Ngokuqinisekileyo uvile malunga ne-ikhosistim kunye nokubaluleka kwayo kwiplanethi. Kodwa ngaba ubusazi ukuba kukho amaqela ahlukeneyo awo? Ewe kunjalo. Ukukukhupha ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo Siza kuthetha ngeentlobo ezahlukeneyo ze-ecosystems ezikhoyo, enika omnye umzekelo.
Ukuba unomdla kulo mbandela, ndincoma ukuba uqhubeke ufunda. Siza kufunda ukwahlula iintlobo ezahlukeneyo ze-ikhosistim ngokwendawo yayo ebonakalayo nangokwemvelaphi yayo, iindidi ezimbini ezibalulekileyo ezahlukeneyo.
Zingaphi ii-ikhosistim?
Xa sithetha nge-ecosystem, sibhekisa kwiseti yezinto eziphilayo ezahlukeneyo kunye nemekobume ezifumaneka kuyo. Ngokusisiseko yinkqubo evulekileyo neguqukayo apho izinto ezahlukeneyo eziphilayo zisebenzisana kwindawo ethile ebonakalayo. Oku kunezinto ezithile zeklimati kunye nezejografi ezifanayo nezinye i-ikhosistim zohlobo olufanayo.
Zininzi ii-ecosystems njengeemo engqongileyo kule planethi. Nangona kunjalo, sinokuzihlela zibe ngamaqela amabini amakhulu, apho kukho amaqela amaninzi abalulekileyo:
- Ii-ecosystems ngokwendalo yazo ebonakalayo: Ehlabathini, emanzini, elwandle kwaye exutywe.
- Ii-ecosystems ngokwemvelaphi yazo: I-Artificial kunye nendalo.
Ii-ecosystems: Iintlobo ngokwendawo yazo ebonakalayo
Kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuba i-ecosystems ikhula kuhlobo lwesubstrate okanye indawo ebonakalayo. Ngoko ke, esi sisigqibo sezityalo kunye nezilwanyana ezinokuhlala kuloo nkqubo. Ngoko ke sinokuthi imeko-bume yendalo inoxanduva lokubonelela ngeemeko kwaye, ngenxa yoko, uhlobo lwezinto eziphilayo ezinokuphila kuloo nkqubo yendalo.
Njengoko sele sikhankanyile ngaphambili, olunye ulwahlulo olukhulu olunokuthi lwenziwe kwezi seti luhambelana nokusingqongileyo. Oku kubandakanya ezisemhlabeni, zasemanzini, zaselwandle nezixubeneyo. Okulandelayo siza kuphawula malunga nokuba zinjani ezi ntlobo ze-ikhosistim.
Izidalwa eziphilayo zasemhlabeni
Masiqale ngezona zikhe zaphononongwa nezaziwa kuzo zonke: Ezomhlaba. Njengoko igama layo libonisa, Yenzeka kumphezulu woMhlaba kungakhathaliseki ukuba umhlaba unjani (ilitye, isanti, umkhenkce okanye umhlaba oqhelekileyo). Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba izityalo esinokuzifumana kula maqela zezona zihlukeneyo kwaye zibanzi. Kwi-ikhosistim yomhlaba singakwazi ukwahlula iindidi ezahlukeneyo:
- I-Alpine okanye i-ecosystems yeentaba: Zezo ziphezu kwentaba apho imithi ingasakhuli. Imizekelo embalwa yale setethi iya kuba ludederhu lweentaba zeAndes, ezikumphakamo weemitha ezingama-3500, kunye neeHimalaya, ezingaphezulu kweemitha ezingama-6000.
- Xerophytic scrub: Kwezi nkqubo kukho i-succulents, izihlahla kunye ne-magueyes kwimozulu eyomileyo. Umzekelo wale nto iya kuba yingingqi yaseCataviña, eyinxalenye yeBaja California.
- Amahlathi okanye amahlathi ashinyeneyo: Zibekwe apho kukho imvula eninzi kunye namaqondo obushushu angaphezu kwama-24 degrees ngexesha elininzi lonyaka. Phakathi kwazo yiLos Tuxtlas eseVeracruz kunye nehlathi laseLacandona eChiapas.
- Iinkqubo zendalo ezisentlango: Kwezi zigqame ngaphezu kwazo zonke izityalo zayo ezincinci kunye nobume. Eminye imizekelo iya kuba yintlango yaseSonoran kunye neChihuahuan yaseMexico.
Izinto eziphila emanzini
Ngaphandle kwezinto eziphilayo ezisemhlabeni, sikwanazo zasemanzini (kunye nezaselwandle, ezingafanelanga ukuba zibhideke). Ezi zikhula kumachibi, imilambo kunye nemilambo enamanzi amatsha. Babonisa iintlobo ngeentlobo zeentyatyambo kunye nezilwanyana, ezithi zihluke ngokohlobo lokusingqongileyo:
- Lagos: Ludidi lwamanzi acwengileyo afumaneka kumphezulu woMhlaba.
- Imilambo: Ngokwesiseko ziikhosi zamanzi acwengekileyo. Oku kuhamba ukusuka kwimimandla ephezulu ukuya kwiindawo ezisezantsi.
Izinto eziphilayo zaselwandle
Kwelinye icala sineenkqubo zolwandle ezithi Zikhula emanzini anetyuwa, oko kukuthi, elwandle naselwandle. Kuzo sinokufumana iintyatyambo kunye nezilwanyana ezilungelelaniswe kakhulu kwiimeko ezibonelelwa ngolu hlobo lokusingqongileyo. Ezolwandle zezona zinkulu kwiplanethi yethu kwaye zinokwahlulwa ngokwamaqela aliqela:
- Iingqaqa zecoral: Ziluhlobo lwesakhiwo esenziwe zizilwanyana ezingenamqolo ezibizwa ngokuba ziikorali. Intsebenziswano eyahlukeneyo phakathi kweekorale, i-algae, i-crustaceans, intlanzi kunye namahlengesi, phakathi kwezinye izinto ezininzi eziphilayo, zenzeka kuzo.
- Amahlathi e-Macroalgae: Kwinzulu yolwandle unokufumana amahlathi ahlukeneyo akhiwe bulwelwe. Ezi zisebenza njengendawo yokusabela yezilwanyana zaselwandle ezininzi kwanokutya.
- ulwandle oluvulekileyo: Kuba iilwandle zigubungela indawo enkulu yoMhlaba, ke ngoko ebizwa ngokuba "yiplanethi eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka", ayimangalisi into yokuba kukho iyantlukwano enkulu yezinto zombini kunye ne-biotic. Ezi ikakhulu zixhomekeke kubunzulu bamanzi kunye nobubanzi.
Izinto ezixubeneyo zendalo
Njengoko igama labo libonisa, i-ecosystems exubeneyo zingumxube weendlela ezimbini okanye ezintathu ezahlukeneyo. Ngoko ke, sinokwahlula oku kulandelayo:
- I-ecosystems yasemhlabeni-amanzi: Zenziwa kwezo ndawo apho imilambo ikhukulisa umhlaba. Ziya kuba, umzekelo, imigxobhozo kunye nemigxobhozo.
- I-ikhosistim yolwandle-eterrestrial: Zifumaneka kwindawo enamatye apho amaza aqukuqela kwaye aqukuqela.
- Ulwandle-aquatic-terrestrial ecosystems: Zenza emilonyeni yemilambo, apho amanzi olwandle kunye nomlambo adibana khona.
I-ecosystems: Iintlobo ngokwemvelaphi yazo
Xa sihlela i-ikhosistim ngokwemvelaphi yazo, sinokwahlula zendalo kunye nezo zokwenziwa. Eyokuqala zezo sele zikho ngokwazo, kodwa ungenelelo lomntu lunokuziguqula. Ezi ziquka amahlathi ashinyeneyo, iintlango, amatyholo amatyholo, iingqaqa zekorale, imigxobhozo, amachweba kunye nemimandla encanyana.
Kwelinye icala, sineekhostim ezenziweyo. Ezi zakhiwe ngabantu kwaye, ngokubanzi, ziguqule i-ecosystem yendalo esele ikhona. Ukuba iiseti zidalwe sithi, zinokufumaneka kwihlabathi liphela kwaye zihluke kakhulu. Eminye yale ecosystems eyenziweyo iya kuba, umzekelo, izitiya zebhotani, iinkqubo zezolimo, iipaki zokuzonwabisa, iindawo zokugcina izityalo kunye namahlathi, phakathi kwezinye. Neegadi zabucala, iibhoma kunye neendawo zasezidolophini zinokuthathwa njengenxalenye yeli qela.
Ukuthetha ngokubanzi, sele sizazi ukuba zeziphi iintlobo ze-ecosystems ezikhoyo kunye nendlela yokuzohlula. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba kubaluleke kakhulu ukuzigcina, njengoko ziyimfuneko ukugcina ibhalansi eMhlabeni kunye nokugcina indalo.