi bukaCaligula kwaye walungiselela yonke into yokunyuka kwakhe etroneni.
Enoba yeyiphi na indlela awayisebenzisayo ukuze afumane isikhundla sokulawula, ulawulo lwakhe lwaba nempumelelo ngendlela emangalisayo phakathi kwabalawuli baseRoma ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, nangona wayenezigulo eziliqela ukususela ekuzalweni kwakhe, kuquka ukufelwa yintlungu nokuxhuzula, nto leyo eyakhokelela ekubeni abaninzi bacinge ukuba wayengenakuba nguMlawuli. .
Usapho lwakhe lwamgcina emfihlile, kodwa ekhusini uClawudiyo waba sisifundiswa esibalaseleyo, enolwazi kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo ezifana nembali kunye nezopolitiko, nto leyo eya kumenza inkokeli ebalaseleyo phakathi ko 41 no 54 AD.
Ngokwenene kwamangalisa wonke umntu, onobuqili kwaye okrelekrele, wakhokela ngempumelelo enye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo zohlaselo lomkhosi lwenkulungwane yokuqala, uloyiso lweGreat Britain. Ukufumana ukunconywa kunye nembeko nge-arch yoloyiso kwi-Via Flaminia ekhokelela ukusuka eRoma ukuya e-Ariminuma, ekubuyeni kwakhe.
Ixesha lakhe eburhulumenteni yayilixesha lempumelelo, uphuhliso kunye nokukhula kuzo zonke iindawo, wayehlonitshwa ngumkhosi wakhe kwaye ethandwa ngabantu basezidolophini, nto leyo wafumana indawo emfaneleyo embalini.
UClaudius wafumanisa amayelenqe ahlukeneyo ngexesha lakhe kwaye uninzi lweesenenja zabulawa. Kodwa iyelenqe eliphelisa ubomi bakhe livela kwisangqa sakhe esisondeleyo kwaye nangona kungekho siqinisekiso malunga nokuba ungubani, ityala liwela kwikhoboka uLocusta; incasa, iHaloto; ugqirha wakhe, Xenophon okanye Agrippina, umfazi wakhe kunye nomama kaNero, wamkela unyana kunye nelandela Claudius.
UNero (54 – 68 AD)
UNero uClaudius Drusus Germanicus wenyuka etroneni xa wayeneminyaka eyi-17 kuphela ubudala, waphawulwa ngomdla wakhe kubugcisa kunye nolwakhiwo, egunyazisa inani lezakhiwo ezintle kunye nemifanekiso eqingqiweyo.
Wawathoba amaxabiso erhafu waza wayalela ukuba kuqhutywe imidlalo kawonke-wonke rhoqo emva kweminyaka emihlanu, nangona kunjalo oko kwaba lixesha elifutshane, kungekudala izinto zajika zaba mbi waza waqalisa ukugwebela nabani na owayenobuganga bokungavumelani naye, nkqu nonina.
Xa inxalenye enkulu yeRoma yatshayo, bambi baqikelela ukuba nguye owaqalisa umlilo, ngakumbi xa wayalela ukuba kwakhiwe ibhotwe elitsha leehektare ezilikhulu endaweni yalo, nomfanekiso wakhe oqingqiweyo, omalunga neemitha ezilikhulu ubude, kanye embindini wakhe. Oyena mntu ubalaseleyo wayebizwa ngokuba yiColossus kaNero.
UNero wayenguMlawuli wesihlanu waseRoma, unyana womtshato wesibini kunye nendlalifa kaMlawuli uKlawudiyo, owathi waduma ngoburhelemnqa, ukuzingca kwakhe, ukutshiswa kweRoma, nokutshutshisa amaKristu. Kodwa ngaphandle koko, wagxininisa kwigunya lakhe kwidiplomacy, urhwebo kunye nenkcubeko yokomeleza kobu bukhosi bukhulu.
Lo mlawuli waba lixhoba lobhukuqo-mbuso olwaluqulunqwe ziirhuluneli ezininzi, ekubonakala ukuba zamnyanzela ukuba azibulale. Noko ke, amanye amabali amandulo azizizathu zokuxubusha nokungavisisani, ekubeni kunzima ukungqina ukuba ayinyaniso kangakanani na la mabali angenakwenzeka.
IGalba (68-69 AD)
UGalba, ngesiLatini esipheleleyo Servio Galba César Augusto, ogama lakhe lokuqala lalinguServio Sulpicius Galba, wazalwa ngoDisemba 24 wonyaka we-3 ngaphambi kukaKristu kwaye wayeyinkokeli ephezulu yoBukhosi baseRoma kwiinyanga ezisixhenxe, ekhunjulwa ngokuchaneka kwakhe kulawulo, Kungevani labacebisi abakhohlakeleyo, abanobuqhophololo.
UGalba wayengunyana wenxusa uGaius Sulpicius Galba noMummia Akaica, owathi, njengoko unokuthelekelela, wazalelwa waza wakhulela kwintsapho enobutyebi obuninzi nomnombo wamandulo, owawunandipha inkoliseko yabalawuli, ngokukodwa uAgasto noTibheriyo.
Waqala umsebenzi wakhe esemncinane kwaye waqeshwa njenge-consul, irhuluneli yase-Germania, kunye ne-proconsul yase-Afrika. Waba nenxaxheba waza waxhokonxa imvukelo nemvukelo nxamnye noNero, ekholelwa ukuba umlawuli wayeceba ukumbulala, wasamkela isimemo esivela kuGaius Julius Vindex, irhuluneli yaseLugdunensis eGaul, ukuba akhokele imvukelo.
Emva koko waqokelela umkhosi omtsha waza wafumana abalandeli abaninzi kweminye imimandla yobukumkani, ekhuthaza abalindi bakomkhulu, ababedume kakubi ukuba bangcatshe uNero ukuze bafumane umvuzo omkhulu. Ngenani elikhulu lamahlakani, bakwazile ukukhupha uNero, owathi ngoJuni 68 wazibulala.
Ephelekwa nguOtto, irhuluneli yaseLusitania, uGalba waya eRoma waza wabhengezwa njengomlawuli yiNdlu yeeNgwevu. Ngexesha lakhe elifutshane wayengenguye umlawuli odumileyo, njengoko wayezama ukucutha inkcitho egqithileyo kaNero, wayalela ukuba kubulawe imikhosi eyayibunjwe ngumlawuli wangaphambili, kwakunye naleyo yabachasi abahlukahlukeneyo.
Ulwalamano lwakhe olubi nomkhosi lwabangela ukungavisisani kunye novukelo, engcatshwa ngomnye wabalingane bakhe, wagwintwa kwiQonga laseRoma ngoJanuwari 15, 69 AD nguCamurius, ijoni leLegio XV Primigenia. Kwiintsuku kamva ngubani owayeza kumkhulula emandleni, uPisón, wabulawa.
Otto (ngoJanuwari-Aprili 69 AD)
UMarcos Otón César Augusto, owayesaziwa ngokuba nguOtón, wazalwa ngonyaka ka-32 AD. C, wayengumlawuli owayelawula iinyanga ezimbalwa, ukususela ngoJanuwari ukuya kutsho ngoAprili 69, unyaka apho ubukhosi baba nabalawuli abane.
Wayeyinxalenye yesangqa sikaNero kwaye wayesaziwa ngokuba nenkohlakalo kunye ne-eccentric, nangona kunjalo, obo buhlobo baphela xa umlawuli wagqiba ekubeni enze umfazi wakhe athandane.
Egxothiwe njengerhuluneli yephondo laseLusitania, wahlala engcathu iminyaka elishumi, egcina inzondo yakhe ngakuNero kangangexesha elifanelekileyo, yaye ngo-AD 68 lavela ithuba.
Wayengumhlobo waseGalba kwaye uNero waqhutyelwa ukuzibulala. Kodwa xa engazange amchaze njengendlalifa yakhe etroneni, wamngcatsha waza wayinyoba imikhosi ukuba imvukele kwaye imbulale. Wathi akuba enegunya, wagqiba kwelokuba aphelise uvukelo-mbuso eJamani waza waqalisa uthotho lwamadabi. Emva kwezigqibo ezimbi, wagqiba ekubeni azibulalele ententeni yakhe.
Aulus Vitellius (Julayi-Disemba 69 AD)
U-Aulus Vitellius Germanicus wazalwa ngo-AD 15. C. yaye wayengowokugqibela kwabathathu abangene ezihlangwini zikaNero, kwangaloo nyaka. UVitellius walawula uBukhosi baseRoma ukusuka ngoAprili 17 ukuya kuDisemba 22, 69 AD, emva kokufa kukaOtto.
Wayengunyana wosopolitiki uLucius Vitellius, owayengummeli kathathu kwaye unyana wakhe uAulus walandela ekhondweni lakhe waba ngummeli ngo-48 AD. C. kunye nebamba laseAfrika ngo-61. Umlawuli omtsha, uGalba, wammisela ukuba abe yirhuluneli yaseJamani esezantsi ngowama-68.
Imikhosi yaseJamani ayizange ihambelane noGalba kwaye oku kwaba luncedo kakhulu kuVitellius, owaziphatha ngokungakhathali kunye nesisa, kangangokuba ngoJanuwari 69 amadoda akhe amthiya ngokuba ngumlawuli kunye nemikhosi yaseJamani yase-Upper, kunye nenxalenye enkulu yeenkokeli zaseJamani. ISpain, iGaul kunye neGreat Britain yagqiba ekubeni ijoyine icala lakhe.
Wakhokelela imikhosi yakhe eItali, kodwa uGalba wabulawa kwaye imikhosi kaVitellius yangquzulana nemikhosi yendlalifa yakhe, u-Otto, eBedriacum. Imikhosi yaloo nkokeli kunye nomlawuli u-Otto yoyiswa waza wazibulala ngoAprili 16.
UVitellius wamkelwa yiNdlu yeeNgwevu yaye ngaphandle kokulibazisa wafaka amajoni akhe endaweni yaBalindi Bakomkhulu, kodwa akenzanga nto ukuphumelela amajoni ka-Otto nalawo asuka kwezinye iindawo ezikummandla wakhe njengamahlakani, nto leyo eyakhokelela ekubeni ajamelane nemvukelo nohlaselo. NgoDisemba waloo nyaka wagwintwa ngogonyamelo kuhlaselo lomkhosi kaVespasian eRoma.
UVespasian (69-79 AD)
UTitus Flavius Vespasian wayeyinkokeli yobukhosi bukaFlavian kwaye walawula uBukhosi baseRoma ukusuka kwi-AD 69 ukuya kwi-79, esebenza nzima ukubuyisela iRoma kuzuko lwayo lwangaphambili emva kolawulo lukaNero olunenkcitho kunye nokungazinzi kwiinyanga ezilandela ukufa kwakhe.
Wagxila ekubuyiseleni uqeqesho kunye nocwangco ebukumkanini, kunye nobutyebi babo, kunye nohlaziyo lwakhe lwemali. Inokuqinisekiswa ukuba yayiyinkqubo yolawulo oluyimpumelelo, eyafikelela ukudityaniswa koBukhosi baseRoma, ukuzinza kwezopolitiko kunye nenkqubo enkulu yokwakha.
Uchazwa njengomntu onesidima nokuziphatha kakuhle, ubomi obulula, owatyala imali eninzi ekuphuculeni ubomi boluntu, ukudala iindlela, iindawo zikawonke-wonke, izindlu zangasese, ukubuyisela i-capitol kunye nokwakha izakhiwo ezibalaseleyo ezifana neTempile yoXolo kunye nexabiso eliphezulu. iColosseum.
Ngenjongo efanayo yokuzinzisa, wazinikela kwimicimbi yasemkhosini yaye umsebenzi wakhe wokuqala yayikukubuyisela uqeqesho kwimikhosi emva kweziganeko zowama-68 nowama-69. UVespasian wahlakulela isimbo esikrwada, uphawu lwemvelaphi ethobekileyo awayethanda ukuyikhumbula .
Ukhunjulwa ngamandla akhe amakhulu omsebenzi kunye nokulula kobomi bakhe bemihla ngemihla, nto leyo ngokuqinisekileyo yayingumzekelo kulawulo lwezihandiba zala maxesha. Kodwa loo nto ayizange ithintele kubuqhophololo kunye namabhongo akhe, uye waseka iqela elinamandla kwangethuba kwaye uninzi lokuqeshwa kwakhe okokuqala kungenxa yobudlelwane okanye umnqweno wokuvuza inkonzo yexesha elidlulileyo.
Imigaqo-nkqubo yolawulo lwakhe yayinengqiqo kwaye isesikweni kakhulu, ayinanto yakwenza nanto okanye kunxulumano nolawulo lwabalawuli bangaphambili okanye kamva abanjengoTrajan okanye uHadrian. Noko ke, kunokutshiwo ukuba uVespasian wakuthintela ukubhangiswa koBukhosi baseRoma ngokuphelisa imfazwe yamakhaya, ngoko i<em>pax okanye uxolo lwamakhaya yenye yeempawu eziphambili zolawulo lwakhe.
Wasweleka ngenxa yokudumba kwamathumbu eneminyaka engama-69. Emva kokufa kwakhe ngoko nangoko wenziwa uthixo.
Trajan (98 – 117 AD)
UMlawuli uTrajan waba nempembelelo enkulu kumhlaba waseRoma, eyandisa kakhulu imida yayo ukuya kutsho kwimimandla esempuma yaseDacia, eArabia, naseArmenia. Ngexesha lokufa kwakhe, ubukhosi babubukhulu kakhulu kunokuba kwakunjalo ngaphambili.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, naye walungiselela inkqubo ebalulekileyo yokwakha, eshiya uluhlu lwemisebenzi echaphazelekayo kuze kube namhlanje, umzekelo, iForam yeTrajan, iMakethe yeTrajan kunye neKholamu yeTrajan.
UHadrian (117-138 AD)
Ulawulo lukaHadrian lwaphawulwa lixesha lozinzo noxolo, ubukhosi bakhe babumhlonela yaye bumthanda, kangangokuba wabizwa ngokuba ngukumkani wabantu. Watyelela onke amaphondo aseRoma ngelizama ukunxibelelana noluntu, ehamba nokuhlala nemikhosi yakhe yomkhosi.
Wayengumntu othanda uthethathethwano, ecinezela imvukelo yamaJuda ka 130-136 AD kwaye erhoxisa imikhosi yomkhosi kwiindawo ezininzi ezinenkathazo, kubandakanya neIraq.
Wayeyinkokeli enkulu kwaye uya kukhunjulwa ngenxa yeempumelelo ezininzi kunye nemisebenzi efana nokwakhiwa koDonga lukaHadrian, umda ophawula uBukhosi baseRoma kumantla eNgilani, naye wayalela ukwakhiwa kwePantheon kunye neTempile yeVenus kunye nokwakhiwa kwePantheon kunye neVenus. eRoma.
Ngaphambi kokubizwa ngokuba ngumlandeli kaTrajan njengoMlawuli waseRoma, uHadrian wachitha ixesha eAthene eyakhuthaza umdla wakhe kwinkcubeko yamaGrike. Emva kokuba ngumlawuli ngowe-117, uHadrian waxhasa imisebenzi kawonke-wonke eAthene waza wanika amaGrike ukumelwa ngokulinganayo eRoma.
UMarcus Aurelius (161-180 AD)
UMarcus Aurelius wayevela kusapho oludumileyo lwaseRoma, utatomkhulu wakhe wasebenza kabini njengo-consul, kunye nomakhulu wakhe ongumama oyindlalifa kwenye yezona zinto zinkulu zaseRoma. UMarcus watshata nomzala wakhe uAnnia Galeria Faustina, intombi ka-Emperor Antoninus Pius, kwaye babenabantwana abamalunga neshumi elinesibini, kuquka noCommodus, owangena ezihlangwini zikaMarcus Aurelius.
Emele kwaye ephefumlelwe ngumbono othi "uKumkani kaPlato" kwisicatshulwa seRiphabhliki yePlato, uMarcus Aurelius wayekholelwa ukuba inkokeli yokwenene kufuneka ibeke iimfuno zayo phambi kwabantu bayo.
Nangona ukungenelela kwakhe kwakuyimfuneko ukukhusela ummandla waseRoma kwiiMfazwe zaseMarcomannic, wayeyindoda enoxolo kwaye wayephila iNfilosofi yamaStoyike. Kwiminyaka yakhe kamva, waqamba ungcelele lwezincoko ezithi Ukucamngca, echaza izifundo ngendlela yokuba nobulumko nokubekeka.
Ezi ntsuku uMarcus Aurelius waziwa njengowokugqibela kwi abalawuli abahlanu abalungileyo nolawulo lwakhe njengeXesha Eliqhelekileyo loBukhosi baseRoma. Wakhetha njengendlalifa yakhe unyana wakhe okuphela kwakhe oseleyo, uCommodus.
Commodus (177 – 192 AD)
Ithathwa njengendoda ephikisanayo nekhohlakeleyo eyahluke ngokupheleleyo kuyise onoxolo uMarcus Aurelius, lo mlawuli wehla embalini njengoyena Mlawuli ukhohlakeleyo waseRoma. Ukutshatyalaliswa kunye nokuzonwabisa, wazenzela njengoGladiator onamandla onke owayethanda ukubulala ngenxa yemidlalo, exelisa uHercules ngokugqoka isikhumba sengonyama.
Nangona kunjalo, wakhetha ngamabom amadabi kunye nabakhuphisana nababuthathaka nabangenakuzikhusela, esazi ukuba uya kuphumelela, ukuzikhukhumeza kunye ne-eccentric waya kufikelela ekubeni aguqule igama lakhe libe nguHercules waza wazama ukuba athiywa ngothixo ophilayo.
Ukuziphatha kwakhe ngokungakhathali kwakhokelela eRoma kwintshabalalo yezemali kunye nemfazwe yamakhaya, ebangela ukusabela kwekhonkco okwathi ekugqibeleni kwazisa uBukhosi bonke.
Septimius Severus (193-211 AD)
Indoda yomkhosi, uSeptimius wayengumseki wobukhosi bukaSeveran, obulawula ukusuka kwi-193 ukuya ku-211 AD Wayeyinjengele ebalulekileyo yemvelaphi yaseAfrika, owaguqula umkhosi wamaRoma, ekwazi ukugaya abantu kunye nokwenza umkhosi omkhulu, apho amajoni afumana khona phezulu. imivuzo nelungelo lokutshata.
Ngomkhosi omkhulu wayengenakunqandeka, ukwandisa uBukhosi baseRoma ukuya kwi-5 yezigidi zeekhilomitha zeekhilomitha, ubukhulu becala. Kwakhona wakha iArc de Triomphe kwiForam yaseRoma kunye neSeptizodium eRoma.
ICaracalla (198 – 217 AD)
Wayeyinkokeli ekhohlakeleyo, engabonakaliyo kwaye engenalusini, unyana omkhulu kaSeptimius Severus. Amabhongo akhe kunye nokuzicingela kwakhe kwakhokelela kukhuphiswano olukhulayo kunye nomntakwabo omncinci uGeta, ingxabano eyaba mbi xa uSeverus wabulawa ngelixa ekhankasela eBritane ngo-211.
UCaracalla, kungekudala uza kuba neminyaka engamashumi amabini anesithathu ubudala, ngequbuliso wenyuka ukusuka kwindawo yesibini ukuya kwindawo yokuqala ebukumkanini. Bobabini kunye nomntakwabo omncinci bazuze itrone kunye kwaye ngaphandle kwazo zonke iinzame zikanina zokuzisa uxolelwaniso phakathi kwabo, uCaracalla wambulala ekugqibeleni uGeta, ezingalweni zikaJulia ngokwakhe,
Akukho mathandabuzo malunga nenkohlakalo ekhohlakeleyo yesenzo sikaCaracalla, kwakunganelanga ukuba abulale umntakwabo phambi komama wakhe, kodwa yacima yonke inkumbulo yakhe yeengqekembe, imizobo kunye nezinye iinkumbulo. Oku kwanele ukufumanisa uhlobo lwenkokeli eyayifanele ixhaswe yiRoma, nangona abaninzi besithi phakathi kwaba bazalwana babini kwakungekho nofifi lwesicombululo esasiya kuba sesokuziphatha nesinokwenzeka kwangaxeshanye.
Walawula eRoma phantse iminyaka engamashumi amabini, eyona nto waphumelela kuyo kukuzibhaptiza okukhulu eRoma noMthetho wama-212 owawunika bonke abantu abakhululekileyo ilungelo lokuba ngabemi boBukhosi baseRoma, nto leyo abanye abacinga ukuba yayilinyathelo elingenanceba lokuqokelela irhafu engakumbi. Walandela isimbo sika-Alexander Omkhulu waza wazama ukuphumelela imfazwe nxamnye namaParthians, kodwa waphulukana nobomi bakhe kwinkqubo.
UCaracalla, olawulo lwakhe lwaba negalelo ekuwohlokeni kobukumkani, ibisoloko ithathwa njengenye yabona zwilakhe begazi kwimbali yaseRoma.
UMaximin waseThracian (235-238 AD)
UCayo Julio Vero Maximino ukhunjulwa njengomnye wabalawuli baseRoma abakhohlakeleyo nabanamandla kulo lonke ixesha, amabali axelela ukuba wayemalunga ne-2.6 yeemitha ubude.
Ebutsheni bakhe obo bukhulu kunye namandla akhohlakeleyo amnika inzuzo kumkhosi wamaRoma, enyuka ngokukhawuleza kwizikhundla, wade waba nguMlawuli waseRoma ngo-235 AD.
Kwakusithiwa iNdlu yeeNgwevu yaseRoma yayingavumelani nenkohlakalo yakhe, kodwa yaphembelela uloyiko olukhulu ukuba lucel’ umngeni kuye. Imvelaphi yakhe yayilula, leyo yephondo elikumgangatho ophantsi, wayengenalo uqeqesho, ngaphandle koko wakufumana kumsebenzi wakhe wasemkhosini, ngoko ke, isakhono sakhe sokulawula sabuzwa, edwelisa ulawulo lwakhe njengesiqalo sobunzima benkulungwane yesi-XNUMX.
UMaximino waqala njengejoni elilula lemikhosi ngokomyalelo kaSeptimius Severus, ehleli kwindawo enye de uAlexander Severus wamnyusela njengenkokeli yeLegio IV Italica, eyenziwe ikakhulu ngabasebenzi abavela ePannonia.
Ukuzonda kwalawula phakathi kwamajoni, ngenxa yentlawulo eyayisenziwa ngumlawuli kuma-Alemanni nangenxa yokuba oku kwakuthintela ungquzulwano oluxhobileyo. Bavukela, bambulala umlawuli omncinane nonina, bemisela uThracian njengomlawuli omtsha.
ABalindi Bakomkhulu bamkhuthaza, yaye iNdlu yeeNgwevu yayingenakwenza ngakumbi ngaphandle kokusamkela eso sigqibo, enoba sasingafuni. Umlimi, owathi kamva waba lijoni, wenyuka esihlalweni ngenxa yokunganeliseki kwamalungu e-senator. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yamandla akhe akhohlakeleyo kunye namandla omkhosi, ekugqibeleni waphumelela ingxabano eqhubekayo kunye nezizwe zaseJamani ngelo xesha, wamfumana isihloko esikhulu se-Germanicus Maximus.
Malunga nonyaka wama-238, ngoxa uMaximinus wayekwimfazwe ekhohlakeleyo ePannonia nxamnye namaDacian namaSarmatians, iqela labanini-mhlaba baseAfrika, ababenganelisekanga ziirhafu zasebukhosini, bavukela baza babulala abaqokeleli berhafu, yaba luqhushululu olukhulu kuloo mmandla. oko kwaphumela ekubeni kubhengezwe umlawuli omtsha onguSempronian Gordian, owamkelwa yindlu yeengwevu phantse ngoko nangoko.
Nangona kunjalo, imvukelo yacinezelwa yirhuluneli yaseNumidia, unyana womlawuli omtsha wabulawa edabini, kwaye inkokeli entsha yazibulala. Kodwa iNdlu yeeNgwevu yaseRoma ngobuchule yasebenzisa imvukelo njengesizathu sokushenxisa uMaximinus kwaye ivume uGordianus ongasekhoyo.
Emva koko bagxalathelana ukuya kuva iindaba zokufa kwakhe ukuze babhengeze abalawuli ababini abatsha, uPupienus noBalbinus, abathintela ukubuya kweThracian, bevaleleke kwisixeko saseAquileia. Xa indlala nentswelo yawangcungcuthekisa amajoni, avukela ambulala uMaximinus nonyana wakhe.
IValerian (253-260 AD)
Umlawuli uValerian wayelawula iRoma ebudeni bobunzima benkulungwane yesithathu. Ngexesha uhlaselo lwangaphandle lwalusongela ukhuseleko lweRoma, yayiyingxaki enkulu kwaye uValerian wabelana ngetrone kunye nonyana wakhe uGallienus ngelinge lokumisela kwakhona ulawulo lobukhosi.
Wathabatha icala lasempumalanga walishiya ngasentshona kunyana wakhe. Kwimbali ukhunjulwa njengomlawuli wokuqala owathinjwa waza wabanjwa, imeko eyenzeka emva kwedabi lase-Edessa, nxamnye nokumkani wasePersi uShapur.
Wayelikhoboka yaye wayekule meko ixesha elide, ekhonza njengesihlalo seenyawo zomntu zikaKumkani uShapur. Kuthiwa kwiingxelo zamandulo wabulawa ngamaPersi, amnyanzela ukuba aginye igolide engamanzi.
Gallienus (260 - 2680 AD)
Unyana kaValeriano owayelawula noyise ukususela ngo-253 ukuya kowama-260 AD, wathatha ulawulo olukhethekileyo lwetrone emva kokufa kukayise, ngexesha elisusela ngo-260 ukuya kowama-268 AD, embindini wentlekele yenkulungwane yesithathu, apho abalawuli balapho. kunzima ukubamba amandla ixesha elide.
Umfanekiso wakhe njengendoda ebuthathaka neyoyikayo yamkhathaza, njengoko wayesilwela ukukhusela iRoma kuthotho lohlaselo. Abantu baseRoma bavukela kunye nemvukelo yazama ukususa uGallienus etroneni, ngelixa uthotho lwabalandela bazama ukuthatha indawo yakhe, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-Thirty Tyrants.
Kodwa ngaphambi kokuba amayelenqe abangele ukufa okukrokrelayo, wafumana amandla akhe, egxotha uhlaselo olutsha lwamaGoth kwaye woyisa i-Alemanni. Wayenika abalawulwa bakhe imvakalelo yokukwazi ukugcina ucwangco nolawulo, kwananjengoko imvukelo nemvukelo kubo bonke obo bukhosi zazisoloko zikho.
Lo mlawuli wayenobuchule ngokwenene ezama ukugcina ulawulo loBukhosi baseRoma ngaloo maxesha anzima, ukoyisa ukuhlasela kunye nokuphelisa imvukelo, nangona kunjalo, akazange akwazi ukuyidibanisa, ukukhuthaza nokukhuthaza ubukhulu bayo kwezinye iindawo ezifana nenkcubeko, ngaphandle kwe ngamaxesha athile oxolo. Wabulawa ngamajoni akhe.
UConstantine Omkhulu (306-337 AD)
UConstantine Omkhulu wenza iinguqulelo eziphawulekayo kubukhosi obabuza kuyiguqula ngonaphakade imbali yabo. Walwa ngexesha lolawulo lwangaphambili olwabeka iinkokeli ezine ukuba zilawule umhlaba omkhulu nonzima, ezithathela yedwa ulawulo, emva kokuba imikhosi yakhe ibhengeze oko.
Kwinguquko yeziganeko ebezingalindelekanga, wamkela ubuKristu njengenkolo ephambili yoluntu lwaseRoma kwaye waseka ikomkhulu elitsha elikhokelwa ngamaKristu nelilawulwa eByzantium elaliza kubizwa ngegama lakhe, iConstantinople. Esi senzo sasiza kuthi ekugqibeleni sahlule uBukhosi baseRoma ngonaphakade.
Ukongeza, watshintsha waza wahlaziya inkundla, imithetho kunye nendlela umkhosi owakhiwe kwaye ulungelelaniswe ngayo. Wabhengeza imimiselo ethile ephucula ubomi ebukhosini ngendlela ethile, nantsi eminye:
- Abaqokeleli berhafu abaye baxhaphaza yaye becaphukela iimali eziqokelelweyo babesohlwaywa ngokufa.
- Ukuxhwilwa kwamantombazana kwakungavumelekanga.
- Impatho elunge ngakumbi yayinikelwa kumabanjwa, awayengamele ahlale ebumnyameni obupheleleyo ngexesha lokugwetywa kwawo, ewanika ilungelo lokubona ukukhanya.
- Ukubethelwa emnqamlezweni kwathatyathelwa indawo kukuxhonywa njengesigwebo sentambo.
- Ipheliswe imidlalo yeGladiator.
- Ukubhiyozelwa kweIsta kwakungasavumelekanga yaye kwakunokuqhutyelwa esidlangalaleni.
UConstantine II (337-340 AD)
Unyana kaConstantine Omkhulu owayelawula phakathi kuka-AD 306 no-337, wafumana isibizo sikaKesare kuyise ngoMatshi 317. Xa uConstantine Omkhulu wafayo ngowama-337, uConstantine II nabantakwabo, uConstans noConstantius II, bahlukana phakathi kweRoma. ubukhosi phakathi kwabo kwaye ngamnye wathabatha isihloko sika-agasto.
UConstantine II waba ngumlawuli waseBritani, eGaul naseSpeyin, wayesoloko enyanyekelwa ngumninawa wakhe, kodwa akuba ekhulile, uConstantine II wabanga i-Itali neAfrika, ekuqaleni kowama-340, wahlasela iItali ngequbuliso.
Kodwa ekungeneni kwakhe eAquileia, uConstantine II wahlangatyezwa ngumkhosi wokuqala kaConstans waza wabulawa edabini. Umninawa wakhe wathabatha ulawulo lwaloo mazwe awayewalawula.
UConstantius Gallus (351-354 AD)
UGallus, owazalelwa e-Etruria, wayengumlawuli wamaphondo akwimpuma yoBukhosi baseRoma, enegama elithi Kesare, phakathi kuka-AD 351 nowama-354. Iingxelo zamandulo zeli xesha zibonisa ukuba ulawulo lukaGallus kwa-Antiyokwe lwalunobuzwilakhe.
Unyana kaJulius Constantius nomntakwabo ngonina kaConstantine Omkhulu, wafumana imfundo engqongqo yobuKristu. UConstantius II wamvakalisa njengoKesare eSirmium ngo-351, waza walungiselela ukuba uGallus atshate udade wabo uConstance.
Kodwa ukuba ngqongqo ngokugqithiseleyo nokukhuliswa kwakhe yedwa kwamenza waba ngqwabalala, engenabuchule yaye engqwabalala. Waseka inkqubo epheleleyo yobuntlola phakathi kwabantu bakhe waza wabulala abantu abaliqela kuba erhanelwa ngokungcatsha umbuso. Ukongeza, wayicinezela ngqwabalala nangempumelelo imvukelo yasePalestine naseIsauria, ekwakhupha amaPersi kwimida yakhe.
Amagosa angaphantsi kwakhe athumela ngokuqhelekileyo iingxelo ezingathandekiyo yaye kwezinye iimeko iingxelo zobuxoki kuConstantius, owacela ubukho bukaGallus eConstantinople, wawarhoxisa amalungelo akhe, wahlutha igunya lakhe, waza ekugqibeleni wambulala.
UConstantius II (337-361 AD)
UFlavius Julius Constantius wazalwa ngo-317, unyana kaConstantine Omkhulu kunye nomlawuli ukususela ngo-337 ukuya ku-361 AD.
Emva kokufa komntakwabo uConstantine II kwilinge lakhe lokuhlutha uConstantine I kubukumkani bakhe, aba bazalwana babini bashiywa ukuba balawule uBukhosi obukhulu baseRoma, nangona kunjalo, ngowama-350 AD uConstantine wagwintwa nguMagnentius.
UConstantius II akazange amamkele umrhwaphilizo kwaye bangquzulana kumadabi aliqela egunya, ngaphambi kokuba uloyiso oluhlazisayo uMagnentius azibulale kwaye unyana kaConstantine Omkhulu wasala njengokuphela komlawuli.
Lo mlawuli wenza amaphulo omkhosi anempumelelo kakhulu, kodwa akazange afele edabini, wagula waza wafa ngomnyaka wama-361 waza wamisela umzala wakhe okuphela kwakhe kunye nembangi yakhe, uJulian njengendlalifa etroneni.
URomulus Augustus (475-476 AD)
URomulus Augustus wayesaziwa kwimbali yabalawuli bamaRoma asentshona njengalowo wawuvalayo lomjikelo weenkokeli. Nangona wayegqalwa njengomphangi kunye nonodoli, akazange amkelwe njengomlawuli osemthethweni nguMlawuli waseMpuma.
URomulus wayengunyana wenjengele yobukumkani basentshona, uOrestes. Ifani yakhe yantlandlolo yayinguAgasto, kodwa yatshintshwa yancipha kuba wayesengumntwana xa uyise, emva kokugxotha uMlawuli waseNtshona uJulius Nepos e-Itali, wamnyusela etroneni ngo-Oktobha 31, 475.
U-Orestes walawula i-Italiya kangangesithuba esingangonyaka egameni lonyana wakhe, kodwa ekugqibeleni imikhosi yakhe kunye nomanyano lukaHeruli, uSciri, noTorcilingios baguquka baza bafumana inkokeli kwigorha laseJamani uOdoacer. Imikhosi ka-Odoacer yathimba yaza yambulala iOrestes ngo-Agasti 28, 476.
U-Romulus, nangona kunjalo, wasinda ngenxa yobutsha bakhe, wabanjwa ngu-Odoacer kwaye ezinye iingxelo zibonisa ukuba wahlala phantsi eCampania, ummandla osezantsi kweItali. Akwaziwa ukuba buza kuba njani ubomi bakhe kwiminyaka yamva, kodwa kuthiwa wasinda de kwakulawula uTheodoric (493-526 AD).
Ukuba ulifumene eli nqaku linomdla, qiniseka ukuba ujonge amanye amakhonkco kwibhlog yethu: