Izilwanyana ze-Vertebrate eziyingxenye yeklasi ye-Vertebrata, zenza i-subphylum ebanzi kakhulu kunye neyohlukeneyo yezilwanyana ze-chordate apho zonke izilwanyana ezinenkqubo yamathambo ezinomqolo zibandakanyiwe, siyakumema ukuba ufunde eli nqaku ukuze wazi kancinane. ngakumbi ngabo.
Yintoni i-Vertebrate Animals?
Njengoko besesitshilo, ngabo abanomqolo kunye namathambo, kwaye kolu hlobo malunga ne-69,276 yeentlobo zeentlobo zihlelwa ezisekho kwaye kukho ulwazi, kunye nenani elikhulu leefosili. Ngoko ulwahlulo luquka izilwanyana esele zikho, izilwanyana ezingasekhoyo kule mihla, nezilwanyana ezazikho kumawaka eminyaka eyadlulayo.
Kuyathakazelisa ukujonga indlela izilwanyana ze-vertebrate eziye zabhenela ngayo ukulungelelaniswa kwenkqubo ye-evolution ukuze zisebenze ngakumbi kwaye ziphile kwiindawo ezinokuthi ziqwalaselwe ngokugqithiseleyo kwaye zingenabubele. Kuqinisekisiwe ukuba, ekuqaleni, bavela kwindawo yokuhlala enamanzi ahlaziyekileyo, kodwa bakwazile ukuguquka ukuze baziqhelanise nokuphila elwandle nasemhlabeni.
IVertebrata
Igama elithi vertebrata, elisetyenziswe kwingqiqo ebanzi, linentsingiselo efanayo negama elithi craniata, kwaye libandakanya ezo zilwanyana ezichazwe njenge-hagfish, ezo zingenayo i-vertebrae yokwenene.
Kodwa ukuba igama elithi vertebrata lisetyenziswe ngendlela ethintelweyo, oko kukuthi, ukubhekisela kuphela kwizilwanyana ezikhethiweyo ezine-vertebrae, kuyimfuneko ukuba ingabandakanyi i-hagfish. Iingcali zenzululwazi eziye zafunda i-genetics yezilwanyana zafumanisa ukuba izilwanyana eziyinxalenye yeqela le-vertebrata, zisebenzisa eli gama ngengqiqo ethintelweyo, ziphinde zibe ne-paraphyletic, kuba izilwanyana ezifana nezibane, ezihlelwa njengezilwanyana zokwenene.
Oku kunjalo ngenxa yokuba ii-lampreys zinxulumene ngokukodwa ne-hagfish kune-gnathostomes kwaye kubonisiwe ukuba zabelana ngemvelaphi yamva nje kunye ne-hagfish kune-gnathostomes, yiyo loo nto kufuneka zihlelwe kwiqela elifanayo. uhlobo lweVertebrata.
Ngapha koko, umkhondo wefosili yamva nje uxhasa isidingo sokubandakanya i-hagfish ngaphakathi kohlobo lwezilwanyana ezine-vertebrate, kuba kucingelwa ngokwesayensi ukuba i-hagfish yajika yaba yinzala yezilwanyana ze-vertebrate ezazingenamhlathi kwaye, njengoko zavelayo. umqolo olahlekileyo
Ukuba kunjalo, izibane kuya kufuneka zikhutshwe kwi-clade Cephalaspidomorphi, eligama elisetyenziselwa ukuhlanganisa iintlanzi ezingenamihlathi ezihambelana ngokuthe ngqo ne-gnathostomes.
Iimpawu zeVertebrate Animals
Izilwanyana ze-Vertebrate zibonakaliswe ngokuba ne-bilateral symmetry, i-skull njengendlela yokukhusela ingqondo yabo, kunye ne-skeleton, mhlawumbi i-cartilaginous okanye i-bony, eyenziwe yinxalenye ye-axial ye-metamerized eyikholomu ye-vertebral. Ngokwezazinzulu, ngoku kukho phakathi kwe-50 kunye ne-000 yeentlobo ze-genus.
Izilwanyana ze-vertebrate eziqhelekileyo zibonakaliswa ngokuba nemizimba yazo yahlulwe yangamacandelo amathathu, i-trunk, intloko kunye nomsila; kwaye umboko ukwahlulwe kubini, ithorax kunye nesisu. Ukongeza, imilenze ishiya isiqu, enokuthi ibe yinto engaqhelekanga, njengakwimeko yezibane, kunye nezibini, njengoko kwenzeka kwezinye izilwanyana ze-vertebrate.
Kwisigaba sabo se-embryonic bane-notochord eba yikholomu yomgogodla xa befika kwinqanaba labantu abadala.
Ngokuqhelekileyo intloko ihluke kakhulu kwaye kuloo ndawo yomzimba uninzi lwamalungu e-nervous kunye ne-sensory abekwe kunye. Ukukhululeka apho ukwakheka kwe-cranial yezilwanyana ze-vertebrate kuye kwayimfuneko ukuba sibe nakho ukuqonda ukuvela kwazo.
Kwinqanaba lokukhula kwe-embryonic, izihlunu zomzimba wezilwanyana ezine-vertebrate zivelisa izithuba okanye i-gill slits, ezizezi zibangele ezo zithi kamva zivelise i-gill yentlanzi kunye nezinye izilwanyana zaselwandle kunye nezinye izakhiwo ezahlukeneyo.
Kwimeko yezilwanyana zezilwanyana zaselwandle, i-skeleton yabo inokwenziwa ngamathambo, ibe yi-cartilaginous, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha i-exoskeleton, equkethe ukubunjwa kwesikhumba samathambo.
I-anatomy yezilwanyana ezine-vertebrate inezi mpawu zilandelayo:
ukuqina
I- integument inokubaluleka okubalulekileyo kwimeko yezilwanyana ze-vertebrate ngenxa yemisebenzi emininzi eyenzayo, kwaye inokubonisa iindidi ezahlukeneyo zeempondo.
Uphononongo lwezenzululwazi lubonise ukuba amadlala anemfihlo okanye imisebenzi yokukhupha, ukubunjwa kwezakhiwo ezikhuselayo kunye neemvakalelo, ezikwazi ukuzimela ngaphandle kokusingqongileyo kunye nabanye ziyakwazi ukwahlula kwi- integument .
I- integument yenziwe ngamacandelo amathathu: i-hypodermis, i-dermis, kunye ne-epidermis. Ukongeza, ii-chromatophores okanye iiseli zombala zibekwe apho, ngoko ke iiseli ze-pigment eziphuma eluswini zifumaneka kwi- integument.
Ngoku ulusu luqulethe izinto ezimbini ezibalulekileyo, ezizezi: i-epidermal kunye ne-dermal:
izakhiwo ze-epidermal
Benza amadlala afumana igama le-faneras kwaye kuxhomekeke kudidi lwezinto ezicaciswe kuzo, zinokuba netyhefu, njengoko kunjalo ngezilwanyana ezirhubuluzayo ezininzi, eziphila emhlabeni nasemanzini kunye neentlanzi; kunye ne mammary, ukubila okanye sebaceous kwizilwanyana ezanyisayo. Ezi mbonakalo zinokufumaneka kwizicubu okanye kwii-appendages ezinophondo ezibekwe eluswini, kunjalo kwimeko yeentaka ezahlukeneyo, iintlanzi kunye nezilwanyana ezirhubuluzayo.
Kukwakho ne-fanera evelisa iintsiba nemilomo, njengeentaka, iinzipho nezikhonkwane; i-mane kunye neempuphu, njengoko kwenzeka kwezinye izilwanyana ezanyisayo, kunye neempondo kwizilwanyana ezinjengeenkunzi zenkomo okanye i-antelopes.
izakhiwo zesikhumba
Zinokubonakaliswa ngeendlela ezininzi, phakathi kwazo kukho amaxolo kwiintlanzi; iipleyiti zamathambo ezinokubonwa kwiigobolondo zezinye izilwanyana ezirhubuluzayo, ezibizwa ngokuba zii-turtles ngenxa yesi sizathu, kunye nezikali eziqinileyo ezikhoyo kwisikhumba seengwenya; kwakunye neempondo esinokuzifumana kwizilwanyana ezelusayo.
Izixhobo ze-locomotor
Inkqubo ye-locomotor yezilwanyana ze-vertebrate iguqulelwe kwinjongo yayo yokuqala, eyayikukubonelela ngokukwazi ukuqubha, ukunika ithuba lokuqhuba izenzo ezininzi, ukuvumela ukunyakaza okuyinkimbinkimbi ukuba kuqhutywe ngokweemeko ezibonwa ngamalungu abuthathaka.
Iintlanzi, ezihlala zihlala kwindawo yokuqala yobomi, ziye zahlaziywa ngokuziphendukela kwemvelo ngokubonakala kwepere, eyathi kamva, ngenkqubo yendaleko, yatshintshwa yaba yi-quiridia okanye i-pentadactyl locomotive extremities, oko kukuthi, baneminwe emihlanu , xa baqala ukutshintsha indawo yabo yokuhlala emhlabeni.
Kamva zaqhelana nendlela ekhethekileyo yokubamba izandla, njengokuba kunjalo ngokubamba izandla zeenkawu, iinzipho zeemazi, okanye amaphiko avumela iintaka ukuba zikwazi ukuphila emoyeni.
Inkqubo yokujikeleza
Kwizilwanyana ze-vertebrate, inkqubo yokujikeleza ifihliwe, kwaye ngayo ioksijini kunye nezondlo zithunyelwa kumalungu ahlukeneyo, iiseli kunye nezicubu, njengoko kwenzeka ngeeseli ezibomvu zegazi ezihambisa i-oksijini nge-hemoglobin. Yenziwe yinkqubo yegazi kunye ne-lymphatic system.
Inkqubo ye-circulatory ineyona nxalenye yayo ephambili intliziyo eyakhiwe ngamagumbi, i-atrioles, i-arteries, i-venules, i-veins kunye ne-capillaries. Kwimeko yeentlanzi kukho i-systemic kunye ne-branchial circuit.
Kwizilwanyana ezininzi ze-terrestrial vertebrate, inkqubo yabo yokujikeleza iphindwe kabini, kuba ngokuqhelekileyo inohlobo lokujikeleza ngokubanzi okanye okukhulu, kunye nohlobo lokujikeleza kwe-pulmonary okanye encinci, oku kuthetha ukuba igazi le-venous kunye ne-arterial alize lidibanise.
Kwimeko yeentlanzi, intliziyo yenziwe ngamagumbi amabini, i-ventricle kunye ne-atrium; kwimeko yee-amphibians kunye nezilwanyana ezirhubuluzayo ine-atria ezimbini kunye ne-ventricle enye. Ngeentaka kunye nezilwanyana ezincelisayo, intliziyo inamagumbi amane, kuba iqukethe ii-ventricles ezimbini kunye ne-atria ezimbini, zongezwa ngoluhlu lwee-valve zentliziyo.
Ukongezelela, izilwanyana ze-vertebrate zinenkqubo ye-lymphatic, umsebenzi wayo kukuqokelela i-interstitial fluid.
Izixhobo zokuphefumla
Ngokumalunga nenkqubo yokuphefumula yezilwanyana ze-vertebrate, kwizilwanyana zasemanzini ziluhlobo lwegill, njengoko kunjalo nge-cyclostomes, intlanzi kunye ne-amphibian larvae; ngelixa kwizilwanyana ezisemhlabeni isixhobo sohlobo lwemiphunga; Ukongeza, kwimeko yezilwanyana zasemanzini kunye nee-amphibians, zinokuba neentlobo ezimbini zokuphefumla, ezizezemiphunga nangolusu.
Iigill zenza i-threadlike organ okanye i-appendix, oko kukuthi, ngendlela yamaphepha e-vascularized, kwaye ingaba yangaphakathi okanye yangaphandle, kuxhomekeke apho ikhoyo emzimbeni wesilwanyana.
Umsebenzi wabo kukuphefumla, kwaye banoxanduva lokutshintshiselana ngeegesi kwindawo ehlala emanzini. Iigill zinophawu oluqhelekileyo umphezulu omkhulu odibana nendawo yokuhlala, kwaye kwezi zakhiwo unikezelo lwegazi luphuhliswe kakhulu, ngaphezu kwezinye iindawo zomzimba.
Isixhobo sokuphefumla seentaka sisebenza kakuhle kakhulu; Inika ioksijini efunekayo ukuvelisa amandla afunwa ngumzimba wakho ukuphembelela umzamo owenziwe ngexesha lokubhabha. Inkqubo yayo i-bronchial kwaye inxulunyaniswe neengxowa zomoya, ezibizwa ngokuba yimiphunga; Imiphunga yenziwe ngee-lobules kunye ne-alveoli.
Inkqubo yovalo
Inkqubo ye-nervous ye-vertebrates yenziwe yinkqubo ye-nervous central, eyenziwe yingqondo kunye nentambo yomgogodla; kunye nenkqubo ye-nervous ye-peripheral, eyenziwe yi-ganglia eninzi kunye nemithambo-luvo yohlobo lomqolo kunye nomqolo.
Kukho nenkqubo ye-nervous autonomic elawula i-viscera, ebizwa ngokuba yinkqubo yovelwano kunye ne-parasympathetic. Kuyaqatshelwa ukuba amalungu oluvo kunye nemisebenzi yeemoto igqibelele kakhulu kwaye iphuhlisiwe.
Siza kufumanisa ukuba i-nerve spinal ihanjiswa kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo entambo yomgogodla, exhunywe kwizitho ezahlukeneyo, izigulane kunye nezihlunu. Kwi-tetrapods, ukuqina okubini kwentambo yomgogodla kuboniswa, i-lumbar kunye ne-cervical intumescences, ngenxa yokuguquka kwemilenze.
Izivamvo zenziwe ngamehlo, abekwe kwigumbi lombono elisecaleni, ngaphandle kwakwimeko yeeprimates neentaka, apho kukho ibhayinotyhula; ii-tangoreceptors, ezibandakanya amalungu achukumisayo ezilwanyana ezanyisayo kunye nomgca osecaleni obamba amaza oxinzelelo lwe-cyclostomes, iintlanzi kunye nezinye ii-amphibians zasemanzini.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uQo9wZS2BC0
Ikwabandakanya izitho zokuva, ezikwi-tetrapods zinendlebe yangaphakathi kunye nendlebe ephakathi, i-oval kunye nomngxuma ojikelezayo, i-eardrum membrane kunye ne-chain of ossicles, ejongene nokudlulisa ukungcangcazela kwe-eardrum kwi-snail okanye i-cochlea. Indlebe ephakathi idityaniswe kwi-pharynx ngombhobho we-Eustachian.
Ukongezelela, izilwanyana ezincelisayo zinikwe indlebe yangaphandle, ngelixa iintlanzi zinendlebe yangaphakathi kuphela.
Isistema endocrino
Inkqubo ye-endocrine yezilwanyana ze-vertebrate iphuhliswe kakhulu kwaye igqibelele ngenxa yokulungelelaniswa okuveliswa yinkqubo yokuguquguquka; Ngokusebenzisa amahomoni, imisebenzi emininzi yezinto eziphilayo inokulawulwa.
Le nkqubo ye-endocrine ilawulwa yi-pituitary gland kunye ne-hypothalamus, ezizizakhiwo ezenza imiyalezo ngokukhupha iikhemikhali ze-biochemicals ezisebenza kwi-gonads, i-adrenal glands, i-pancreas, kunye nezinye izitho ezininzi.
Inkqubo yokwetyisa
Inkqubo yokwetyisa yezilwanyana ze-vertebrate ithathe amanyathelo amakhulu kwinkqubo yendaleko, ukusuka kwiintlobo zokuqala zobomi, ezondla ngendlela yokucoca, ukuya kwizilwanyana ze-macrophagic vertebrate.
Oku kufuna ukuqinisekiswa kwenani elikhulu leenkqubo zokuziqhelanisa nokuziqhelanisa nendalo kwizakhiwo ezahlukeneyo ezingenelela kwinkqubo yokugaya, zombini ukuhlafuna, amazinyo, izihlunu, nakwimeko yemingxuma yangaphakathi ngokwazo, kwanokudala amacandelo enzymatic afunwayo. umzimba ukwenza inkqubo yokwetyisa.
Inkqubo yokwetyisa yezilwanyana ze-vertebrate yenziwe ngumlomo womlomo, i-pharynx, i-esophagus, isisu, amathumbu kunye ne-anus. Zonke ezi zakhiwo ze-organic zinxulumene nezinye izinto ezidibeneyo zamadlala, ezifana namadlala amathe, i-pancreas kunye nesibindi.
Nge-tetrapods kwenzeka ukuba umlomo wabo womlomo unzima kakhulu, kuba ngaphakathi kuyo iqela lezakhiwo ezincedisayo liye laphuhliswa, njengamazinyo, ulwimi, inkalakahla kunye nomlomo.
Isisu ngokuqhelekileyo sakhiwe ngeendawo ezintathu; Kwimeko yezilwanyana, i-ruminants, ekutyeni kwayo, ngenxa yokulungelelanisa ababenayo kwindawo yabo yokuhlala, iqulethe ukutya okune-herbivorous, banesisu esenziwe yimiqolo emine.
Ngeentaka, kwenzeka ukuba iproventriculus kunye ne-gizzard enomsebenzi wokugaya ukutya ingabonwa kwisisu sabo, kwaye kwi-esophagus yabo bane-diverticulum okanye isityalo.
Amathumbu sisakhiwo esenziwe ngendawo emxinwa, ebizwa ngokuba lithumbu elincinci, kunye nesinye isakhiwo esincinci kwaye sibanzi, esibizwa ngokuba lithumbu elikhulu.
Amathumbu amancinci kulapho i-bile evela esibindini kunye nejusi ye-pancreatic ifika, ezi zizo ziqhuba umsebenzi we-proteolytic, oko kukuthi, ngazo i-hydrolysis yeeprotheni zenziwa, kwaye kuloo nkqubo kuthathwa izondlo, ngokusebenzisa microvilli ebekwe emathunjini amancinci. Emathunjini, inkqubo yokufunxa amanzi iyenziwa kwaye inkunkuma okanye indle yenziwa.
Ekuqaleni, izilwanyana zamandulo zafumana ukutya kwazo ngokusebenzisa iinkqubo zokuhluza, ezathi kamva zatshintshwa zezinye iinkqubo eziye zavela njengoko zaziqhelanisa nendawo yazo entsha yokuhlala.
Isiphumo soku yaba kukuba izakhiwo ziye zancitshiswa, ezifana nobukhulu bepharynx kwizilwanyana ezanyisayo kunye nenani leentsinjana zeegill kwimeko yeentlanzi.
Ngaphandle kwee-agnathans, zezona zilwanyana zamandulo zokuqala, ii-arches ezimbini zokuqala zezinye izilwanyana ezinomqolo ziphumelele inkqubo yokuguquguquka okuguquguqukayo ngokuthe ngcembe de zibe yimihlathi, eziye zakwazi ukugxila kwinkqubo yokubamba ukutya. Ngaloo ndlela inkqubo yokwetyisa iphelele.
Inkqubo ye-Excretory
Isixhobo sokukhupha i-excretory yezilwanyana ze-vertebrate yenziwe yi-renal structure kunye namadlala akhupha umbilo. Le yinkqubo ekhethekileyo kakhulu, xa kuthelekiswa naleyo yezilwanyana ezisezantsi.
Ngokusebenzisa ezi zakhiwo ziguquke kakhulu, kunokwenzeka ukuhluza ulwelo lwangaphakathi kwindawo yangaphandle yomzimba, ngelixa ugcina ulungelelwaniso lwalo lonke ulwelo ngaphakathi komzimba kunye nokunceda ukulawula ubushushu bomzimba wezilwanyana.
Ukuveliswa kwakhona
Uhlobo lokuzala kwezilwanyana ze-vertebrate ngokuqhelekileyo ngokwesondo. Ngaphandle kwezinye iintlanzi ezizalwa zinophawu lokuba yi-hermaphrodites, oko kukuthi, banamalungu okuzala abesilisa nabasetyhini ngaxeshanye.
Njengoko sitshilo, umgaqo oqhelekileyo kukuba ukuveliswa kwesondo ngokwesondo, ngokungenelela kwezilwanyana ezimbini zeentlobo ezifanayo kodwa zesini esahlukileyo, mhlawumbi ngokusebenzisa ukuchumisa kwangaphakathi okanye kwangaphandle, zombini kwimeko yezilwanyana zokuzala i-viviparous njengoko kunjalo kwi-oviparous breeding. izilwanyana.
Imeko yezilwanyana ezanyisayo yeyona intsonkothe kakhulu, kuba ifuna ukuba imbumba ikhule ngaphakathi kumama oye waqhanyiswa, ize ifumane ukutya ngombungu, kwezo zilwanyana zanyisayo zikwiplacental, okanye zemarsupial, kunina. imeko yezilwanyana ezanyisayo zemarsupial.
Emva kokuba inzala yezilwanyana ezincancisayo izalwe, ukunikezelwa kokutya kuqhutyelwa ngobisi olufihliweyo ngoomama ngeengqungquthela ze-mammary.
Imbali yendaleko
Izilwanyana ze-Vertebrate zinemvelaphi yazo ngexesha le-Cambrian, ekuqaleni kwe-Paleozoic, eyayiyixesha elingaqhelekanga lenguquko, kwangaxeshanye ukuba ezinye iintlobo zezinto eziphilayo nazo zinemvelaphi yazo.
Esona silwanyana sidala saziwayo yiHaikouichthys, ifosili yayo ineminyaka engama-525 yezigidi ubudala. Ezi Izilwanyana ezinomqolo babefana ngokusondeleyo nodidi lwangoku lwentlanzi ihagfish, ngenxa yokuba babeswele imihlathi okanye i-agnathus, kwaye omabini amathambo abo kunye nokakayi lwazo lwaluluhlobo lwe-cartilaginous.
Esinye isilwanyana esidala kakhulu se-vertebrate yiMyllokunmingia, enefosili ebonisa ukuba yayineempawu ezifanayo kakhulu. Zombini iifosili zafunyanwa eChengjiang, eTshayina.
Iintlanzi zokuqala zemihlathi, i-gnathostomes, zenza ukubonakala kwazo kwi-Ordovician, kwaye zaphumelela kakhulu ekuveliseni kwixesha le-Devonian, yingakho elo xesha libizwa ngokuba lixesha leentlanzi.
Kodwa kwangelo xesha linye uninzi lwee-agnathian zamandulo zanyamalala kwaye ii-labyrinthodonts zenza ukubonakala kwazo, ezazizizilwanyana ezikwinqanaba lotshintsho kwindaleko, kuba zaziphakathi kweentlanzi kunye nezilwanyana ezihlala emanzini.
Abazali bezilwanyana ezirhubuluzayo baqhuma emhlabeni kwixesha okanye ixesha elilandelayo, elaliyiCarboniferous. Ngokophando olwenziweyo, kwavela ukuba izilwanyana ezirhubuluzayo ze-anapsid kunye ne-synapsid zezona zazininzi kwixesha lePermian, ukuya kwinqanaba lokugqibela le-Paleozoic, kodwa i-diapsids yayizizilwanyana ezirhubuluzayo ze-vertebrate ezazilawula ngexesha le-Mesozoic.
Iidinosaurs zazamkela iintaka zexesha leJurassic. Kodwa ukuphela kweedinosaurs ekupheleni kwexesha leCretaceous kwakuthanda ukwanda kwezilwanyana ezincancisayo.
Ngokweziphumo zophando, izilwanyana ezincancisayo zayisisiphumo sokuziphendukela kwemvelo okuye kwaphuhliswa kwizilwanyana ezirhubuluzayo ze-synapsid ixesha elide, kodwa eziye zathunyelwa kwinqwelomoya ephantsi ngexesha leMesozoic.
Inani leentlobo ezikhoyo
Inani leentlobo zezilwanyana ze-vertebrate esizichazile zinokwahlulwa zibe yi-tetrapods kunye neentlanzi. Ngokutsho kwabaphengululi, okwangoku kunokwenzeka ukuchaza inani leentlobo ze-66,178, kodwa oku akuthethi ukuba zikho okanye zibe zizo kuphela ezikhoyo okanye eziya kubakho, kuba kufuneka sikhumbule ukuba indaleko ayizange iphele kwaye ekuhambeni kwexesha. inkqubo yendaleko inokuthi kwenzeke ukuba iintlobo ezintsha zivele kwixesha elizayo.
Ukusinika ingcamango, akukho datha kwinani leentlobo eziqikelelwayo zezilwanyana ze-vertebrate ezingenayo imihlathi, kodwa kunye neentlanzi kuqikelelwa ukuba kukho malunga ne-33.000; ngoxa phakathi kwezilwanyana ezinomhlathi, eziquka izilwanyana eziphila emhlabeni nasemanzini, ezirhubuluzayo, iintaka nezilwanyana ezanyisayo, kuqikelelwa ukuba kukho iindidi ezingama-33.178 XNUMX.
Ukuhlelwa kweLinnaean yesiNtu
Izilwanyana ze-Vertebrate ziye zahlelwa ngokwesiko kwinkulungwane kwiindidi ezilishumi zezinto eziphilayo eziye zadityaniswa zizazinzulu ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:
I-Subphylum Vertebrata
I-Agnatha superclass (ayikho imihlathi)
Iklasi yeCephalaspidomorphi
Udidi lweHyperioartia (lamreys)
Udidi lweMyxini (hagfish)
Superclass Gnathostomata (enemihlathi)
Iklasi yePlacodermi
I-Chondrichthyes yodidi (ookrebe, imitha, kunye nezinye iintlanzi ze-cartilaginous)
Iklasi Acanthodii
Udidi lweOsteichthyes (iintlanzi ezinamathambo)
I-Superclass Tetrapoda (enamalungu amane)
Udidi lweAmphibians (eziphila emanzini)
Udidi lweReptilia (izirhubuluzi)
Udidi lweeAves (iintaka)
Udidi lweMammalia (izilwanyana ezanyisayo)
ulwahlulo olucacileyo
Kodwa uphononongo olusekwe kwiindlela zokuhlela ezicacileyo ezazenziwe ukusukela ngeminyaka yoo-80 zinike uhlengahlengiso olukhulu kwindlela yokuhlela izilwanyana ezinomqolo. Nangona ingxoxo yezenzululwazi iqhubeka kwaye ukuhlelwa okwenziwa kwixesha elizayo akukwazi kuthathwa njengesigqibo.
Ngenxa yolu tshintsho lwenzululwazi olukhankanywe ngasentla, indlela yokuhlela izilwanyana ze-vertebrate itshintshile ukususela kwiinzame zokuqala ezintsha ezenziwe ukususela kwi-1980, kwaye nangona ingelulo ulwahlulo olucacileyo, siya kubonisa i-phylogeny entsha yee-vertebrates ezikhoyo ngokuhambelana nezifundo zofuzo zamva nje. :
Vertebrata / Craniata
cyclostomata
Myxini (intlanzi yamagqwirha)
Hyperoartia (lamreys)
ignathostomata
Iichondrichthyes (intlanzi yecartilage)
I-Teleostomy
I-Actinopterygii (iintlanzi ezinethambo le-ray-finned)
Sarcopterygii
Actinistia (coelacanths)
i-rhipidistia
Dipnomorpha (lungfish)
itetrapod
Amphibia (amaxoxo, amasele, salamanders kunye caecilians)
amniote
I-Synapsida
Ezanyisayo (izilwanyana ezanyisayo)
Sauropsida
I-Lepidosauria (amacilikishe, iinyoka, i-amphisbenids kunye ne-tuatara)
Archellosauria
Testudines (iifudo)
archosauria
I-Crocodilia (iingwenya)
Aves
Sicebisa la manqaku anomdla:
- Izilwanyana zaselwandle
- Izilwanyana zasemhlabeni
- Izilwanyana zasefama